L`impact des transferts publics et des taxes sur la pauvreté

L`impact des transferts publics et des taxes sur la pauvreté

CAHIERS DE RECHERCHE / WORKING PAPERS
03-03
L’impact des transferts publics
et des taxes sur la pauvreté
au Canada et aux États-Unis
Paul MAKDISSI,
Yannick THERRIEN
et Quentin WODON
UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE
Faculté des lettres et sciences humaines
Département d’économique
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gx Ox{hperxuj Lqfrph Vwxg|1 Srxu fh idluh/ qrxv xwlolvrqv xqh pìwkrgh edvìh
vxu od ydohxu gh Vkdsoh| dq gh srxyrlu dwwulexhu ã fkdtxh srolwltxh xq lpsdfw
vxu od sdxyuhwì txl hvw lqgìshqgdqw gh o*ruguh duelwudluh gdqv odtxhooh rq dxudlw
sx od frqvlgìuhu1 Qrxv frqvwdwrqv txh od sdxyuhwì hvw soxv ìohyìh dx{ Ìwdwv0
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wudqvihuwv dx Fdqdgd vrqw soxv jìqìuhxvhv tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Qrxv prqwurqv
dxvvl txh od sulqflsdoh vrxufh gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì gdqv ohv ghx{ sd|v
surylhqw ghv wudqvihuwv yhuv ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv1
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fhoohv gh od Vrflìwì jìqìudoh gh qdqfhphqw gx Txìehf/ gh od Edqtxh Prqgldoh/ gh vhv gluhfwhxuv
h{ìfxwliv rx ghv sd|v tx*lov uhsuìvhqwhqw1 Oh suhplhu dxwhxu d eìqìflì g*xq qdqfhphqw gx Exuhdx
gh od uhfkhufkh gh o*Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vkhueurrnh1 Oh vhfrqg dxwhxu d hhfwxì fhv wudydx{ gdqv oh fdguh
gh vrq pìprluh gh pdñwulvh ã o*Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vkhueurrnh1
| Gìsduwhphqw g*ìfrqrpltxh hw FHUHI/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vkhueurrnh/ 5833/ erxohydug gh o*Xqlyhu0
vlwì/ Vkhueurrnh/ Txìehf/ Fdqdgd/ M4N 5U4 > Frxuulho = sdxo1pdnglvvlCXVkhueurrnh1fd1
} Sodqlfdwlrq hw survshfwlrq/ Vrflìwì jìqìudoh gh qdqfhphqw gx Txìehf/ 933/ gh Od Jdxfkhwlëuh
Rxhvw/ Exuhdx 4:33/ Prqwuìdo/ Txìehf/ Fdqdgd/ K6E 7O; > Frxuulho = |wkhuulhqCvjitf1frp
{ DIWSP/ Edqtxh Prqgldoh/ 4;4; K Vwuhhw/ QZ/ Zdvklqjwrq/ GF 53766/ XVD/ Frxuulho =
tzrgrqCzruogedqn1ruj1
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Lqwurgxfwlrq
Gdqv ohv sd|v lqgxvwuldolvìv/ o*xq ghv sulqflsdx{ u÷ohv gx jrxyhuqhphqw hvw g*dvvx0
uhu ã fkdtxh flwr|hq xq qlyhdx gh ylh plqlpdo gìfhqw1 Ã fhwwh q/ o*dxwrulwì fhqwudoh
phw hq sodfh ghv wudqvihuwv dx{ pìqdjhv1 Fhv wudqvihuwv vrqw qdqfìv sdu glyhuvhv
wd{hv1 O*ìydoxdwlrq ghv srolwltxhv vrfldohv shxw vh idluh ã sduwlu gh soxvlhxuv fulwëuhv/
grqw ohxu lpsdfw vxu o*lqìjdolwì hw od sdxyuhwì1 Gxforv hw Wdel +4<<:, vh vrqw lqwìuhvvìv
ã o*lpsdfw pdujlqdo vxu ohv lqìjdolwìv ghv sulqflsdx{ surjudpphv vrfldx{ hw gh wudqv0
ihuwv dx Fdqdgd4 1 Gdqv fhw duwlfoh/ qrxv phvxurqv o*lpsdfw vxu od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd
hw dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv gh txdwuh judqgv w|shv g*lqwhuyhqwlrqv = ohv shqvlrqv/ o*dvvxudqfh0
fk÷pdjh/ ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv hw o*dlgh vrfldoh/ dx{txhoohv qrxv dmrxwrqv ohv wd{hv
qìfhvvdluhv dx qdqfhphqw gh fhv wudqvihuwv hw dxwuhv gìshqvhv gh o*ìwdw5 1
Od suhplëuh sduwlh gh o*duwlfoh suìvhqwh ohv glìuhqwv wudqvihuwv plv hq sodfh dx
Fdqdgd hw dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv6 1 Od vhfrqgh sduwlh suìvhqwh qrv hvwlpdwlrqv gh o*lpsdfw
ghv glìuhqwv wudqvihuwv hw ghv wd{hv1 Srxu fhod/ qrxv xwlolvrqv wurlv phvxuhv gh od
sdxyuhwì = o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì +od sduw gh od srsxodwlrq txl hvw sdxyuh,/ od
surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì +txl wlhqw frpswh gh od glvwdqfh vìsdudqw ohv sdxyuhv gh
od oljqh gh od sdxyuhwì,/ hw qdohphqw od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì1 Fhv wurlv phvxuhv/
sursrvìhv sdu Irvwhu/ Juhhu hw Wkruehfnh +4<;7,/ vrqw hvwlpìhv hq frpsdudqw oh uhyhqx
sdu ìtxlydohqw dgxowh ghv pìqdjhv ã ghx{ vhxlov gh sdxyuhwì uhodwliv fruuhvsrqgdqw
uhvshfwlyhphqw ã 63( hw 83( gh od pìgldqh gx uhyhqx sdu ìtxlydohqw dgxowh gdqv
fkdtxh sd|v1
O*xqh ghv ruljlqdolwìv gh qrwuh wudydlo frqvlvwh hq od pìwkrgh dgrswìh srxu hvwlphu
o*lpsdfw g*xqh srolwltxh vxu od sdxyuhwì hq suìvhqfh g*dxwuhv srolwltxhv1 Lo hvw fodlu
txh o*lpsdfw g*xqh srolwltxh qh vhud sdv oh píph vl fhwwh ghuqlëuh hvw plvh hq sodfh
dydqw rx dsuëv ohv dxwuhv srolwltxhv1 O*lpsdfw g*xq wudqvihuw vhud oh soxv ìohyì
Shqgdnxu +4<<;, v*hvw ìjdohphqw lqwìuhvvì ã o*ìyroxwlrq ghv lqìjdolwìv dx Fdqdgd pdlv hq whuph
gh frqvrppdwlrq hw gh uhyhqxv1 Uxjjhul/ Ydq Zduw hw Krzdug +4<<7, rqw dqdo|vì ohv lpsdfwv
uhglvwulexwliv gh glìuhqwhv srolwltxhv jrxyhuqhpdqwdohv1
5 Rvehuj +5333d hw e, hw Shqgdnxu +5334, vh vrqw ìjdohphqw lqwìuhvvìv ã od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd
hw sduirlv dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv rx ã od frpsdudlvrq gh vrq ìyroxwlrq gdqv ohv glìuhqwhv surylqfhv fdqd0
glhqqhv +Rvehuj hw [x +4<<<,,1
6 Srxu ohv surjudpphv fdqdglhqv/ ohv prqwdqwv g*dujhqw vrqw olehooìv hq grooduv fdqdglhqv1 Srxu
ohv surjudpphv dpìulfdlqv/ lov vrqw olehooìv hq grooduv dpìulfdlqv1
4
5
vl dxfxq ghv dxwuhv wudqvihuwv q*hvw sulv hq frpswh gdqv o*djuìjdw ghv uhyhqxv/ hw lo
vhud oh soxv edv oruvtxh wrxv ohv dxwuhv wudqvihuwv vrqw lqfoxv gdqv o*djuìjdw1 Frpph
lo hvw duelwudluh g*lqfoxuh rx g*h{foxuh fhuwdlqhv ghv dxwuhv srolwltxhv gh o*djuìjdw +ohv
glìuhqwv wudqvihuwv irqw sduwlh g*xqh srolwltxh jìqìudoh g*dlgh dx{ pìqdjhv ã edv
uhyhqxv,/ lo | d lqfhuwlwxgh srxu o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv lpsdfwv vxu od sdxyuhwì1
Srxu frqwrxuqhu fh sureoëph/ qrxv xwlolvrqv xqh uëjoh sursrvìh sdu Pdnglvvl hw
Zrgrq +5334, txl qrxv shuphw gh gìsduwdjhu o*lpsdfw gh fkdtxh srolwltxh vxu od
sdxyuhwì1 Fhwwh uëjoh/ txh o*rq shxw dsshohu ydohxu gh Vkdsoh| +4<86,/ hvw xqh uëjoh
gh sduwdjh txl ixw ã o*ruljlqh gìyhorssìh srxu uìsrqguh ã xq sureoëph vlplodluh gdqv
oh fdguh gh od wkìrulh ghv mhx{ frrsìudwliv1
Qrwuh ìydoxdwlrq gh o*lpsdfw ghv surjudpphv vrfldx{ vxu od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd hw
dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv hvw uìdolvìh srxu o*dqqìh 4<<: hq xwlolvdqw ohv grqqìhv gx Ox{hperxuj
Lqfrph Vwxg| srxu fhv ghx{ sd|v1 Qrxv frqvwdwrqv sulqflsdohphqw txh od sdxyuhwì
hvw soxv ìohyìh dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv tx*dx Fdqdgd1 Fhfl hvw sulqflsdohphqw gþ dx idlw txh
ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv dx Fdqdgd vrqw soxv jìqìuhxvhv tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Od
sulqflsdoh vrxufh gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì gdqv ohv ghx{ sd|v vrqw ohv wudqvihuwv
yhuv ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv1
Oh uhvwh gh o*duwlfoh hvw vwuxfwxuì frpph vxlw1 Od vhfwlrq 5 suìvhqwh ohv sulqflsdx{
wudqvihuwv sxeolfv dx Fdqdgd1 Od vhfwlrq 6 idlw gh píph srxu ohv Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Od
vhfwlrq 7 h{soltxh qrwuh pìwkrgrorjlh srxu hvwlphu o*lpsdfw ghv wudqvihuwv +hw ghv
wd{hv, vxu od sdxyuhwì1 Od vhfwlrq 8 suìvhqwh qrv uìvxowdwv hpslultxhv1 Od vhfwlrq 9
frqfoxw1
5
Sulqflsdx{ wudqvihuwv sxeolfv dx Fdqdgd
514
Uìjlph gh shqvlrq
Ghx{ judqgv surjudpphv gh shqvlrqv h{lvwhqw dx Fdqdgd = oh surjudpph gh od
Vìfxulwì gh od ylhloohvvh +VY, lqdxjxuì hq 4<5:/ hw oh Uìjlph gh Shqvlrqv gx Fdqdgd
+USF, dlqvl txh oh Uìjlph ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +UUT, txl gdwhqw wrxv ghx{ gh
4<991
Oh surjudpph gh od Vìfxulwì gh od ylhloohvvh dxmrxug*kxl frpsruwh wurlv frpsr0
6
vdqwhv1 Od suhplëuh frpsrvdqwh hw od soxv dqflhqqh frqvlvwh hq o*rfwurl gh suhvwdwlrqv
phqvxhoohv {hv +lghqwltxhv srxu wrxv/ g*xqh ydohxu gh '7331:4 hq 4<<:, dx{ shuvrqqhv
d|dqw uìvlgì dx prlqv 43 dqv dx Fdqdgd dsuëv ohxuv 4; dqv1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv shxyhqw
íwuh rewhqxhv sdu ghv eìqìfldluhv ghphxudqw ã o*ìwudqjhu srxu dxwdqw tx*lov dlhqw
uìvlgì dx Fdqdgd shqgdqw dx prlqv 53 dqqìhv dsuëv o*åjh gh 4; dqv +Vrfldo Vhfxulw|
Dgplqlvwudwlrq/ 4<<:,1 Od ghx{lëph frpsrvdqwh hvw oh Vxssoìphqw gh uhyhqx jdudqwl
+VUJ, rfwur|ì dx{ shuvrqqhv åjìhv d|dqw xq uhyhqx mxjì lqvx!vdqw1 Fhwwh frpsr0
vdqwh rsëuh frpph xqh wd{h qìjdwlyh vxu oh uhyhqx +Urvhq hw do/ 4<<<,1 Hq 4<<:/
hooh fruuhvsrqgdlw dx prqwdqw qìfhvvdluh srxu sruwhu od shqvlrq ã ;:91<4' sdu prlv
srxu xqh shuvrqqh vhxoh hw 47541:;' srxu xq frxsoh +ohv prqwdqwv shxyhqw ydulhu/ sdu
h{hpsoh vl o*xq ghv ghx{ frqmrlqwv d prlqv gh 98 dqv1, Od wurlvlëph frpsrvdqwh hvw
o*doorfdwlrq dx{ frqmrlqwv åjìv gh 93 ã 97 dqv hw d|dqw uìvlgì dx Fdqdgd shqgdqw dx
prlqv gl{ dqv dsuëv ohxuv 4; dqv1 Oh frqmrlqw grlw lqwurgxluh xqh ghpdqgh fkdtxh
dqqìh hw oh uhyhqx dqqxho gx frxsoh qh grlw sdv gìsdvvhu xq fhuwdlq vhxlo1 Hq 4<<:/
oh prqwdqw pd{lpxp ghv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlw gh :431;<' +GUKF/ 5334d/ Urvhq hw do1/
4<<<,7 1
Frqwudluhphqw ã od shqvlrq xqlyhuvhooh gh od Vìfxulwì gh od ylhloohvvh +VY, / ohv
doorfdwlrqv gx Uìjlph gh shqvlrqv gx Fdqdgd +USF, vrqw olìhv dx uhyhqx jdjqì sdu oh
eìqìfldluh dx orqj gh vd ylh dfwlyh1 Ohv uìvlghqwv gx Txìehf sduwlflshqw ã xq uìjlph
glvwlqfw/ oh Uìjlph ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +UUT,/ txl hvw dvvh} vlplodluh1 Oh USF hw
oh UUT vrqw qdqfìv sdu ohv frwlvdwlrqv ghv hpsor|ìv hw hpsor|hxuv dlqvl txh sdu ohv
uhfhwwhv suryhqdqw gx sodfhphqw gh fhv irqgv1 Hq 4<<:/ oh wdx{ gh frwlvdwlrq ìwdlw {ì
ã 6( ghv vdodluhv euxwv srxu fkdfxqh ghv ghx{ sduwlhv/ dyhf xqh frwlvdwlrq pd{lpdoh
gh <6<' fkdfxqh1 Ohv wudydloohxuv dxwrqrphv sd|hqw xqh frwlvdwlrq fruuhvsrqgdqw ã
9( gh ohxuv uhyhqxv +Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv/ 4<<:d hw Uìjlh ghv Uhqwhv gx Txìehf/
5333,1 Ohv ghx{ uìjlphv ruhqw xqh h{hpswlrq dqqxhooh gh edvh gh 6833'1 Od uhqwh
Oh surjudpph gh od Vìfxulwì gh ylhloohvvh hvw qdqfì vhorq oh sulqflsh gx sd|0dv0|rx0jr1 Fh
vrqw grqf ohv frqwulexdeohv g*dxmrxug*kxl txl dvvxphqw oh frþw ghv suhvwdwlrqv yhuvìhv dx{ uhwudlwìv1
Dxfxqh fdlvvh dfwxdulhooh q*d ìwì fuììh srxu o*lqvwdqw hq suìylvlrq gh o*dxjphqwdwlrq ghv frþwv vxlwh dx
ylhloolvvhphqw gh od srsxodwlrq1 Hq 4<<9/ oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo sursrvd gh uhpsodfhu ohv suhvwdwlrqv
gh Vìfxulwì gh ylhloohvvh hw oh Vxssoìphqw gh uhyhqx jdudqwl sdu xqh Suhvwdwlrq dx{ dñqì+h,v1 Vxlwh
dx{ fulwltxhv ghv uhsuìvhqwdqwv ghv shuvrqqhv åjìhv/ oh Plqlvwuh ghv Ilqdqfhv dqqxod od sursrvlwlrq
hq 4<<;1
7
7
gh uhwudlwh gh edvh hvw ìjdoh ã 58( gh od pr|hqqh phqvxhooh ghv jdlqv dgplvvleohv gx
wudydloohxu gxudqw vd sìulrgh gh frwlvdwlrq/ dyhf xq sodirqg gh :691;4' sdu prlv1 Ohv
shqvlrqv vrqw hq sulqflsh yhuvìhv ã sduwlu gh 98 dqv/ pdlv xq prqwdqw prlqv ìohyì
shxw íwuh rewhqxv ã sduwlu gh 93 dqv1 Hq soxv ghv suhvwdwlrqv gh uhwudlwh/ oh USF
yhuvh dxvvl ghv suhvwdwlrqv g*lqydolglwìv hw gh vxuylydqw +Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh
vrfldo/ 4<<< hw UUT/ 5333,1
515
Uìjlph g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh
Elhq txh o*hpsorl vrlw gh mxulglfwlrq surylqfldoh/ od frqvwlwxwlrq ixw dphqgìh hq
4<68 sdu oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo srxu grwhu oh sd|v g*xq surjudpph g*dvvxudqfh0
fk÷pdjh qdwlrqdo +Ednhu/ 4<<: hw VVD/ 4<<:d,1 Oh Uìjlph g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh
gìexwd hq 4<74 hw vrq u÷oh ìwdlw g*rulu ã fhuwdlqv jurxshv suìflv gh wudydloohxuv xqh
dvvxudqfh frqwuh od shuwh whpsrudluh gh uhyhqx suryrtxìh sdu oh fk÷pdjh1 Oh uìjlph
ghydlw dxvvl frqvwlwxhu xqh surwhfwlrq frqwuh o* doìd prudo/ f*hvw0ã0gluh oh ulvtxh txh
ghv wudydloohxuv dexvhqw gx v|vwëph hq suryrtxdqw ohxu sursuh fk÷pdjh rx hq wrx0
fkdqw wurs orqjwhpsv ghv suhvwdwlrqv +GUKF/ 5334g,1 Dx gìsduw/ od frxyhuwxuh ìwdlw
olplwìh dx{ wudydloohxuv d|dqw xq ulvtxh gh fk÷pdjh prgìuì1 Dxmrxug*kxl/ od frxyhu0
wxuh hvw txdvl xqlyhuvhooh1 Vxlwh d xqh dxjphqwdwlrq gx frþw ghv suhvwdwlrqv/ ghv dphq0
ghphqwv ixuhqw dgrswìv gdqv ohv dqqìhv <3 srxu uìgxluh o*ìoljlelolwì ghv wudydloohxuv hw
od jìqìurvlwì ghv suhvwdwlrqv/ hw srxu xwlolvhu od fdlvvh gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh srxu od
irupdwlrq ghv fk÷phxuv hw srxu glyhuv dxwuhv surjudpphv g*hpsor|delolwì +h1j1/ Orl
vxu o*dvvxudqfh0hpsorl gh 4<<9,1
Hq 4<<:/ oh qdqfhphqw gx uìjlph ìwdlw dvvxuì sdu ohv frwlvdwlrqv ghv wudydloohxuv
ã od kdxwhxu gh 5/<( gh ohxu uìpxqìudwlrq dvvxudeoh srxu xqh frwlvdwlrq pd{lpdoh gh
4578' dqqxhoohphqw1 Ohv frwlvdwlrqv ghv hpsor|hxuv fruuhvsrqghqw ã 417 irlv fhoohv
ghv wudydloohxuv +7/46( gh od pdvvh vdoduldoh hq 4<<:/ mxvtx*ã frqfxuuhqfh gh 4:76',1
Oh sodirqg gx vdodluh dqqxho dvvxuì ìwdlw gh 6:333' srxu 4<<: +GUKF/ 5333d, hw oh
qrpeuh g*khxuhv gh wudydlo qìfhvvdluhv srxu íwuh ìoljleoh yduldlw gh 753 ã :33 khxuhv
vhorq oh wdx{ gh fk÷pdjh gdqv od uìjlrq gx wudydloohxu +RFGH/ 4<<<,1
Srxu dyrlu gurlw dx{ suhvwdwlrqv/ oh eìqìfldluh grlw dyrlu od fdsdflwì hw od yrorqwì
gh wudydloohu1 Gh soxv/ lo grlw íwuh glvsrqleoh/ q*dyrlu sdv sx wurxyhu g*hpsorl frqyh0
8
qdeoh rx íwuh hpsífkì gh wudydloohu hq udlvrq gh pdodglh/ gh pdwhuqlwì rx gh vrlqv ã
grqqhu ã xq hqidqw pdodgh1 Xqh shuvrqqh shxw vh yrlu uhixvhu ghv suhvwdwlrqv vl oh
fk÷pdjh hvw gþ ã xq gìsduw yrorqwdluh rx ã xq olfhqflhphqw srxu pdxydlvh frqgxlwh1
Ohv suhvwdwlrqv fruuhvsrqghqw gruìqdydqw ã 88( gx vdodluh pr|hq dvvxuì/ hw oh qrpeuh
gh vhpdlqhv pd{lpdo gh suhvwdwlrqv d ìwì uìgxlw gh 83 ã 781 Xq vxssoìphqw shxw íwuh
doorxì dx{ wudydloohxuv d|dqw xq uhyhqx lqiìulhxu ã 58<54' hw ghv hqidqwv ã vd fkdujh1
Od suhvwdwlrq pd{lpdoh hq 4<<: ìwdlw gh 746' sdu vhpdlqh +GUKF/ 5333e hw VVD/
4<<:d,1
516
Suhvwdwlrqv idploldohv
Lo idxw uhprqwhu ã 4<4; srxu yrlu od suhplëuh iruph g*dlgh gh o*Ìwdw dx{ hqidqwv hw
idploohv dyhf xqh h{rqìudwlrq vfdoh srxu hqidqwv +Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv/ 4<<:e,1 Xq
uìjlph g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv xqlyhuvho ixw fuìì hq 4<78 hw ghv gìgxfwlrqv g*lps÷wv
srxu hqidqwv ixuhqw lqwurgxlwhv dx frxuv ghv dqqìhv :3 +Ednhu/ 4<<:,1 Yhuv od q ghv
dqqìhv ;3/ oh jrxyhuqhphqw glplqxd oh prqwdqw gh fhv h{rqìudwlrqv/ ohv wudqvirupd
hq fuìglwv g*lps÷wv/ hw glplqxd ohv vhxlov gh uhyhqxv pd{lpd srxu ohv gìgxfwlrqv
g*lps÷wv1 Ilqdohphqw/ hq 4<<6 oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo ixvlrqqd ohv glyhuvhv phvxuhv
g*dlgh dx{ idploohv hq xq vhxo surjudpph = od Suhvwdwlrq vfdoh srxu hqidqwv/ dyhf
srxu remhfwli gh qh yhqlu hq dlgh tx*dx{ idploohv ã idleoh hw pr|hq uhyhqxv1
Hq 4<<:/ oh surjudpph/ qdqfì ã píph ohv uhfhwwhv gh o*Ìwdw/ frpsruwdlw ghv
suhvwdwlrqv gh edvh gh 4353' sdu dq srxu fkdtxh hqidqw/ soxv xq prqwdqw gh :8' srxu
fkdtxh hqidqw vxssoìphqwdluh ã sduwlu gx wurlvlëph1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv vrqw uìgxlwhv ã
phvxuh txh oh uhyhqx idploldo qhw gìsdvvh oh vhxlo gh 58<54' hw vrqw qxoohv oruvtxh
fh uhyhqx gìsdvvh 99:33'8 +Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv/ 4<<:e,1 Fhshqgdqw/ ohv idploohv
d|dqw ghv uhyhqxv dqqxhov g*hpsorl lqiìulhxuv ã 6:83' shxyhqw rewhqlu xq vxssoìphqw
dqqxho gh 833' gdqv od phvxuh rx ohxu uhyhqxv qh surylhqqhqw sdv sulqflsdohphqw
gh o*dlgh vrfldoh/ gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh rx g*xq dxwuh surjudpph jrxyhuqhphqwdo1
Srxu fkdtxh groodu jdjqì dsuëv fh prqwdqw/ 3/3;' gh vxssoìphqw hvw dffrugì mxvtx*ã
fh txh od uìpxqìudwlrq gx wudydlo vrlw gh 43333'/ dsuëv txrl od ydohxu gx vxssoìphqw
dwwhlqw 833'1 Oh prqwdqw gx vxssoìphqw glplqxh gh 3/43' sdu groodu oruvtxh oh
8
Fhv grqqìhv vrqw ydolghv srxu xqh idplooh frpswdqw ghx{ hqidqwv1
9
uhyhqx idploldo gìsdvvh 53<54' srxu íwuh frpsoëwhphqw ìolplqì oruvtxh fh uhyhqx
dwwhlqw 58<54 '1 Ohv idploohv dyhf ghv hqidqwv ã fkdujh gh prlqv gh : dqv hw txl q*rqw
sdv uìfodpì xqh gìgxfwlrq srxu iudlv gh jdugh gdqv ohxu gìfodudwlrq g*lps÷w yrlhqw
ohxu suhvwdwlrq dxjphqwhu gh 546 ' dqqxhoohphqw +FQEHV/ 4<<:e,1
Hq soxv ghv suhvwdwlrqv suryhqdqw g*Rwwdzd/ od soxsduw ghv surylqfhv ruhqw dxvvl
ghv dlghv dx{ idploohv1 Fhv surjudpphv shxyhqw suhqguh glìuhqwhv iruphv/ doodqw gh
od erqlfdwlrq ghv suhvwdwlrqv dx{ hqidqwv ã gh o*dlgh soxv lqgluhfwh1 Oh Txìehf hw
od Frorpelh0Eulwdqqltxh vrqw ohv surylqfhv ohv soxv jìqìuhxvhv1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ gdqv vd
srolwltxh idploldoh plvh hq sodfh hq 4<<:/ oh Txìehf fkhufkh ã lqwìjuhu ohv suhvwdwlrqv
idploldohv/ oh frqjì sduhqwdo sd|ì hw ohv vhuylfhv gh jdugh +FQEHV/ 4<<<,1 Ghsxlv
vhswhpeuh 4<<:/ srxu ohv hqidqwv hq edv åjh/ oh jrxyhuqhphqw surylqfldo d dxvvl plv hq
sodfh xq vhuylfh gh jdugh +Plqlvwëuh gh od Idplooh hw gh o*Hqidqfh/ 5333,1 Ohv idploohv
ã idleoh uhyhqxv grqw od sulqflsdoh vrxufh gh uhyhqxv surylhqw g*xq hpsorl shxyhqw
hq rxwuh uhfhyrlu ghv suhvwdwlrqv srxydqw doohu mxvtx*ã 6:;7' sdu dq +FQEHV/ 4<<<,1
Hqq/ xq surjudpph g*Dlgh dx{ sduhqwv srxu oh uhwrxu dx wudydlo +DSSRUW, hvw hq
sodfh dx Txìehf ghsxlv 4<;; +Iruwlq hw Vìjxlq/ 4<<9,1
517
Dlgh vrfldoh
Klvwrultxhphqw gh mxulglfwlrq surylqfldoh/ o*dlgh vrfldoh d sulv xq fdudfwëuh iìgìudo
ã sduwlu gh 4<99 dyhf od fuìdwlrq gx Uìjlph g*dvvlvwdqfh sxeoltxh gx Fdqdgd +UDSF,
qdqêdqw d kdxwhxu gh 83( ohv surjudpphv ghv glìuhqwhv surylqfhv hw whuulwrluhv1
Hq 4<<9/ oh UDSF hw ohv glìuhqwv dffrugv gh qdqfhphqw srxu o*dvvxudqfh0pdodglh hw
o*hqvhljqhphqw srvw0vhfrqgdluh rqw ìwì uhpsodfìv sdu oh Wudqvihuw fdqdglhq hq pdwlëuh
gh vdqwì hw gh surjudpphv vrfldx{9 txl frqvlvwh srxu oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo ã
yhuvhu xq prqwdqw {h ã fkdtxh surylqfh rx whuulwrluh srxu oh qdqfhphqw joredo gh
ohxu surjudpph g*dlgh vrfldoh/ g*dvvxudqfh0pdodglh hw g*hqvhljqhphqw srvwvhfrqgdluh1
Dyhf fhwwh qrxyhooh idêrq gh surfìghu o*dxwrulwì fhqwudoh d uìgxlw vrq dlgh gh suëv gh
6 plooldugv gh grooduv srxu 4<<904<<: hw gdydqwdjh ohv dqqìhv vxlydqwhv +FQEHV/
4<<:d,1
9
Xqh dxwuh dsshoodwlrq srvvleoh hvw oh Wudqvihuw vrfldo fdqdglhq +WVF,1
:
Vl ohv suhvwdwlrqv yhuvìhv sdu ohv surylqfhv hw ohv iruphv gh o*dlgh vrfldoh ydulhqw
g*xqh surylqfh ã o*dxwuh/ o*lgìh gh edvh hvw g*rfwur|hu xqh doorfdwlrq dx{ shuvrqqhv
d|dqw ghv gl!fxowìv ã wurxyhu xq hpsorl/ hw gh irxuqlu ohv rxwlov qìfhvvdluhv srxu txh
ohv shuvrqqhv dswhv ã wudydloohu sxlvvhqw oh idluh1 O*dlgh vrfldoh ylvh dxvvl ã irxuqlu
xq vxssoìphqw gh uhvvrxufhv dx{ wudydloohxuv ã idleoh uhyhqx txl rqw ghv hqidqwv ã
ohxu fkdujh/ hw ã uìsrqguh ã ghv ehvrlqv soxv sduwlfxolhuv gh fhuwdlqv suhvwdwdluhv +sdu
h{hpsoh srxu ohv pìglfdphqwv hw ohv vhuylfhv g*rswrpìwulvwhv rx ghqwdluhv > yrlu sdu
h{hpsoh Iruwlq hw Vìjxlq/ 4<<9,1 Fh vrqw jìqìudohphqw ohv surylqfhv ohv soxv ulfkhv
txl dffrughqw ohv suhvwdwlrqv soxv jìqìuhxvhv1 Hq 4<<</ vhorq oh Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx
elhq0íwuh vrfldo +5333,/ xq frxsoh dyhf ghx{ hqidqwv uhfhydlw xqh suhvwdwlrq dqqxhooh
gh 4499:' ã Whuuh0Qhxyh/ 476:3' hq Qrxyhooh0Ìfrvvh/ 466;9' dx Txìehf/ 48;:8' hq
Rqwdulr/ 483;<' hq Doehuwd hw 4889:' hq Frorpelh0Eulwdqqltxh1 Kdelwxhoohphqw/ oh
eìqìfldluh gh o*dlgh grlw dyrlu hqwuh 4; hw 98 dqv1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv shxyhqw ydulhu dx
vhlq g*xqh surylqfh hq irqfwlrq gh glìuhqfhv jìrjudskltxhv gdqv oh frþw gh od ylh/ hw
xqh dgdswdwlrq shxw dxvvl íwuh lpsrvìh hq irqfwlrq ghv frqglwlrqv gh orjhphqw +sdu
h{hpsoh srxu fhx{ eìqìfldqw g*xq orjhphqw vrfldo,1
6
Sulqflsdx{ wudqvihuwv sxeolfv dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv
614
Uìjlph gh shqvlrq
F*hvw ã frpswhu gh 4<68 dyhf oh Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dfw gx Suìvlghqw Urrvhyhow txh o*rq
shxw yudlphqw sduohu gh surjudpph gh suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh ylhloohvvh ã o*ìfkhooh
qdwlrqdoh dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Fh surjudpph/ dsshoì sdu od vxlwh Rog Djh Vxuylyru dqg
Glvdelolw| Lqvxudqfh +RDVGL,/ hvw oh suìfxuvhxu gh od Vìfxulwì Vrfldoh1 Frqwudluhphqw
dx Fdqdgd/ o*ìoljlelolwì ixw dx gìsduw uìgxlwh dx{ wudydloohxuv gh o*lqgxvwulh hw gx
frpphufh1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv ixuhqw surjuhvvlyhphqw ìwhqgxhv ã g*dxwuhv fdwìjrulhv gh
wudydloohxuv +srxu xq klvwrultxh/ yrlu Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq/ 4<<:e,/ gh vruwh
tx*hq 4<<:/ <9( ghv hpsorlv +hw qrq ghv wudydloohxuv, ìwdlhqw frxyhuwv1 Oh qdqfhphqw
gx surjudpph hvw dvvxuì sdu ohv frwlvdwlrqv ghv wudydloohxuv +9/5( gx vdodluh hq 4<<:
mxvtx*ã xq pd{lpxp vdoduldo gh 95:33' dqqxhoohphqw,1 Ohv hpsor|hxuv yhuvdlhqw hx{
dxvvl xq prqwdqw fruuhvsrqgdqw ã 9/5( gh ohxu pdvvh vdoduldoh1 Srxu ohv wudydloohxuv
;
dxwrqrphv od frwlvdwlrq ìwdlw hq 4<<: gh 45/7( +VVD/ 4<<<,1
Srxu íwuh dgplvvleoh ã od shqvlrq gh ylhloohvvh/ oh eìqìfldluh ghydlw íwuh åjì gh 98
dqv hq 4<<: +o*åjh vhud sruwì judgxhoohphqw ã 9: dqv srxu ohv shuvrqqhv txl dwwhlq0
gurqw 95 dqv ã sduwlu gh o*dq 5333,1 Ghv suhvwdwlrqv uìgxlwhv shxyhqw íwuh rewhqxhv
gëv o*åjh gh 95 dqv1 Ã o*lqyhuvh/ xq wudydloohxu txl suhqg vd uhwudlwh dsuëv 98 dqv
yrlw vd suhvwdwlrq pdmruìh1 Xqh ìoljlelolwì frpsoëwh uhtxlhuw txh oh eìqìfldluh dlw
dffxpxoì dx prlqv 73 fuìglwv frpph wudydloohxu +xq fuìglw srxu fkdtxh wulphvwuh
frpsohw gh wudydlo,1 Srxu txh oh frqmrlqw hw2rx ohv hqidqwv vxuylydqwv vrlhqw ìoljleohv
dx{ suhvwdwlrqv/ lo idxw txh oh wudydloohxu dlw dftxlv dx prlqv vl{ fuìglwv gdqv ohv 46
ghuqlhuv wulphvwuhv suìfìghqw oh gìfëv1 Oh prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv vh edvh vxu oh
uhyhqx g*hpsorl gx wudydloohxu ghsxlv tx*lo d dwwhlqw 54 dqv rx ghsxlv 4<83/ dyhf xq
dmxvwhphqw srxu o*lq dwlrq1 Hq 4<<:/ ohv suhvwdwlrqv fruuhvsrqgdlhqw ã <3( gh od
suhplëuh wudqfkh gh 788' gx uhyhqx pr|hq phqvxho lqgh{ì dx frþw gh od ylh gx wud0
ydloohxu +DLPH hq dqjodlv,/ soxv 65( gh od wudqfkh dgglwlrqqhooh gh 55;9' gx DLPH
hw 48( gx DLPH vxsìulhxu ã 5:74'1 Oh prqwdqw pd{lpdo ghv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlw srxu
4<<: gh 4659' phqvxhoohphqw +VVD/ 4<<:e,1 Lo h{lvwh dxvvl xqh suhvwdwlrq plqlpdoh
srxu ohv shuvrqqhv frxyhuwhv txl rqw jdjqì wrxw dx orqj gh ohxu ylh gh idleohv uhyhqxv1
Ohv suhvwdwlrqv dx{ vxuylydqwv gìshqghqw gh idfwhxuv whov txh o*åjh/ o*hpsor|delolwì
hw o*ìwdw flylo gx frxsoh dydqw txh o*xq ghv frqmrlqwv qh gìfëgh1
615
Dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh
F*hvw ã o*ìwdw gx Zlvfrqvlq txh o*rq grlw o*ìwdeolvvhphqw gh od suhplëuh orl vxu
o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv hq 4<651 Oh Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dfw gh 4<68 v*hvw
lqvsluì gh fhwwh orl hq fuìdqw xq surjudpph qdwlrqdo g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh1 Dx gìsduw/
oh surjudpph qh frxyudlw txh ohv wudydloohxuv gh o*lqgxvwulh hw gx frpphufh1 Lo ixw
ìodujl surjuhvvlyhphqw gdqv ohv dqqìhv :31 Hq 4<<:/ od pdmrulwì ghv wudydloohxuv
dpìulfdlqv ìwdlhqw frxyhuwv1 Srxu qdqfhu oh surjudpph/ ohv hpsor|hxuv sd|hqw xqh
wd{h ìtxlydodqw ã 8/7( gh ohxu pdvvh vdoduldoh1 Fhv prqwdqwv qdqfhqw ohv glìuhqwv
surjudpphv hq yljxhxu hw 83( ghv suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh glwhv surorqjìhv1
O*dxwrulwì iìgìudoh d fuìì wurlv frpswhv vxssoìphqwdluhv = xq srxu sd|hu 83( ghv
suhvwdwlrqv surorqjìhv/ xq dxwuh srxu ohv iudlv g*dgplqlvwudwlrq hw xq ghuqlhu srxu
<
ghv suíwv dx{ ìwdwv +VVD/ 4<<:e,1
Srxu íwuh ìoljleoh/ lo idxw dyrlu wudydlooì srxu xq hpsor|hxu txl frqwulexh ã od fdlvvh
gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh1 Lo idxw dxvvl v*lqvfuluh dx exuhdx g*hpsorl gx jrxyhuqhphqw/
íwuh glvsrqleoh srxu wudydloohu hw íwuh hq phvxuh gh oh idluh1 Ohv ìwdwv shxyhqw lpsrvhu
g*dxwuhv frqglwlrqv1 Xqh sìulrgh gh uìiìuhqfh shqgdqw odtxhooh o*lqglylgx d wudydlooì
vhuw ã {hu oh prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv1 Vl oh fk÷phxu uhêrlw g*dxwuhv w|shv gh suhvwd0
wlrqv/ frpph xqh frpshqvdwlrq srxu xqh lqfdsdflwì sduwlhooh ã wudydloohu/ oh prqwdqw
gh od suhvwdwlrq g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh hvw uìgxlw1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv vrqw dvvxmhwwlhv ã
o*lps÷w iìgìudo1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv shxyhqw íwuh uhixvìhv vl od shuvrqqh d txlwwì vrq hp0
sorl vdqv udlvrq ydodeoh/ vl hooh d ìwì frqjìglìh srxu pdxydlvh frqgxlwh/ rx vl hooh q*d
sdv dffhswì xq hpsorl vlplodluh ã fhoxl gdqv ohtxho hooh vh wurxydlw1
Hq 4<<8/ od VVD +4<<:e, hvwlpdlw txh oh prqwdqw khegrpdgdluh pr|hq ghv suhv0
wdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh ìwdlw gh 4;:'/ dyhf xqh gxuìh pr|hqqh ghv suhvwdwlrqv
gh 47 vhpdlqhv1 Xqh judqgh pdmrulwì ghv ìwdwv xwlolvhqw xqh iudfwlrq gx uhyhqx jdjqì
gxudqw od sìulrgh gh edvh rx oh wulphvwuh rü oh uhyhqx d ìwì oh soxv ìohyì srxu gìqlu oh
prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv1 Kdelwxhoohphqw/ ohv suhvwdwlrqv uhpsodfhqw hqylurq 83( gx
uhyhqx khegrpdgdluh txl qh grlw fhshqgdqw sdv gìsdvvhu xq pd{lpxp yduldqw hqwuh
466' hw 695'/ vhorq ohv ìwdwv1 Ohv ìwdwv jdudqwlvvhqw ìjdohphqw xq prqwdqw plqlpdo
txl vh vlwxh hqwuh 8' hw ;:' sdu vhpdlqh1 Ohv eìqìfldluhv shxyhqw wudydloohu ã whpsv
sduwlho ã frqglwlrq txh ohv uhyhqxv g*hpsorl qh gìsdvvh sdv xq fhuwdlq vhxlo1 Gdqv od
soxsduw ghv ìwdwv/ od sìulrgh pd{lpdoh g*ìoljlelolwì hvw olplwìh ã 59 vhpdlqhv1 Fhshq0
gdqw/ xq uëjohphqw hq yljxhxu ghsxlv ohv dqqìhv :3 shuphw g*doorqjhu ohv suhvwdwlrqv
gh 46 vhpdlqhv gdqv ohv ìwdwv rü oh wdx{ gh fk÷pdjh hvw sduwlfxolëuhphqw ìohyì1
616
61614
Dlgh vrfldoh
Whpsrudu| Dvvlvwdqfh iru Qhhg| Idplolhv
Lo q*h{lvwh sdv dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv gh surjudpph qdwlrqdo g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv
frpph dx Fdqdgd/ pdlv lo h{lvwh glìuhqwv surjudpphv g*dlgh vrfldoh/ hq sduwlfxolhu
srxu ohv idploohv ã edv uhyhqxv1 Ghv 4<68/ oh Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dfw shuplw dx jrxyhuqh0
phqw iìgìudo gh yhqlu hq dlgh dx{ ìwdwv srxu tx*lov vrxwlhqqhqw ohv hqidqwv gìpxqlv1
43
Fhv wudqvihuwv vrqw ghyhqxv oh surjudpph g*Dlgh dx{ idploohv d|dqw ghv hqidqwv ã
fkdujh +DIGF,1 Srxu íwuh ìoljleohv/ ohv idploohv ghydlhqw dyrlu dx prlqv xq hqidqw/
qh sdv wudydloohu hw qh sdv gìwhqlu soxv gh 4333' g*dfwliv qdqflhuv +Jdoodjkhu hw do1/
4<<;,1 Gh soxv/ oh uhyhqx idploldo euxw ghydlw íwuh lqiìulhxu g*xqh sduw ã 4;8( gh od
oljqh gh sdxyuhwì/ hw g*dxwuh sduw dx prqwdqw vwdqgdug g*xqh suhvwdwlrq phqvxhooh1
Fhuwdlqv eìqìfldluhv ghydlhqw íwuh lqvfulwv dx surjudpph MREV +Mre Rssruwxqlwlhv
dqg Edvlf Vnloov Wudlqlqj Surjudp, ylvdqw ã od irupdwlrq hq hqwuhsulvh/ ã od uhfkhufkh
g*hpsorl/ dx eìqìyrodw srxu ghv rujdqlvphv frppxqdxwdluhv hw2rx ã xq uhwrxu dx{
ìwxghv1
Hq 4<<9/ mxvwh dydqw txh o*DIGF qh vrlw uhpsodfì sdu xq dxwuh surjudpph/ 53(
ghv sduhqwv gh idploohv prqrsduhqwdohv hw 93( ghv frxsohv dyhf hqidqwv ghydlhqw
sduwlflshu dx surjudpph MREV +Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ 4<<9,1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlhqw
uìgxlwhv gh prlwlì vl oh eìqìfldluh qh frpsoìwdlw sdv oh surjudpph vdqv mxvwlfdwlrq
ydodeoh1 Fhshqgdqw/ lo q*| dydlw sdv gh gxuìh olplwh srxu rewhqlu ohv suhvwdwlrqv srxu
dxwdqw txh ohv eìqìfldluhv dlhqw ã ohxu fkdujh xq hqidqw gh prlqv gh 4; dqv1 Hq 4<<8/
o*dxwrulwì iìgìudoh qdqêdlw 87( ghv gìshqvhv dvvrflìhv ã o*DIGF1 Hq Fdoliruqlh/ od
suhvwdwlrq phqvxhooh ìwdlw hq pr|hqqh gh 889' doruv tx*hooh q*ìwdlw txh gh 453' dx
Plvvlvvlssl +srxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv Ìwdwv0Xqlv/ od suhvwdwlrq pr|hqqh ìwdlw gh 6;4' > yrlu
]hgohzvnl hw Jldqqduhool/ 4<<:,1
Od Orl gh frqfloldwlrq gh od uhvsrqvdelolwì shuvrqqhooh hw gh o*dffëv ã o*hpsorl gh 4<<9 lqvwdxud oh Whpsrudu| Dvvlvwdqfh iru Qhhg| Idplolhv +WDQI, hq uhpsodfh0
phqw gh o*DIGF +ã sduwlu gx 4eo mxloohw 4<<:,1 Gruìqdydqw/ oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo
yhuvh dx{ ìwdwv ghv irqgv vhorq xqh grwdwlrq {ìh srxu vl{ dqv1 Oh prqwdqw uhêx sdu
fkdtxh ìwdw hvw edvì vxu ohv gìshqvhv ghv dqqìhv suìfìghqwhv1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv g*dlgh
vrfldoh vrqw olplwìhv ã ghx{ dqv1 Dx0ghoã/ ohv sëuhv rx pëuhv fìoledwdluhv grlyhqw
wudydloohu xq plqlpxp gh 53 khxuhv sdu vhpdlqh +63 khxuhv ã sduwlu 5333, > srxu ohv
frxsohv/ oh plqlpxp hvw 68 khxuhv1 Xqh sduwlh ghv khxuhv gh wudydlo lpsrvìhv shxw
íwuh vxevwlwxìh sdu xqh irupdwlrq surihvvlrqqhooh/ xq shuihfwlrqqhphqw gdqv oh fdguh
g*xq suhplhu hpsorl/ xqh uhfkhufkh g*hpsorl rx xq eìqìyrodw1 Od gxuìh pd{lpdoh ghv
suhvwdwlrqv hvw gh 8 dqv +ã ylh, hw ohv ìwdwv shxyhqw lpsrvhu xqh olplwh gh whpsv soxv
frxuwh1 Wrxwhirlv/ lo hvw srvvleoh srxu ohv ìwdwv gh vrxvwudluh 53( ghv eìqìfldluhv
44
gh fhwwh olplwh gh whpsv hw gh ohxu irxuqlu xq dxwuh w|sh g*dlgh v*lov qdqfhqw fhwwh
dlgh dyhf ohxuv sursuhv irqgv +XVLD/ 4<<:,1 Ohv olplwhv gh uhyhqxv srxu o*ìoljlelolwì
hw ohv doorfdwlrqv yhuvìhv dx{ eìqìfldluhv vrqw uhvwìhv vlplodluhv ã fhoohv txl ìwdlhqw
hq yljxhxu dyhf o*DIGF1 Hq 4<<:/ fkdtxh ìwdw ghydlw dyrlu uìgxlw gh 58( oh qrpeuh
gh eìqìfldluhv +83( g*lfl 5335,1 Oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo v*hvw hqjdjì ã yhuvhu ghv
sulphv gh o*ruguh g*xq plooldug gh grooduv/ hqwuh 4<<< hw 5336/ dx{ ìwdwv rü od sursru0
wlrq ghv eìqìfldluhv vrfldx{ txl dxurqw wurxyì xq hpsorl vhud od soxv ìohyìh +XVLD/
4<<:,1
61615
Jhqhudo Dvvlvwdqfh
O*dvvlvwdqfh jìqìudoh uhfrxyuh xqh vìulh g*dlghv gh ghuqlhu uhfrxuv irxuqlhv sdu ohv
ìwdwv hw ohv dxwrulwìv orfdohv dx{ lqglylgxv hw idploohv txl q*rqw sdv dffëv dx{ dxwuhv
surjudpphv vrfldx{/ frpph o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh/ rx srxu fhx{ grqw fhwwh dlgh hvw
lqvx!vdqwh1 Vl oh qrp ghv surjudpphv hw ohv frqglwlrqv g*ìoljlelolwì ydulhqw g*xq ìwdw
ã o*dxwuh/ hw sduirlv píph ã o*lqwìulhxu ghv ìwdwv/ xqh fdudfwìulvwltxh frppxqh gh fhv
surjudpphv hvw oh prqwdqw idleoh ghv suhvwdwlrqv1
Vhorq Jdoodjkhu hw do1 +4<<<,/ 67 ìwdwv soxv oh Glvwulfw ri Froxpeld dydlhqw xq
surjudpph g*dvvlvwdqfh vrfldoh hq 4<<;1 Gdqv od soxsduw ghv ìwdwv o*dlgh hwdlw olplwìh
dx{ shuvrqqhv wuëv sdxyuhv/ fh txl fruuhvsrqg jìqìudohphqw ã od prlwlì gx vhxlo gh
sdxyuhwì1 Oh uhyhqx pd{lpxp srxu dyrlu dffëv ã o*dlgh yduldlw gh 433' ã 733' sdu
prlv srxu xq lqglylgx hw gh 633' d 933' srxu xqh idplooh gh wurlv shuvrqqhv1 Oh
prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv uhsuìvhqwdlw hq pr|hqqh 6:( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì srxu xq
lqglylgx1 F*hvw dx Plvvrxul txh o*rq uhwurxydlw ohv suhvwdwlrqv ohv soxv idleohv +;3'
rx 43( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì, doruv txh oh Qheudvnd rudlw ohv suhvwdwlrqv ohv soxv
jìqìuhxvhv +978' rx ;7( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì,1 H{fhswlrq idlwh gh fhw ìwdw wrxv
ohv dxwuhv rudlhqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv hq ghvvrxv gh 88( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì1 Srxu
fh txl hvw pdlqwhqdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv yhuvìhv dx{ frxsohv/ hoohv fruuhvsrqgdlhqw hq
pr|hqqh ã 6;( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì1 Ohv suhvwdwlrqv yduldlhqw gh 48<' +47( gx vhxlo
gh sdxyuhwì, hq Rklr ã 8<9' sdu prlv +85(, hq Ruhjrq1 Txdqw dx{ idploohv gh wurlv
shuvrqqhv/ f*hvw hqfruh hq Rklr rü ohv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlhqw ohv soxv idleohv +4<6' rx
4;( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì, doruv txh ohv soxv ìohyìhv +8::', ìwdlhqw yhuvìhv gdqv o*Ìwdw
45
gh Qhz \run +84( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì,1 Vxu ohv 68 mxulglfwlrqv txl irxuqlvvdlhqw
xqh dlgh/ 58 q*lpsrvdlhqw sdv gh olplwh gh gxuìh srxu dxwdqw txh ohv eìqìfldluhv
uhvshfwhqw ohv fulwëuhv g*ìoljlelolwì1
61616
Vxssohphqwdo Vhfxulw| Lqfrph +VVL,
F*hvw hq 4<:5 txh ixw plv hq sodfh oh surjudpph gx Vxssoìphqw gh Vìfxulwì gx
uhyhqx +Vxssohphqwdo Vhfxulw| lqfrph +VVL,, txl ylvh ã yhqlu hq dlgh dx{ shuvrqqhv
åjìhv gh 98 dqv hw soxv/ dx{ dyhxjohv hw dx{ lqydolghv txl rqw gh wuëv idleohv uhyhqxv1
Oh qdqfhphqw gx surjudpph hvw hqwlëuhphqw dvvxuì sdu oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo1
Srxu íwuh ìoljleohv hq 4<<:/ ohv lqglylgxv txl vh wurxyhqw gdqv o*xq ghv wurlv jurxshv
phqwlrqqìv soxv kdxw qh ghydlhqw sdv jdjqhu soxv gh 8;3;' dqqxhoohphqw gdqv oh fdv
g*xqh shuvrqqh vhxoh hw ;:45' srxu xq frxsoh1 Gh soxv/ lo qh idoodlw sdv txh ohxuv dfwliv
qdqflhuv gìsdvvhqw 5333' srxu xq lqglylgx hw 6333' srxu xq frxsoh1 Oh prqwdqw
pd{lpxp g*xqh suhvwdwlrq phqvxhooh/ wrxmrxuv srxu 4<<:/ ìwdlw gh 7;7' srxu xqh
shuvrqqh vhxoh hw :59' srxu xq frxsoh1 Srxu rewhqlu oh pd{lpxp/ xqh shuvrqqh vhxoh
qh ghydlw sdv jdjqhu vrxv iruph g*dxwuhv uhyhqxv soxv gh 53' sdu prlv1 Fhshqgdqw/
srxu hqfrxudjhu ohv eìqìfldluhv ã wudydloohu/ hq soxv ghv 53' g*h{hpswlrq/ lo ìwdlw
srvvleoh gh jdjqhu 98' vxssoìphqwdluh vrxv iruph gh uhyhqx g*hpsorl vdqv txh od
suhvwdwlrq qh vrlw uìgxlwh1 Sdu frqwuh/ dx ghoã gh fh prqwdqw ohv suhvwdwlrqv ìwdlhqw
uìgxlwhv gh 4' srxu fkdtxh 5' jdjqìv +VVD/ 4<<:e,1
61617
Irrg Vwdps Surjudp
Lqvwdxuì hq 4<94 frpph surmhw slorwh/ oh Irrg Vwdps Surjudp hvw ghyhqx shu0
pdqhqw hq 4<971 Oh Frqjuëv dpìulfdlq reoljhd hq 4<:7 wrxv ohv ìwdwv ã rulu fhv
wlpeuhv dolphqwdluhv dx{ pìqdjhv ã idleohv uhyhqxv1 Hq 4<<:/ srxu íwuh ìoljleohv/ ohv
pìqdjhv qh ghydlhqw sdv gìwhqlu soxv gh 5333' vrxv iruph g*dfwliv qdqflhuv hw oh uh0
yhqx euxw qh ghydlw sdv gìsdvvhu 463( gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì iìgìudo +535;3' srxu xq
pìqdjh gh txdwuh shuvrqqhv,1 Hq 4<<9/ ohv pìqdjhv eìqìfldluhv gh fh surjudpph
srxydlhqw v*dwwhqguh ã uhfhyrlu o*ìtxlydohqw gh 4:5' gh qrxuulwxuh hw :6' gdqv oh fdv
g*xqh shuvrqqh vhxoh1 Ghsxlv txhotxh dqqìhv/ oh surjudpph v*hvw prghuqlvì = dx
olhx gh suhqguh od iruph gh frxsrq ìfkdqjhdeoh/ rq uhphw dx{ eìqìfldluhv xqh fduwh
46
vhpeodeoh ã xqh fduwh edqfdluh dyhf odtxhooh lov shxyhqw idluh ohxuv dfkdwv/ fh txl
shuphw gh wudqviìuhu gluhfwhphqw ohv irqgv dx{ frpphuêdqwv1 Ghsxlv od uìiruph gh
o*dvvlvwdqfh vrfldoh gh 4<<9/ ohv shuvrqqhv dswhv ã wudydloohu qh shxyhqw soxv uhfhyrlu
ohv wlpeuhv dolphqwdluhv txh srxu xq pd{lpxp gh wurlv prlv srxu fkdtxh sìulrgh gh
wuhqwh vl{ prlv1 Oh qdqfhphqw gx surjudpph hvw hqwlëuhphqw dvvxuì sdu o*dxwrulwì
iìgìudoh hq fh txl d wudlw dx{ prqwdqwv yhuvìv/ doruv txh ohv iudlv g*dgplqlvwudwlrq
vrqw sduwdjìv hqwuh ohv oh iìgìudo hw ohv ìwdwv +VVD/ 4<<:e,1
61618
Hduqhg Lqfrph Wd{ Fuhglw
Hq 4<:8/ gdqv vrq Wd{ Uhgxfwlrq Dfw oh jrxyhuqhphqw iìgìudo plw hq sodfh oh Hdu0
qhg Lqfrph Wd{ Fuhglw +HLWF,1 Fh surjudpph/ ghyhqx shupdqhqw hq 4<:;/ hvw xq
fuìglw g*lps÷w srxu ohv pìqdjhv txl/ hq gìslw gh ohxu wudydlo/ rqw ghv uhyhqxv vrxv oh
vhxlo gh od sdxyuhwì1 O*lgìh hvw gh uìgxluh ohv wd{hv sd|ìhv sdu ohv wudydloohxuv ã idleohv
uhyhqxv hw g*hqfrxudjhu fhv shuvrqqhv ã wudydloohu1 Elhq txh ohv wudydloohxuv vdqv hq0
idqw vrlhqw ìoljleohv/ oh HLWF ghphxuh ehdxfrxs soxv jìqìuhx{ srxu ohv pìqdjhv dyhf
hqidqwv1 Gh idlw/ oh prqwdqw ghv gìgxfwlrqv vfdohv gìshqg gh wurlv ìoìphqwv = oh
qrpeuh g*hqidqwv/ oh uhyhqx g*hpsorl hw oh uhyhqx euxw dmxvwì +DJU, txl lqfoxw ohv
wudqvihuwv jrxyhuqhphqwdx{ frpph ohv suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +Wkh Fohd0
ulqjkrxvh rq Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Ghyhorsphqwv lq Fklog/ \rxwk dqg Idplo| Srolflhv/ 5334,1
Srxu tx*xq hqidqw vrlw sulv hq frpswh/ lo grlw dyrlu xq olhq gh sduhqwì gh vdqj rx
g*dooldqfh dyhf od shuvrqqh txl ghpdqgh oh fuìglw hw ghphxuhu dyhf hooh1 Gh soxv/ lo
grlw vrlw íwuh åjì gh prlqv gh 4< dqv/ vrlw íwuh dx{ ìwxghv ã whpsv sohlq v*lo d hqwuh 4<
hw 57 dqv/ vrlw íwuh lqydolgh1 Ohv shuvrqqhv vdqv hqidqwv grlyhqw dyrlu hqwuh 58 hw 98
dqv hw qh sdv gìshqguh gh txhotx*xq g*dxwuh txl ylw ghv suhvwdwlrqv gx jrxyhuqhphqw
srxu eìqìflhu gx fuìglw1
7
Lpsdfwv vxu od sdxyuhwì = pìwkrgrorjlh
Srxu dqdo|vhu o*lpsdfw ghv wudqvihuwv hw wd{hv vxu od sdxyuhwì/ qrxv xwlolvrqv od
fodvvh gh phvxuhv gh Irvwhu/ Juhhu hw Wkruehfnh +4<;7, qrwìhv Sk 1 Gìqrwrqv sdu ? od
wdlooh gh od srsxodwlrq hw sdu ^ oh qrpeuh g*lqglylgxv sdxyuhv/ f*hvw0ã0gluh/ fhx{ grqw
47
oh uhyhqx + hvw lqiìulhxu rx ìjdo dx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì 5 1 Ohv lqglylgxv vrqw fodvvìv sdu
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sdxyuhwì hq grqqdqw oh srxufhqwdjh gh od srsxodwlrq d|dqw xq uhyhqx lqiìulhxu dx
vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì1 Od vlpsolflwì g*lqwhusuìwdwlrq gh
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hvw suredeohphqw od phloohxuh
h{solfdwlrq gh od srsxodulwì gh fhw lqglfh1 Sdu frqwuh/ frpph oh vrxoljqh Vhq +4<:9,/
o*xwlolvdwlrq gh fhoxl0fl frpsruwh ghx{ sureoëphv pdmhxuv = lo hvw lqvhqvleoh ã od sur0
irqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì hw ã o*lqìjdolwì hqwuh ohv sdxyuhv1 Oruvtxh k ' / o*lqglfh suhqg
hq frpswh od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1 Sdu frqwuh/
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vl rq frqvlgëuh txh oh idlw g*hqohyhu ghv uhvvrxufhv ã xq sdxyuh hvw xq sureoëph txl
ghylhqw gh soxv hq soxv judyh dx ixu hw ã phvxuh tx*rq v*ìorljqh gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì1
Rq glw doruv tx*rq yhxw whqlu frpswh gh o*lqìjdolwì gdqv od glvwulexwlrq gh o*ìfduw gh
sdxyuhwì1 O*lqglfh
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shuphw gh suhqguh hq frpswh fhwwh glphqvlrq g*lqìjdolwì1 Rq
o*dsshooh vrxyhqw o*lqglfh gh vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì1
Srxu whqlu frpswh ghv glìuhqfhv gdqv od wdlooh hw od frpsrvlwlrq ghv pìqdjhv/
qrxv xwlolvrqv xqh ìfkhooh g*ìtxlydohqfh txl qrupdolvh ohv grqqìhv vxu ohv uhyhqxv1 Ohv
uhyhqxv sdu ìtxlydohqw dgxowh vrqw gìqrwìv sdu
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g*xq hqidqw sdu udssruw ã xq dgxowh1 Vhorq Fxwohu hw Ndw} +4<<5,/ txl rqw sursrvì
fhwwh ìfkhooh g*ìtxlydohqfh/ xq frqvhqvxv h{lvwh txdqg ã od ydohxu gh fh sdudpëwuh
txh o*rq d ìwdeolw ã 31731 Oh sdudpëwuh
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oh pìqdjh1 Elhq tx*lo q*| dlw sdv gh frqvhqvxv vxu vd ydohxu/ lo hvw hqwuh }ìur hw xq/
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gh od glvwulexwlrq ghv uhyhqxv frqvlgìuìh1 Qrxv xwlolvrqv ghx{ vhxov1 Oh suhplhu/ txh
o*rq shxw frqvlgìuhu frpph xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ fruuhvsrqg ã 83( gh od
pìgldqh gh od glvwulexwlrq ghv uhyhqxv glvsrqleohv pr|hqv +hq whuphv g*ìtxlydohqwv
dgxowhv,1 Oh ghx{lëph/ txh o*rq shxw frqvlgìuhu frpph xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/
uhsuìvhqwh 63( gh od pìgldqh ghv uhyhqxv1 Hq g*dxwuhv whuphv/ qrxv xwlolvrqv
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srxu fodulhu ohv gl!fxowìv1 Frqvlgìurqv xqh srsxodwlrq gh gl{ lqglylgxv srvvìgdqw
ohv uhyhqxv lqgltxìv dx wdeohdx 41 Ohv lqglylgxv vrqw fodvvìv sdu ruguh furlvvdqw gh
ohxu uhyhqx1 Vxssrvrqv txh oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì 5 vrlw 8181 Vxssrvrqv dxvvl txh ghx{
srolwltxhv gh oxwwh frqwuh od sdxyuhwì D hw E rqw ìwì fkrlvlhv hw yrqw íwuh dssoltxìhv
vxffhvvlyhphqw1 Od srolwltxh D frqvlvwh ã grqqhu 4' ã fkdtxh shuvrqqh1 Gh píph/
od srolwltxh E grqqh dxvvl 4' ã fkdtxh shuvrqqh1 Rq uhpdutxh txh o*lpsdfw ghv ghx{
srolwltxh q*hvw sdv oh píph/ fh txl prqwuh elhq txh o*lpsdfw g*xqh srolwltxh gh oxwwh
ã od sdxyuhwì gìshqg gh o*ruguh gdqv ohtxho hooh hvw dssoltxìh1
Rq yrlw dxvvl txh ohv wurlv phvxuhv gh sdxyuhwì xwlolvìhv qh shuphwwhqw sdv gh
v*hqwhqguh srxu vdyrlu odtxhooh ghv srolwltxhv d oh soxv g*hhw vxu od uìgxfwlrq gh od
sdxyuhwì1 Hq hhw/ vl o*rq xwlolvh o*lqglfh g*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì f/ od glplqxwlrq
gh od sdxyuhwì dyhf od srolwltxh D hvw prlqv lpsruwdqwh tx*dyhf od srolwltxh E1 Od
srolwltxh D idlw sdvvhu xqh shuvrqqh dx ghvvxv gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì/ doruv txh od
srolwltxh E idlw sdvvhu ghx{ lqglylgxv dx0ghvvxv gx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì1 Sdu frqwuh/
vl rq xwlolvh od surirqghxu rx od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì/ rq yrlw txh od srolwltxh D d
gdydqwdjh g*lpsdfw txh od srolwltxh E1
Dq txh o*lpsdfw doorxì gh uìgxfwlrq gh sdxyuhwì vrlw lqgìshqgdqw gh o*ruguh
duelwudluh vìohfwlrqqì sdu o*dqdo|vwh srxu ìwxglhu od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì/ lo hvw
xwloh g*hpsor|hu od pìwkrgh vxjjìuìh sdu Pdnglvvl hw Zrgrq +5334,1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh
frqvlvwh ã phvxuhu od ydohxu gh Vkdsoh| +4<86, gh od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì gxh ã xqh
49
srolwltxh1 Fhfl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu wrxv ohv ruguhv srvvleohv gh srolwltxhv frpph ìwdqw
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srolwltxh gdqv ohv ghx{ fdv srvvleohv/ f*hvw0ã0gluh oruvtxh od srolwltxh hvw frqvlgìuìh
od suhplëuh rx od vhfrqgh1 Ohv srolwltxhv D hw E dxurqw doruv h{dfwhphqw oh píph
lpsdfw doorxì vrlw xqh uìgxfwlrq gh 3148 gh o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì/ gh 313;967 gh
od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì hw gh 313389: gh od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì1
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Lpsdfwv vxu od sdxyuhwì = Uìvxowdwv hpslultxhv
Qrxv xwlolvrqv ohv grqqìhv gx Ox{hperxuj Lqfrph Vwxg| srxu dqdo|vhu ohv uh0
yhqxv ghv pìqdjhv wdqw dpìulfdlqv txh fdqdglhqv hq 4<<:1 Xq uhyhqx gh edvh ghv
pìqdjhv hvw g*derug fdofxoì hq xwlolvdqw ohv yduldeohv: Y4/ Y7/ Y8/ Y;/ Y65/ Y66/ Y49/
Y4:/ Y4;/ Y56/ Y57V4/ Y57V5/ Y57VU/ Y67/ Y68/ Y691 Fhv yduldeohv uhsuìvhqwhqw
ohv uhyhqxv euxwv gx wudydlo hw gh od sursulìwì +Y4/ Y7/ Y8 hw Y;,/ ohv uhyhqxv sur0
yhqdqw ghv glìuhqwv uìjlphv gh uhwudlwhv ghv hpsor|hxuv hw ghv uìjlphv sulyìv +Y65
hw Y66,/ ohv uhyhqxv gh pdodglhv hw g*lqydolglwì +Y49/ Y4: hw Y4;,/ ohv uhyhqxv ghv
plolwdluhv +Y56,/ ohv uhyhqxv g*dvvxudqfh vrfldoh +Y57V4/ Y57V5 hw Y57VU,/ ohv uhyh0
qxv gh shqvlrqv dolphqwdluhv +Y67, hw ohv dxwuhv uhyhqxv +Y68 hw Y69,1 Ohv shqvlrqv
gh ylhloohvvh yhuvìhv sdu ohv glìuhqwv sdolhuv gh jrxyhuqhphqw vrqw uhsuìvhqwìv sdu od
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sdu ohv ghx{ sd|v1 Rq uhwurxyh gdqv ohv yduldeohv Y53/ Y55 hw Y57V6 ohv prqwdqwv
pr|hqv txh uhêrlyhqw fkdtxh pìqdjh gh fh tx*rq srxuudlw txdolhu gh surjudpphv
g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv1 Ohv yduldeohv Y58 hw Y59 uhsuìvhqwhqw ohv prqwdqwv gh o*dlgh
Srxu soxv gìwdlov oh ohfwhxu shxw vh udssruwhu dx vlwh zhe gx OLV +kwws =22zzz1olvsurmhfw1ruj2,
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ohv yduldeohv Y:/ Y44 hw Y46 txl vrqw ohv wd{hv hw lps÷wv sd|ìv sdu ohv frqwulexdeohv
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Dq g*looxvwuhu o*lpsruwdqfh hpslultxh g*xwlolvhu od ydohxu gh Vkdsoh|/ uìiìurqv
qrxv dx wdeohdx 51 Fh wdeohdx grqqh ohv lpsdfwv plqlpxpv hw pd{lpxpv txh shxyhqw
dyrlu ohv glìuhqwhv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv1 Suhqrqv/ sdu h{hpsoh/ od frpsdudlvrq
ghv surjudpphv g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv hw g*doorfdwlrq gh fk÷pdjh dx qlyhdx gh od
uìgxfwlrq gh od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo h{wuíph1 Dx qlyhdx
gh o*lpsdfw plqlpdo/ ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv uìgxlvhqw od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì
gh 313359 hw ohv doorfdwlrqv gh fk÷pdjh od uìgxlvhqw gh 31335:1 Dx qlyhdx gh o*lpsdfw
pd{lpdo/ o*ruguh hqwuh ohv ghx{ srolwltxhv hvw uhqyhuvì/ ohv doorfdwlrqv gh fk÷pdjh
uìgxlvdqw od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì gh 3133:4 doruv txh ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv
od uìgxlvhqw gh 3134351
Od vroxwlrq sursrvìh frqvlvwh doruv ã frqvlgìuhu wrxv ohv ruguhv srvvleohv gh sur0
judpphv1 Oh wdeohdx 6 looxvwuh od surfìgxuh srxu fdofxohu o*lpsdfw ghv surjudpphv
gh shqvlrqv vxu o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd1 Od suhplëuh frorqqh lqgltxh
ohv glìuhqwv djuìjdwv gh uhyhqx xwlolvìv srxu fdofxohu o*lqglfh vdqv ohv shqvlrqv1 Od
ghx{lëph frorqqh grqqh od olvwh ghv wudqvihuwv h{foxv gh o*djuìjdw1 Ohv frorqqhv 6 hw
7 grqqhqw od ydohxu gh o*lqglfh
f
vdqv hw dyhf ohv shqvlrqv1 Od frorqqh 8 lqgltxh od
glìuhqfh hqwuh fhv ghx{ lqglfhv1 Od suredelolwì txh ohv surjudpphv gh shqvlrqv vh
uhwurxyh gdqv od srvlwlrq lqgltxìh +r- E? r -*?-, sdupl wrxwhv ohv ruguhv srv0
vleohv gh srolwltxhv hvw grqqìh ã od frorqqh 91 Ilqdohphqw/ od ghuqlëuh frorqqh lqgltxh
od frqwulexwlrq ã o*lpsdfw pr|hq1
814
Srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv
Frpph oh prqwuh oh wdeohdx 7 hq dqqh{h/ o*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv d
uìgxlw gh soxv gh ;5( o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì
h{wuíph doruv txh o*lqglfh
f
hvw sdvvì gh 3154:; ã 3136;8 E{ ' f.b1 Vl o*rq
uhjdugh o*hhw dwwulexdeoh ã fkdfxqh ghv srolwltxhv/ rq uhpdutxh txh ghx{ g*hqwuh
hoohv rqw hx xqh lqflghqfh pdmhxuh vxu od sdxyuhwì1 Hq hhw/ ã hx{ vhxov oh uìjlph
4;
gh shqvlrq sxeolf fdqdglhq +3145;;, hw o*dlgh vrfldoh +313753, rqw uìgxlw o*lqflghqfh
gh od sdxyuhwì gh soxv gh :; (1 O*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +3133<8, hw o*dlgh dx{ idploohv
+3133::, rqw hx shx g*hhwv vxu fhooh0fl; 1
O*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv d joredohphqw prlqv g*hhwv oruvtxh o*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo
gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Rq uhpdutxh txh od sdxyuhwì d ìwì uìgxlwh gh 89( idlvdqw sdvvhu
o*lqglfh
f
gh 31634 ã 31465: E{ ' fSHe1 Sulvh lqglylgxhoohphqw/ f*hvw hqfruh od
srolwltxh gh shqvlrq +314748, txl d oh soxv g*hhw1 Sdu od vxlwh/ rq uhwurxyh o*dvvxudqfh0
fk÷pdjh +3134;<, txl gìsdvvh o*dlgh vrfldoh +3134;4, doruv txh o*dlgh dx{ idploohv
+313459, ylhqw hqfruh hq ghuqlhu1
Lo q*hvw sdv vxusuhqdqw gh yrlu txh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh d soxv g*lpsdfw oruvtxh
o*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ fdu fhwwh srolwltxh hvw ghvwlqìh ã ghv pìqdjhv
txl rqw uìfhpphqw rewhqx xq uhyhqx gh wudydlo hw txl vrqw joredohphqw prlqv sdxyuhv1
Grqf/ fhv pìqdjhv vh uhwurxyhqw srxu vrxyhqw dx0ghvvxv gx vhxlo h{wuíph/ pdlv hq
ghvvrxv gx vhxlo prgìuì1 O*dlgh dx{ idploohv d dxvvl soxv g*hhwv hq xwlolvdqw xq
vhxlo prgìuì +3133<8 frpsdudwlyhphqw ã 313459,/ hq sduwlh sdufh txh ghv prqwdqwv
vxssoìphqwdluhv vrqw wudqviìuìv dx{ pìqdjhv ã idleohv uhyhqxv txl wudydloohqw1 Hq
whuph devrox/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq d ìjdohphqw soxv g*lpsdfw vxu od sdxyuhwì
oruvtxh qrxv xwlolvrqv xq vhxlo prgìuì/ fkdtxh uhwudlwì uhfhydqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv gh
Vìfxulwì gh ylhloohvvh lqgìshqgdpphqw gx uhyhqx1
Od vlwxdwlrq frqwudluh vh surgxlw srxu o*dlgh vrfldoh1 Fh surjudpph ylhqw hq
dlgh dx{ pìqdjhv ohv soxv gìpxqlv gh od vrflìwì txl rqw vrxyhqw ghv uhvvrxufhv wuëv
olplwìhv< dydqw ohv wudqvihuwv hw ghyudlhqw/ srxu od soxsduw vlqrq wrxv/ vh uhwurxyhu vrxv
oh vhxlo h{wuíph1 Oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo prgìuì/ o*dlgh vrfldoh d prlqv g*hhwv vxu
o*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì fdu oh prqwdqw ghv suhvwdwlrqv q*hvw sdv vx!vdqw srxu
gìsdvvhu oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1
Dqdo|vrqv pdlqwhqdqw o*lpsdfw ghv srolwltxhv vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1
Srxu oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ rq shxw hqfruh dwwulexhu dx v|vwëph gh shqvlrq
Rq uhpdutxh txh 8<14( . 4<16( . 717( . 619( hvw soxv judqg txh oh ;5( phqwlrqqì1 Od
glìuhqfh ylhqw gx idlw txh ohv wd{hv djlvvhqw qìjdwlyhphqw vxu od sdxyuhwì +gdqv fh fdv0fl 07(,
doruv txh o*rq uhsuhqg xqh sduwlh ghv wudqvihuwv glvwulexìv vrxv iruph gh shqvlrq gh ylhloohvvh/ gh
suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh hw g*dlgh vrfldoh hw g*doorfdwlrqv idploldohv1
< Ìwdqw grqqì ohv fulwëuhv g*ìoljlelolwì rq shxw furluh txh ohv uhyhqxv gh fhv pìqdjhv whqghqw ã
íwuh txdvl qxov dydqw ohv glyhuv wudqvihuwv1
;
4<
+313<3:, hw ã o*dlgh vrfldoh +31374;, od pdmhxuh sduwlh gh od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì1
Hq hhw/ doruv txh o*lqglfh SJ hvw sdvvì gh 314859 ã 31347 E{ ' fHS/ vrlw xqh
uìgxfwlrq wrwdoh gh <31;(/ ohv ghx{ srolwltxhv rqw frqwulexì ã hoohv vhxohv srxu ;91;(43 1
Oruvtx*rq sdvvh g*xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph ã xq vhxlo prgìuì o*lqglfh lqlwldo
+314<87, hvw soxv ìohyì wrxw frpph o*lqglfh qdo +313733,1 Sdu frqwuh/ o*hhw ghv
srolwltxhv hq whuph devrox E{ ' fDDe hvw soxv lpsruwdqw dyhf xq vhxlo prgìuì1
Vl o*rq uhsuhqg ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv srxu fkdtxh srolwltxh rq uhpdutxh txh f*hvw
hqfruh od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq +314439, hw o*dlgh vrfldoh +313699, txl rqw xqh lqflghqfh
vljqlfdwlyh vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1
Ilqdohphqw/ dx qlyhdx gh od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì/ ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv
rqw xq lpsdfw soxv lpsruwdqw hq whuphv uhodwliv oruvtxh qrxv dyrqv xwlolvì xq vhxlo
gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph +<5(, dx olhx g*xq vhxlo prgìuì +;:(,1 Oruvtx*rq frpsduh fhv
hhwv hq whuph devrox rq rewlhqw oh uìvxowdw frqwudluh doruv txh o*lqflghqfh hvw soxv
judqgh srxu xq vhxlo prgìuì +f.S frpsdudwlyhphqw ã fS.,1 Vl o*rq v*lqwìuhvvh
dx{ hhwv lqglylgxhov gh fkdfxqh ghv srolwltxhv/ oh suhplhu frqvwdw txh o*rq shxw idluh
hvw oh u÷oh suìsrqgìudqw ghv srolwltxhv gh shqvlrq hw g*dlgh vrfldoh1 Ã hoohv vhxohv/ fhv
ghuqlëuhv uìgxlvhqw od vìyìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì gh soxv gh ;;( dyhf xq vhxlo h{wuíph
hw gh ;6( hq xwlolvdqw xq vhxlo prgìuì1
815
Srolwltxhv dpìulfdlqhv
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ dqdo|vrqv o*lpsdfw ghv srolwltxhv vxu o*lqflghqfh gh od
sdxyuhwì dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Hq vh uìiìudqw dx wdeohdx 8/ rq frqvwdwh txh/ srxu xq vhxlo
gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ o*hqvhpeoh ghv srolwltxhv rqw uìgxlw o*lqglfh lqlwldo gh 98/;(
E{ ' fS1 Dlqvl/ doruv tx*xq shx soxv gh 53( gh od srsxodwlrq vh uhwurxydlw
dx gìsduw dyhf xq uhyhqx gh edvh vrxv oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì/ ohv wudqvihuwv rqw shu0
plv gh glplqxhu fhwwh sursruwlrq ã 9/<(1 Frpph dx Fdqdgd/ oh judqg uhvsrqvdeoh
gh fhwwh edlvvh hvw oh surjudpph gh shqvlrqv gh ylhloohvvh txl d uìgxlw o*lqglfh gh
soxv gh od prlwlì +31436;,1 Vxlyhqw hqvxlwh gdqv o*ruguh o*dlgh vrfldoh +313654, hw
o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +313349,1 Oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ o*hhw
joredo E{ ' ffb2 ghv srolwltxhv hvw prlqv lpsruwdqw tx*dyhf xq vhxlo h{wuíph1 Ghv
43
Fhshqgdqw/ lo idxw wrxmrxuv whqlu frpswh gh o*lpsdfw qìjdwli gh od wd{h1
53
wurlv srolwltxhv/ vhxoh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh +313359, d soxv g*lpsdfw oruvtx*rq hpsorlh
xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Frpph o*dlgh vrfldoh hvw xqh srolwltxh txl v*dguhvvh
dx{ pìqdjhv ohv soxv gìpxqlv/ rq shxw furluh txh od wuëv judqgh pdmrulwì ghv pìqdjhv
wrxfkìv sdu fhwwh srolwltxh dydlhqw xq uhyhqx gh edvh lqiìulhxu dx vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì
h{wuíph1 O*lqglfh g*lqflghqfh gh od sdxyuhwì qh whqdqw frpswh txh ghv pìqdjhv
txl gìsdvvhqw oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì/ rq yrlw srxutxrl o*dlgh vrfldoh d prlqv g*lpsdfw
oruvtx*rq xwlolvh xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì1
Shqfkrqv qrxv pdlqwhqdqw vxu od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì1 Hq xwlolvdqw oh vhxlo
gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ rq frqvwdwh txh od surirqghxu gh od sdxyuhwì glplqxh gh ;3(/
sdvvdqw gh 31477< ã 3135;91 Od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq hvw fhooh ã txl o*rq shxw dwwulexhu
od soxv judqgh sduw gh fhwwh uìgxfwlrq +313;9:,1 Vxlyhqw/ gdqv o*ruguh/ o*dlgh vrfldoh
hw o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh1 Oh vfìqdulr vhpeoh vh uìsìwhu oruvtx*rq xwlolvh oh vhxlo gh
sdxyuhwì prgìuì1 Hq hhw/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq EffbfH hvw hqfruh xqh irlv fhooh
txl d oh soxv g*lpsdfwv vxu od uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì1 O*hqvhpeoh gh fhv srolwltxhv
d gh qrxyhdx hx prlqv g*hhw E{ ' fDe txh srxu xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph1
Ilqdohphqw/ dqdo|vrqv o*lqflghqfh ghv glìuhqwhv srolwltxhv dpìulfdlqhv vxu od vì0
yìulwì gh od sdxyuhwì1 Srxu xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì h{wuíph/ o*lqglfh hvw sdvvì gh 31458;
ã 31354: E{ ' ffe1 Od srolwltxh shqvlrq hvw fhooh txl uìgxlw oh soxv od sdxyuhwì
Eff..f vxlylh gh o*dlgh vrfldoh grqw od ydohxu gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì Efff
hvw wuëv lqiìulhxuh ã fhooh ghv shqvlrqv1 Gh vrq f÷wì/ o*lpsdfw gh o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh
frqwlqxh g*íwuh pdujlqdo Effff.1 Hq xwlolvdqw xq vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì prgìuì/ rq uh0
pdutxh txh ohv shqvlrqv gh ylhloohvvh EffHD hw o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh Effff rqw soxv
g*hhw vxu od sdxyuhwì doruv txh oh frqwudluh vh surgxlw dyhf o*dlgh vrfldoh Efffe1
816
Frpsdudlvrqv gh od vlwxdwlrq dx Fdqdgd hw dx{ Ìwdwv0
Xqlv
Hq frpsdudqw od vlwxdwlrq gx Fdqdgd ã fhooh ghv Ìwdwv0Xqlv qrxv srxyrqv idluh
txhotxhv frqvwdwdwlrqv lqwìuhvvdqwhv1 Od suhplëuh hvw txh/ txho txh vrlw o*lqglfh gh
sdxyuhwì hw oh vhxlo gh sdxyuhwì xwlolvì/ lo | d lqlwldohphqw wrxmrxuv prlqv gh sdx0
yuhwì dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv tx*dx Fdqdgd1 Ghx{lëphphqw/ oruvtx*rq phvxuh ohv lqglfhv
gh sdxyuhwì dsuëv ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv +lqfoxdqw ohv wd{hv, o*hqvhpeoh ghv pì0
54
qdjhv fdqdglhqv vh uhwurxyhqw prlqv sdxyuhv txh ohv pìqdjhv dpìulfdlqv1 Grqf/ sulvh
joredohphqw/ ohv srolwltxhv fdqdglhqqhv vrqw soxv jìqìuhxvhv txh ohv srolwltxhv dpì0
ulfdlqhv/ fh txl q*hvw shxw ìwudqjhu dx{ wdx{ gh wd{dwlrq pr|hqv hw dx{ srolwltxhv
uhglvwulexwlyhv soxv ìohyìv dx Fdqdgd tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1
Rq shxw dxvvl uhpdutxhu txh/ txho txh vrlw o*lqglfh gh sdxyuhwì hw oh vhxlo gh
sdxyuhwì xwlolvìv/ od srolwltxh gh shqvlrq ghphxuh wrxmrxuv od srolwltxh txl uìgxlw oh
soxv od sdxyuhwì1 Fh uìvxowdw q*hvw sdv vxusuhqdqw vl o*rq uhjdugh gh soxv suëv fh txh
qrxv udfrqwh od wkìrulh ìfrqrpltxh ghv fkrl{ sxeolfv1 Rq shxw hq hhw d!uphu txh ohv
shuvrqqhv åjìv uhsuìvhqwhqw xq jurxsh txl d soxv gh uhvvrxufhv hw hvw plhx{ rujdqlvì
srxu idluh suhvvlrq dxsuëv ghv dxwrulwìv txh ohv dvvlvwìv vrfldx{ rx ohv fk÷phxuv/ sdu
h{hpsoh1 Ã fh sursrv/ Sklssv +4<<<, prqwuh txh od sdxyuhwì44 +hq xwlolvdqw o*lqglfh gh
Vhq0Vkruurfnv0Wkrq, hvw soxv ìohyìh fkh} ohv hqidqwv txh fkh} ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv gh
soxv gh 98 dqv1 Hooh vxjjëuh frpph h{solfdwlrq srvvleoh oh olhq hqwuh ohv ìohfwhxuv hw ohv
srolwltxhv plvhv hq sodfh1 Rq shxw dxvvl shqvhu txh fhuwdlqv idfwhxuv gìprjudskltxhv
rqw xqh lq xhqfh vxu od sduwlflsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh1 Hq uhjurxsdqw ohv grqqìhv rewhqxv
oruv gh gl{ vrqgdjhv Jdooxs/ Sdpphw +4<<4, d h{dplqì fhv fdudfwìulvwltxhv oruv gh
o*ìohfwlrq iìgìudoh gh 4<;7 dx Fdqdgd 1 Lo hq uhvvruw txh o*åjh hvw oh idfwhxu oh soxv
lpsruwdqw hq fh txl d wudlw ã od sduwlflsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh1 Ohv mhxqhv gh 4; ã 54 dqv vrqw
wurlv irlv prlqv vxvfhswleohv gh yrwhu txh ohv shuvrqqhv åjìhv gh 83 dqv hw soxv1 Fhfl
qrxv lqgltxh grqf txh o*h!fdflwì ghv surjudpphv sxeolfv ã idluh glplqxhu od sdxyuhwì
shxw íwuh gìwhuplqìh hq sduwlh sdu od yrorqwì srolwltxh g*dwwdtxhu oh sureoëph1
9
Frqfoxvlrq
Gdqv fhw duwlfoh/ qrxv dyrqv dqdo|vì o*lpsdfw tx*rqw ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv
sxeolfv vxu od sdxyuhwì dx Fdqdgd hw dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Srxu fh idluh/ qrxv dyrqv xwl0
olvì xqh pìwkrgh edvìh vxu od ydohxu gh Vkdsoh| txl d ìwì sursrvì sdu Pdnglvvl hw
Zrgrq +5334,1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh shuphw g*dwwulexhu ã fkdtxh srolwltxh xq lpsdfw vxu
od sdxyuhwì txl hvw lqgìshqgdqw gh o*ruguh duelwudluh gdqv odtxhooh rq dxudlw sx od
frqvlgìuhu1
44
Dsuëv ohv wd{hv hw ohv wudqvihuwv1
55
Qrxv dyrqv frqvwdwì txh od sdxyuhwì hvw soxv ìohyìh dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv tx*dx Fdqdgd1
Fhfl hvw sulqflsdohphqw gþ dx idlw txh ohv srolwltxhv gh wudqvihuwv dx Fdqdgd vrqw
soxv jìqìuhxvhv tx*dx{ Ìwdwv0Xqlv1 Qrxv dyrqv dxvvl prqwuì txh od sulqflsdoh vrxufh
gh uìgxfwlrq gh od sdxyuhwì gdqv ohv ghx{ sd|v surylhqw ghv wudqvihuwv yhuv ohv shu0
vrqqhv åjìhv1 Frpswh whqx gx idlw txh ohv shuvrqqhv gh 83 dqv hw soxv vrqw oh jurxsh
gìprjudskltxh txl suìvhqwh oh soxv iruw wdx{ gh sduwlflsdwlrq dx{ ìohfwlrqv/ fhwwh re0
vhuydwlrq ylhqw dssx|hu o*d!updwlrq gh Pdnglvvl hw Jurohdx +5335, txl dujxphqwhqw
txh od yrorqwì srolwltxh hvw xq prwhxu lpsruwdqw gh od oxwwh frqwuh od sdxyuhwì1
Uìiìuhqfhv
^4` Ednhu/ Pdxuhhq +4<<:,/ Wkh uhvwuxfwxulqj ri wkh fdqdgldq zhoiduh vwdwh = lghrorj|
dqg srolf|/ Glvfxvvlrq Sdshu Qr1 ::/ Vrfldo Srolf| Uhvhdufk Fhqwhu/ Xqlyhuvlw|
ri Qhz Vrxwk Zdohv1
^5` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<7,/ Sodqv srxu od uìiruph gh od vìfxulwì
vrfldo/ Rwwdzd1
^6` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<:d,/ Xq dxwuh uhjdug vxu od uìiruph gx
elhq0íwuh vrfldo/ Rwwdzd1
^7` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<:e,/ Suhvwdwlrqv srxu hqidqwv = xq shwlw
sdv hq dydqw/ Rwwdzd1
^8` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<;,/ Ohv suhvwdwlrqv idploldohv = ohv hqidqwv
uhvwhqw hqfruh vxu ohxu idlp/ Rwwdzd1
^9` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +4<<<,/ Jxlgh ghv shqvlrqv/ Rwwdzd1
^:` Frqvhlo qdwlrqdo gx elhq0íwuh vrfldo +5333,/ Uhyhqxv gh elhq0íwuh vrfldo/ 4<<</
Rwwdzd1
^;` Fxwohu/ G1 hw O1 Ndw} +4<<5,/ Ulvlqj Lqhtxdolw| B Fkdqjhv lq wkh Glvwulexwlrq
ri Lqfrph dqg Frqvxpswlrq lq wkh 4<;3*v/ DHU Sdshuv dqg Surfhhglqjv/ ;5/
87908841
^<` Gìyhorsshphqw
ghv
uhvvrxufhv
kxpdlqhv
+5333d,/
kwws =22zzz1kugf1jf1fd2frpprq2qhzv2lqvxu2330:4{1vkwpo1
56
Frppxqltxì/
^43` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5333e,/ Udssruw gh frqwu÷oh hw g*ìyd0
oxdwlrq/ Uìjlph g*dvvxudqfh0hpsorl 4<<:/ kwws =22zzz1gukf1jf1fd2dh0hl2orl0
odz24<<:2vxp<:{1vkwpo1
^44` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5334d,/ Vh idploldulvhu dyhf
oh
v|vwëph
gh
uhyhqx
gh
uhwudlwh
gx
Fdqdgd/
kwws
=22zzz1kugf0
gukf1jf1fd2frpprq2lulvbi1vkwpo1
^45` Gìyhorsshphqw ghv uhvvrxufhv kxpdlqhv +5334e,/ Od Orl vxu o*dvvxudqfh0fk÷pdjh
gh 4<73/ kwws =22zzz1gukf1jf1fd2lqvxu2klvwxl2xlbklvw2fkds37bi1vkwpo1
^46` Gxforv/ Mhdq0\yhv/ hw Pduwlq Wdel +4<<<,/ Lqìjdolwì hw uhglvwulexwlrq gx uhyhqx/
dyhf xqh dssolfdwlrq dx Fdqdgd/ O*Dfwxdolwì ìfrqrpltxh 0 Uhyxh g*dqdo|vh ìfr0
qrpltxh/ :8/ <804551
^47` Iruwlq/ Slhuuh/ hw Iudqflqh Vìjxlq +4<<9,/ Srxu xq uìjlph ìtxlwdeoh d{ì vxu o*hp0
sorl/ Udssruw vrxplv ã od Plqlvwuh gh od Vìfxulwì gx uhyhqx/ Txìehf1
^48` Irvwhu/ M1/ M1 Juhhu hw H1 Wkruehfnh +4<;7,/ D Fodvv ri Ghfrpsrvdeoh Sryhuw|
Phdvxuhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 85/ :940:991
^49` Jdoodjkhu/ Mhurph O1/ Phjdq Jdoodjkhu/ Nhylq Shuhvh/ Vxvdq Vfkuhlehu hw Nhlwk
Zdwvrq +4<<;,/ Rqh \hdu Diwhu Ihghudo Zhoiduh Uhirup = D Ghvfulswlrq ri Vwdwh
Whpsrudu| Dvvlvwdqfh iru Qhhg| Idplolhv +WDQI, Ghflvlrqv dv ri Rfwrehu 4<<:/
Wkh Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zdvklqjwrq1
^4:` Jdoodjkhu/ Mhurph O1/ Frul H1 Xffhoor/ Dolfld E1 Slhufh hw Hulq E1 Uhlg| +4<<<,/
Vwdwh Jhqhudo Dvvlvwdqfh Surjudpv 4<<;/ Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zkdvklqjwrq1
^4;` Pdnglvvl/ S1 hw \1 Jurohdx +5335,/ Txh srxyrqv0qrxv dssuhqguh ghv surov gh
sdxyuhwì fdqdglhqv B/ O*Dfwxdolwì ìfrqrpltxh 0 Uhyxh g*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh/ :;/
58:05;91
^4<` Pdnglvvl/ S1 hw T1 Zrgrq +5334,/ Phdvxulqj Sryhuw| Uhgxfwlrq dqg Wdujhwlqj
Shuirupdqfh Xqghu Pxowlsoh Jryhuqphqw Surjudpv/ Fdklhu gh uhfkhufkh 34038/
Gìsduwhphqw g*ìfrqrpltxh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Vkhueurrnh1
^53` Plqlvwëuh gh od Idplooh hw gh o*Hqidqfh +5333,/ Od srolwltxh idploldoh/
kwws =22zzz1pih1jrxy1tf1fd26bsrolwltxhbidploldoh2lqgh{41kwpo1
57
^54` Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv Fdqdgd +4<<:d,/ Suìvhuyhu oh Uìjlph gh shqvlrqv gx
Fdqdgd/ Rwwdzd1
^55` Plqlvwëuh ghv Ilqdqfhv Fdqdgd +4<<:e,/ Hqvhpeoh yhuv xq uìjlph qdwlrqdo gh0
suhvwdwlrqv srxu hqidqwv/ Rwwdzd1
^56` RFGH +4<<<,/ Ehqlw V|vwhpv dqg Zrun Lqfhqwlyhv/ Sdulv1
^57` Rvehuj/ O1 +5333d,/ Sryhuw| lq Fdqdgd dqg wkh Xqlwhg Vwdwhv = Phdvxuhphqw/
Wuhqgv dqg Lpsolfdwlrqv/ Fdqdgldq Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 66/ ;7:0;::1
^58` Rvehuj/ O1 +5333e,/ Sryhuw| Wuhqgv dqg wkh Fdqdgldq Vrfldo Xqlrq/ lq K1 Od}du
+hg1,/ Fdqdgd = Wkh Vwdwh ri wkh Ihghudwlrq 4<<<25333 = Wrzdug d Qhz Plvvlrq
Vwdwhwhphhqw iru Fdqdgldq Ilvfdo Ihghudolvp/ PfJloo0Txhhq*v Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/
Prqwuìdo1
^59` Rvehuj/ O1 hw N1 [x +4<<<,/ Sryhuw| Lqwhqvlw| = Krz Zhoo Gr Fdqdgldq Surylqfhv
Frpsduh B/ Fdqdgldq Sxeolf Srolf|/ 58/ 4:<04<;1
^5:` Sdpphww/ Mrq K1 +4<<4,/ O*h{huflfh gx gurlw gh yrwh dx Fdqdgd/ gdqv Od sduwl0
flsdwlrq ìohfwrudoh dx Fdqdgd/ Frpplvvlrq ur|doh vxu od uìiruph ìohfwrudoh hw oh
qdqfhphqw ghv sduwlv/ yroxph 48 gh od froohfwlrq g*ìwxghv/ 6<0:31
^5;` Shqgdnxu/ N1 +4<<;,/ Fkdqjhv lq Fdqdgldq Idploo| Lqfrph dqg Idplo|
Frqvxpswlrq Lqhtxdolw| Ehwzhhq 4<:; dqg 4<<5/ Uhylhz ri Lqfrph dqg Zhdowk/
77/ 58<05;61
^5<` Shqgdnxu/ N1 +5334,/ Frqvxpswlrq Sryhuw| lq Fdqdgd 4<9< wr 4<<;/ Fdqdgldq
Sxeolf Srolf|/15:/ 458047<1
^63` Sklssv/ V1 +4<<<,/ Hfrqrplfv dqg wkh Zhoo0ehlqj ri Fdqdgldq Fkloguhq/ Fdqd0
gldq Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv/ 65/ 4468044961
^64` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +4<<;d,/ Vwdwlvwltxhv 4<<:/ Txìehf1
^65` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +4<<;e,/ Prglfdwlrqv dx Uìjlph gh uhqwhv/ Txìehf1
^66` Uìjlh ghv uhqwhv gx Txìehf +5333,/ Oh Uìjlph ghv uhqwhv hq fkluhv/
kwws =22zzz1uut1jrxy1tf1fd2iu2uhqwh2uutfkluh1kwp1
^67` Urvhq/ Kduyh| V1/ Sdxo Errwkh/ Ehy Gdkoe| hw Urjhu V1 Vplwk +4<<<,/ Sxeolf
Ilqdqfh lq Fdqdgd/ PfJudz0Kloo/ Wrurqwr1
58
^68` Uxjjhul/ J1F1/ G1 Ydq Zduw hw U1 Krzdug +4<<7,/ Wkh Uhglvwulexwlrqdo Lpsdfw
ri Jryhuqphqw Vshqglqj lq Fdqdgd/ Sxeolf Ilqdqfh/ 7<+5,/ 54505761
^69` Vhq/ D +4<:9,/ Sryhuw| = Dq Ruglqdo Dssurdfk wr Phdvxuhphqw/ Hfrqrphwulfd/
77/ 54<05641
^6:` Vkdsoh|/ Oor|g V1 +4<86,/ D Ydoxh iru Q0Shuvrq Jdphv/ lq K1Z1 Nxkq dqg Z1
Wxfnhu +hgv,/ Frqwulexwlrqv wr wkh Wkhru| ri Jdphv LL/ Dqqdov ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo
Vwxglhv/ Sulqfhwrq Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv/ Sulqfhwrq/ 5;/ 63:064:1
^6;` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<<d,/ Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Surjudpv Wkurxjkrxw
wkh Zruog 4<<</ Edowlpruh1
^6<` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<:d,/ Uìjlphv gh vìfxulwì vrfldoh gdqv oh
prqgh Fdqdgd 4<<:/ Edowlpruh1
^73` Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Dgplqlvwudwlrq +4<<:e,/ Vrfldo Vhfxulw| Surjudpv lq wkh Xqlwhg
Vwdwhv/ Sxeolfdwlrq Qr1 46044:8;/ Edowlpruh1
^74` Wkh Fohdulqjkrxvh rq Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Ghyhorsphqwv lq Fklog/ \rxwk dqg Idplo|
Srolflhv +5334,/ Fohdulqjkrxvh Frxqwulhv = Xqlwhg Vwdghv/ Froxpeld Xqlyhuvlw|/
Qhz \run/ kwws =22zzz1fklogsrolf|lqwo1ruj21
^75` Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh +4<<9,/ D frpsdudlvrq ri vhohfwhg nh| surylvlrqv ri wkh Zhoiduh
Uhirup Uhfrqfloldwlrq Dfw ri 4<<9 zlwk fxuuhqw odz/ Zkdvklqjwrq1
^76` X1V1 Lqirupdwlrq Djhqf| +4<<:,/ Zhoiduh Uhirup = Wkh Dfw/ X1V1 Vrflhw| )
Ydoxhv/ Yro 4/ Qr1 53/ ;0431
^77` ]hgohzvnl Vkhlod hw Olqgd Jldqqduhool +4<<:,/ Glyhuvlw| dprqj Vwdwh Zhoiduh
Surjudpv = Lpsolfdwlrqv iru Uhirup/ Wkh Xuedq Lqvwlwxwh/ Zdvklqjwrq1
59
Tableau 1: Problème de l’ordre des politiques: illustration hypothétique
Distribution initiale
Distribution après la
Distribution après les
politique A
politique A et B
Individu 1
1 (pauvre)
2 (pauvre)
3 (pauvre)
Individu 2
2 (pauvre)
3 (pauvre)
4 (pauvre)
Individu 3
3 (pauvre)
4 (pauvre)
5 (pauvre)
Individu 4
4 (pauvre)
5 (pauvre)
6
Individu 5
4 (pauvre)
5 (pauvre)
6
Individu 6
5 (pauvre)
6
7
Individu 7
6
7
8
Individu 8
7
8
9
Individu 9
8
9
10
Individu 10
9
10
11
Incidence
0.6
0.5
0.3
Profondeur
0.2545
0.1545
0.08182
Sévérité
0.01438
0.00702
0.00289
Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.
Tableau 2: Problème de l’ordre des politiques: illustration avec les données du Canada, 1997
Allocations
Prestations
Pensions
de chômage
familiales
Impact
minimum
Incidence, λ=0.3
0.1221
0.0066
0.0060
Impact maximum
0.1359
0.0132
0.0106
Impact minimum
Incidence, λ=0.5
0.1298
0.0142
0.0088
Impact maximum
0.1534
0.0229
0.0164
Impact minimum
Profondeur, λ=0.3
0.0838
0.0027
0.0026
Impact maximum
0.0980
0.0071
0.0102
Impact minimum
Profondeur, λ=0.5
0.1039
0.0057
0.0066
Impact maximum
0.1177
0.0116
0.0101
Impact minimum
Sévérité, λ=0.3
0.0674
0.0016
0.0017
Impact maximum
0.0821
0.0050
0.0115
Impact minimum
Sévérité, λ=0.5
0.0855
0.0033
0.0037
Impact maximum
0.0997
0.0079
0.0105
Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.
Assistance
sociale
0.0402
0.0441
0.0126
0.0235
0.0351
0.0488
0.0339
0.0394
0.0290
0.0469
0.0330
0.0451
Tableau 3: Impact des pensions sur l’incidence de la pauvreté (λ=0.3) au Canada, 1997
Pauvreté Pauvreté
sans
avec
Transferts inclus dans l’agrégat
des revenus(outre les pensions)
Transferts exclus
pensions pensions Différence
Aucun
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)
0.2177
0.0941
0.1236
(1) Allocations de chômage
(2) + (3) + (4)
0.2082
0.0861
0.1221
(2) Prestations familiales
(1) + (3) + (4)
0.2108
0.0871
0.1237
(3) Assistance sociale
(1) + (2) + (4)
0.1775
0.0533
0.1242
(4) Taxes
(1) + (2) + (3)
0.2345
0.0990
0.1355
(1) + (2)
(3) + (4)
0.2023
0.0801
0.1222
(1) + (3)
(2) + (4)
0.1679
0.0452
0.1227
(1) + (4)
(2) + (3)
0.2213
0.0878
0.1335
(2) + (3)
(1) + (4)
0.1677
0.0440
0.1237
(2) + (4)
(1) + (3)
0.2268
0.0911
0.1357
(3) + (4)
(1) + (2)
0.1933
0.0574
0.1359
(1) + (2) + (3)
(4)
0.1597
0.0375
0.1222
(1) + (2) + (4)
(3)
0.2151
0.0815
0.1336
(2) + (3) + (4)
(1)
0.1826
0.0472
0.1354
(1) + (3) + (4)
(2)
0.1803
0.0463
0.1340
(1) + (2) + (3) + (4)
Aucun
0.1720
0.0384
0.1336
Impact moyen (valeur de Shapley)
Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.
Tableau 4: Impact des transferts et taxes sur la pauvreté au Canada, 1997
Pauvreté
avant
Allocations
Prestations Assistance
transferts
Pensions
de chômage
familiales
sociale
Incidence, λ=0.3
0.2178
0.1288
0.0095
0.0077
0.0420
Incidence, λ=0.5
0.3010
0.1415
0.0185
0.0126
0.0181
Profondeur, λ=0.3
0.1526
0.0907
0.0046
0.0062
0.0418
Profondeur, λ=0.5
0.1954
0.1106
0.0084
0.0083
0.0366
Sévérité, λ=0.3
0.1267
0.0745
0.0030
0.0064
0.0377
Sévérité, λ=0.5
0.1582
0.0924
0.0053
0.0070
0.0389
Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.
Tableau 5: Impact des transferts et taxes sur la pauvreté aux Etats-Unis, 1997
Pauvreté
avant
Allocations
Assistance
transferts
Pensions
de chômage
sociale
Incidence, λ=0.3
0.2001
0.1038
0.0016
0.0321
Incidence, λ=0.5
0.2791
0.0874
0.0026
0.0237
Profondeur, λ=0.3
0.1449
0.0867
0.0009
0.0312
Profondeur, λ=0.5
0.1826
0.0908
0.0014
0.0298
Sévérité, λ=0.3
0.1258
0.0770
0.0007
0.0301
Sévérité, λ=0.5
0.1510
0.0853
0.0010
0.0304
Source: Estimation des auteurs avec la base de données du Luxembourg Income Study.
Poids
1/5
1/20
1/20
1/20
1/20
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/20
1/20
1/20
1/20
1/5
Contribution
0.0247
0.0061
0.0062
0.0062
0.0068
0.0041
0.0041
0.0045
0.0041
0.0045
0.0045
0.0061
0.0067
0.0068
0.0067
0.0267
0.1288
Taxes
-0.0087
-0.0223
-0.0047
-0.0085
-0.0050
-0.0059
Taxes
-0.0060
-0.0214
-0.0025
-0.0066
-0.0037
-0.0041
Pauvreté
après
transferts
0.0385
0.1327
0.0140
0.0400
0.0101
0.0206
Pauvreté
Après
Transferts
0.0685
0.1868
0.0286
0.0672
0.0217
0.0384
CAHIERS DE RECHERCHE –
DÉPARTEMENT D’ ÉCONOMIQUE - FLSH
94-01
BILODEAU, Marc et Al SLIVINSKI, Toilet Cleaning and Department Chairing: Volunteering a Public
Service.
94-02
ASCAH, Louis, Recent Retirement Income System Reform: Employer Plans, Public Plans and Tax
Assisted Savings.
94-03
BILODEAU, M. et Al SLIVINSKI, Volunteering Nonprofit Entrepreneurial Services.
94-04
HANEL, Petr, R&D, Inter-Industry and International Spillovers of Technology and the Total Factor
Productivity Growth of Manufacturing Industries in Canada, 1974-1989.
94-05
KALULUMIA, Pene et Denis BOLDUC, Generalized Mixed Estimator for Nonlinear Models: A Maximum
Likelihood Approach.
95-01
FORTIN, Mario et Patrice Langevin, L'efficacité du marché boursier face à la politique monétaire.
95-02
HANEL, Petr et Patrice Kayembe YATSHIBI, Analyse de la performance à exporter des industries
manufacturières du Québec 1988.
95-03
HANEL, Petr, The Czech Republic: Evolution and Structure of Foreign Trade in Industrial Goods in the
Transition Period, 1989-1994.
95-04
KALULUMIA, Pene et Bernard DÉCALUWÉ, Surévaluation, ajustement et compétitivité externe : le cas
des pays membres de la zone franc CFA.
95-05
LATULIPPE, Jean-Guy, Accès aux marchés des pays en développement.
96-01
ST-PIERRE, Alain et Petr HANEL, Les effets directs et indirects de l’activité de R&D sur la profitabilité
de la firme.
96-02
KALULUMIA, Pene et Alain MBAYA LUKUSA, Impact of budget deficits and international capital flows
on money demand: Evidence From Cointegration and Error-Correction Model.
96-03
KALULUMIA, Pene et Pierre YOUROUGOU, Money and Income Causality In Developing Economies: A
Case Study Of Selected Countries In Sub-Saharan Africa.
96-04
PARENT, Daniel, Survol des contributions théoriques et empiriques liées au capital humain (A Survey
of Theoretical and Empirical Contributions to Human Capital).
96-05
PARENT, Daniel, Matching Human Capital and the Covariance Structure of Earnings.
96-06
PARENT, Daniel, Wages and Mobility : The Impact of Employer-Provided Training
97-01
PARENT, Daniel, Industry-Specific Capital and the Wage Profile : Evidence From the NLSY and the
PSID.
97-02
PARENT, Daniel, Methods of Pay and Earnings: A Longitudinal Analysis.
97-03
PARENT, Daniel, Job Characteristics and the Form of Compensation.
97-04
FORTIN, Mario et Michel BERGERON, Jocelyn DUFORT et Pene KALULUMIA, Measuring The Impact of
Swaps on the Interest Rate Risk of Financial Intermediaries Using Accounting Data.
97-05
FORTIN, Mario, André LECLERC et Claude THIVIERGE, Testing For Scale and Scope Effects in
Cooperative Banks: The Case of Les Caisses populaires et d’économie Desjardins.
97-06
HANEL, Petr, The Pros and Cons of Central and Eastern Europe Joining the EU
00-01
MAKDISSI, Paul et Jean-Yves DUCLOS, Restricted and Unrestricted Dominance Welfare, Inequality and
Poverty Orderings
00-02
HANEL, Petr, John BALDWIN et David SABOURIN, Les déterminants des activités d’innovation dans les
entreprises de fabrication canadiennes : le rôle des droits de propriété intellectuelle
00-03
KALULUMIA, Pene, Government Debt, Interest Rates and International Capital Flows: Evidence From
Cointegration
00-04
MAKDISSI, Paul et Cyril TÉJÉDO, Problèmes d’appariement et politique de l’emploi
00-05
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Consumption Dominance Curves: Testing for the Impact of Tax
Reforms on Poverty.
00-06
FORTIN, Mario et André LECLERC, Demographic Changes and Real Housing Prices in Canada.
00-07
HANEL, Petr et Sofiene ZORGATI, Technology Spillovers and Trade: Empirical Evidence for the G7
Industrial Countries.
01-01
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Migration, poverty, and housing: welfare comparisons using
sequential stochastic dominance. Avril 2001, 23 p.
01-02
HUNG Nguyen Manh et Paul MAKDISSI, Infantile mortality and fertility decisions in a stochastic
environment. Mars 2001, 12 p.
01-03
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Fuel poverty and access to electricity: comparing households
when they differ in needs. Juin 2001, 19 p.
01-04
MAKDISSI, Paul et Yves GROLEAU, Que pouvons-nous apprendre des profils de pauvreté canadiens ?
Juillet 2001, 47 p.
01-05
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Measuring poverty reduction and targeting performance under
multiple government programs. Août 2001, 16 p.
01-06
DUCLOS, Jean-Yves et Paul MAKDISSI, Restricted inequality and relative poverty. Août 2001, 31 p.
01-07
TÉJÉDO, Cyril et Michel TRUCHON, Serial cost sharing in multidimensional contexts. Septembre 2001,
37 p.
01-08
TÉJÉDO, Cyril, Strategic analysis of the serial cost sharing rule with symmetric cost function. Février
2001, 25 p.
01-09
HANEL, Petr, Current intellectual protection practices by manufacturing firms in Canada. Septembre
2001, 57 p.
02-01
DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Socially-efficient tax reforms, Janvier 2002,
47 p.
02-02
MAKDISSI, Paul, La décroissance démographique : Pourquoi pas?, Février 2002, 20 p.
02-03
LECLERC, André et Mario FORTIN, Production et rationalisation des intermédiaires financiers : leçons
à tirer de l’expérience des caisses populaires acadiennes, Février 2002, 24 p.
02-04
HANEL, Petr et Snezana VUCIC, L’impact économique des activités de recherche de l’Université de
Sherbrooke, Février 2002, 44 p.
02-05
TÉJÉDO, Cyril et Michel TRUCHON, Monotonicity and bounds for cost shares under the path serial rule,
Mars 2002, 18 p.
02-06
PORET, Sylvaine et Cyril TÉJÉDO, Analyse horizontale du marché des biens illicites, Mai 2002, 15 p.
02-07
KALULUMIA, Pene, Effects of government debt on interest rates : evidence from causality tests in
Johansen-type models, Juillet 2002, 21 p.
02-08
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Can safety nets offset the impact of risk on wage inequality and social
welfare? Août 2002, 12 p.
02-09
DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Poverty-reducing tax reforms with heterogeneous
agents, Février 2002, 10 p.
02-10
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Fuzzy targeting indices and orderings, Mai 2002, 11 p.
02-11
DUCLOS, Jean-Yves, Paul MAKDISSI et Quentin WODON, Poverty-efficient transfer programs : the role of
targeting and allocation rules, Mai 2002, 25 p.
02-12
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Environmental regulation and economic growth under education
externalities, Août 2002, 8 p.
02-13
CHARTRAND, Frédéric et Mario FORTIN, L’impact du régime d’accession à la propriété sur la demande de
logement, Novembre 2002, 46 p.
03-01
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Gini decomposition and gini income elasticity under income variability,
Avril 2003, 11p.
03-02
MAKDISSI, Paul et Quentin WODON, Robust comparisons of natural resources depletion indices, Avril 2003,
11 p.
03-03
MAKDISSI, Paul, Yannick THERRIEN et Quentin WODON, L’impact des transferts publics et des taxes sur la
pauvreté au Canada et aux Etats-Unis, 28 p.
*
Tous ces cahiers de recherche sont disponibles sur notre site WEB (www.usherbrooke.ca/economique) ou au Centre de documentation de la FLSH A3330 (UdeS).
Prière d’adresser vos commentaires ou demandes d’exemplaires d’un cahier de recherche antérieur (1976 à 1990) à monsieur Cyril TÉJÉDO, responsable
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Comments or requests for copies of previous Working Papers (1976 to 1990) should be made to the Research Papers Supervisor at the “Département
d’économique “, Mr. Cyril TÉDÉDO. Tel: (819) 821-7233 FAX:819) 821-7237 E-mail: [email protected].
Révisé le 28 avril 2003