Economie : support de cours

Transcription

Hfrqrplh = vxssruw gh frxuv
Doh{dqghu Plkdlory
Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh
Ylujloh Irupdwlrq
Iìyulhu 5336
4
Wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv
Dydqw0sursrv
6
Eleolrjudsklh
7
Frxuv Qr1 4 = Qrwlrqv irqgdphqwdohv
9
Frxuv Qr1 5 = Irupdwlrq ghv sul{ hw v|vwëphv ìfrqrpltxhv
48
Frxuv Qr1 6 = Flufxlw ìfrqrpltxh 2 frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
68
Frxuv Qr1 7 = Frqmrqfwxuh
86
Frxuv Qr1 8 = Ilqdqfhv sxeoltxhv
:;
Frxuv Qr1 9 = Hfkdqjhv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{
5
<8
Dydqw0sursrv
Fh vxssruw d ìwì suìsduì srxu oh frxuv g*Hfrqrplh +srolwltxh, hqvhljqì gdqv
oh fdguh gh od irupdwlrq Glso÷ph iìgìudo g*h{shuw2h hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj
dxsuëv gx Fhqwuh gh irupdwlrq hw gh gìyhorsshphqw Ylujloh1 Yrloã srxutxrl od
vwuxfwxuh gx frxuv hw/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/ gx vxssruw vxlw wuëv ìwurlwhphqw fhooh
ìwdeolh sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333/ sdjhv 5905:/ frqfhuqdqw oh glso÷ph g*h{shuw2h
hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj gh od Vrflìwì Vxlvvh ghv Hpsor|ìv gh Frpphufh +VVHF,
yrlu od Eleolrjudsklh soxv edv1 Fhwwh vwuxfwxuh vh irfdolvh vxu vl{ judqgv wkëphv
gdqv o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh,/ ã vdyrlu fhx{ txl vrqw ìqxpìuìv gdqv od wdeoh ghv
pdwlëuhv gx suìvhqw vxssruw1 Fkdfxq gh fhv wkëphv hvw hqvxlwh glylvì/ gdqv
ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333 dlqvl txh gdqv oh vxssruw/ hq soxvlhxuv frpsrvdqwhv txl
ìwxglhqw ghv glyhuv vxmhwv g*lpsruwdqfh ìfrqrpltxh/ vrfldoh hw srolwltxh1
Gdqv od suìsdudwlrq gx frxuv hw gx vxssruw/ lo d idoox grqf revhuyhu od
frqwudlqwh lpsrvìh sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 5333 uhodwli dx fkrl{ hw ã od vìtxhqfh
ghv vxmhwv ã suìvhqwhu1 Hwdqw grqqì txh oh frqwhqx g*dxfxq ghv uìfhqwv pdqxhov
g*lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh, qh fruuhvsrqgdlw sdv ã o*ruguh gh suìvhqwd0
wlrq suìiìuì sdu od VVHF/ fh frxuv hw vrq vxssruw rqw ìwì frpsrvìv vhorq od
vwuxfwxuh ghv Gluhfwlyhv 5333/ v*dssx|dqw hq píph whpsv vxu soxvlhxuv olyuhv
shuwlqhqwv hw frxudpphqw glvsrqleohv +hq iudqêdlv,1 Oh suìvhqw vxssruw gx
frxuv hq Hfrqrplh +srolwltxh, xwlolvì dx vhlq gh Ylujloh Irupdwlrq frqvwlwxh
dlqvl xqh v|qwkëvh ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv plqlpdohv gdqv oh grpdlqh hw qh uhpsodfh
sdv o*hqvhljqhphqw/ ql oh wudydlo lqglylgxho ghv ìoëyhv dyhf ohv olyuhv flwìv gdqv
od Eleolrjudsklh soxv edv/ qrwdpphqw o*rxyudjh gh uìiìuhqfh srxu fh frxuv txl
hvw oh pdqxho gh Khhuwmh/ Slhuhwwl hw Eduwkìoìp| +5333,1 Fh ghuqlhu olyuh d ìwì
qdohphqw fkrlvl frpph fhoxl gh edvh fdu lo grqqh xqh wuëv erqqh lqwurgxfwlrq ã
od wkìrulh prghuqh irqgdphqwdoh ã xq qlyhdx ql wurs h{ljhdqw ql wurs vxshuflho1
Elhq txh o*dqdo|vh hvw xq ìoìphqw lpsruwdqw gx olyuh edvh hw gx frxuv/ ohxu qlyhdx
whfkqltxh f*hvw0ã0gluh pdwkìpdwltxh q*hvw sdv ìohyì1 Vhudjhoglqh +5334, hw
Ydwì +5333, vrqw ghx{ lqlwldwlrqv ã o*ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh, txh qrxv sursrvhulrqv
hq wdqw txh pdqxhov dowhuqdwliv/ hq sduwlfxolhu dx{ ìoëyhv txl suìiìuhudlhqw ghv
h{solfdwlrqv ghv frqfhswv hw ghv wkìrulhv prlqv dojìeultxhv hw soxv lqwxlwlyhv1
Oh suhplhu gh fhv pdqxhov hvw looxvwuì sdu ghv h{hpsohv vxlvvhv/ oh ghx{lëph sdu
ghv h{hpsohv iudqêdlv1 Ghx{ dxwuhv olyuhv g*lqwurgxfwlrq/ ghqvhv hw wuëv xwlohv/
vhurqw ìjdohphqw frqvhlooìv/ qrwdpphqw srxu xqh xwlolvdwlrq ixwxuh gh uìiìuhqfh
surihvvlrqqhooh sdu ohv ìoëyhv lqwìuhvvìv1 Oh suhplhu g*hqwuh hx{/ hq o*rffxuuhqfh
Juhwkhu hw ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +5334,/ hvw uhsuìvhqwdwli gh o*dssurfkh judskltxh/ doruv
txh oh ghx{lëph/ Jìqìuhx{ +5333,/ vh frqvwuxlw dxwrxu gh o*dssurfkh glvfxuvlyh1
Hq vh irqgdqw vxu Jìqìuhx{ +5333,/ xq dxwuh rxyudjh gx píph dxwhxu/ ã vdyrlu
Jìqìuhx{ +4<<<,/ ruh ã vrq wrxu xqh lqlwldwlrq/ wuëv olvleoh hw lqwxlwlyh/ ã od
srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh txl srxuudlw frqvwlwxhu oxl dxvvl xqh uìiìuhqfh gdqv od ele0
olrwkëtxh g*xq2h ixwxu2h h{shuw2h hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj1 Hqq/ rq dxudlw
dxvvl uhfrppdqgì frpph ghv olyuhv frpsoìphqwdluhv dx{ exwv gh fh frxuv fhx{
gh Vfkrhqhqehujhu hw ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +5334, hw gh Odpehohw +4<<<,1 Lo v*djlw oã
gh ghx{ rxyudjhv ghvfulswliv vxu o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh/ oh suhplhu euhi/ oh ghx{lëph
gìwdlooì1 Wrxv fhv pdqxhov dlqvl txh wurlv dxwuhv ìwxghv/ ã vdyrlu Plkdlory hw
Qdwdo +5333,/ Plkdlory +4<<< d, hw Plkdlory +4<<< e, rqw ìwì sulv hq frpswh
gdqv od suìsdudwlrq gx frxuv dlqvl txh gdqv od uìgdfwlrq gx vxssruw hw vrqw
hhfwlyhphqw xwlolvìv gdqv ghv glìuhqwv sdvvdjhv gx wh{wh soxv orlq1 Hq hhw/ od
qxpìurwdwlrq ghv sdudjudskhv gdqv ohv vl{ fkdslwuhv gh fh vxssruw fruuhvsrqgh
6
ã od sdjlqdwlrq ghv wudqvsduhqwv txl vhurqw surmhwìv gxudqw o*hqvhljqhphqw gx
frxuv1 Rq hvsëuh tx*xqh whooh idêrq gh suìvhqwdwlrq idflolwh oh wudydlo ghv ìoëyhv
hw ohxu frpsuìkhqvlrq gx frqwhqx hw frqwulexh ã dwwhlqguh ohv remhfwliv gx frxuv/
txl vrqw hq o*rffxuuhqfh ohv wurlv vxlydqwv =
Idploldulvhu ohv ìoëyhv dyhf ohv sulqflsdx{ ìoìphqwv gh o*ìfrqrplh +srol0
wltxh, gdqv vhv ghx{ glphqvlrqv hvvhqwlhoohv = pdfurìfrqrplh hw plfur0
ìfrqrplh >
Dssoltxhu od wkìrulh gh edvh ã fhuwdlqv fdofxov vlpsolìv gx SLE/ ghv gl0
yhuvhv ìodvwlflwìv/ gh o*ìtxloleuh ìfrqrpltxh/ ghv hhwv gh od srolwltxh prqì0
wdluh hw exgjìwdluh/ hwf1 >
Looxvwuhu od pdwlëuh ìwxglìh sdu ghv grqqìhv vwdwlvwltxhv vxlvvhv hw lqwhuqd0
wlrqdohv1
Fh vxssruw frqwlhqw ghv qrpeuhx{ h{hpsohv ghv fdofxov vlpsolìv/ ghv jud0
skltxhv hw ghv vfkìpdv txl vhurqw fodulìv hq gìwdlo hw lqwhusuìwìv shqgdqw
o*hqvhljqhphqw1 Hq rxwuh/ txdwuh vìulhv g*h{huflfhv vrqw suìyxhv ã íwuh glv0
wulexìhv1 Ohv ìqrqfìv gh fhv vìulhv vhurqw/ elhq vþu/ vxlylv ghv fruuljìv hw ghv
h{solfdwlrqv 2 glvfxvvlrqv hq fodvvh1 Ohv ìoëyhv rewlhqgurqw ìjdohphqw wurlv
olyuhwv frpsruwdqw ghv grqqìhv vwdwlvwltxhv vxu o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh h{wudlwhv gh
wurlv sxeolfdwlrqv r!flhoohv/ ã vdyrlu o*Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh/ od Ylh ìfrqrpltxh hw
ohv Frpswhv qdwlrqdx{ frpph lqgltxì gdqv od Eleolrjudsklh fl0ghvvrxv1 Fh f÷wì
soxv sudwltxh gx frxuv frqvwlwxhud ìjdohphqw xqh suìsdudwlrq srxu o*h{dphq hq
ìfrqrplh +srolwltxh,/ who txho hqylvdjì sdu ohv Gluhfwlyhv 53331
Eleolrjudsklh
Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv +J,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo =
Sdulv/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu,/ 4<5 sdjhv1
Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh/ Hglwlrqv gx
Vhxlo = Sdulv/ 4<<< +6h ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu,/ 6:9 sdjhv1
Juhwkhu/ Mhdq0Pdulh hw Plodg ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +J]0Q,/ Hoìphqwv g*ìfrqrplh
srolwltxh/ Lqvwlwxw gh uhfkhufkhv ìfrqrpltxhv hw uìjlrqdohv/ HGHV/ Glylvlrq
ìfrqrpltxh hw vrfldoh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Qhxfkåwho/ Qhxfkåwho/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq,/
538 sdjhv1
Khhuwmh/ Duqrog/ Sdwulfh Slhuhwwl hw Sklolssh Eduwkìoìp| +KSE,/ Sulqflshv
g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Gh Erhfn Xqlyhuvlwì/ Gh Erhfn ) Oduflhu v1d1 = Sdulv/
Eux{hoohv/ 5333 +6h ìglwlrq,/ 6;7 sdjhv1
Odpehohw/ Mhdq0Fkulvwldq +O,/ O*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh/ Hfrqrplfd = Sdulv/ 4<<<
+5h ìglwlrq,/ 987 sdjhv1
Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu hw Mhdq0Pduf Qdwdo/ Uìylvlrq gx fdofxo ghv lqglfhv
frqmrqfwxuhov Fuìd/ lq Dqdo|vhv ) suìylvlrqv/ Sulqwhpsv 5333/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd
gh pdfurìfrqrplh dssoltxìh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh1
Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu/ Od srolwltxh prqìwdluh hq Vxlvvh gdqv ohv dqqìhv
4<<3/ ìwxgh gh uhfkhufkh +qrq sxeolìh,/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd gh pdfurìfrqrplh ds0
soltxìh/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh/ 4<<< +d,1
Plkdlory/ Doh{dqghu/ Ohv qdqfhv sxeoltxhv hq Vxlvvh gdqv ohv dqqìhv 4<<3/
ìwxgh gh uhfkhufkh +qrq sxeolìh,/ Lqvwlwxw Fuìd gh pdfurìfrqrplh dssoltxìh/
Xqlyhuvlwì gh Odxvdqqh/ 4<<< +e,1
7
R!fh iìgìudo gh od vwdwlvwltxh +RIV,/ Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh
5334/ Yhuodj Qhxh ] ufkhu ]hlwxqj/ ] ulfk/ 53341
Rujdqlvdwlrq gh frrsìudwlrq hw gh gìyhorsshphqw ìfrqrpltxhv +RFGH,/
Frpswhv qdwlrqdx{ ghv sd|v gh o*RFGH/ Yroxph LL/ 4<;;04<<;/ Wdeohdx{ gì0
wdlooìv/ Sdulv/ 53331
Uhyxh gh srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh Od ylh ìfrqrpltxh/ :053341
Vfkrhqhqehujhu/ Dodlq hw Plodg ]dulq0Qhmdgdq +V]0Q,/ O*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh
= txh vdlv0mh B/ Suhvvhv xqlyhuvlwdluhv gh Iudqfh = Sdulv/ 5334 +6h ìglwlrq,/ 45;
sdjhv1
Vhudjhoglqh/ Irxdg +V,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Ghodfkdx{ hw
Qlhvwoì V1D1 = Orqd|/ FK 0 Sdulv/ 5334/ 69: sdjhv1
Vrflìwì Vxlvvh ghv Hpsor|ìv gh Frpphufh +VVHF,/ Vhfuìwduldw urpdqg/ Gl0
uhfwlyhv = Glso÷ph g*H{shuwh glso÷pìh 2 H{shuw glso÷pì hq qdqfh hw frqwuroolqj
0 Yhuvlrq 4131 2 48134153331
Ydwì/ Plfkho +Y,/ Ohêrqv g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Hfrqrplfd = Sdulv/ 5333
+;h ìglwlrq,/ 8:; sdjhv1
8
Frxuv 4
4
Qrwlrqv irqgdphqwdohv
414
Sodq
Ehvrlqv/ elhqv/ idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
Sulqflshv g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh
Wåfkhv gh od vflhqfh g*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh
415
Ehvrlqv
h{ljhqfhv
qìhv
gh od qdwxuh ehvrlqv qdwxuhov
rx gh od ylh vrfldoh ehvrlqv vrfldx{
hw uhvvhqwlhv
sdu xq lqglylgx ehvrlqv lqglylgxhov
rx sdu xqh froohfwlylwì ehvrlqv froohfwliv
416
Elhqv
pr|hqv +rx surgxlwv, txl shuphwwhqw gh vdwlvidluh ghv ehvrlqv
vhorq od qdwxuh ghv ehvrlqv/ ohxu vdwlvidfwlrq idlw dssho
41 ã ghv elhqv pdwìulhov remhwv +rx elhqv ã sursuhphqw sduohu,
51 rx ã ghv elhqv lppdwìulhov vhuylfhv
61 yrluh ã ghv ydohxuv vslulwxhov = gdqv fh ghuqlhu fdv/ o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh
q*hvw frqfhuqìh tx*lqgluhfwhphqw fdu od vdwlvidfwlrq gh whov ehvrlqv
+ehvrlq gh mxvwlfh/ g*ìjdolwì/ gh elhq0íwuh/ gh txdolwì gh od ylh, q*hvw
sdv gluhfwhphqw surgxlwh sdu ghv dfwlylwìv ìfrqrpltxhv
417
Elhqv ìfrqrpltxhv
o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh wudlwh ghv elhqv ìfrqrpltxhv ghv elhqv txl vrqw ã
od irlv xwlohv/ glvsrqleohv hw uduhv
xwlolwì g*xq elhq o*dswlwxgh gh fh elhq ã vdwlvidluh xq ehvrlq = vrqw
dlqvl h{foxv wrxv ohv elhqv txl qh vhuyhqw ã ulhq hw txl/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/
qh vrqw gìvluìv sdu shuvrqqh
glvsrqlelolwì g*xq elhq od srvvlelolwì gh vh surfxuhu fh elhq =
vrqw grqf lfl h{foxv ghv elhqv txl q*h{lvwhqw sdv hqfruh rx ghv elhqv
txl h{lvwhqw vhxohphqw ã o*ìwdw gh gìfrxyhuwh gh oderudwrluh
uduhwì g*xq elhq od glvsrqlelolwì hq txdqwlwì olplwìh gh fh elhq
9
418
Elhqv g*ìtxlshphqw hw elhqv gh frqvrppdwlrq
vhorq o*dswlwxgh ã hqjhqguhu ghv surgxlwv ixwxuv +hw oh ghjuì gh
ghvwuxfwlrq sdu xvxuh,
41 elhqv g*ìtxlshphqw +g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw/ gh surgxfwlrq, surgxfwliv
hw q*ìwdqw txh surjuhvvlyhphqw gìwuxlwv sdu xvxuh
51 elhqv gh frqvrppdwlrq lpsurgxfwliv hw qh srxydqw surfxuhu
dxfxq uhyhqx ixwxu +hw gìwuxlwv sdu o*xvdjh dxtxho lov vrqw gluhfwhphqw
ghvwlqìv,
gxudeohv +xvxuh surjuhvvlyh, = yrlwxuhv/ uìiuljìudwhxuv/ srvwhv gh wìoìyl0
vlrq
vhpl0gxudeohv = yíwhphqwv
qrq gxudeohv +xvxuh frpsoëwh, = surgxlwv dolphqwdluhv
419
Elhqv qdov hw elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv
vhorq oh prgh g*xvdjh
41 elhqv qdov elhqv txl vhuyhqw ã íwuh xwlolvìv whov txhov sdu fhx{
txl ohv dfkëwhqw
od frqvrppdwlrq = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv pìqdjhv rx ghv dgplq0
lvwudwlrqv
o*lqyhvwlvvhphqw = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv hqwuhsulvhv +lqyhvwlvvh0
phqw pdwìulho rx lqfrusruho > gh uhpsodfhphqw +gh fdsdflwì, rx
gh surgxfwlylwì > sulyì rx sxeolf,
oh vwrfndjh +gh surgxlwv qlv,
o*h{sruwdwlrq = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv ìwudqjhuv
51 elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv elhqv txl qh vrqw sdv ghv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv
vhuydqw ã surgxluh g*dxwuhv elhqv +pdwlëuhv suhplëuhv hw surgxlwv
vhpl0qlv rx qlv, = dfkdwv +gìshqvhv, ghv hqwuhsulvhv
41:
Elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv hw elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv
vhorq od qdwxuh ghv uhodwlrqv hqwuh ohv elhqv ìwdeolhv sdu ohv kdelwxghv
ghv frqvrppdwhxuv rx sdu ohv h{ljhqfhv ghv whfkqrorjlhv
elhqv +sduidlwhphqw, frpsoìphqwdluhv +111 hw 111, txl qh
shxyhqw sdv íwuh glvvrflìv srxu od vdwlvidfwlrq g*xq ehvrlq = xqh odpsh
hw xqh dpsrxoh ìohfwultxh/ xqh dxwrpreloh hw vrq fduexudqw
elhqv +sduidlwhphqw, vxevwlwxdeohv +111 rx 111, txl v*h{foxhqw
pxwxhoohphqw srxu vdwlvidluh xq ehvrlq = gx odlw rx gx flwurq gdqv
xqh wdvvh gh wkì/ idluh xq wudmhw hq wudlq rx hq dylrq
od frpsoìphqwdulwì hw od vxevwlwxdelolwì sduidlwhv frqvwlwxhqw ohv ghx{ h{0
wuìplwìv g*xqh ìfkhooh vxu odtxhooh vh phvxuh oh ghjuì g*lqgìshqgdqfh
hqwuh ohv elhqv/ oxl0píph yduldeoh gdqv o*hvsdfh +od Vxlvvh yv1 ohv Hwdwv0
Xqlv,/ gdqv oh whpsv +ìyroxwlrq ghv kdelwxghv hw ghv whfkqrorjlhv, hw hqwuh
ohv lqglylgxv +åjh/ surihvvlrq/ jrþwv,
:
41;
Elhqv sulyìv hw elhqv froohfwliv
vhorq o*dffhvvlelolwì ã dxwuxl
elhqv sulyìv txl fhvvhqw g*íwuh dffhvvleohv ã dxwuxl xqh irlv dfkhwìv
+vdxi uhyhqwh rx grq, hw frqvrppìv = ohv elhqv ghvwlqìv ã od frqvrp0
pdwlrq lqglylgxhooh rx idploldoh gh fhx{ txl ohv dfkëwhqw
elhqv froohfwliv +rx sxeolfv, txl vrqw irxuql sdu xqh froohfwlylwì
+o*Hwdw/ oh Fdqwrq/ od Frppxqh, srxu íwuh frqvrppìv +xwlolvìv, hq
píph whpsv sdu soxvlhxuv shuvrqqhv +grqf sdu xqh froohfwlylwì, =
dxwrurxwhv/ wudqvsruwv hq frppxq
41<
Uhvvrxufhv +glvsrqleohv pdlv uduhv,
srxu idluh idfh dx{ ehvrlqv/ wurlv w|shv gh uhvvrxufhv +uduhv, vrqw glvsrqleohv
41 qdwxuhoohv
od whuuh = ihuwlolwì ghv vrov/ idxqh hw ruh/ uholhiv/ plqhudlv/ 111
oh flho = folpdw/ dwprvskëuh/ ìqhujlhv vrodluh hw ìrolhqqh/ 111
od phu = idxqh/ uìjxodwlrq wkhupltxh/ o*hvsdfh gh wudqvsruw/ 111
51 kxpdlqhv
od gìprjudsklh = qrpeuh/ qdlvvdqfhv/ pruwdolwì/ pljudwlrq/ s|ud0
plgh ghv åjhv/ 111
od vdqwì = qxwulwlrq/ ìwdw vdqlwdluh/ hvsìudqfh gh ylh/ 111
o*lqwhooljhqfh +rx o*ìwdw ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv, = lqvwuxfwlrq jìqìudoh/
irupdwlrq surihvvlrqqhooh/ pdñwulvh ghv whfkqrorjlhv/ uhfkhufkh
irqgdphqwdoh hw dssoltxìh/ 111
61 surgxlwhv gdqv o*lqwhudfwlrq sdvvìh gh o*krpph dyhf od qdwxuh = oh
fdslwdo
4143
Idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
od vdwlvidfwlrq ghv ehvrlqv h{ljh od frpelqdlvrq gh fhv uhvvrxufhv gdqv
xqh whfkqrorjlh gh surgxfwlrq txl shuphw ã o*krpph g*h{wudluh ohv elhqv
glvsrqleohv ã o*ìwdw qdwxuho hw gh ohv wudqviruphu hq surgxlwv dswhv ã íwuh
gluhfwhphqw xwlolvìv
, ohv wurlv w|shv gh uhvvrxufhv +, wurlv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
41 qdwxuh = suhplhu idfwhxu ruljlqho glvsrqleoh hw h{lvwdqw ã o*ìwdw
qdwxuho gëv oh gìexw gh od ylh kxpdlqh vxu whuuh
51 wudydlo +wdqw pdqxho tx*lqwhoohfwxho, rx fdslwdo kxpdlq = ghx{lëph
idfwhxu ruljlqho
61 fdslwdo {h +sk|vltxh rx hqfruh whfkqltxh hw qrq sdv vrpph
g*dujhqw $, o*hqvhpeoh gh wrxv ohv elhqv gh surgxfwlrq +yv elhqv
gh frqvrppdwlrq, g*xqh vrflìwì pdfklqhv/ rxwlov/ eåwlphqwv/ ds0
sduhlov/ 111 = xq idfwhxu gh surgxfwlrq gìulyì txl q*h{lvwh sdv ã
o*ìwdw qdwxuho hw txl grlw grqf íwuh fuìì sdu o*krpph
;
4144
Dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh hw djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv
ohv ehvrlqv frqvwlwxhqw xqh udlvrq g*djlu = lov wudqviruphqw ghv lqglylgxv
sdvvliv hq djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv
hw irxuqlvvhqw dlqvl o*h{solfdwlrq suhplëuh gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh
4145
Surgxfwlrq
surgxfwlrq pdufkdqgh = od frpelqdlvrq ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq gdqv
ohv xqlwìv ghv surgxfwlrq +hqwuhsulvhv rx surgxfwhxuv, dq gh fuìhu ghv
elhqv +rx ghv ohv uhqguh dswhv ã vdwlvidluh ohv ehvrlqv, hw gh ohv yhqguh vxu
oh pdufkh
oh wudqvsruw/ oh vwrfndjh/ o*hpedoodjh vrqw dxvvl ghv iruphv gh surgxfwlrq =
fkdtxh dfwh txl dxjphqwh o*xwlolwì g*xq elhq hvw xq dfwh gh surgxfwlrq
od surgxfwlrq gdqv ohv hqwuhsulvhv yd gh sdlu dyhf od shufhswlrq ghv
uhyhqxv +vdodluhv,
surgxfwlrq qrq pdufkdqgh = oh uìvxowdw gh o*dfwlylwì
ghv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv = hqvhljqhphqw reoljdwrluh/ gìihqvh qd0
wlrqdoh
uìdolvìh dx vhlq ghv pìqdjhv = eulfrodjh/ mduglqdjh/ uìsdudwlrq g*dssd0
uhlov pìqdjhuv
4146
Frqvrppdwlrq
o*dfkdw +rx od gìshqvh ghv uhyhqxv, sdu ohv xqlwìv gh frqvrppdwlrq +pìqd0
jhv rx frqvrppdwhxuv, ghv surgxlwv ghvwlqìv ã od frqvrppdwlrq qdoh
od frqvrppdwlrq ghv pìqdjhv yd gh sdlu dyhf od gìshqvh ghv uhyhqxv
+vdodluhv,
4147
Glylvlrq gx wudydlo hw ìfkdqjh
od surgxfwlylwì gh wudydlo od surgxfwlrq sdu wudydloohxu sdu xqlwì gh whpsv
> hooh dxjphqwh dyhf
od irupdwlrq +hw dffxpxodwlrq, gh fdslwdo whfkqltxh
od glylvlrq gx wudydlo +, vsìfldolvdwlrq, fkdfxq qh vh frqvdfuh
tx*ã xqh shwlwh sduwlh gx surfhvvxv gh surgxfwlrq/ xwlolvdqw dlqvl
dx pd{lpxp vhv sursuhv fdsdflwìv = juåfh ã fhod/ fkdtxh h{ìfxwdqw
dftxlhuw xqh fhuwdlqh h{sìulhqfh +rx frpsìwhqfh, txl oxl shuphw gh
surgxluh gdydqwdjh
o*ìfkdqjh hvw xqh frqvìtxhqfh g*xqh glylvlrq gh wudydlo dydqfìh = ìwdqw
grqqì od vsìfldolvdwlrq gdqv od surgxfwlrq/ fkdtxh wudydloohxu grlw ìfkdqjhu
xqh sduw gx uìvxowdw gh vrq wudydlo frqwuh ohv elhqv grqw lo d ehvrlq pdlv
ohvtxhov lo qh surgxlw sdv
<
4148
Wurf
wurf +rx ìfkdqjh hq qdwxuh, iruph sulplwlyh gh o*ìfkdqjh rü ohv elhqv
vrqw ìfkdqjìv frqwuh g*dxwuhv elhqv vxu oh pdufkì =
+4,
Elhq [ Elhq \
~}

xqh
vhx oh
wudqvdfwlrq
h{ljh xqh fròqflghqfh grxeoh ghv gìvluv +ehvrlqv,
4149
Prqqdlh
prqqdlh pr|hq +lqwhupìgldluh, g*ìfkdqjh jìqìudo txl hvw dffhswì gdqv
xqh vrflìwì hq wdqw tx*lqvwuxphqw gh sdlhphqw +rx ìwdorq xqlyhuvho gh
ydohxu,=
Elhq [ Prqqdlh
~}

s uh p lë uh
wudqvdfwlrq =
yh q wh
gh
[
hw
Prqqdlh Elhq \

~}

g hx { lë p h
wudqvdfwlrq =
dfkdw
g*
\
+5,
q*h{ljh sdv gh fròqflghqfh grxeoh ghv gìvluv +ehvrlqv,
v|vwëph gh sdlhphqwv
od prqqdlh pìwdooltxh = lqlwldohphqw/ ghv slëfhv g*ru hw g*dujhqw iuds0
sìhv sdu ohv dxwrulwìv sxeoltxhv hq jdudqwlvvdqw oh srlgv hw oh wlwuh
oh eloohw gh edqtxh = g*derug frqyhuwleoh/ sxlv lqfrqyhuwleoh
od prqqdlh vfulswxudoh = od wudlwh/ oh eloohw ã ruguh
ohv pr|hqv gh sdlhphqwv ìohfwurqltxhv = od fduwh gh gìelw/ od fduwh gh
fuìglw/ oh sdlhphqw sdu o*Lqwhuqhw
414:
+Sulqflsh gh, Udwlrqdolwì
dgphw txh ohv frqvrppdwhxuv vrqw fdsdeohv gh fodvvhu ohxuv ehvrlqv sdu
ruguh gh suìiìuhqfhv +rx ghjuì g*xujhqfh,
hw grqf gh idluh ghv fkrl{ frkìuhqwv +lqglylgxhov hw froohfwliv,
414;
+Sulqflsh gh, Fkrl{ vrxv frqwudlqwhv
od qrwlrq gh fkrl{ dsshooh wurlv uhpdutxhv
od qìfhvvlwì g*xq fkrl{ surylhqw gx idlw txh
od ydulìwì ghv ehvrlqv hvw loolplwìh
doruv txh ohv elhqv txl shuphwwhqw gh vdwlvidluh wrxv fhv ehvrlqv
vrqw olplwìv +pdojuì xq qlyhdx gh vdwlìwì txl fdudfwìulvh fkdtxh
ehvrlq sduwlfxolhu,
xq fkrl{ hvw oh uìvxowdw g*xq fdofxo +hhfwxì dx prlqv gh pdqlëuh
lpsolflwh,
oh fkrl{ uhvwh srvvleoh ã fdxvh gh od vxevwlwxdelolwì ghv elhqv srxydqw
vdwlvidluh xq píph ehvrlq/ pdlv dxvvl gh od vxevwlwxdelolwì ghv ehvrlqv
hqwuh hx{
43
414<
+Sulqflsh gh, Frþw g*rssruwxqlwì
surylhqw gx fkrl{ hqwuh glìuhqwhv srvvlelolwìv txl v*h{foxhqw pxwxhoohphqw
hvw gìql sdu od ydohxu gh od phloohxuh dowhuqdwlyh ã odtxhooh o*djhqw ìfrqr0
pltxh grlw uhqrqfhu dx prphqw gx fkrl{
fhwwh ydohxu q*hvw sdv irufìphqw h{sulpìh hq whuphv prqìwdluhv
h{hpsoh = oh frþw g*rssruwxqlwì g*xqh vrluìh dx wkìåwuh shxw íwuh oh sodlvlu
txl dxudlw surfxuì od ohfwxuh g*xq erq olyuh ã od pdlvrq
4153
+Sulqflsh gh, Fhwhulv sdulexv
oh wudydlo gh o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh frqvlvwh oh soxv vrxyhqw ã gìwhuplqhu ohv
yduldeohv txl h{soltxhqw xqh dxwuh yduldeoh
h{hpsoh = od frqvrppdwlrq gh sífkhv gìshqg
gx sul{ ghv sífkhv
gx sul{ ghv dxwuhv iuxlwv +vxevwlwxdeohv,
gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{
gh od whpsìudwxuh gh o*dwprvskëuh/ 111
rq glud ìjdohphqw txh od frqvrppdwlrq ghv sífkhv hvw xqh irqfwlrq +gìfurlv0
vdqwh, gh ohxu sul{ +, oruvtxh oh sul{ ghv sífkhv dxjphqwh/ ohxu frqvrp0
pdwlrq uìjuhvvh
ohv ghx{ sursrvlwlrqv fl0ghvvxv qh vrqw sdv frqwudglfwrluhv = od vhfrqgh
sursrvlwlrq hvw idlwh wrxwhv fkrvhv ìwdqw ìjdohv sdu dloohxuv +, wrxwhv ohv
dxwuhv yduldeohv q*rqw sdv ydulì
hq hhw/ fh sulqflsh qh glw sdv txh od ghpdqgh gh sífkhv grlw edlvvhu txrl
tx*lo dgylhqqh sdu dloohxuv
4154
Fkdps hw wåfkhv gh o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh
vrxyhqw/ oh fkdps gh o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh hvw gìql frpph frpsruwdqw
soxvlhxuv grpdlqhv g*lqwìuíw
frpsruwhphqw ghv frqvrppdwhxuv +ehvrlqv/ suìiìuhqfhv, hw ghv sur0
gxfwhxuv +idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq/ whfkqrorjlh,
oh irqfwlrqqhphqw ghv pdufkìv hw oh u÷oh gh o*Hwdw hw gh od srolwltxh
ìfrqrpltxh
o*rujdqlvdwlrq mxulgltxh hw lqvwlwxwlrqqhooh gh od vrflìwì= o*dqdo|vh
ìfrqrpltxh qh vh olplwh soxv dx{ vhxohv dfwlylwìv gh surgxfwlrq hw
g*ìfkdqjh/ pdlv derugh od ylh vrfldoh mdglv uìvhuyìh ã od vrflrorjlh hw
dx{ vflhqfhv srolwltxhv
oh qlyhdx ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv whfkqltxhv = lo gìsodfh frqvwdpphqw ohv
olplwhv ghv vflhqfhv/ | frpsulv gh od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh
44
4155
Oh sureoëph ìfrqrpltxh irqgdphqwdo
irqgdphqwdohphqw/ od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh ìwxglh od idêrq grqw ohv lqgl0
ylgxv rx ohv vrflìwìv doorxhqw ohv uhvvrxufhv uduhv srxu vdwlvidluh dx plhx{
ohxuv ehvrlqv
od vhxoh qdolwì oìjlwlph gh o*ìfrqrplh hvw hq hhw oh elhq0íwuh ghv krpphv
sdu elhq0íwuh lo idxw hqwhqguh od vdwlvidfwlrq gh wrxv ohv ehvrlqv = sdv
vhxohphqw ohv frqvrppdwlrqv pdufkdqghv/ pdlv dxvvl o*hqvhpeoh ghv dv0
sludwlrqv txl ìfkdsshqw ã wrxwh ìydoxdwlrq prqìwdluh +od gljqlwì/ od sdl{/ od
vìfxulwì/ od olehuwì/ o*ìgxfdwlrq/ od vdqwì/ oh orlvlu/ od txdolwì g*hqylurqqhphqw/
oh elhq0íwuh ghv jìqìudwlrqv ixwxuhv,
o*ìfrqrplh kxpdlqh xqh ìfrqrplh sklorvrskltxh/ klvwrultxh/ srolwltxh/
vrfldoh hw ìfrorjltxh = xq surmhw ã od irlv dqflhq hw frqwhpsrudlq +lqvwlwx0
wlrqqdolvwhv/ ìfrqrplh gh gìyhorsshphqw/ gh o*hqylurqqhphqw,
4156
Gìpdufkh vflhqwltxh = prgìolvdwlrq
od wkìrulh q*hvw uìdolvwh/ sdu gìqlwlrq
wrxwh wkìrulh surfëgh sdu devwudfwlrq
o*dqdo|vh wkìrultxh qh fkhufkh sdv ã gìfuluh od uìdolwì/ fh q*hvw sdv xq
uhsruwdjh
lo v*djlw hq hhw gh glvsrvhu g*xq prgëoh vx!vdpphqw vlpsoh srxu íwuh
pdqldeoh
fhod glw/ lo qh vx!w sdv g*xq udlvrqqhphqw devwudlw sduidlwhphqw orjltxh
srxu frqvwlwxhu xqh wkìrulh vflhqwltxh = oh prgëoh grlw íwuh frqiurqwì dx{
idlwv
pdlv fh vrqw ohv frqfoxvlrqv gh od wkìrulh txl vrqw vrxplvhv ã o*ìsuhxyh ghv
idlwv hw qrq vhv k|srwkëvhv gh gìsduw
fkdtxh prgëoh d wrxmrxuv xq fdudfwëuh frqglwlrqqho = wrxwh prglfdwlrq
dssruwìh gdqv ohv k|srwkëvhv frqgxlw ã g*dxwuhv frqfoxvlrqv
4157
Iruphv g*h{suhvvlrq g*xq prgëoh
xq prgëoh ìfrqrpltxh
wrxwh uhsuìvhqwdwlrq iruphooh g*lgìhv rx ghv frqqdlvvdqfhv uhodwlyhv ã
xq skìqrpëqh ìfrqrpltxh +Hgprqg Pdolqydxg,
xqh vlpsolfdwlrq gh od uìdolwì frpsoh{h
xq prgëoh ìfrqrpltxh shxw v*h{sulphu vrxv soxvlhxuv iruphv
41 xqh h{suhvvlrq wkìrultxh olwwìudluh +glvfxuvlyh/ ghvfulswlyh, = od gh0
pdqgh srxu xq elhq glplqxh txdqg oh sul{ gh fhoxl0fl dxjphqwh
51 xqh h{suhvvlrq wkìrultxh iruphooh +jìqìudoh, = t G @ i +s, dyhf
3
i +s, ? 3/ rü s gìvljqh oh sul{/ hw t G od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh
45
61 xqh h{suhvvlrq dojìeultxh +sduwlfxolëuh/ vsìfltxh, = t G @ des/ rx
d hw e vrqw ghv sdudpëwuhv srvlwliv frqqxv +frh!flhqwv/ frqvwdqwhv,
71 xqh h{suhvvlrq fkluìh +hvwlpìh ìfrqrpìwultxhphqw ã sduwlu ghv re0
vhuydwlrqv vwdwlvwltxhv +, d @ 58> e @ 3=8, = t G @ 58 3=8s
81 xqh h{suhvvlrq judskltxh = od ghpdqgh plfurìfrqrpltxh looxvwuìh
gdqv od jxuh 414 =
pX
DX
100
80
10
qXD
70
Iljxuh 414
91 xqh h{suhvvlrq vfkìpdwltxh +xq gldjudpph, = o*ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì
+sxuh, looxvwuì gdqv oh gldjudpph 414 +dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 49, =
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Gldjudpph 414
4158
Pìwkrgh gìgxfwlyh hw pìwkrgh lqgxfwlyh
od pìwkrgh gìgxfwlyh +, o*ìfrqrplh pdwkìpdwltxh +rx wkìrultxh, = rq
sduw gh txhotxhv yìulwìv vlpsohv hw ìylghqwhv +d{lrphv rx srvwxodwv, srxu
duulyhu ã ghv frqfoxvlrqv sdu udlvrqqhphqw orjltxh
46
od pìwkrgh lqgxfwlyh +, o*ìfrqrpìwulh +rx o*ìfrqrplh hpslultxh, = rq
frpphqfh sdu o*revhuydwlrq g*xq judqg qrpeuh ghv idlwv + vwdwlvwltxh
ghvfulswlyh, hw rq uhfkhufkh gdqv txhooh phvxuh ghv udssruwv h{lvwhqw hqwuh
ohv grqqìhv hquhjlvwuìhv
ã hpsor|hu hqvhpeoh +frqmrlqwhphqw, +, hoohv vh frpsoëwhqw
4159
Dqdo|vh srvlwlyh hw dqdo|vh qrupdwlyh
Vhorq o*remhfwli txh o*rq v*dvvljqh
ìfrqrplh srvlwlyh fkhufkh ã gìfrxyulu fh txl hvw = hooh vh sursrvh
gh grqqhu ghv h{solfdwlrqv fdxvdohv dx{ skìqrpëqhv ìfrqrpltxhv
ìfrqrplh qrupdwlyh v*lqwìuhvvh ã fh txl ghyudlw íwuh = hooh gìqlh
xqh qruph/ xq remhfwli vrxkdlwdeoh/ hw lqgltxh frpphqw fhw remhfwli
srxuud íwuh dwwhlqw > ã od edvh ghv sursrvlwlrqv lo | d wrxmrxuv xq
mxjhphqw gh ydohxu
shxyhqw íwuh hpsor|ìhv hqvhpeoh dxvvl
415:
+Ohv rswltxhv, Pdfur/ plfur/ pìvr
od vflhqfh ìfrqrpltxh d uhfrxuv ã glìuhqwhv rswltxhv
od plfurìfrqrplh v*lqwìuhvvh ã o*ìwxgh gh pdufkìv lqglylgxhov hw dx
frpsruwhphqw ghv lqwhuyhqdqwv vxu fhv pdufkìv = lo v*djlw ã gìwhu0
plqhu frpphqw ohv sul{ vh iruphqw hw frpphqw lov ìyroxhqw oruvtxh
o*hqylurqqhphqw ìfrqrpltxh fkdqjh
od pdfurìfrqrplh sruwh vxu o*ìfrqrplh gdqv vrq hqvhpeoh = hooh
ìwxglh ohv uhodwlrqv txl h{lvwhqw hqwuh glyhuvhv judqghxuv uhsuìvhq0
wdwlyhv gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq +uhyhqx qdwlrqdo/ frq0
vrppdwlrq/ wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ hpsorl/ lq dwlrq/111, hw frpphqw hoohv
vrqw dhfwìhv sdu od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh
gh soxv hq soxv ohv ìfrqrplvwhv whqghqw ã dgrswhu xqh dwwlwxgh lqwhu0
pìgldluh txh o*rq txdolh gh phvrìfrqrplh = f*hvw oh srlqw gh yxh
vhfwrulho +lqgxvwulh yv vhuylfhv,/ vwuxfwxuho hw uìjlrqdo gh o*ìfrqrplh
47
Frxuv 5
5
Irupdwlrq ghv sul{ hw v|vwëphv ìfrqrpltxhv
514
Sodq
Frxueh gh ghpdqgh hw frxueh g*ruh
Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh,
Dfwlrq frpelqìh +ìtxloleuh,
Hodvwlflwì+v,
Glìuhqwhv iruphv gh pdufkì
Ruguh ìfrqrpltxh gh od Vxlvvh
515
Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh
frqvlgìurqv g*derug od ghpdqgh dx qlyhdx plfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu
G / dx
xq surgxlw gìwhuplqì = od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh g*xq elhq [/ t[
frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w gìshqg gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =
gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu/ U
gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq/ s[
gx sul{ ghv elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv +hq frqvrppdwlrq,/ s\
gx sul{ ghv elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv +hq frqvrppdwlrq,/ s]
gx jrþw +ghv suìiìuhqfhv, gx frqvrppdwhxu/ x+[> \> ]> ===,
ghv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh o*Hwdw/ J
hwf1
fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw od ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh srxu oh elhq
frqvlgìuì
o*h{suhvvlrq pdwkìpdwltxh gh fhwwh uhodwlrq irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh
lqglylgxhooh
516
Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = iruph jìqìudoh hw
iruph uìgxlwh
fhwwh irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh shxw v*ìfuluh vrxv xqh iruph jìqìudoh +hw
uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =
G @ ij +U> s[ > s\ > s] > x+[> \> ]> ===,> J> ===,
t[
+6,
hooh shxw v*ìfuluh dxvvl vrxv xqh iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx
sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh
oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =
48
G @ iu +s[ ,
t[
+7,
fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx sul{ gx elhq
hq txhvwlrq, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv
517
Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh
frqvlgìurqv pdlqwhqdqw od ghpdqgh dx qlyhdx pdfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1
srxu wrxwh od surgxfwlrq g*xqh ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh = dx frxuv g*xqh
sìulrgh grqqìh w/ od ghpdqgh djuìjìh/ DG/ hvw od vrpph ghv ghpdqghv
lqglylgxhoohv hw gìshqg/ hooh dxvvl/ gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =
gx uhyhqx qdwlrqdo/ \
gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ + o*lqglfh ghv sul{ ã od frqvrppdwlrq
+LSF,,/ S
gh od wdlooh gh od srsxodwlrq +gx pdufkì qdwlrqdo,/ S rs
gh od vwuxfwxuh gìprjudskltxh/ Ghp
gh od uìsduwlwlrq gx uhyhqx gdqv od srsxodwlrq/ Glvw\
hwf1
fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw od ghpdqgh djuìjìh gdqv o*ìfrqrplh
qdwlrqdoh +, irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh
518
Irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh = iruph jìqìudoh hw
iruph uìgxlwh
od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vh gìqlw pdwkìpdwltxhphqw frpph xqh
uhodwlrq
vrlw vrxv iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =
DG @ iJ +\> S> S rs> Ghp> Glvw\> ===,
+8,
vrlw vrxv iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{
+ã o*LSF, hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv
lpsruwdqw =
DG @ iU +S ,
+9,
fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx qlyhdx jìqìudo
ghv sul{, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv
49
519
Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = gìqlwlrq
od irqfwlrq uìgxlwh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh h{sulpìh judskltxhphqw
od uhodwlrq hqwuh oh sul{ g*xq elhq +krprjëqh, [/ s[ / hw od txdqwlwì gh fh
G
elhq txh ohv frqvrppdwhxuv ghpdqghqw/ t[
ohv sul{ gh wrxv ohv dxwuhv elhqv dlqvl txh oh uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu vrqw
vxssrvìv {hv/ f10ã0g1 lov qh fkdqjhqw sdv +, od frqglwlrq fhwhulv sdulexv
rq vxssrvh tx*lo h{lvwh xqh uhodwlrq qìjdwlyh hqwuh oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì gh0
pdqgìh +, +judskltxhphqw, od frxueh d xqh shqwh qìjdwlyh +, +pdwk0
u +s[ ,
ìpdwltxhphqw, iu3 +s[>w , gigs
? 3/ f10ã0g1 od gìulyìh gh od irqfwlrq
[
sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw hvw qìjdwlyh
51:
Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = frqvwuxfwlrq
srxu frqvwuxluh xqh frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh/ rq shxw xwlolvhu
txhotxhv revhuydwlrqv vxu ohv sul{ hw ohv txdqwlwìv ghpdqgìhv g*xq elhq
grqqì/ glvrqv [ =
vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 433/ oh frqvrppdwhxu hq ghpdqgh 43 xqlwìv
vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw ;3/ oh frqvrppdwhxu hq ghpdqgh :3 xqlwìv
hwf1
hq uhsuìvhqwdqw oh sul{ txl fruuhvsrqg ã fkdtxh txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx
ylfh yhuvd,/ rq rewlhqw od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh +yrlu od Iljxuh
514,
51;
Frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh = judskltxh
pX
DX
100
80
10
70
qXD
Iljxuh 514
G / hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv devflvvhv +kru0
od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh/ t[
l}rqwdohphqw,
oh sul{ gx elhq [ frqvlgìuì/ s[ / hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv rugrqqìhv
+yhuwlfdohphqw,
4:
51<
Frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh
ìwdqw grqqì txh od irupdwlrq ghv sul{ ghv elhqv hvw xq skìqrpëqh vrfldo
+joredo,/ lo hvw qìfhvvdluh g*ìwdeolu od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh
od ghpdqgh djuìjìh v*rewlhqw judskltxhphqw hq idlvdqw o*dgglwlrq krul}rq0
wdoh gh wrxwhv ohv ghpdqghv lqglylgxhoohv
od jxuh :1: +KSE/ s1 47;, looxvwuh fhwwh djuìjdwlrq srxu oh fdv oh soxv
vlpsoh gh ghx{ frqvrppdwhxuv
hq surfìgdqw dlqvl srxu xq judqg qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv glìuhqwv lo
hvw srvvleoh gh frqvwuxluh =
od ghpdqgh gx pdufkì fruuhvsrqgdqw dx elhq [
od ghpdqgh djuìjìh srxu wrxv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv gdqv xqh ìfrqrplh
5143
Irqfwlrq g*ruh lqglylgxhooh
frqvlgìurqv g*derug o*ruh dx qlyhdx plfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu xq
V / dx frxuv g*xqh
surgxlw gìwhuplqì = od txdqwlwì rhuwh g*xq elhq [/ t[
sìulrgh grqqìh w gìshqg gh soxvlhxuv idfwhxuv =
gh o*ìwdw gh od whfkqrorjlh +gh surgxfwlrq gh fh elhq hq sduwlfxolhu,/
D
gx sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq/ s[
gx sul{ ghv elhqv frpsoìphqwdluhv +hq surgxfwlrq,/ s\
gx sul{ ghv elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv +hq surgxfwlrq,/ s]
gx sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv/ sLL
ghv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh o*Hwdw/ J
hwf1
fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw o*ruh lqglylgxhooh srxu oh elhq frqvlg0
ìuì
o*h{suhvvlrq pdwkìpdwltxh gh fhwwh uhodwlrq irqfwlrq g*ruh lqgl0
ylgxhooh
5144
Irqfwlrq g*ruh lqglylgxhooh= iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph
uìgxlwh
fhwwh irqfwlrq g*ruh shxw v*ìfuluh vrxv xqh iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyh0
phqw frpsoëwh, =
V @ jj +D> s[ > s\ > s] > sLL > J> ===,
t[
+:,
hooh shxw v*ìfuluh dxvvl vrxv xqh iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx
sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh
oh idfwhxu oh soxv lpsruwdqw =
4;
V @ ju +s[ ,
t[
+;,
fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx sul{ gx elhq
hq txhvwlrq, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv
5145
Irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh
frqvlgìurqv pdlqwhqdqw o*ruh dx qlyhdx pdfurìfrqrpltxh/ f10ã0g1 srxu
wrxwh od surgxfwlrq g*xqh ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh = o*ruh djuìjìh/ DV/ hvw
od vrpph ghv ruhv lqglylgxhoohv dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh w
rxwuh ohv idfwhxuv ìqxpìuìv fl0ghvvxv srxu o*ruh lqglylgxhooh/ o*ruh djuìjìh
gìshqg dxvvl =
gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +gh o*LSF,/ S
gx qrpeuh g*hqwuhsulvhv lqwhuyhqdqw vxu oh pdufkì/ q
hwf1
fhv glìuhqwv idfwhxuv gìwhuplqhqw o*ruh djuìjìh gdqv o*ìfrqrplh qd0
wlrqdoh +, irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh
5146
Irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh = iruph jìqìudoh hw iruph
uìgxlwh
od irqfwlrq g*ruh djuìjìh vh gìqlw pdwkìpdwltxhphqw frpph xqh uhod0
wlrq
vrlw vrxv iruph jìqìudoh +hw uhodwlyhphqw frpsoëwh, =
DV @ jJ +D> J> S> q> ===,
+<,
vrlw vrxv iruph uìgxlwh txl grqqh od sulrulwì dx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{
+ã o*LSF, hquhjlvwuì srxu od píph sìulrgh w hq wdqw txh oh idfwhxu oh soxv
lpsruwdqw =
+43,
DV @ jU +S ,
fh txl uhylhqw ã frqvlgìuhu ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv +glìuhqwv gx qlyhdx jìqìudo
ghv sul{, frpph ìwdqw frqvwdqwv +, fhwhulv sdulexv
5147
Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = gìqlwlrq
od irqfwlrq uìgxlwh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh h{sulpìh judskltxhphqw
od uhodwlrq hqwuh oh sul{ g*xq elhq +krprjëqh, [/ s[ / hw od txdqwlwì gh fh
V
elhq tx*xq surgxfwhxu +xqh hqwuhsulvh, irxuqlw vxu oh pdufkì/ t[
wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv txl shxyhqw lq xhqfhu fhwwh uhodwlrq vrqw vxssrvìv
{hv/ f10ã0g1 lov qh fkdqjhqw sdv +, od frqglwlrq fhwhulv sdulexv
rq vxssrvh dxvvl tx*lo h{lvwh xqh uhodwlrq srvlwlyh hqwuh oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì
rhuwh +, +judskltxhphqw, od frxueh d xqh shqwh srvlwlyh +, +pdwkì0
u +s[ ,
pdwltxhphqw, ju3 +s[ , @ gjgs
A 3/ f10ã0g1 od gìulyìh gh od irqfwlrq sdu
[
udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw hvw srvlwlyh
4<
5148
Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = frqvwuxfwlrq
srxu frqvwuxluh xqh frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh/ rq shxw xwlolvhu txhotxhv
revhuydwlrqv vxu ohv sul{ hw ohv txdqwlwìv rhuwhv vxu oh pdufkì gh qrwuh
elhq [=
vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 453/ o*hqwuhsulvh hq irxuqlw :3 xqlwìv
vl oh sul{ gh [ hvw 93/ o*hqwuhsulvh hq irxuqlw 43 xqlwìv
hwf1
hq uhsuìvhqwdqw oh sul{ txl fruuhvsrqg ã fkdtxh txdqwlwì rhuwh +rx ylfh
yhuvd,/ rq rewlhqw od frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh +yrlu od jxuh 515,
5149
Frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh = judskltxh
pX
120
SX
60
10
70
qXS
Iljxuh 515
V / hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv devflvvhv +krul}rq0
od txdqwlwì rhuwh/ t[
wdohphqw,
oh sul{ gx elhq [ frqvlgìuì/ s[ / hvw uhsuìvhqwìh vxu o*d{h ghv rugrqqìhv
+yhuwlfdohphqw,
514:
Frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh
rq surfëgh sdu dqdorjlh dyhf od ghpdqgh srxu ìwdeolu od frxueh g*ruh
djuìjìh
o*ruh djuìjìh v*rewlhqw judskltxhphqw hq idlvdqw o*dgglwlrq krul}rqwdoh gh
wrxwhv ohv ruhv lqglylgxhoohv
od jxuh ;1< +KSE/ s1 4:7, looxvwuh fhwwh djuìjdwlrq srxu oh fdv vlpsoh gh
ghx{ surgxfwhxuv
hq surfìgdqw dlqvl srxu xq judqg qrpeuh gh surgxfwhxuv glìuhqwv lo hvw
srvvleoh gh frqvwuxluh
o*ruh gx pdufkì fruuhvsrqgdqw dx elhq [
o*ruh djuìjìh srxu wrxv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv gdqv xqh ìfrqrplh
53
514;
Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqgl0
ylgxhooh
ohv gìsodfhphqwv oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh vrqw
suryrtxìhv sdu xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{ gx surgxlw frqvlgìuì/ ohv dxwuhv idf0
whxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv
oruvtxh oh sul{ gx elhq glplqxh +gh s[>3 ã s[>4 ,/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh
G 3 ã t[>
G 4,
dxjphqwh +gh t[>
judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv g*dmxvwhphqw +rx g*dgdswdwlrq, vh suìvhqwh
frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +gx srlqw h3
dx srlqw h4 ,
514<
Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh gh0
pdqgh lqglylgxhooh
o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw/ wrxmrxuv judskltxhphqw/ sdu ghv
gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh
+, fhv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, vrqw dlqvl suryrtxìhv sdu xqh yduldwlrq
ghv idfwhxuv dxwuhv txh oh sul{ gx surgxlw hq txhvwlrq = sdu h{hpsoh/ vl
oh qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv dxjphqwh/ wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv uhvwdqw
frqvwdqwv/ od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd ìjdohphqw dxjphqwhu/ txho txh vrlw oh
qlyhdx grqqì gx sul{
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh yhuv o*h{wìulhxu +yhuv od
gurlwh, +, xqh kdxvvh gx qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh yhuv o*lqwìulhxu +yhuv od
jdxfkh, +, xqh edlvvh gx qrpeuh gh frqvrppdwhxuv
5153
Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìj
ìh
oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +o*LSF, glplqxh +gh S3 ã S4 ,/ od ghpdqgh
djuìjìh dxjphqwh +gh DG3 ã DG4 , = yrlu od jxuh 516
judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv g*dmxvwhphqw vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfh0
phqw oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh +gx srlqw H3 dx srlqw
H4 ,
54
P
P0
E0
E1
P1
AD
AD0
AD
AD1
Iljxuh 516
5154
Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh gh0
pdqgh djuìjìh
judskltxhphqw/ o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw sdu ghv gìsodfh0
phqwv gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh =
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh yhuv o*h{wìulhxu +yhuv
od gurlwh, +, xqh kdxvvh gh od srsxodwlrq = yrlu od jxuh 517
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh yhuv o*lqwìulhxu +yhuv
od jdxfkh, +, xqh edlvvh gh od srsxodwlrq
P
AD1
AD0
AD
Iljxuh 517
5155
Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh yv gìsodfhphqw gh
wrxwh od frxueh
+sdu dqdorjlh dyhf oh fdv gh od ghpdqgh lqglylgxhooh,
ohv gìsodfhphqwv oh orqj gh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vrqw suryr0
txìv sdu xqh yduldwlrq gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{/ ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv
uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv
55
ohv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv, gh wrxwh od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh
vrqw suryrtxìv sdu xqh yduldwlrq ghv idfwhxuv dxwuhv txh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo
ghv sul{
5156
Gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh lqglylgxhooh
oruvtxh oh sul{ gx elhq hq txhvwlrq dxjphqwh +gh s[>3 ã s[>4 ,/ od txdqwlwì
V 3 ã t[>
V 4, +, judskltxhphqw/ fhw dmxvwhphqw
rhuwh dxjphqwh dxvvl +gh t[>
vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh g*ruh +gx srlqw
h3 dx srlqw h4 ,
o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw sdu ghv gìsodfhphqwv +gìfdodjhv,
gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh = sdu h{hpsoh/ vl oh sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv
dxjphqwh/ wrxv ohv dxwuhv idfwhxuv uhvwdqw frqvwdqwv/ oh sul{ yd dxjphqwhu
dxvvl/ txho txh vrlw oh qlyhdx grqqì gh od txdqwlwì rhuwh
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh yhuv oh kdxw +yhuv od jdxfkh, +,
xqh kdxvvh gx sul{ ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh yhuv oh edv +yhuv od gurlwh, +, xqh
dpìolrudwlrq gh od whfkqrorjlh
5157
Gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh
oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ +o*LSF, dxjphqwh +gh S3 ã S4 ,/ o*ruh
djuìjìh dxjphqwh dxvvl +gh DV3 ã DV4 , +, judskltxhphqw/ fh surfhvvxv
g*dmxvwhphqw vh suìvhqwh frpph xq gìsodfhphqw oh orqj gh od frxueh
g*ruh djuìjìh +gx srlqw H3 dx srlqw H4 ,
P
E1
P1
P0
AS
E0
AS0
AS1
AS
Iljxuh 518
5158
Gìsodfhphqw +gìfdodjh, gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh
djuìjìh
o*lq xhqfh ghv dxwuhv yduldeohv vh wudgxlw/ judskltxhphqw/ sdu ghv gìsodfh0
phqwv gh wrxwh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh yhuv oh kdxw +yhuv od jdxfkh,
+, xqh kdxvvh ghv sul{ ghv surgxlwv lqwhupìgldluhv
56
gìsodfhphqw gh od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh yhuv oh edv +yhuv od gurlwh,
+, xqh dpìolrudwlrq gh od whfkqrorjlh
AS1
P
AS0
AS
Iljxuh 519
5159
Pdufkì
o*hqvhpeoh ghv frqwdfwv +uhodwlrqv, txl v*ìwdeolvvhqw hqwuh ohv ruhxuv hw
ohv ghpdqghxuv g*xq elhq +rx g*xq vhuylfh, hw txl vh wudgxlvhqw sdu ghv
ìfkdqjhv gx elhq +rx gx vhuylfh, hq txhvwlrq
oh pdufkì shxw íwuh frpsulv =
frpph h{lvwdqw gdqv xq olhx jìrjudskltxh elhq gìwhuplqì = od erxuvh
gh ]xulfk
hq wdqw tx*xqh qrwlrq devwudlwh = oh pdufkì gh plfur0ruglqdwhxuv
oh soxv vrxyhqw ohv frqwdfwv hqwuh ruhxuv hw ghpdqghxuv qh vrqw sdv gluhfwv
= lov phwwhqw hq mhx ghv lqwhupìgldluhv +uhyhqghxuv/ gìwdloodqwv/ djhqwv/
frxuwlhuv/ hwf1,
515:
Dfwlrq frpelqìh +ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì,
o*dfwlrq frpelqìh ghv frxuehv gh ghpdqgh hw g*ruh +lqglylgxhoohv rx
djuìjìhv, gìwhuplqh o*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì +g*xq elhq grqqì rx dx sodq
qdwlrqdo/ yrluh lqwhuqdwlrqdo,
o*ìtxloleuh hvw dwwhlqw dx vhqv plfurìfrqrpltxh oruvtxh oh sul{ gx surgxlw
hq txhvwlrq gdqv xqh fhuwdlqh sìulrgh w +xq prlv rx xq wulphvwuh, hvw who
txh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh ã fh sul{ hvw ìjdoh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh =
G @ tV
t[
[
+44,
o*ìtxloleuh hvw dwwhlqw dx vhqv pdfurìfrqrpltxh oruvtxh oh qlyhdx jìqìudo
ghv sul{ gh wrxwh od surgxfwlrq qdwlrqdoh gdqv xqh fhuwdlqh sìulrgh w +xqh
dqqìh rx xq wulphvwuh, hvw who txh od ghpdqgh djuìjìh ã fh qlyhdx ghv sul{
hvw ìjdoh ã o*ruh djuìjìh =
DG @ DV
+45,
57
515;
Htxloleuh plfurìfrqrpltxh = looxvwudwlrq
judskltxhphqw/ o*ìtxloleuh plfurìfrqrpltxh +frqfhuqdqw oh pdufkì gx
elhq [, vh suìvhqwh frpph gdqv od jxuh 51: =
pX
SX
120
100
pXe=90
80
60
e
DX
10
qXe=40
qX
70
Iljxuh 51:
515<
H{fëv gh ghpdqgh
oh sul{ lqlwldo hvw lqiìulhxu dx sul{ g*ìtxloleuh/ sh[ / hw od txdqwlwì gh0
pdqgìh hvw grqf vxsìulhxuh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh
gdqv fh fdv sìqxulh oh sul{ dxud whqgdqfh ã prqwhu = sdu frqvìtxhqw/ od
txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd glplqxhu doruv txh od txdqwlwì rhuwh yd dxjphqwhu
, o*h{fëv gh ghpdqgh yd grqf vh uìvruehu
judskltxhphqw/ yrlu od jxuh 51; =
pX
SX
pX,1=pXe
e
pX,0
DX
qX,0S
qX,0D
qx,1=qXe
qX
Iljxuh 51;
5163
H{fëv g*ruh
oh sul{ lqlwldo hvw vxsìulhxu dx sul{ g*ìtxloleuh/ sh[ / hw od txdqwlwì gh0
pdqgìh hvw grqf lqiìulhxuh ã od txdqwlwì rhuwh
58
gdqv fh fdv vxusoxv oh sul{ dxud whqgdqfh ã edlvvhu = sdu frqvìtxhqw/ od
txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh yd dxjphqwhu wdqglv txh od txdqwlwì rhuwh yd glplqxhu
, o*h{fëv g*ruh yd qdohphqw vh uìvruehu
judskltxhphqw/ yrlu od jxuh 51< =
pX
SX
pX,0
e
pX,1=pXe
DX
qX,0S
qX,0D
qX,1=qXe
qX
Iljxuh 51<
5164
Hhwv ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh od ghpdqgh
prglfdwlrq ghv jrþwv fkh} ohv frqvrppdwhxuv
suìiìuhqfh srxu oh surgxlw grqqì [ +, ghpdqgh dxjphqwìh srxu [ ,
oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh dxjphqwhqw/ frpph looxvwuì gdqv od jxuh
5143 =
pX
pX,1e
pX,0e
e1 SX
DX,1
e0
DX,0
qX,0e
qX,1e
qX
Iljxuh 5143
suìiìuhqfh srxu g*dxwuhv surgxlwv +dqdorjxhv, +, ghpdqgh glplqxìh
srxu [ , oh sul{ hw od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh glplqxhqw
5165
Hhwv ghv gìsodfhphqwv gh o*ruh
prglfdwlrq ghv frþwv gh surgxfwlrq gdqv ohv hqwuhsulvhv
59
frþwv glplqxìv srxu od surgxfwlrq gx surgxlw grqqì [ +, ruh dxjphq0
wìh srxu [ , oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh glplqxh doruv txh od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh
dxjphqwh
frþwv dxjphqwìv srxu od surgxfwlrq gx surgxlw grqqì [ +, ruh glplq0
xìh srxu [ , oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh dxjphqwh wdqglv txh od txdqwlwì g*ìtxloleuh
glplqxh/ frpph looxvwuì gdqv od jxuh 5144 =
pX
pX,1e
pX,0e
SX,1
e1
SX,0
e0
DX
qX,1e
qX,0e
qX
Iljxuh 5144
5166
Hodvwlflwì
gh idêrq jìqìudoh/ o*ìodvwlflwì hvw xqh phvxuh gh od vhqvlelolwì g*xqh yduldeoh
sdu udssruw ã xqh dxwuh yduldeoh
hooh shxw íwuh fdofxoìh srxu xqh irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh dlqvl txh srxu xqh
irqfwlrq g*ruh
lo | d txhotxhv w|shv g*ìodvwlflwì lpsruwdqwv/ ã vdyrlu =
41 ìodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gd od ghpdqgh, = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh ydul0
dwlrq gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu +gx pìqdjh,
51 ìodvwlflwì0sul{ gluhfwh = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{
gx píph elhq
61 ìodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh = fdofxoìh sdu udssruw ã xqh yduldwlrq gx sul{
g*xq dxwuh elhq
5167
Hodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gh od ghpdqgh,
vh gìqlw frpph oh udssruw hqwuh
G
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh g*xq elhq [/ t[
+dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gx uhyhqx gx frqvrppdwhxu +gx pìqdjh,/
U +dx gìqrplqdwhxu, =
%G
[@U G
t[>
G 34
t[>
U4
U3
5:
@
G 4 U3
t[>
G3
U4 t[>
+46,
dyhf
G tG tG
t[>
4
[>4 [>3
+47,
U4 U4 U3
+48,
hw
5168
Qdwxuh ghv elhqv vhorq o*ìodvwlflwì0uhyhqx +gh od gh0
pdqgh,
G
%G
[@U A 3 +, elhqv qrupdx{ = U %, t[ %
vl o*rq gìqlw od sduw exgjìwdluh gx elhq [ sdu =
ydohxu
v[
} ~
G
s[ t [
U
rq shxw hqfruh idluh xqh glvwlqfwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh hqwuh ghx{ w|shv
gh elhqv qrupdx{ =
G
41 3 ? %G
[@U ? 4 +, t[ dxjphqwh prlqv tx*hq sursruwlrq gh U +,
v[ glplqxh elhqv gh suhplëuh qìfhvvlwì
G
51 %G
[@U A 4 +, t[ dxjphqwh soxv tx*hq sursruwlrq gh U +, v[
dxjphqwh elhqv gh ox{h
fhwwh glvwlqfwlrq vh uh ëwh gdqv od orl g*Hqjho vhorq odtxhooh od sduw
ghv elhqv dolphqwdluhv gdqv oh exgjhw gìfurñw dyhf oh uhyhqx
G
%G
[@U ? 3 +, elhqv lqiìulhxuv = U %, t[ &
5169
Hodvwlflwì0sul{ gluhfwh +gh od ghpdqgh rx gh o*ruh,
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx rhuwh, g*xq
G +rx t[V , +dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw
elhq [/ t[
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh vrq sursuh sul{/ s[ +dx gìqrplqdwhxu,
=
%G
[@s[ %V[@s[ dyhf
G4
t[>
G3
t[>
s[>4
s[>3
V4
t[>
V
t[>3
s[>4
s[>3
@
G 4 s[>3
t[>
G3
s[>4 t[>
+49,
@
V 4 s[>3
t[>
V3
s[>4 t[>
+4:,
5;
V 4 t[>
V 4 t[>
V3
t[>
+4;,
s[>4 s[>4 s[>3
+4<,
hw
hvw hq jìqìudo qìjdwli = %G
[@s[ ? 3 +, od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh hvw gìfurlv0
vdqwh sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw s[ +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh d xqh
shqwh qìjdwlyh
h{fhswlrqv = srxu fhuwdlqv elhqv/ hooh shxw íwuh srvlwlyh = %G
[@s[ A 3 +,
od irqfwlrq gh ghpdqgh hvw furlvvdqwh sdu udssruw ã vrq dujxphqw s[ +,
od frxueh gh ghpdqgh d xqh shqwh srvlwlyh sdudgr{h +rx skìqrpëqh
rx hqfruh elhq, gh Jlhq
516:
W|shv gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh, vhorq o*ìodvwlflwì0sul{ gl0
uhfwh
wurlv fdv h{wuíphv =
G+rx V,
41 %[@s[ @ 3 +, ghpdqgh +rx ruh, sduidlwhphqw lqìodvwltxh =
G +rx t[V , $ +, od frxueh gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh,
s[ % +rx s[ &, , t[
hvw xqh gurlwh yhuwlfdoh
V
51 %G
[@s[ @ 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx %[@s[ @ 4 ruh, dyhf ìodvwlflwì
G
V
xqlwdluh = s[ % , t[ & +rx t[ %, hq sursruwlrq +, od frxueh gh
ghpdqgh +g*ruh, hvw xqh k|shueroh ìtxlodwëuh +od elvvhfwulfh, +, od
G +rx od kdxvvh gh t[V , hvw sursruwlrqqhooh ã od kdxvvh gh
edlvvh gh t[
s[
V
61 %G
[@s[ $ 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx %[@s[ $ 4 ruh, sduidlwhphqw
G & +rx t[V %, wuëv iruwhphqw +, od frxueh gh
ìodvwltxh = s[ % , t[
ghpdqgh +g*ruh, hvw xqh gurlwh krul}rqwdoh
ghx{ fdv lqwhupìgldluhv =
V
41 4 ? %G
[@s[ ? 3 +, ghpdqgh +rx 3 ? %[@s[ ? 4 ruh, lqìodvwltxh
G
V
= od edlvvh gh t[ +rx od kdxvvh gh t[ , hvw prlqv txh sursruwlrqqhooh
ã od kdxvvh gh s[
G
51 4 ? %G
[@s[ ? 4 +, ghpdqgh +rx 4 ? %[@s[ ? 4 ruh, ìodv0
G +rx od kdxvvh gh t[V , hvw soxv txh sursruwlrq0
wltxh = od edlvvh gh t[
qhooh ã od kdxvvh gh s[
516;
Hodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh +gh od ghpdqgh rx gh o*ruh,
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghpdqgìh +rx rhuwh, g*xq
G +rx t[V , +dx qxpìudwhxu,/ hw
elhq [/ t[
5<
oh srxufhqwdjh gh yduldwlrq gx sul{ g*xq dxwuh elhq \ / s\ +dx gìqrp0
lqdwhxu, =
%G
[@s\ %V[@s\ G
t[>
G 34
t[>
s\>4
s\>3
V4
t[>
V
t[>3
s\>4
s\>3
@
G 4 s\>3
t[>
G3
s\>4 t[>
+53,
@
V 4 s\>3
t[>
V3
s\>4 t[>
+54,
dyhf
s\>4 s\>4 s\>3
516<
+55,
W|shv gh ghpdqgh +g*ruh, vhorq o*ìodvwlflwì0sul{ furlvìh
wurlv fdv =
G+rx V,
41 %[@s\ A 3 +, uhodwlrq gh vxevwlwxdelolwì = elhqv vxevwlwxdeohv
hq frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,
G+rx V,
51 %[@s\
@ 3 +, devhqfh gh uhodwlrq = elhqv lqgìshqgdqwv hq
frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,
G+rx V,
61 %[@s\ ? 3 +, uhodwlrq gh frpsoìphqwdulwì = elhqv frpsoìphq0
wdluhv hq frqvrppdwlrq +rx hq surgxfwlrq,
5173
Iruphv gh pdufkì = frqfxuuhqfh sduidlwh
oh surgxlw txl hvw yhqgx grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw lghqwltxh +rx krprjëqh,
srxu fkdtxh yhqghxu hw fkdtxh dfkhwhxu/ gh vruwh txh ohv dfkhwhxuv q*rqw
sdv udlvrq gh suìiìuhu oh surgxlw g*xq yhqghxu ã fhoxl g*xq dxwuh/ vl fh
q*hvw ã fdxvh g*xqh glìuhqfh gh sul{
oh pdufkì grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw wudqvsduhqw fkdtxh dfkhwhxu hw fkdtxh
yhqghxu grlw íwuh sduidlwhphqw hw udslghphqw dx frxudqw gh wrxw fh txl vh
sdvvh vxu oh pdufkì hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv txdqwlwìv hw ohv sul{ +gx elhq
krprjëqh ìfkdqjì,
pdufkì sduidlw oruvtxh oh pdufkì/ rü xq elhq krprjëqh hvw yhqgx/
hvw hq píph whpsv xq pdufkì wudqvsduhqw +, vxu xq pdufkì sduidlw/ lo
qh shxw vh iruphu/ ã xq prphqw grqqì/ tx*xq sul{ xqltxh
k|srwkëvh g*dwrplflwì gx pdufkh v*lo h{lvwh/ wdqw gx f÷wì gh o*ruh
txh gx f÷wì gh od ghpdqgh/ xq judqg qrpeuh g*xqlwìv ìfrqrpltxhv +sur0
gxfwhxuv2yhqghxuv hw frqvrppdwhxuv2dfkhwhxuv, +, pdufkì hq frq0
fxuuhqfh sduidlwh = f*hvw suìflvìphqw fhwwh iruph gh pdufkì txl hq0
wudñqh o*dmxvwhphqw +o*dgdswdwlrq, gh od txdqwlwì +fdu oh sul{ hvw fhoxl
g*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì,
lo h{lvwh xq dffëv oleuh dx pdufkì dlqvl tx*xqh vruwlh oleuh gx pdufkì lo | d grqf xqh sduidlwh prelolwì +devhqfh gh eduulëuhv ã o*hqwuìh hw ã
od vruwlh, , gdqv fhv frqglwlrqv/ ohv hqwuhsulvhv sìqëwuhqw vxu oh pdufkì
63
oruvtxh ghv surwv shxyhqw íwuh uìdolvìhv hw txlwwhqw oh pdufkì vl hoohv irqw
ghv shuwhv rx vl hoohv hvwlphqw txh ohv surwv vrqw vxsìulhxuv gdqv g*dxwuhv
pdufkìv
5174
Iruphv gh pdufkì = frqfxuuhqfh lpsduidlwh
ohv dssolfdwlrqv frqfuëwhv gh od frqfxuuhqfh sduidlwh vrqw uduhv =
pdufkì ghv fìuìdohv
fhuwdlqv pdufkìv qdqflhuv
dlqvl/ od frqfxuuhqfh sduidlwh frqvwlwxh xqh qruph/ xqh uìiìuhqfh wkìrultxh
sdu udssruw ã odtxhooh rq shxw gìqlu od frqfxuuhqfh lpsduidlwh
g*xqh idêrq jìqìudoh/ rq shxw gluh tx*lo | d lpshuihfwlrq gx pdufkì vl
dx prlqv xqh ghv frqglwlrqv gh od frqfxuuhqfh sduidlwh q*hvw sdv yìulìh
oh frqfhsw gh elhq krprjëqh hq sduwlfxolhu hvw vxmhw ã fdxwlrq = ghv gli0
iìuhqfhv gh txdolwì/ ghv glìuhqfhv ghv vhuylfhv/ ghv glìuhqfhv gh orfdolvd0
wlrq/ hwf1/ uhqghqw wrxw elhq ìfkdqjì kìwìurjëqh
5175
Iruphv gh pdufkì = frqfxuuhqfh prqrsrolvwltxh
o*devhqfh g*krprjìqìlwì hvw xqh vrxufh gh glìuhqfldwlrq ghv surgxlwv/
fh txl frqiëuh ã fkdtxh surgxfwhxu2yhqghxu xqh srvlwlrq gh prqrsroh ã
sursrv gx elhq tx*lo surgxlw2yhqg
, frqfxuuhqfh prqrsrolvwltxh vl oh qrpeuh g*ruhxuv hvw ìohyì hw
v*lo q*| d sdv gh eduulëuhv ã o*hqwuìh/ fkdtxh yhqghxu hvw
gdqv xqh fhuwdlqh phvxuh prqrsrohxu gx elhq tx*lo yhqg
pdlv grlw qìdqprlqv whqlu frpswh gh od frqfxuuhqfh suryhqdqw gh
o*ruh gh surgxlw vhpeodeohv
5176
Prqrsroh yv roljrsroh/ prqrsvrqh yv roljrsvrqh
prqrsroh oh fdv h{wuíph rü lo q*h{lvwh tx*xq vhxo ruhxu srxu xq elhq
q*d|dqw dxfxq vxevwlwxw surfkh = fhwwh iruph gh pdufkì shx iuìtxhqwh vhuw
gh prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh dx píph wlwuh txh oh prgëoh frqfxuuhqwlho
roljrsroh xqh vwuxfwxuh gh pdufkì gdqv odtxhooh rsëuhqw xq shwlw qrp0
euh g*hqwuhsulvhv
prqrsvrqh oh fdv h{wuíph rü lo q*h{lvwh tx*xq vhxo ghpdqghxu srxu
xq elhq
roljrsvrqh xq pdufkì grqw lo q*| d tx*xq shwlw qrpeuh gh frqvrppd0
whxuv
5177
Iruphv gh pdufkì = wdeohdx gh v|qwkëvh
yrlu oh gldjudpph gdqv KSE/ s1 53<
64
5178
Hfrqrplh fhqwudolvìh hw ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì
gdqv wrxwh ìfrqrplh +qdwlrqdoh,/ od vrflìwì vh srvh wurlv sulqflsdohv
txhvwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv =
41 txh surgxluh hw frpelhq surgxluh B
51 frpphqw surgxluh hw rü surgxluh B
61 srxu txl surgxluh B
lo h{lvwh ghx{ judqgv w|shv gh uìsrqvhv ã fhv txhvwlrqv +hw grqf ghx{
judqghv yrlhv srxu o*ìfrqrplh srolwltxh, =
41 o*ìfrqrplh fhqwudolvìh
51 o*ìfrqrplh gìfhqwudolvìh rx o*ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì
5179
Hfrqrplh fhqwudolvìh = irqfwlrqqhphqw
ohv gìflvlrqv | vrqw sulvhv sdu o*Hwdw txl uìsrqg oxl0píph dx{ txhvwlrqv
srvìhv fl0ghvvxv
fhv gìflvlrqv vrqw ìoderuìhv gdqv oh fdguh g*xqh sodqlfdwlrq gh od sur0
gxfwlrq hw gh od frqvrppdwlrq
hoohv vrqw hqvxlwh lpsrvìhv dx{ surgxfwhxuv hw dx{ frqvrppdwhxuv
517:
Hfrqrplh gh pdufkì +sxuh, = irqfwlrqqhphqw
gdqv xq v|vwëph g*ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì +sxuh, rx g*ìfrqrplh gìfhqwudolvìh/
ohv uìsrqvhv ghv wurlv sulqflsdohv txhvwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv vrqw irxuqlhv sdu
od vlpsoh lqwhudfwlrq ghv ruhv hw ghv ghpdqghv pdqlihvwìhv vxu
glyhuv pdufkìv=
41 pdufkìv ghv surgxlwv +elhqv hw vhuylfhv,
51 pdufkìv ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
fh vrqw ohv gìflvlrqv lqglylgxhoohv ghv surgxfwhxuv hw ghv frqvrppdwhxuv
txl rulhqwhqw o*xwlolvdwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv glvsrqleohv/ od surgxfwlrq hw od
uìsduwlwlrq ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv
517;
Hfrqrplh gh pdufkì +sxuh, = frqfhswv irqgdphq0
wdx{
od sursulìwì sulyìh ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
ohv vljqdx{ ghv sul{ = ohv irxuqlvvhxuv gh idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq/ ohv sur0
gxfwhxuv hw ohv frqvrppdwhxuv rulhqwhqw ohxu frpsruwhphqw hq irqfwlrq
ghv sul{
od vrxyhudlqhwì ghv frqvrppdwhxuv = srxu ghv frqglwlrqv gh surgxf0
wlrq grqqìhv/ fh vrqw ohv fkrl{ ghv frqvrppdwhxuv txl glfwhqw od gìflvlrq
gh surgxfwlrq hw sduwhqw o*doorfdwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv hqwuh ohv glìuhqwv
vhfwhxuv surgxfwliv
65
od pdlq lqylvleoh +Dgdp Vplwk, = od srxuvxlwh sdu fkdfxq gh vrq
lqwìuíw shuvrqqho vhuw ìjdohphqw o*lqwìuíw froohfwli
517<
Hfrqrplh gh pdufkì +sxuh, = vfkìpd
Yrlu oh gldjudpph 514/ dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 49 =
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Gldjudpph 514
5183
Ruguh ìfrqrpltxh gh od Vxlvvh = ohv SPH dx fhqwuh
od Vxlvvh = xqh ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì pl{wh + xq fhuwdlq u÷oh gh o*Hwdw,
yv sxuh
hvvhqwlhoohphqw +hw frpph od soxsduw ghv sd|v hxursìhqv,/ hooh hvw xq sd|v
ghv shwlwhv hw pr|hqqhv hqwuhsulvhv +SPH,
vhorq od gìqlwlrq r!flhooh +vxlvvh,/ ohv SPH vrqw ohv hqwuhsulvhv txl
hpsorlhqw prlqv gh 833 shuvrqqhv =
ohv shwlwhv hqwuhsulvhv ìwdqw fhoohv grqw o*hpsorl qh gìsdvvh sdv
83 shuvrqqhv > hw
ohv hqwuhsulvhv pr|hqqhv ìwdqw fhoohv fruuhvsrqgdqw ã od irxufkhwwh
gh 83 ã 7<< hpsorlv
ohv irufhv hw idleohvvhv g*xqh whooh frqvwhoodwlrq vrqw elhq frqqxhv
irufhv = xqh whooh hqwuhsulvh hvw h{leoh hw surfkh gh od folhqwëoh
idleohvvhv = ohv SPH q*rqw tx*xq dffëv olplwì dx{ pdufkìv 0
qdqflhuv hw qh shxyhqw sdv ìwhqguh idflohphqw ohxuv dfwlylwìv ã
g*dxwuhv sd|v rx gh phwwuh hq sodfh xq uìvhdx wudqviurqwdolhu
g*hqwuhsulvhv
66
5184
Ruguh ìfrqrpltxh gh od Vxlvvh = ìoìphqwv lpsruwdqwv
hq hhw/ od Vxlvvh mrxlw g*xq qlyhdx gh ylh wuëv ìohyì hq whuphv gh
surgxfwlrq hw gh uhyhqx sdu kdelwdqw
shwlw sd|v dx frhxu gx frqwlqhqw hxursìhq hw frpsrvì gh 59 xqlwìv srol0
wltxhv hw dgplqlvwudwlyhv +fdqwrqv,/ hooh ìyroxh gdqv xq hqylurqqhphqw
lqvwlwxwlrqqho hw ìfrqrpltxh sduwlfxolhu
vhv ìoìphqwv lpsruwdqwv vrqw =
o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh vrflìwì pxowlfxowxuhooh
od vwdelolwì gx uìjlph srolwltxh
od delolwì gx v|vwëph mxulgltxh
xqh gìfhqwudolvdwlrq gx srxyrlu +iìgìudolvph, frpelqìh dyhf od sud0
wltxh g*xqh gìprfudwlh vhpl0gluhfwh
srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh oleìudoh hw qrq lqwhuyhqwlrqqlvwh =
gìihqvh gx oleuh0ìfkdqjh
devhqfh uhodwlyh gh vhfwhxuv vxeyhqwlrqqìv +h{fhswlrqv qrwdeohv
= o*djulfxowxuh hw ohv wudqvsruwv,
srolwltxh uìjlrqdoh suxghqwh
5185
Ruguh ìfrqrpltxh gh od Vxlvvh = idfwhxuv idyrudeohv
xq fhuwdlq qrpeuh gh idfwhxuv ìfrqrpltxhv vrqw flwìv srxu h{soltxhu ohv
erqqhv shuirupdqfhv gh o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh shqgdqw od sìulrgh gh
o*dsuëv0jxhuuh =
o*derqgdqfh gh fdslwdo qdqflhu hw xq qlyhdx gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw uhod0
wlyhphqw edv
ghv sduwhqdluhv vrfldx{ txl fkhufkhqw ã frrsìuhu soxw÷w tx*ã v*durqwhu
xqh pdlq g*rhxyuh derqgdqwh hw uhodwlyhphqw txdolìh
ghv lqiudvwuxfwxuhv gh erqqh txdolwì
o*rxyhuwxuh +soxv uìfhqwh, ã od frqfxuuhqfh lqwhuqdwlrqdoh
67
Frxuv 6
6
Flufxlw ìfrqrpltxh 2 frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
614
Sodq
Flufxlw ìfrqrpltxh +vlpsoh/ ìwhqgx/ frpsohw,
Frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
Rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq +frpswh gh surgxfwlrq,
Rswltxh gx uhyhqx +frpswh gh uìsduwlwlrq,
Rswltxh ghv gìshqvhv +frpswh g*xwlolvdwlrq,
Vwdqgdug gh ylh hw txdolwì gh ylh
Furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh
615
Vhfwhxuv lqvwlwxwlrqqhov
djhqw ìfrqrpltxh xq lqglylgx rx xq jurxsh g*lqglylgxv frqvwlwxdqw
xq fhqwuh gh gìflvlrq lqgìshqgdqw
o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh uhjurxsh wrxv fhv djhqwv hq flqt fdwìjrulhv/ vhorq
o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh sulqflsdoh gh fkdtxh w|sh g*djhqwv +, flqt vhfwhxuv
lqvwlwxwlrqqhov =
41 pìqdjhv +frqvrppdwhxuv,
51 vrflìwìv qrq qdqflëuhv +hqwuhsulvhv rx surgxfwhxuv2yhqghxuv,
61 vrflìwìv qdqflëuhv +edqtxhv,
71 dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv +o*Hwdw,
81 lqvwlwxwlrqv vdqv exw oxfudwli gh vhuylfh dx{ pìqdjhv +dgplqlvwud0
wlrqv sulyìhv,
ohv píphv flqt vhfwhxuv lqvwlwxwlrqqhov vrqw dxvvl lpdjlqìv srxu xq vl{lëph
djhqw fwli/ oh uhvwh gx prqgh +o*ìwudqjhu ,
616
Pìqdjhv
xq pìqdjh hvw frqvwlwxì sdu wrxw lqglylgx rx wrxw jurxsh g*lqglylgxv
ylydqw vrxv xq píph wrlw +xq fìoledwdluh/ xq frxsoh pdulì/ xqh idplooh
qrpeuhxvh/ xqh fdvhuqh/ xq prqdvwëuh, +, xqh xqlwì gx fhqwuh gh
gìflvlrq ìfrqrpltxh +oh fkhi gh idplooh/ oh frppdqgdqw gh od fdvhuqh/
oh vxsìulhxu gx prqdvwëuh,
ohv irqfwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv sulqflsdohv ghv pìqdjhv frqvlvwhqw =
ã irxuqlu ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq +irufh gh wudydlo hw fdslwdx{,
dx{ dxwuhv djhqwv
68
ã xwlolvhu ohv uhyhqxv suryhqdqw gh od sursulìwì gh fhv idf0
whxuv srxu od frqvrppdwlrq rx srxu o*ìsdujqh
qrwrqv txh fhwwh fdwìjrulh hvw od vhxoh txl frqfhuqh wrxv ohv phpeuhv g*xqh
vrflìwì +hqwuhsuhqhxu/ edqtxlhu/ fkhi gh o*Hwdw,
617
Hqwuhsulvhv
ohv hqwuhsulvhv +rx ohv vrflìwìv qrq qdqflëuhv, uhjurxshqw wrxwhv ohv rujdq0
lvdwlrqv grqw o*dfwlylwì sulqflsdoh frqvlvwh ã surgxluh hw2rx yhqguh ghv
elhqv rx ghv vhuylfhv qrq qdqflhuv pdufkdqgv +f10ã0g1 ghvwlqìv ã
od yhqwh,
srxu surgxluh/ ohv hqwuhsulvhv rqw ehvrlq gx wudydlo hw gx fdslwdo irxuqlv
sdu ohv pìqdjhv +txl vrqw ohv sursulìwdluhv gh fhv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq,
618
Edqtxhv
ohv edqtxhv +rx ohv vrflìwìv qdqflëuhv/ hq jìqìudo, uhjurxshqw ohv rujdql0
vdwlrqv txl surgxlvhqw ghv vhuylfhv qdqflhuv hw g*dvvxudqfh
ohv vhuylfhv qdqflhuv frqvlvwhqw ã dvvxuhu o*hplvvlrq/ od froohfwh/ od flufxod0
wlrq hw ohv ìfkdqjhv ghv glìuhqwv lqvwuxphqwv gh sdlhphqw/ gh sodfhphqw
hw gh qdqfhphqw +prqqdlh/ ghylvhv/ dfwlrqv/ reoljdwlrqv/ erqv gx Wuìvru/
fuìglwv/ hwf1,
od irqfwlrq sulqflsdoh ghv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv frqvlvwh ã dvvxuhu oh
qdqfhphqw gh o*ìfrqrplh = ohxu u÷oh hvw fhoxl g*lqwhupìgldluh hqwuh
ohv djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv txl ìsdujqhqw +djhqwv ã h{fìghqw gh uhvvrxufhv, hw
fhx{ txl rqw ehvrlq gh irqgv +djhqwv ã gìflw gh qdqfhphqw,
619
O*Hwdw
o*Hwdw +rx o*hqvhpeoh ghv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv, uhjurxsh wrxwhv ohv
rujdqlvdwlrqv grqw o*dfwlylwì sulqflsdoh frqvlvwh =
ã surgxluh ghv vhuylfhv qrq pdufkdqgv
ã uhglvwulexhu oh uhyhqx hw ohv ulfkhvvhv qdwlrqdohv
ohv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv vrqw sulqflsdohphqw qdqfìhv sdu ghv suìohyh0
phqwv reoljdwrluhv +lps÷wv/ wd{hv hw frwlvdwlrqv vrfldohv,
61:
Dgplqlvwudwlrqv sulyìhv
ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv vdqv exw oxfudwli gh vhuylfh dx{ pìqdjhv +rx hq euhi
ohv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sulyìhv, vrqw ghv rujdqlvdwlrqv grqw od irqfwlrq
sulqflsdoh frqvlvwh ã irxuqlu ghv vhuylfhv qrq pdufkdqgv dx{ pìqdjhv
srxu o*hvvhqwlho/ hoohv vrqw qdqfìhv sdu ghv grqv hw frwlvdwlrqv yrorqwdluhv
gdqv fhwwh fdwìjrulh rq fodvvh glyhuvhv dvvrfldwlrqv/ ohv ìjolvhv/ ohv sduwlv
srolwltxhv/ ohv v|qglfdwv
69
61;
O*ìwudqjhu
o*ìwudqjhu +rx oh uhvwh gx prqgh, uhjurxsh ohv pìqdjhv/ ohv hqwuhsulvhv/
ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv hw ohv dgplqlvwudwlrqv +sxeoltxhv rx sulyìhv,
qrq0uìvlghqwv txl hhfwxhqw ghv rsìudwlrqv dyhf ghv djhqwv uìvlghqwv
xq djhqw hvw frqvlgìuì frpph uìvlghqw v*lo h{hufh xqh dfwlylwì vxu oh
whuulwrluh qdwlrqdo shqgdqw dx prlqv xq dq =
dlqvl/ xq wrxulvwh dqjodlv gh sdvvdjh srxu xqh vhpdlqh hq Vxlvvh hvw
qrq0uìvlghqw
pdlv xq wudydloohxu lppljuì lqvwdooì gdqv oh Fdqwrq gh Ydxg +hq
srvvhvvlrq g*xq shuplv F, hvw uìvlghqw gh od Vxlvvh
61<
Flufxlw ìfrqrpltxh
xq vfkìpd v|qwkìwltxh shuphwwdqw gh ylvxdolvhu ohv uhodwlrqv hqwuh ohv
vhfwhxuv lqvwlwxwlrqqhov
fh vfkìpd shxw íwuh soxv rx prlqv gìwdlooì =
flufxlw vlpsoh +, ghx{ vhfwhxuv +pìqdjhv hw hqwuhsulvhv, hw ghx{
pdufkìv +ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv hw gx wudydlo, vdqv srvvlelowì g*ìsdujqhu
flufxlw ìwhqgx +, ghx{ vhfwhxuv hw wurlv pdufkìv / | frpsulv oh
pdufkì qdqflhu
flufxlw frpsohw +, wrxv ohv vhfwhxuv/ | frpsulv o*Hwdw hw o*ìwudqjhu
6143
Flufxlw vlpsoh
yrlu KSE/ s1 53/ od jxuh 514 =
6144
Flufxlw ìwhqgx
yrlu oh gldjudpph 514/ dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 59 =
Valeur ajoutée : 1 000
Investissement : 300
Entreprises
Marché
des biens
et services
Marché
du travail
Consommation : 700
Salaires : 800
Dividents et
intérêts : 200
Marché
financier
Epargne : 300
Gldjudpph 614
6:
Titres : 300
Ménages
6145
Flufxlw frpsohw
yrlu oh gldjudpph 615/ dgdswì gh Y/ s1 58 +od jxuh 7, =
Epargne de l’Etat : 100
Achats de l’Etat : 200
Etat
Crédit de l’étranger : 100
Epargne des
enreprises : 600
Amortissements : 400
Investissement
brut : 2 000
Opérations
en capital
Entreprises
Impôts : 800
Exportations : 400
Importations : 500
Extérieur
Achats de biens et
services : 2 000
Profits,
intérêts : 300
Salaires : 2 000
Epargne des ménages : 800
Impôts des ménages : 500
Ménages
Gldjudpph 615
6146
Flufxlw frpsohw = lqwhusuìwdwlrq
oh flufxlw gdqv oh gldjudpph 615 q*d sdv od suìwhqwlrq g*íwuh yìulwdeohphqw
frpsohw
rq srxuudlw hqfruh | dmrxwhu gh qrpeuhxvhv rsìudwlrqv = lqyhvwlvvhphqw gh
o*Hwdw/ wudqvihuv vrfldx{/ hwf1
gdqv fh vfkìpd/ oh flufxlw frpsohw qh frpsruwh txh ghv x{ prqì0
wdluhv rulhqwìv/ gdqv oh vhqvh ghv ëfkhv/ g*xq djhqw yhuv xq dxwuh
fkdtxh ëfkh fruuhvsrqg grqf ã xqh vruwlh g*dujhqw +hpsorlv, srxu xq
djhqw/ hw ã xqh uhqwuìh g*dujhqw +uhvvrxufhv, srxu o*dxwuh
srxu fkdtxh fdwìjrulh g*djhqwv/ xq ìtxloleuh frpswdeoh qìfhvvdluh v*ìwdeolw
hqwuh oh wrwdo ghv hpsorlv hw oh wrwdo ghv uhvvrxufhv
o*h{dpsoh qxpìultxh/ xwlolvì srxu fkluhu fh flufxlw/ fruuhvsrqg ã o*k|srwkëvh
g*xq h{fìghqw exgjìwdluh gh o*Hwdw hw g*xq gìflw gh od edodqfh frpphu0
fldoh dyhf o*h{wìulhxu
6;
6147
Frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
irxuqlw xq fdguh frqfhswxho
srxu xqh uhsuìvhqwdwlrq vlpsolìh hw fkluìh
gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq
dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh +hq jìqìudo/ xqh dqqìh,
d ìwì plvh hq sodfh
gdqv ohv glìuhqwv sd|v gx prqgh
ghsxlv od Vhfrqgh jxhuuh prqgldoh
vrxv o*lpsxovlrq gh o*Rujdqlvdwlrq ghv Qdwlrqv Xqlhv +RQX,
gh qrv mrxuv/ rq xwlolvh od wurlvlëph ìglwlrq/ gh 4<<6 +od suhplëuh ìwdqw gh
4<9;,/ gx V|vwëph ghv frpswhv qdwlrqdx{ +VFQ<6, uìgljì hq frooder0
udwlrq hqwuh oh Irqgv prqìwdluh lqwhuqdwlrqdo +IPL,/ od Edqtxh prqgldoh
+EP,/ o*Rujdqlvdwlrq gh frrsìudwlrq hw gh gìyhorsshphqw ìfrqrpltxhv
+RFGH, hw od Frpplvvlrq ghv Frppxqdxwìv hxursìhqqhv +FFH,
6148
Sulqflsdx{ djuìjdwv pdfurìfrqrpltxhv
rq phvxuh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq/ gxudqw xqh sìulrgh/ ã o*dlgh
ghv frqfhswv dsshoìv djuìjdwv pdfurìfrqrpltxhv =
surgxlw qdwlrqdo euxw +SQ E,
surgxlw lqwìuhlxu euxw +SL E,
uhyhqx qdwlrqdo +UQ,
hwf1
ohv djuìjdwv pdfurìfrqrpltxhv vrqw ìwurlwhphqw olìv hqwuh hx{
6149
Ohv wurlv rswltxhv gh od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
ohv djuìjdwv pdfurìfrqrpltxhv shxyhqw íwuh rewhqxv gh wurlv pdqlëuhv
++, lqwhusuìwìv gdqv wurlv rswltxhv, glìuhqwhv=
41 rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq +frpswhv gh surgxfwlrq hw g*h{sorlwdwlrq, =
rq v*lqwìuhvvh dx yroxph ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv qdx{ surgxlwv/ phvxuì
sdu od vrpph ghv ydohxuv dmrxwìhv gxudqw xqh sìulrgh gdqv xq sd|v
51 rswltxh gx uhyhqx +frpswhv gh uhyhqx hw gh uìsduwlwlrq gh fh uhyhqx,
= rq v*lqwìuhvvh ã od uìsduwlwlrq gh od ydohxu dmrxwìh vrxv iruph gh
uhyhqx sdupl ohv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
61 rswltxh ghv gìshqvhv +frpswh g*xwlolvdwlrq, = rq v*lqwìuhvvh ã o*xwlol0
vdwlrq gh fh uhyhqx sdu ohv glhuhqwv djhqwv vrxv iruph gh gìshqvhv
hw g*ìsdujqh
6<
614:
O*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq = plvh hq jxdugh
od ydohxu gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv qdx{ surgxlwv hvw lqiìulhxuh
ã od vrpph ghv ydohxuv ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv lqglylgxhov surgxlwv
hq hhw/ vl o*rq fdofxoh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq hq dgglwlrq0
qdqw ohv ydohxuv gh wrxv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv lqglylgxhov surgxlwv gxudqw
xqh sìulrgh/ rq vxuhvwlph od ydohxu wrwdoh gh od surgxfwlrq fdu rq frpswh
soxvlhxuv irlv ohv elhqv hw vhuylfhv lqwhupìgldluhv olyuìv sdu ohv hqwuh0
sulvhv ohv xqhv dx{ dxwuhv
srxu ìylwhu gh frpphwuh xqh whooh huuhxu/ lo frylhqw gh idluh od vrpph
ghv ydohxuv dmrxwìhv ghv hqwuhsulvhv
614;
O*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq = frqvrppdwlrqv lqwhu0
pìgldluhv
ohv elhqv g*ìtxlshphqw +gìqlv gdqv 418, dxvvl dsshoìv elhqv fdslwdx{
+rx hqfruh elhqv gh fdslwdo , vh glylvhqw hq =
fdslwdx{ {hv ohv elhqv g*htxlshphqw txl shxyhqw íwuh hpsor|ìv
ã soxvlhxuv uhsulvhv gdqv oh surfhvvxv gh surgxfwlrq +eåwlphqwv hw
pdfklqhv,
fdslwdx{ flufxodqwv ohv elhqv fdslwdx{ txl glvsdudlvvhqw dx frxuv
gx surfhvvxv gh surgxfwlrq +pdwlëuhv suhplëuhv hw pdwlëuhv dx{lol0
dluhv, hw txl vrqw ghvwlqìv ã íwuh wudqvirupìv hq g*dxwuhv elhqv
frqvrppdwlrqv lqwhupìgldluhv od ydohxu ghv elhqv lqwhupìgldluhv
+gìqlv gdqv 419, dxvvl dsshoìv fdslwdx{ flufxodqwv dftxlv dxsuëv
g*dxwuhv hqwuhsulvhv hw xwlolvìv gdqv xq exw surgxfwli
614<
O*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq = ydohxu dmrxwìh
ydoxhu dx sul{ gh pdufkì +ghv elhqv surgxlwv sdu xqh hqwuhsulvh gxudqw
xqh sìulrgh, oh sul{ gh yhqwh g*xqh xqlwì gh surgxlw pxowlsolì sdu od
txdqwlwì +oh qrpeuh, g*xqlwìv surgxlwhv
ydohxu dmrxwìh euxwh +YD, srxu xqh hqwuhsulvh hw srxu xqh sìulrgh od glìuhqfh hqwuh =
od ydohxu dx sul{ gh pdufkì ghv elhqv surgxlwv oh fkluh g*ddluhv
+FD, hw
od ydohxu dx sul{ gh pdufkì ghv frqvrppdwlrqv +dfkdwv, lqwhupì0
gldluhv +DL,
6153
O*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq = looxvwudwlrq
yrlu oh gldjudpph 616/ dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 5; =
73
Exemple : Production de pain
[1] Agriculture => blé
Dépenses
Achats intermédiaires (AI)
Salaires (W)
Intérêts (i)
Amortissements (A)
3URILW
Recettes
0 Chiffre d'affaires (CA)
40 =>
30
5
2
3
Valeur ajoutée brute (VA)
Total
40
40
40
Recettes
72 =>
32
72
72
[2] Minoterie => farine
Dépenses
=> Achats intermédiaires (AI)
Salaires (W)
Intérêts (i)
Amortissements (A)
3URILW
22
5
2
3
Total
[3] Boulangerie => pain
Dépenses
=> Achats intermédiaires (AI)
Salaires (W)
Intérêts (i)
Amortissements (A)
3URILW
Recettes
100
20
3
1
4
Total
28
100
100
<=> Production de pain consolidée : [1] et [2] et [3] considérés ensemble
Dépenses
Achats intermédiaires (AI)
Salaires (W)
Intérêts (i)
Amortissements (A)
3URILW
Total
Recettes
0 Valeur ajoutée brute (VA)
100
72
13
5
10
100
100
100
<=> Valeur ajoutée brute (VA) consolidée
100
cf. Chiffre d'affaires (CA) consolidé
212
Gldjudpph 616
6154
O*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq = pxowl0frpswdjh
hq dgglwlrqqdqw ohv fklhuv g*ddluhv ghv wurlv eudqfkhv/ rq vxuhvwlph od
ydohxu gh od surgxfwlrq wrwdoh fdu od ydohxu gx eoì hvw gìmã frpsulvh gdqv
fhoohv gh od idulqh hw gx sdlq hw od ydohxu gh od idulqh hvw gìmã frpsulvh
gdqv fhooh gx sdlq pxowl0frpswdjh =
q
6
[
[
FDl @
FDl @ 73 . :5 . 433 @ 545 A
l@4
l@4
6
q
[
[
Y Dl @
Y Dl
A 433 @ 73 . 65 . 5; @
l@4
l@4
74
+56,
6155
Ydohxu gh od surgxfwlrq wrwdoh = o*rswltxh gh od sur0
gxfwlrq
od ydohxu gh od surgxfwlrq wrwdoh v*rewlhqw hq idlvdqw od vrpph ghv ydohxuv
dmrxwìhv euxwhv ++, o*rswltxh gh od surgxfwlrq, =
q
6
[
[
Y Dl @
Y Dl @ 73 . 65 . 5; @ 433
l@4
l@4
+57,
hq idlvdqw od vrpph ghv ydohxuv dmrxwìhv euxwhv ghv glìuhqwhv eudqfkhv
g*xqh ìfrqrplh/ rq rewlhqw oh surgxlw lqwìulhxu euxw +SLE, gh fhwwh
ìfrqrplh
6156
Ydohxu gh od surgxfwlrq wrwdoh = o*rswltxh gx uhyhqx
v*rewlhqw dxvvl hq idlvdqw xqh vrpph/ pdlv fhwwh irlv0fl fhooh ghv uhyhqxv
jìqìuhv ++, o*rswltxh gx uhyhqx, =
6
6
6
6
[
[
[
[
Zl .
ll .
Dl .
l @
l@4
l@4
l@4
l@4
@ :5 . 46 . 8 . 43 @ 433
+58,
uhyhqx qdwlrqdo +UQ, od vrpph gh wrxv ohv uhyhqxv uìdolvìv gdqv
o*ìfrqrplh dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh =
Zl uhyhqx g*xq pìqdjh l suryhqdqw gh od sursulìwì gx idfwhxu
wudydlo = uìpxqìudwlrq ghv vdodluhv +ghv shuvrqqhv gìshqgdqwhv, rx
uhyhqx g*h{sorlwdwlrq ghv surihvvlrqv lqgìshqgdqwhv
ll uhyhqx g*xq pìqdjh l suryhqdqw gh od sursulìwì gx idfwhxu fdslwdo
l uhyhqx gh o*hqwuhsuhqqhxu rx surw +eìqìfh,
6157
Ydohxu gh od surgxfwlrq wrwdoh = o*rswltxh ghv gìshqvhv
fhwwh rswltxh shuphw gh gìwhuplqhu oh SLE vrxv o*dqjoh gh od ghpdqgh
joredoh/ \ / txl vh frpsrvh gh =
F ohv gìshqvhv ghv frqvrppdwhxuv hq elhqv hw vhuylfhv +frq0
vrppdwlrq,
L ohv gìshqvhv ghv hqwuhsulvhv hq fdslwdo +lqyhvwlvvhphqw, = od
irupdwlrq lqwìulhxuh euxwh gx fdslwdo {h hw od yduldwlrq ghv vwrfnv
J ohv gìshqvhv +frxudqwhv, gh o*Hwdw/ | frpsulv ohv dvvxudqfhv
vrfldohv
H[ ohv gìshqvhv ghv ìwudqjhuv +oh uhvwh gx prqgh, hq elhqv hw
vhuylfhv qdwlrqdx{ +h{sruwdwlrqv,
LP prlqv ohv gìshqvhv ghv frqvrppdwhxuv gdqv oh sd|v frqvlgìuì
srxu dfkhwhu ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv surgxlwv ã o*ìwudqjhu +lpsruwdwlrqv,
\w Fw . Lw . Jw . H[w LPw
75
+59,
6158
Uhvvrxufhv @ Hpsorlv
od uhodwlrq suìfìghqwh shxw íwuh uhirupxoìh frpph vxlw =
\ . LP F . Lw . Jw . H[w
w ~} w w
~}

uhvvrxufhv
+5:,
hp sorlv
fhod vljqlh txh od ydohxu wrwdoh ghv x{ txl uhqwuhqw vxu oh pdufkì ghv
elhqv hw vhuylfhv +uhvvrxufhv hq elhqv hw vhuylfhv, dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh
w hvw ìjdoh ã od ydohxu wrwdoh ghv x{ txl hq vruwhqw +hpsorlv ghv elhqv
hw vhuylfhv,
6159
SQE 9' SLE
oh SQE hqjoreh o*hqvhpeoh gh od surgxfwlrq uìdolvìh sdu ohv uìvlghqwv wdqw
ã o*lqwìulhxu tx*ã o*h{wìulhxu gx whuulwrluh g*xq sd|v +, oh fulwëuh hvw grqf
fhoxl gh od uìvlghqfh
oh SLE hqjoreh o*hqvhpeoh gh od surgxfwlrq uìdolvìh vxu oh whuulwrluh g*xq
sd|v wdqw sdu ohv uìvlghqwv txh sdu ohv qrq0uìvlghqwv +, oh fulwëuh hvw grqf
fhoxl gx whuulwrluh
oh SQE +lqyhuvhphqw srxu oh SLE, =
lqfoxw oh uhyhqx gx wudydlo ghv uìvlghqwv uìdolvì ã o*ìwudqjhu
hw h{foxw oh uhyhqx gx wudydlo ghv qrq0uìvlghqwv uìdolvì gdqv oh sd|v
lqfoxw oh uhyhqx ghv fdslwdx{ sodfìv ã o*ìwudqjhu sdu ghv uìvl0
ghqwv hw h{foxw oh uhyhqx ghv fdslwdx{ sodfìv gdqv oh sd|v sdu ghv
qrq0uìvlghqwv
615:
SQE ' SLE n QIL
srxu sdvvhu gx SLE dx SQE/ lo vx!w g*dmrxwhu xq whuph = Q I L oh
vrogh gh od edodqfh ghv uhyhqxv suryhqdqw gh od sursulìwì ghv idfwhxuv gh
surgxfwlrq =
+5;,
S Q Ew @ S LEw . Q I Lw
h{hpsoh = od Vxlvvh hq 4<<;/ grqqìhv hq ploolrqv gh iudqfv frxudqwv vhorq
o*Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh 5334/ s1 567/ W71516
S LE<; @ 6;33 <73
Uhyhqx ghv idfwhxuv uhêx gh o*ìwudqjhu @ :33 569
Uhyhqx ghv idfwhxuv yhuvì ã o*ìwudqjhu @ 753 779
, Q I L<; @ :33 569 753 779 @ 5:3 :<3
, S Q E<; @ S LE<; .Q I L<; @ 6;33 <73.5:3 :<3 @ 73;3 :63 A S LE<;
hq Vxlvvh/ jìqìudohphqw/ S Q Ew A S LEw fdu oh vrogh srvlwli gh od edodqfh
ghv uhyhqxv gx fdslwdo o*hpsruwh vxu oh vrogh qìjdwli gh od edodqfh ghv
uhyhqxv gx wudydlo
76
615;
Sul{ gx pdufkì 9' frþw ghv idfwhxuv
gdqv oh SQE +rx SLE, phvxuì sdu gìqlwlrq sdu ohv sul{ gh yhqwh
ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv surgxlwv/ lo | d =
ghv lps÷wv lqgluhfwv +WYD, txl whqghqw ã dxjphqwhu ohv sul{ gx
pdufkì
ghv vxeyhqwlrqv +gh o*Hwdw, txl whqghqw ã ohv glplqxhu
oh SQE +rx SLE, dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv hvw xq phloohxu lqglfdwhxu gh
od fdsdflwì surgxfwlyh g*xqh ìfrqrplh txh oh SQE +rx SLE, dx sul{ gx
pdufkì +fdu lo q*| d sdv gh glvwruwlrqv suryhqdqw gh o*lpsrvlwlrq hw gh
o*lqwhuyhqwlrq ìwdwltxh,
h{hpsoh = od Vxlvvh hq 4<<;/ grqqìhv hq ploolrqv gh iudqfv frxudqwv vhorq
o*Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh 5334/ s1 567/ W71516
615<
S Q E<; dx sul{ gx pdufkì @ 73;3 :63
prlqv lps÷wv lqgluhfwv @ 5;3 88:
soxv vxeyhqwlrqv @ <3 836
S Q E<; dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv @ 73;3 :63 5;3 88: . <3 836 @ 6;<3 9:9
SQE 9' SQQ hw SLE 9' SLQ
oh SQE +rx SLE, lqfoxw =
41 lqyhvwlvvhphqwv gh uhpsodfhphqw txl vhuyhqw ã frpshqvhu o*xvxuh
gx vwrfn gh fdslwdo +frqvrppdwlrq gh fdslwdo {h rx dpruwlvvh0
phqwv,
51 lqyhvwlvvhphqwv g*h{sdqvlrq +rx lqyhvwlvvhphqwv qhwv, txl vhu0
yhqw ã dffurñwuh oh vwrfn gh fdslwdo
oh surgxlw qdwlrqdo qhw +SQQ, rx oh surgxlw lqwìulhxu qhw +SLQ, qh frpsuhqg txh ohv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv qhwv +, vd yduldwlrq irxuqlw xqh
phloohxuh phvxuh gh od furlvvdqfh gh o*ìfrqrplh txh fhooh gx SQE +rx
SLE,
srxu sdvvhu gh SQE +rx SLE, dx SQQ +rx SLQ,/ lo vx!w g*hqohyhu ohv
dpruwlvvhphqwv/ D =
S Q Qw @ S Q Ew Dw rx S LQw @ S LEw Dw
6163
+5<,
SQQ dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv ' UQ
udssho = od phvxuh gh o*dfwlylwh ìfrqrpltxh g*xqh qdwlrq vhorq o*rswltxh
gx uhyhqx derxwlw ã o*djuìjdw uhyhqx qdwlrqdo +UQ,
fh UQ/ g*dsuëv ohv gìqlwlrqv gh od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh/ hvw dxvvl ìjdo
dx SQQ dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv =
UQw @ S Q Qw dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv
+63,
UQw 9@ S LQw dx frþw ghv idfwhxuv
+64,
pdlv dwwhqwlrq =
77
6164
Ydohxu uìhooh 9' ydohxu qrplqdoh
ydohxu uìhooh +, hq yroxph +, ã sul{ frqvwdqwv
ydohxu qrplqdoh +, hq ydohxu +, ã sul{ frxudqwv
ã q gh vdlvlu od furlvvdqfh uìhooh hqwuh ghx{ sìulrghv txhofrqtxhv/ rq qh
shxw sdv vh edvhu vxu od yduldwlrq gx SQE +rx SLE, hq whuphv qrplqdx{
fdu fhwwh yduldwlrq frqwlhqw =
xqh sduw uh ìwdqw od yduldwlrq gh od txdqwlwì ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv
surgxlwv
xqh sduw uh ìwdqw od yduldwlrq ghv sul{ dx{txhov vrqw ìydoxìv fhv elhqv
hw vhuylfhv
dxwuhphqw glw/
furlvvdqfh qrplqdoh @
@ furlvvdqfh uìhooh . hhw gh yduldwlrq ghv sul{
6165
+65,
Furlvvdqfh uìhooh hw qrplqdoh = hqfruh xq h{hpsoh
vxlvvh
SLE = od Vxlvvh hq 4<<304<<</ grqqìhv hq ploolrqv gh iudqfv frxudqwv vhorq
J0]Q/ s1 67
S LE qrplqdo
Lqglfh ghv sul{
4<<3
64:3 636
433> 33
4<<;
6;33 <73
448> 73
4<<<
6;;3 <<:
449> 38
srxu fdofxohu oh wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh uìho gh o*ìfrqrplh vxlvvh hqwuh 4<<3
hw 4<<</ rq h{sulph oh SLE gh 4<<< dx sul{ gh 4<<3 =
6;;3 <<: 433=33
6683 4;4
449=38
txh o*rq frpsduh dyhf oh SLE gh 4<<3 =
6683 4;4 64:3 636
433 8> 9(
64:3 636
ã qrwhu txh oh wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh qrplqdo q*d sdv gh vhqv ìfrqrpltxh=
6;;3 <<: 64:3 636
433 55> 9(
64:3 636
78
6166
Gì dwhxuv lpsolflwhv
ohv djuìjdwv gh od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh vrqw vrxyhqw glvsrqleohv ã od irlv
sul{ <<
sul{ <3
, hw dx{ sul{ frqvwdqwv +S LE<<
,
dx{ sul{ frxudqwv +S LE<<
ohv djuìjdwv dx{ sul{ frqvwdqwv vrqw rewhqxv hq gì dwdqw vìsduìphqw ohxuv
frpsrvdqwhv +srxu oh SLE = F/ L/ J/ H[/ LP,
oh gì dwhxu lpsolflwh g*xq djuìjdw grqqì hvw gìql frpph oh udssruw
hqwuh o*djuìjdw dx{ sul{ frxudqwv hw o*djuìjdw dx{ sul{ frqvwdqwv
h{hpsoh = grqqìhv gdqv oh wdeohdx suìfìghqw
SLE
S<<
>sul{
6167
<3
<<
6;; <<:
433 449> 4
433 @
sul{ <3
668 4;4
S LE<<
sul{
S LE<<
3
3
+66,
SQE +rx SLE, sdu wíwh
o*dqdo|vh gh o*ìyroxwlrq gx SQE +rx gx SLE, hw vrxyhqw frpsoìwìh sdu xqh
dqdo|vh gh o*ìyroxwlrq gh fhw djuìjdw sdu wíwh
srxu idluh xqh whooh wudqvirupdwlrq/ rq glylvh o*djuìjdw frqvlgìuì sdu oh
qrpeuh g*kdelwdqwv +S rs,
S Q Ew +rx S LEw , sdu wíwh S Q Ew +rx S LEw ,
S rsw
+67,
fh w|sh g*lqglfdwhxu hvw xwloh ã ghx{ wlwuhv =
srxu mxjhu gh o*ìyroxwlrq gx qlyhdx pr|hq gh elhq0íwuh lqglylgxho
ghv uìvlghqwv g*xq sd|v gdqv oh whpsv
srxu surfìghu ã ghv frpsdudlvrqv gx qlyhdx pr|hq gh elhq0íwuh
hqwuh sd|v gh wdloohv glìuhqwhv
6168
Surgxfwlylwì +dssduhqwh, gh wudydlo
xq dxwuh djuìjdw sdu wíwh +OS , =
OSw S Q Ew +rx S LEw ,
Hpsow
+68,
rü Hpso hvw oh qrpeuh gh od srsxodwlrq dfwlyh rffxsìh shuvrqqhv txl
wudydloohqw
fhw lqglfdwhxu shuphw gh vdyrlu vl xqh yduldwlrq gx SLE uìho g*xqh dqqìh
ã o*dxwuh surylhqw =
g*xqh yduldwlrq gx qrpeuh gh shuvrqqhv dfwlyhv rffxsìhv/ Hpsow
g*xqh yduldwlrq gh od surgxfwlrq sdu wudydloohxu/ OSw
79
6169
Fulwltxhv gx SQE +rx SLE, g*ruguh vwdwlvwltxh hw
frqfhswxho
od delolwì gh od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh gìshqg gx gìjuì gh vrsklvwl0
fdwlrq gh o*dssduhlo vwdwlvwltxh gx sd|v , gl!fxowì gh frpsdudlvrqv
hqwuh sd|v
lo q*hvw sdv wrxmrxuv srvvleoh g*ìwdeolu ohv vwdwvlvwltxhv gh pdqlëuh gluhfwh
, hvwlpdwlrqv lqgluhfwhv +dssur{lpdwlrqv,
ohv dfwlylwìv vrxwhuudlqhv ìfkdsshqw sdu gìqlwlrq ã od frpswdelolwì
qdwlrqdoh , wudf gh gurjxh +sdufh tx*loohjdo, rx uhyhqxv qrq gìfoduìv
+srxu ìfkdshu dx vf,
ohv djuìjdwv gh od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqoh vrqw ghv lqglfdwhxuv txdqwlwdwliv
, qh qrxv uhqvhljqhqw grqf sdv vxu ohv fkdqjhphqwv txdolwdwliv +ruglqd0
whxuv/ vnlv,
od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh uhfhqvh ghv x{ +surgxfwlrq/ frqvrppdwlrq,
pdlv sdv ghv vwrfnv +ulfkhvvh, , devhqfh g*lqirupdwlrq +suìflvh, vxu oh
vwrfn gh fdslwdo
616:
Fulwltxhv gx SQE +rx SLE, hq wdqw txh phvxuh gx
elhq0íwuh
SQE +rx SLE, qh wlhqw sdv frpswh =
ghv vrxufhv gh elhq0íwuh qrq0txdqwldeohv +surphqdgh hq idplooh,
ghv h{whuqdolwìv srvlwlyhv rx qìjdwlyhv dffrpsdjqdqw ohv dfwlylwìv
gh surgxfwlrq hw gh frqvrppdwlrq , vrxv0hvwlpdwlrq rx vxuhv0
wlpdwlrq gx SQE +rx SLE, hq wdqw tx*lqglfdwhxu gh elhq0íwuh +ìgx0
fdwlrq yv frqvwuxfwlrq hqwudñqdqw od ghvwuxfwlrq gx sd|vdjh qdwxuho/
ydfflqdwlrq yv flufxodwlrq dxwrpreloh vrxufh gh srooxwlrq gh o*dlu hw
gh qxlvdqfh vrqruh,
gh od frpsrvlwlrq gh od surgxfwlrq = od ydulìwì ghv elhqv hw
vhuylfhv
gh od uìsduwlwlrq gx uhyhqx +h{hpsoh ã vxlyuh,
ghv dfwlylwìv surgxfwlyhv qrq pdufkdqghv +wudydlo grphvwltxh/
eulfrodjh,
616;
Frxueh gh Oruhq} hw lqglfh gh Jlql
phvxuhv gx ghjuì g*lqìjdolwì gh od uìsduwlwlrq gx uhyhqx ã wudyhuv
glìuhqwhv frxfkhv gh od srsxodwlrq =
od wkìrulh +dgdswìh gh J]0Q/ ss1 6<073,
oh fdv vxlvvh +vhorq o*Dqqxdluh vwdwlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh 5334/ s1 553,=
h{hpsoh hw lqwhusuìwdwlrq hq fodvvh
7:
616<
Lqglfdwhxuv gh txdolwì gh ylh
exw = frpsoìwhu od yxh +lpsduidlwh, gìjdjìh sdu od frpswdelolwì qdwlrqdoh
vxu oh elhq0íwuh
lqglfdwhxuv +hw ohxuv grpdlqhv,
hvsìudqfh gh ylh +vdqwì,
qlyhdx pr|hq gh vfrodulwì +ìgxfdwlrq,
wdx{ gh fkrpdjh +hpsorl,
krudluh gh wudydlo khegrpdgdluh +wudydlo,
whpsv frqvdfuì dx{ orlvluv +orlvluv,
sduw ghv pìqdjhv grqw oh orjhphqw q*hvw sdv ìtxlsì g*hdx fkdxgh
+orjhphqw,
sduw ghv pìqdjhv glvsrvdqw g*xqh yrlwxuh +wudqvsruw,
sduw gh od vxuidfh qrq eåwlh +hqylurqqhphqw qdwxuho,
wdx{ gh glyrufh +idplooh hw hqylurqqhphqw vrfldo ,
hwf1
6173
Furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh = ohv idfwhxuv g*ruh dx fhq0
wuh g*lqwìuíw
oh prgëoh qìr0fodvvltxh ìwxglh o*ìyroxwlrq whpsruhooh gx uhyhqx qdwlrqdo
vxu xq orqj whuph/ hq whqdqw frpswh ghv hhwv gh fdsdflwì hqjhqguìv sdu
xq lqyhvwlvvhphqw qhw furlvvdqw +ohv dvshfwv vwuxfwxuhov g*xqh ìfrqrplh,
gdqv od wkìrulh gh od furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh fh vrqw ohv idfwhxuv g*ruh
txl vrqw plv hq ìylghqfh hw qrq sdv ohv wkìrulhv frqmrqfwxuhoohv hw ohv idf0
whxuv gh ghpdqgh/ vxu ohvtxhov vh irfdolvh hq uhydqfkh oh prgëoh nh|qìvlhq
6174
Furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh = ghjuì gh vxevwlwxwlrq hqwuh
ohv idfwhxuv
lpdjlqrqv xqh irqfwlrq gh surgxfwlrq pdfurìfrqrpltxh wuëv jìqìudoh
grqw ohv dujxphqwv vrqw ohv idfwhxuv fdslwdo/ N/ hw wudydlo/ O
oh ghjuì gh vxevwlwxwlrq hqwuh ohv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq mrxh xq u÷oh
irqgdphqwdo gdqv o*ìwxgh ghv srvvlelolwìv gh furlvvdqfh g*xqh ìfrqrplh
od suìvhqfh gh vxevwlwxwlrq lpsoltxh tx*xq píph qlyhdx gh surgxfwlrq
shxw íwuh dwwhlqw hq xwlolvdqw ohv idfwhxuv gdqv ghv sursruwlrqv glìuhqwhv
, vrxsohvvh +rx h{lelolwì, gdqv oh surfhvvxv gh surgxfwlrq
o*devhqfh wrwdoh gh vxevwlwxwlrq vljqlh txh ohv idfwhxuv vrqw xwlolvìhv
gdqv ghv sursruwlrqv {hv
7;
6175
Furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh = uhqghphqwv ã o*ìfkhooh
od irqfwlrq gh surgxfwlrq gh Free0Grxjodv hvw xq h{hpsoh fodvvltxh
gh whfkqrorjlh ã idfwhxuv vxevwlwxdeohv =
[ @ I +N> O, @ dN O > A 3> A 3
+69,
vl ohv idfwhxuv vrqw wrxv pxowlsolìv sdu xqh píph frqvwdqwh =
hw vl . @ 4 +, od irqfwlrq suìvhqwh uhqghphqwv frqvwdqwv ã
o*ìfkhooh = oh surgxlw [ txl hq gìfrxoh hvw oxl dxvvl pxowlsoh gh A 4
hw vl . A 4 +, uhqghphqwv furlvvdqwv ã o*ìfkhooh = oh surgxlw [
txl hq gìfrxoh hvw pxowlsolì sdu xqh ydohxu vxsìulhxu ã hw vl . ? 4 +, uhqghphqwv gìfurlvvdqwv ã o*ìfkhooh = oh surgxlw
[ txl hq gìfrxoh hvw pxowlsolì sdu xqh ydohxu lqiìulhxu ã 6176
Irqfwlrq gh surgxfwlrq gh Free0Grxjodv = iruph lq0
whqvlyh
. @ 4 +, od irqfwlrq gh Free0Grxjodv hvw glwh olqìdluh krprjëqh
=
+6:,
[ @ I +N> O, @ dN O4
3
4
E N O F dN O4
[
F
@IE
C O > OD @
O
O
~}
n
[
@ I +n> 4, @ dN O44
O
N
[
@ i +n, @ d
O
O
[
@ i +n, @ dn
O
+6;,
i +n,/ dyhf n N
O / hvw od iruph lqwhqvlyh gh I +N> O,
6177
Irqfwlrq gh surgxfwlrq gh Free0Grxjodv = wdx{ gh
furlvvdqfh
dyhf xqh irqfwlrq gh surgxfwlrq gh Free0Grxjodv olqìdluh krprjëqh/
oh wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh gh o*ìfrqrplh v*ìfulw +hq xwlolvdqw vd glìuhqwlhooh
wrwdoh, =
4
O4gN . d +4 , N O gO
g[ @ dN ~}

~}

CI +N>O,
CN
7<
CI +N>O,
CO
dN 4 O4 gN N
d +4 , N O gO O
g[
@
.
[
[
N
[
O
[
[
} ~
} ~
4
g[
dN O
dN O4 gO
gN
@
. +4 ,
[
[
N
[
O
gN
gO
g[
@
. +4 ,
[
N
O
+6<,
oh wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh gh od surgxfwlrq +j[ g[
[ , hvw xqh pr|hqqh
srqgìuìh gx wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh gx fdslwdo +jN gN
N , hw gx wdx{ gh
furlvvdqfh gx wudydlo +jO gO
,
O
6178
Furlvvdqfh ìfrqrpltxh = wkìrulh qìr0fodvvltxh
oh prgëoh gh Vrorz +sul{ Qreho hq 4<;:,
o*ruh gh wudydlo furñwuh dx wdx{ h{rjëqh +frqvwdqw, gh jO @ q
o*ìsdujqh hvw xqh iudfwlrq frqvwdqwh gx surgxlw qdwlrqdo = Vw @ v\w
o*ìsdujqh hvw wrwdohphqw lqyhvwlh sdu ohv hqwuhsuhqhxuv = Lw Nw.4 Nw @
Vw @ v\w
oh wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh gh o*ìfrqrplh hvw grqf/ dyhf xqh irqfwlrq gh surgxf0
wlrq gh Free0Grxjodv=
j\ @ jN . +4 , jO
j\ @ v\w
. +4 , q
Nw
v \w
j\ @ NOww . +4 , q
Ow
j\ @ 6179
vi+nw ,
. +4 , q
nw
Prgëoh qìr0fodvvltxh = ìtxloleuh gh orqj whuph
yrlu KSE/ s1 59</ od jxuh 4518
83
617:
Prgëoh qìr0fodvvltxh = lqwhusuìwdwlrq
o*ìfrqrplh whqg yhuv xq vhqwlhu gh furlvvdqfh txl hvw who txh =
jN @
v\w
@ jO @ q
Nw
+73,
xqh irlv fh vhqwlhu dwwhlqw/ fhod lpsoltxh txh oh udssruw +glw dxvvl fdslwdo
sdu wíwh rx lqwhqvlwì gh fdslwdo , uhvwh frqvwdqw =
nw Nw
@ frqvw @ n
Ow
yx txh od srsxodwlrq furñw dx wdx{ q +h{rjëqh hw frqvwdqw,/ o*lqyhvwlvvhphqw
qìfhvvdluh srxu jdughu n @ n hvw qn =
vl n ? n doruv vi +n, A qn
vl n A n doruv vi +n, ? qn
od vxevwlwxwlrq hqwuh ohv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq hw oh oleuh pìfdqlvph ghv
sul{ frqwulexhqw ã idluh whqguh o*ìfrqrplh yhuv xq vhqwlhu gh furlvvdqfh
ìtxloleuì
617;
Prgëoh nh|qìvlhq = ohv idfwhxuv gh ghpdqgh dx fhq0
wuh g*lqwìuíw
oh prgëoh nh|qìvlhq dqdo|vh od irupdwlrq gx uhyhqx srxu xqh fdsdf0
lwì gh surgxfwlrq grqqìh +ohv dvshfwv frqmrqfwxuhov g*xqh ìfrqrplh, =
o*lqyhvwlvvhphqw | hvw wudlwì frpph xqh yduldeoh h{rjëqh vdqv whqlu frpswh
gh o*dxjphqwdwlrq gx vwrfn gh fdslwdo +oìjlwlph srxu xqh frxuwh sìulrgh
fdu od yduldwlrq gx fdslwdo hvw plqlph,
frqwudluhphqw dx prgëoh qìr0fodvvltxh/ fh vrqw ohv idfwhxuv gh ghpdqgh hw
oh frxuw whuph txl vrqw dffhqwxìv gdqv od wkìrulh gh od gìpdqgh djuìjìh/
ohv idfwhxuv g*ruh hw oh orqj whuph q*ìwdqw soxv dx fhqwuh g*lqwìuíw
617<
Prgëoh nh|qìvlhq = od irqfwlrq gh frqvrppdwlrq
vl oh uhyhqx qdwlrqdo/ \ / dxjphqwh/ ohv gìshqvìv ã wlwuh gh frqvrppdwlrq/
F/ dxjphqwhqw ìjdohphqw +fruuìodwlrq srvlwlyh,
irqfwlrq gh frqvrppdwlrq =
g gFg\+\ ,
gF +\ ,
A 3 hw
?3
F @ F +\ , > dyhf
g\
g\
+74,
surshqvlrq pdujlqdoh ã frqvrpphu = PS F gFg\+\ ,
surshqvlrq pr|hqqh ã frqvrpphu = DS F F +\\ ,
surshqvlrq pdujlqdoh ã ìsdujqhu = PS V 4 P S F
od irqfwlrq gh frqvrppdwlrq pdfurìfrqrpltxh hvw xqh ìtxdwlrq gh frp0
sruwhphqw txl qrxv dssuhqg gh txho idfwhxu gìshqg od frqvrppdwlrq
djuìjìh
84
6183
Prgëoh nh|qìvlhq = h{hpsoh qxpìultxh
vrlw +yrlu KSE/ s1 73/ od jxuh 616, =
5
5
F +\ , @ \ +, P S F @ DS F @
6
6
+75,
83 . 56 \
5
5
@ DS F
F +\ , @ 83 . \ +, P S F @ 9@
6
6
\
+76,
yduldeoh dxwrqrph txl qh gìshqg sdv gx qlyhdx gx UQ
yduldeoh lqgxlwh txl gìshqg gx qlyhdx gx UQ
lqyhvwlvvhphqwv h{ dqwh hqylvdjìv +sdu ohv surgxfwhxuv, dx gìexw g*xqh
sìulrgh
lqyhvwlvvhphqwv h{ srvw uìdolvìv ã od q g*xqh sìulrgh
Lh{
6184
dqwh
@ 533
+77,
Prgëoh nh|qìvlhq = ìtxloleuh gh frxuw whuph
yrlu KSE/ s1 7:/ od jxuh 619
6185
Prgëoh nh|qìvlhq = lqwhusuìwdwlrq
frqglwlrq g*ìtxloleuh = xqh gurlwh lvvxh gh o*ruljlqh txl frxsh o*dqjoh
gurlw hq ghx{ sduwlhv ìjdohv +elvvhfwulfh, +, od vrpph gh gìshqvhv/
F +\ , . Lh{ s rvw +phvxuìh hq rugrqqìh, grlw íwuh ìjdoh ã od ydohxu gx UQ/
\ +hq devflvvh,
fhwwh frqglwlrq g*ìtxloleuh/
\ @ F +\ , . Lh{
s rvw
@
5
\ . Lh{
6
s rvw
+78,
qh glw ulhq vxu oh qlyhdx gx UQ uìdolvì/ hooh lqgltxh vhxohphqw txh o*ìtxloleuh
fruuhvsrqg hq wrxw fdv ã xq srlqw gh od elvvhfwulfh
srxu gìwhuplqhu fh srlqw/ rq frqvwuxlw od gurlwh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh/
5 \ .Lh{ dqwh +sdu ghx{ srlqwv = \ @ 3 , F @ 533 hw \ @ 633 , F @ 733,
6
oh srlqw g*lqwhuvhfwlrq gh od ghpdqgh djuìjìh +rx hhfwlyh, dyhf od
frqglwlrq g*ìtxloleuh gìwhuplqh oh qlyhdx gx UQ
85
Frxuv 7
7
Frqmrqfwxuh
714
Sodq
F|fohv frqmrqfwxuhov
Lqglfdwhxuv frqmrqfwxuhov +dydqfìv/ frqfrplwdqwv/ uhwdugìv,
Fdxvhv ghv yduldwlrqv frqmrqfwxuhoohv
Hoìphqwv gh od pdvvh prqìwdluh
Lqvwuxphqwv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh +EQV,
Lq dwlrq2gì dwlrq2vwdj dwlrq
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh +fodvvltxh/ nh|qìvlhqqh/ prqìwdulvwh/ gìshqgdqw
gh o*ruh,
Pdufkì gx wudydlo
715
F|foh frqmrqfwxuho +rx frqmrqfwxuh, = gìqlwlrq
ohv yduldwlrqv ã frxuw whuph gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh +grqw oh gìurxohphqw
q*hvw sdv xqliruph,
soxv suìflvìphqw =
od vxffhvvlrq +soxv rx prlqv uìjxolëuh, ghv skdvhv gh gìfolq hw gh
uhsulvh g*xqh ìfrqrplh
dxwrxu gh vrq ìtxloleuh gh orqj whuph +f10ã1g1 dxwrxu gh vd whqgdqfh
whpsruhooh sulqflsdoh,
fhv xfwxdwlrqv gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh vh wurxyhqw dx fhqwuh gh o*ìwxgh
gh od pdfurìfrqrplh gdqv od phvxuh rü =
od frqwudfwlrq gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh hqjhqguh jìqìudohphqw oh fk÷0
pdjh
o*h{sdqvlrq gh o*ìfrqrplh shxw jìqìuhu ghv whqgdqfhv lq dwlrqqlvwhv
716
F|foh frqmrqfwxuho = looxvwudwlrq
xq f|foh frqmrqfwxuho shxw íwuh glylvì hq txdwuh skdvhv = h{sdqvlrq/ vrp0
phw/ frqwudfwlrq hw fuhx{
fkdtxh q gh skdvh gh f|foh vh frqirqg dyhf oh gìexw gh od skdvh vxlydqwh
xq uhwrxuqhphqw frqmrqfwxuho pdutxh oh fkdqjhphqw gh fds revhuyì dx
vrpphw rx dx fuhx{ gx f|foh frqmrqfwxuho
yrlu oh gldjudpph 714/ dgdswì gh J]0Q/ s1 74
86
sommet
PIB réel
sommet
tendance de long terme
creux
sommet
creux
contraction
expansion
contraction
expansion
temps
Gldjudpph 714
717
F|foh frqmrqfwxuho = ohv txdwuh skdvhv
h{sdqvlrq +rx uhsulvh, o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh +phvxuì sdu oh SLE rx
SQE, dxjphqwh hw grqf oh ghjuì g*xwlolvdwlrq ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
dxjphqwh dxvvl
vrpphw od ydohxu od soxv ìohyìh gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh hvw dwwhlqwh
dx whuph g*xqh skdvh g*h{sdqvlrq hw ohv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq vrqw ã ohxu
ghjuì g*xwlolvdwlrq pd{lpdo
frqwudfwlrq +rx uìfhvvlrq, o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh gìfolqh dsuëv dyrlu
dwwhlqw xq vrpphw hw oh ghjuì g*xwlolvdwlrq ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq
glplqxh dxvvl
fuhx{ +rx fulvh, o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh dwwhlqw vd ydohxu od soxv edvvh
dx whuph g*xqh skdvh gh frqwudfwlrq hw ohv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq vrqw ã
ohxu ghjuì g*xwlolvdwlrq plqlpdo
718
Lqglfdwhxuv frqmrqfwxuhov
gìqlwlrq = grqqìhv vwdwlvwltxhv
sxeolìhv hq iuìtxhqfh phqvxhooh rx wulphvwulhooh +f10ã0g1 hq wdqw txh
vìulhv whpsruhoohv,
srxu fhuwdlqhv yduldeohv +pdfur,ìfrqrpltxhv
txl uìvxphqw o*ìwdw gh o*ìfrqrplh g*xq sd|v rx g*xqh uìjlrq
u÷oh = shuphwwuh dx{ vhfwhxuv sulyì hw sxeolf
g*xwlolvhu vrxv xqh iruph frpsdfwh o*lqirupdwlrq vwdwlvwltxh od soxv
uìfhqwh frqfhuqdqw o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frqglwlrqv gh ghpdqgh hw g*ruh
vxu glyhuv pdufkìv
gh idluh ghv suìylvlrqv +pdfur,ìfrqrpltxhv txl vrqw xwlohv vlqrq lq0
glvshqvdeohv gdqv od sodqlfdwlrq gh ohxuv dfwlylwìv
whuplqrorjlh = lqglfdwhxu lqglfh edurpëwuh frxueh frqmrqfwxuho+oh,
vrqw ghv v|qrq|phv
87
719
Lqglfdwhxuv frqmrqfwxuhov lqglylgxhov
lqglfdwhxuv dydqfìv +ohdglqj, txl whqghqw ã suìfìghu ohv kdxwv hw ohv
edv gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh jìqìudoh =
ohv hqwuìhv gh frppdqghv
ohv djuìjdwv prqìwdluhv
ohv prglfdwlrqv gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh +uìho,
lqglfdwhxuv frqfrplwdqwv +frlqflghqw, txl whqghqw ã dffrpsdjqhu
o*ìyroxwlrq frqmrqfwxuhooh jìqìudoh =
oh frpphufh gh gìwdlo
o*hpsorl
od surgxfwlrq lqgxvwulhooh
oh SLE +srxu dxwdqw tx*lo vrlw glvsrqleoh,
lqglfdwhxuv uhwdugìv +odjjhg, txl whqghqw ã vxlyuh od frqmrqfwxuh +hw
txl q*rqw grqf sdv gh ydohxu suìylvlrqqhooh, =
o*LSF hvw oh soxv frqqx g*hqwuh hx{
71:
Lqglfhv frqmrqfwxuhov v|qwkìwltxhv
rq hvw wrxw qdwxuhoohphqw srxvvì ã xwlolvhu ohv vìulhv dydqfìhv srxu suìyrlu
o*ìyroxwlrq +pdfur,ìfrqrpltxh ã frxuw whuph/ f10ã0g1 gdqv ohv vl{ ã
grx}h prlv ã yhqlu
dx olhx g*hpsor|hu gh whoohv vìulhv vìsduìphqw/ od sudwltxh kdelwxhooh frq0
vlvwh ã vìohfwlrqqhu ohv soxv deohv g*hqwuh hoohv hw ã ohv uhjurxshu gdqv
xq vhxo lqglfh v|qwkìwltxh txl ghyudlw irxuqlu od phloohxuh suìylvlrq
srvvleoh gh od frqmrqfwxuh ã yhqlu
lo hvw ìjdohphqw srvvleoh g*lqfoxuh txhotxhv vìulhv frqfrplwdqwhv hq wdqw
txh frpsrvdqwhv g*xq lqglfdwhxu v|qwkìwltxh/ pdlv o*lqfoxvlrq ghv vìulhv
uhwdugìhv q*d sdv gh vhqv
xq who lqglfh gh v|qwkëvh suìvhqwh o*dydqwdjh g*íwuh glvsrqleoh elhq dydqw
ohv vwdwlvwltxhv soxv joredohv frpph fhooh gx SLE wulphvwulho +vrlw lqh{lv0
wdqwh/ vrlw sxeolìh dyhf xq judqg uhwdug,
71;
Lqglfhv gh v|qwkëvh = gl!fxowìv
uhjurxshu ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv gdqv xq vhxo lqglfh uhsuìvhqwdwli q*hvw
sdv idfloh
g*derug/ fhv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv vrqw hq sulqflsh gh qdwxuh wuëv glyhuvh
+, kìwìurjëqhv
hqvxlwh/ hoohv vrqw vrxyhqw h{sulpìhv hq xqlwìv glìuhqwhv =
iudqfv frxudqwv
88
iudqfv frqvwdqwv
yroxph sk|vltxh
qrpeuh gh shuvrqqhv
lqglfhv
hwf1
71<
Lqglfhv gh v|qwkëvh = pìwkrgrorjlhv
srxu fdofxohu xq lqglfh gh v|qwkëvh/ wurlv dssurfkhv vrqw jìqìudohphqw
frqqxhv =
41 lqglfh gh glxvlrq +od pìwkrgh od soxv vlpsoh, fdofxohu od sursruwlrq
gh vwdwlvwltxhv grqw oh qlyhdx dxjphqwh g*xq prlv +rx g*xq wulphvwuh, ã
o*dxwuh = hpsor|ì dx Mdsrq sdu o*Hfrqrplf Sodqqlqj Djhqf|
51 lqglfh g*djuìjdwlrq +suìiìuì fdu o*lqglfh gh glxvlrq hvw wurs lqvwdeoh,
idluh fkdtxh prlv +rx wulphvwuh, od pr|hqqh +srqgìuìh rx qrq, ghv
wdx{ gh furlvvdqfh ghv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv hw fxpxohu oh wdx{ pr|hq
srxu rewhqlu xq lqglfh v|qwkìwltxh = odujhphqw hpsor|ì sdu oh Exuhdx
ri Oderu Vwdwlvwlfv dx{ Hwdwv0Xqlv/ o*RFGH ã Sdulv/ oh NRI2HSI] hq
Vxlvvh
61 lqglfh txl uìvxowh gh od whfkqltxh ìfrqrpìwultxh ghv frpsrvdqwhv sulq0
flsdohv = hpsor|ì sdu oh Fuìd +ã wlwuh g*looxvwudwlrq/ fh fdofxo hvw uìvxpì
gdqv ohv sdjhv vxlydqwhv,
7143
Edurpëwuhv Fuìd = looxvwudwlrq
oh judskltxh fl0ghvvrxv uhsurgxlw gx qxpìur oh soxv uìfhqw gh od eurfkxuh
Frqmrqfwxuh urpdqgh hw vxlvvh gh o*Lqvwlwxw Fuìd prqwuh ohv frxuehv
frqmrqfwxuhoohv srxu od Urpdqglh hw srxu od Vxlvvh = +ã suìvhqwhu hw glv0
fxwhu hq fodvvh,
7144
Edurpëwuhv Fuìd = lqwhusuìwdwlrq
ohv edurpëwuhv Fuìd vrqw ghv lqglfhv gh v|qwkëvh frqêxv srxu phvxuhu/
frpsduhu hw suìyrlu o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh
lov vrqw dfwxdolvìv hw sxeolìv fkdtxh wulphvwuh srxu ohv vl{ fdqwrqv urpdqgv
sulv vìsduìphqw hw gdqv vrqv hqvhpeoh + Urpdqglh, dlqvl txh srxu
od Vxlvvh
od frxueh uhsuìvhqwdwlyh gh fkdtxh lqglfh uh ëwh o*ìyroxwlrq gh od frq0
mrqfwxuh orfdoh
od ydohxu pr|hqqh gh o*lqglfh/ qrupdolvìh ã 433/ hvw lqgltxìh sdu xqh oljqh
gurlwh fruuhvsrqgdqw ã o*ìwdw g*ìtxloleuh +gh orqj whuph, gh o*ìfrqrplh
hq sduwlfxolhu/ xqh ydohxu ghv lqglfhv Fuìd surfkh gh 433 vljqlh txh od
frqmrqfwxuh hvw qrupdoh rx ìtxloleuìh/ xqh ydohxu lqiìulhxuh ã 433 lqgltxh
xqh idleoh dfwlylwì hw xqh ydohxu vxsìulhxuh ã 433 fruuhvsrqg ã xqh iruwh
dfwlylwì
89
7145
Edurpëwuhv Fuìd = vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv
od frqvwuxfwlrq ghv edurpëwuhv Fuìd vxlvvh hw fdqwrqdx{ qìfhvvlwh xqh
vìohfwlrq ghv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv
txdwuh fulwëuhv gh fkrl{ vrqw uhwhqxv =
41 glvsrqlelolwì phqvxhooh rx wulphvwulhooh
51 orqjxhxu gh o*ìfkdqwloorq
61 ìyroxwlrq frpsdudeoh ã fhooh gx SLE
71 dydqfh sdu udssruw ã o*ìyroxwlrq gx SLE = ohv frpsrvdqwhv grlyhqw dwwhlq0
guh ohxuv srlqwv gh uhwrxuqhphqw txhotxhv wulphvwuhv dydqw fhx{ gx SLE
uìho +dq txh o*lqglfdwhxu sxlvvh íwuh xwlolvì ã ghv qv gh suìylvlrqv,
txdwuh jurxshv ghv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv =
41 olìhv ã od frqvrppdwlrq ghv pìqdjhv
51 olìhv ã o*lqgxvwulh hw dx{ h{sruwdwlrqv
61 olìhv dx vhfwhxu gh od frqvwuxfwlrq
71 olìhv ã o*hpsorl hw dx{ vdodluhv
7146
Edurpëwuhv Fuìd = gìfrpsrvlwlrq g*xqh vìulh whp0
sruhooh
srxu frqvwuxluh xq edurpëwuh gh v|qwkëvh hq vxlydqw o*dssurfkh Fuìd/ lo hvw
g*derug qìfhvvdluh g*lvrohu od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh gh fkdfxqh
ghv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv
xqh vìulh whpsruhooh/ ]w / shxw íwuh gìfrpsrvìh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
]w @ Ww . Fw . Vw . %w
+79,
rü od qrwdwlrq vljqlh =
Ww wuhqg rx whqgdqfh whpsruhooh sulqflsdoh
Fw frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh = f*hvw h{dfwhphqw hw vhxohphqw fhwwh frp0
srvdqwh g*xqh vìulh frqvwlwxwlyh txl hvw xwlolvìh gdqv oh fdofxo ghv edurpëwuhv
Fuìd
Vw frpsrvdqwh vdlvrqqlëuh
%w frpsrvdqwh doìdwrluh rx euxlw
8:
7147
Edurpëwuhv Fuìd = owudjh
srxu h{wudluh od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh/ fkdtxh vìulh euxwh hq whuphv
qrplqdx{ hvw g*derug frqyhuwlh hq whuphv uìhov +hq xwlolvdqw o*LSF,
hqvxlwh/ hooh hvw gìvdlvrqqdolvìh +oruvtx*xq hhw vdlvrqqlhu hvw gìfhoì,
sxlv/ rq vrxvwudlw oh wuhqg +oruvtxh fhoxl0fl hvw suìvhqw gdqv od vìulh hq
txhvwlrq, +, od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh gh fhwwh vìulh/ Fw
ohv frpsrvdqwhv frqmrqfwxuhoohv dlqvl rewhqxhv srxu wrxwhv ohv vìulhv frq0
vwlwxwlyhv grlyhqw íwuh qrupdolvìhv +hq vrxvwud|dqw ã fkdfxqh g*hqwuh hoohv
vd pr|hqqh hw hq od glylvdqw sdu vrq ìfduw w|sh/ hvwlpìv wrxv ghx{ vxu od
sìulrgh g*ìfkdqwloorq, srxu tx*hoohv vrlhqw frpsdudeohv
hw/ hqq/ djuìjìhv +sdu od pìwkrgh ghv frpsrvdqwhv sulqflsdohv, hq xq
vhxo edurpëwuh gh v|qwkëvh
7148
Oh fdv gx SLE uìho vxlvvh = judskltxh gh od vìulh
euxwh
ã wlwuh g*looxvwudwlrq/ oh owudjh gx SLE vxlvvh +hq iuìtxhqfh wulphvwulhooh,
hvw sursrvì gdqv ohv sdjhv txl vxlyhqw
od jxuh 714 suìvhqwh od vìulh euxwh gx SLE uìho =
Suisse : PIB réel
mio CHF aux prix de 1990
85000
80000
75000
70000
65000
60000
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Iljxuh 714
Oh fdv gx SLE uìho vxlvvh =
lqwhusuìwdwlrq gh od vìulh euxwh
gdqv oh judskltxh suìfìghqw/ rq revhuyh txh od frxueh gx SLE uìho
g*ìfrqrplh khoyìwltxh hw g*xqh ìfrqrplh hq jìqìudo hvw ã od irlv =
dvfhqgdqwh = whqgdqfh gh orqj whuph/ Ww / olìh ã o*dffxpxodwlrq
gh fdslwdo/ ã od furlvvdqfh gh od srsxodwlrq hw ã o*lqqrydwlrq whfk0
qrorjltxh/ hw
8;
xfwxdqwh = lq xhqfhv frqmrqfwxuhoohv/ Fw / vdlvrqqlëuhv/ Vw / hw doìd0
wrluhv/ %w
srxu ìolplqhu ohv hhwv vdlvrqqlhuv/ od vìulh euxwh gx SLE uìho hvw vrxplvh
ã xqh surfìgxuh gh o*dmxvwhphqw vdlvrqqlhu = gdqv fh fdv sduwlfxolhu/ od
surfìgxuh ìfrqrpìwultxh dssoltxìh hvw fhooh gh glìuhqfh gh od pr|hqqh
preloh 0 dgglwlyh +glhuhqfh iurp prylqj dyhudjh 0 dgglwlyh,
7149
Oh fdv gx SLE uìho vxlvvh = vìulh gìvdlvrqqdolvìh
od jxuh 715 suìvhqwh od vìulh gìvdlvrqqdolvìh gx SLE uìho =
Suisse : PIB réel, série désaisonnalisée
84000
80000
76000
72000
68000
64000
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Iljxuh 715
rq revhuyh txh od frxueh hvw pdlqwhqdqw ehdxfrxs soxv olvvh +rx soxw÷w
olvvìh,
714:
Oh fdv gx SLE uìho vxlvvh = wuhqg hw frpsrvdqwh frq0
mrqfwxuhooh
srxu vìsduhu oh wuhqg gh od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh rq xwlolvh vrxyhqw
xq wuhqg olqìdluh vlpsoh/ f10ã0g1 rq uìjuhvvh od vìulh gìvdlvrqqdolvìh vxu
xqh frqvwdqwh hw vxu xqh whqgdqfh whpsruhooh olqìdluh +olqhdu wlph wuhqg,
yrlu od jxuh 716
8<
Suisse : PIB réel, série désaisonnalisée,
et tendance temporelle linéaire
2
échelle normalisée
1
0
-1
-2
-3
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Iljxuh 716
714;
Oh fdv gx SLE uìho vxlvvh = frpsrvdqwh frqmrqf0
wxuhooh
od jxuh 717 suìvhqwh/ txdqw ã hooh/ od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh gh od
vìulh gx SLE uìho dx{ sul{ gh 4<<3 = o*ìtxloleuh gh orqj whuph fruuhvsrqg
ã od oljqh gurlwh txl sdvvh sdu 3
Suisse : PIB réel, composante conjoncturelle
6000
4000
2000
0
-2000
-4000
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
Iljxuh 717
714<
Edurpëwuh Fuìd = ydohxu suìylvlrqqhooh
od surfìgxuh gh owudjh looxvwuìh fl0ghvvxv hvw dssoltxìh ã wrxwhv ohv vìulhv
frqvwlwxwlyhv
93
hoohv vrqw hqvxlwh djuìjìhv hq xq vhxo lqglfdwhxu gh v|qwkëvh
fhwwh djuìjdwlrq gh vìulhv kìwìurjëqhv hvw uhqgx srvvleoh sdu od pìwkrgh
ìfrqrpìwultxh ghv frpsrvdqwhv sulqflsdohv =
hooh shuphw g*h{wudluh gh wrxwhv ohv vìulhv frqvwlwxwlyhv xq lqglfdwhxu
gh v|qwkëvh
txl uìvxph o*hqvhpeoh gh o*lqirupdwlrq frqwhqxh gdqv ohv yduldeohv
frqvlgìuìhv +dx qrpeuh gh 49 srxu o*lqglfh vxlvvh,
srxu yìulhu od ydohxu suìylvlrqqhooh gx edurpëwuh Fuìd dlqvl fdofxoì/
xqh frpsdudlvrq dyhf od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh gx SLE uìho vxlvvh
v*lpsrvh +yrlu soxv edv,
7153
SLE uìho vxlvvh hw edurpëwuh Fuìd
od jxuh 718 prqwuh txh o*lqglfh v|qwkìwltxh Fuìd hvw xq lqglfdwhxu
dydqfì gh od frqmrqfwxuh khoyìwltxh/ o*dydqfh ìwdqw hvwlpìh +ìfrqrpìwultxh0
phqw, ã ghx{ wulphvwuhv
PIB réel suisse et indice de synthèse Créa :
composantes conjoncturelles
3
échelle normalisée
2
1
0
-1
-2
86
88
90
92
PIB réel (prix 1990)
94
96
98
indice de synthèse
Iljxuh 718
7154
Fdxvhv ghv yduldwlrqv frqmrqfwxuhoohv= fkrfv gh od
ghpdqgh hw gh o*ruh
oh irqfwlrqqhphqw g*xqh ìfrqrplh hvw wrxw oh whpsv vxel ã o*lq xhqfh gh
fkrfv
fkrf +ìfrqrpltxh, wrxw ìyìqhphqw +lqdwwhqgx, txl q*hvw frqvwlwxh
sdv xq fkdqjhphqw gdqv od srolwltxh pdfurìfrqrpltxh pdlv txl gìsodfh =
94
vrlw od frxueh gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh fkrf gh od ghpdqgh
fkdqjhphqwv dxwrqrphv gdqv ohv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv/ lpsruwdwlrqv/
h{sruwdwlrqv rx od ghpdqgh gh prqqdlh
vrlw od frxueh g*ruh djuìjìh fkrf gh o*ruh
fkdqjhphqwv dxwrqrphv gdqv o*ruh g*xq elhq g*lpsruwdqfh pdfur0
ìfrqrpltxh +$ fkrfv sìwurolhuv, rx g*xq idfwhxu gh surgxfwlrq
7155
Fdxvhv ghv yduldwlrqv frqmrqfwxuhoohv= pdufkìv lp0
sduidlwv
vxu ohv pdufkìv sduidlwv +rx h!fdfhv, ohv sul{ v*dgdswhqw lppìgldwhphqw
vxlwh ã glyhuv fkrfv srxu ìtxloleuhu o*ruh hw od ghpdqgh orl gh o*ruh
hw gh od ghpdqgh
hq uìdolwì/ od orl gh o*ruh hw gh od ghpdqgh qh shxw irqfwlrqqhu sduidlwh0
phqw txh vxu ghv pdufkìv uìxqlvvdqw xq fhuwdlq qrpeuh gh frqglwlrqv
od soxsduw gh fhv frqglwlrqv vrqw uhpsolhv vxu ohv erxuvhv hw ohv pdufkìv
qdqflhuv
pdlv ohv pìfdqlvphv g*ìtxloleuh dxwrpdwltxh sdu ohv dmxvwhphqwv gh sul{
mrxhqw wuëv gl!flohphqw vxu ohv pdufkìv gh elhqv hw vhuylfhv hw vxu oh
pdufkì gh wudydlo
gdqv oh frxuw whuph/ ohv sul{ hw ohv vdodluhv vrqw oh soxv vrxyhqw uljlghv
7156
Fdxvhv ghv yduldwlrqv frqmrqfwxuhoohv= gìvìtxloleuhv
gxudeohv
txdqg ohv sul{ qh v*dmxvwhqw sdv +ylwh, srxu pdlqwhqlu o*ìtxloleuh/ ohv djhqwv
v*dgdswhqw dx{ fkrfv hq prgldqw ohv txdqwlwìv gh elhqv hw gh idfwhxuv
hhfwlyhphqw ìfkdqjìhv +vwrfnv/ surgxfwlrq/ hpsorl,
lov qh uìdolvhqw soxv ohxuv sodqv +gh surgxfwlrq/ gh wudydlo/ gh frqvrppd0
wlrq,
o*ìfrqrplh ulvtxh doruv gh v*lqvwdoohu gxudeohphqw gdqv oh gìvìtxloleuh
vxu oh pdufkì gx wudydlo , fk÷pdjh
vxu oh pdufkì gh od prqqdlh , lq dwlrq
h{wìulhxu , gìflwv gh od edodqfh ghv sdlhphqwv , ghwwh h{wìulhxuh
, vrxv0xwlolvdwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv surgxfwlyhv , furlvvdqfh udohqwlh rx
píph gìsuhvvlrq surorqjìh gh o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh
95
7157
Prqqdlh = gìqlwlrq hw irqfwlrqv
gìqlwlrq = wrxw fh txl hvw jìqìudohphqw dffhswì frpph sdlhphqw hq
ìfkdqjh gh elhqv hw vhuylfhv
rq dwwulexh wurlv irqfwlrqv ã od prqqdlh =
41 lqwhupìgldluh ghv ìfkdqjhv +rx pr|hq gh sdlhphqw, vdqv od prq0
qdlh/ ohv ìfkdqjhv v*hhfwxhudlhqw vrxv iruph gh wurf +, grxeoh fròqfl0
ghqfh ghv ehvrlqv +gìvluv, , od prqqdlh idflolwh o*ìfkdqjh
51 xqlwì gh frpswh +rx phvxuh ghv ydohxuv, shuphw gh idluh ghv fdo0
fxov/ g*h{sulphu ohv sul{ gh pdqlëuh xqltxh hw gh whqlu ghv frpswhv hq
dgglwlrqqdqw ghv txdqwlwìv kìwìurjëqhv
61 uìvhuyh gh ydohxu shuphw ã wudqviìuhu oh srxyrlu g*dfkdw gdqv oh whpsv
+fi1 g*dxwuhv uìvhuyhv gh ydohxu whoohv txh ohv pìwdx{ suìflhx{/ ohv dfwliv
qdqflhuv/ o*lpprelolhu/ hwf1,
7158
Prqqdlh = txdolwìv
ohv txdolwìv vxlydqwhv vrqw h{ljìhv g*xq elhq srxu tx*lo sxlvvh vhuylu gh
prqqdlh =
dffhswdelolwì sdu wrxv
gxudelolwì
glylvlelolwì
idflolwì gh wudqvsruw
gl!fxowì gh frqwuhidêrq
7159
+Vwrfn gh, Prqqdlh = iruphv
+vwrfn gh, prqqdlh o*hqvhpeoh ghv pr|hqv gh sdlhphqw txl flufxohqw
ã o*lqwìulhxu g*xq whuulwrluh/ vrxv ghx{ iruphv +g*lpsruwdqfh lqìjdoh, =
41 prqqdlh gxfldluh ìplvh gdqv fkdtxh sd|v sdu ohv dxwrulwìv prqìwdluhv
+d, prqqdlh glylvlrqqdluh rx g*dssrlqw +slëfhv pìwdooltxhv,
+e, eloohwv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh
51 prqqdlh vfulswxudoh ohv dyrluv vdqv frqvlvwdqfh pdwìulhooh txl flufxohqw
sdu xqh vlpsoh ìfulwxuh frpswdeoh = soxv gh :3( +gdqv ohv sd|v rfflghq0
wdx{,
+d, gìs÷wv ã yxh dxsuëv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh
+e, gìs÷wv ã yxh dxsuëv ghv dxwuhv edqtxhv flufxodqw sdu fkëtxhv rx
yluhphqwv
+f, frpswhv frxudqwv srvwdx{ +dxsuëv ghv SWW,
96
715:
Fuìdwlrq gh prqqdlh sdu od edqtxh fhqwudoh = sdvvli
fi1 oh elodq vlpsolì g*xqh edqtxh fhqwudoh/ KSE/ s1 :3 =
Elodq vlpsolì g*xqh edqtxh fhqwudoh
Dfwli
Sdvvli
Ghylvhv
E = Eloohwv gìwhqxv sdu ohv djhqwv qrq edqfdluhv
U = Uìvhuyhv edqfdluhv
Fuìdqfhv vxu o*Hwdw
Fuìdqfhv vxu o*ìfrqrplh
Glyhuv +dxwuhv srvwhv,
od edqtxh fhqwudoh ìphw gh od prqqdlh gh edvh +rx prqqdlh fhqwudoh,
uhsuìvhqwìh/ gdqv oh sdvvli gh vrq elodq/ sdu =
41 ohv eloohwv gìwhqxv sdu ohv djhqwv qrq edqfdluhv/ E
51 ohv uìvhuyhv gh edqtxhv hq prqqdlh fhqwudoh +eloohwv hw frpswhv frxudqwv
dxsuëv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh, gìwhqxhv sdu ohv dxwuhv edqtxhv/ U
715;
Fuìdwlrq gh prqqdlh sdu od edqtxh fhqwudoh = dfwli
fi1 oh elodq vlpsolì g*xqh edqtxh fhqwudoh/ KSE/ s1 :3 +dx sdudjudskh
suìfìghqw,
o*dfwli gx elodq lqgltxh o*ruljlqh gh od fuìdwlrq gh prqqdlh gh edvh fdu od
edqtxh fhqwudoh ìphw gh od prqqdlh hq frqwuhsduwlh =
41 g*dfkdwv gh ghylvhv +, fuìdqfhv olehooìv hq prqqdlhv ìwudqjëuhv
51 gx qdqfhphqw ghv gìshqvhv gh o*Hwdw sdu ghv dydqfhv hq frpswh
frxudqw hw2rx sdu o*dfkdw gh wlwuhv gh od ghwwh sxeoltxh +erqv gx wuìvru,
61 ghv fuìglwv rfwur|ìv dx{ edqtxhv +, uhqdqfhphqw uìdolvì sdu oh
uìhvfrpswh g*hhwv gh frpphufh +wudlwhv, hw sdu ghv dydqfhv hq frpswh
frxudqw jdudqwlhv sdu od uhplvh gh wlwuhv
715<
Fuìdwlrq gh prqqdlh sdu ohv edqtxhv ruglqdluhv
fi1 oh elodq +frqvrolgì, vlpsolì ghv edqtxhv ruglqdluhv/ KSE/ s1 :4 =
Elodq vlpsolì ghv edqtxhv ruglqdluhv
Dfwli
Sdvvli
U = Uìvhuyhv edqfdluhv G = Gìs÷wv ã yxh
W = Gìs÷wv ã whuph
Ghylvhv
Fuìglwv
ohv edqtxhv ruglqdluhv q*ìphwwhqw sdv gh eloohwv/ hoohv fuìhqw gh od prqqdlh
vfulswxudoh
lo | d fuìdwlrq prqìwdluh gh od sduw ghv edqtxhv gdqv txdwuh fdv =
41 hoohv dfkëwhqw xq dfwli uìho
97
51 hoohv dfkëwhqw ghv ghylvhv
61 hoohv hvfrpswhqw xq wlwuh
71 hoohv rfwurlhqw xqh dydqfh hq frpswh frxudqw +dx{ pìqdjhv rx dx{ hqwuh0
sulvhv, = od iruph od soxv lpsruwdqwh
7163
Hoìphqwv gh od pdvvh prqìwdluh
edvh prqìwdluh/ K od prqqdlh txl hvw ìplvh +ã xq prphqw w, sdu od
edqtxh fhqwudoh =
+7:,
Kw @ Ew . Uw
pdvvh prqìwdluh dx vhqv ìwurlw/ P 4 ohv eloohwv gìwhqxv sdu ohv djhqwv
qrq edqfdluhv hw ohv gìs÷wv ã yxh/ G =
P4w Ew . Gw
+7;,
pdvvh prqìwdluh dx vhqv odujh/ P5 ohv eloohwv gìwhqxv sdu ohv djhqwv
qrq edqfdluhv hw wrxv ohv gìs÷wv +f10ã0g1 | frpsulv ohv gìs÷wv ã whuph/ W ,
=
+7<,
P5w Ew . Gw . Ww @ P 4w . Ww
~}
P 4w
hq Vxlvvh/ W ohv gìs÷wv g*ìsdujqh ghv uìvlghqwv qrq edqfdluhv vdqv ohv
frpswhv gh suìyr|dqfh = grqf/ P6Vxlvvh @ P5 frpph gìql fl0ghvvxv
7164
Lqvwuxphqwv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh
od edqtxh fhqwudoh shxw h{hufhu xq fhuwdlq frqwu÷oh vxu od fuìdwlrq gh od
prqqdlh ã o*dlgh ghv lqvwuxphqwv grqw hooh glvsrvh =
41 srolwltxh gx wdx{ gh uìhvfrpswh luìhvfrpswh %, K &
51 rsìudwlrqv vxu oh pdufkì gh wlwuhv +ìplv qrwdpphqw sdu o*Hwdw, rxyhuw
+rshq pdunhw rshudwlrqv, xq dfkdw gh wlwuhv +, xqh fuìdwlrq gh
prqqdlh fhqwudoh +K %, wdqglv tx*xqh yhqwh gh wlwuhv +, xqh srqfwlrq
gh prqqdlh fhqwudoh +K &,
61 lqwhuyhqwlrq vxu oh pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv xq dfkdw gh ghylvhv +, xqh
fuìdwlrq gh prqqdlh fhqwudoh +K %, wdqglv tx*xqh yhqwh gh ghylvhv +,
xqh srqfwlrq gh prqqdlh fhqwudoh +K &,
71 srolwltxh ghv uìvhuyhv reoljdwrluhv + gìs÷wv ghv edqtxhv ruglqdluhv
jhoìv dxsuëv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh , lqwìuíw sd|ì dx{ edqtxhv lU , lU %, K &
98
7165
Lqvwuxphqwv gh od EQV = whqgdqfhv
od srolwltxh dfwxhooh gh od EQV vh irqgh vxu xqh vwudwìjlh vrxsoh
o*remhfwli gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh khoyìwltxh hvw od vwdelolwì ghv sul{
srxu o*dwwhlqguh/ xqh surfìgxuh dvvh} qrxyhooh glwh lq dwlrq wdujhwlqj
hw edvìh vxu ghv suìylvlrqv gh o*lq dwlrq ã o*dlgh ghv djuìjdwv prqìwdluhv
+wrxw hq whqdqw frpswh gh soxvlhxuv dxwuhv lqglfdwhxuv, hvw hpsor|ìh
hq hhw/ xqh sudwltxh g*lqfrusruhu ghv lqglfdwhxuv gh soxv hq soxv odujhv
gdqv ohv dqdo|vhv ghv frqglwlrqv prqìwdluhv v*revhuyh = od EQV dffrugh soxv
gh srlgv ã P6 +gìqlwlrq vxlvvh, frpph vrq djuìjdw suìiìuì/ od udlvrq
ìwdqw tx*dxvvl elhq P4 txh P5 +gìqlwlrq vxlvvh, vrxuhqw g*xqh iruwh
vhqvlelolwì dx{ uìdpìqdjhphqwv gh sruwhihxlooh +gxv dx{ yduldwlrqv ghv
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw,
7166
Lqvwuxphqwv gh od EQV = w|shv
hq jìqìudo/ od EQV xwlolvh ohv txdwuh w|shv g*lqvwuxphqwv gìqlv suìfìghp0
phqw
od edqtxh frqvwdwh/ hq sduwlfxolhu/ txh P6 +gìqlwlrq vxlvvh, hvw qrq
vhxohphqw vwdeoh ã orqj whuph pdlv dxvvl xq lqglfdwhxu ghv yduldwlrqv gh
o*lq dwlrq dydqfì gh 6 dqv hw ghpl
srxu dssuìflhu ohv ulvtxhv gh o*lq dwlrq ã frxuw hw ã pr|hq whuph/ od EQV frpph g*dloohxuv od judqgh pdmrulwì ghv edqtxhv fhqwudohv idlw ìjdohphqw
dssho ã txhotxhv lqglfdwhxuv gh od frqmrqfwxuh whov txh =
ohv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw
oh wdx{ gh fkdqjh
7167
Lq dwlrq2gì dwlrq2gìvlq dwlrq
lq dwlrq od kdxvvh gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ phvxuì ã o*dlgh ghv
lqglfhv ghv sul{ +oh soxv vrxyhqw/ o*LSF rx oh gì dwhxu lpsolflwh gx SLE rx
gx SQE,
gì dwlrq od edlvvh gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{
+ã glvwlqjxhu gh, gìvlq dwlrq xqh srolwltxh txl vh {h o*remhfwli gh
uìgxluh o*lq dwlrq ghv qlyhdx{ ìohyìv gìmã revhuyìv ghsxlv orqjwhpsv
rq fdofxoh oh wdx{ g*lq dwlrq +hq (, hqwuh ohv prphqwv w 4 hw w frpph =
Sw
} ~
Sw Sw4
433
w Sw4
99
+83,
7168
Vwdj dwlrq
klvwrultxhphqw/ ohv whqvlrqv lq dwlrqqlvwhv v*revhuyhqw dx frxuv g*xqh vxu0
fkdxh gh o*ìfrqrplh/ f10ã0g1 gdqv xqh vlwxdwlrq rü o*dfwlylwì ìfrqrpltxh
hvw wuëv iruwh +DGw A DVw $ ghjuì g*xwlolvdwlrq ghv fdsdflwìv surgxfwlyhv
pd{lpdo,
ohv dqqìhv 4<:3 rqw/ sdu frqwuh/ frqqx xqh lq dwlrq dffìoìuìh vlpxowdqì0
phqw dyhf xqh furlvvdqfh idleoh +rx suhvtxh lqh{lvwdqwh, hw xq fk÷pdjh
hq dxjphqwdwlrq vwdj dwlrq
7169
Fdxvhv gh o*lq dwlrq
41 lq dwlrq sdu ohv frþwv +frvw0sxvk lq dwlrq, suryrtxìh sdu xqh kdxvvh
dxwrqrph ghv frþwv gh surgxfwlrq +DV 0,
51 lq dwlrq sdu od ghpdqgh +ghpdqg0sxoo lq dwlrq, suryrtxìh sdu xq
h{fëv gh ghpdqgh djuìjìh vxu o*ruh djuìjìh +DG (,
61 lq dwlrq g*ruljlqh prqìwdluh hqjhqguìh sdu xqh fuìdwlrq prqìwdluh
h{fhvvlyh +P V %, = xq dffurlvvhphqw gh od pdvvh prqìwdluh vxsìulhxu ã
o*dffurlvvhphqw gx SLE uìho +, o*ìtxdwlrq ghv ìfkdqjhv +g*Luylqj Ilvkhu,
dyhf od ylwhvvh gh flufxodwlrq gh od prqqdlh Yw @ Y @ frqvw =
Pw Y @ Sw \w ,
Pw
Sw
\w
@
.
Pw4
Sw4 \w4
+84,
71 lq dwlrq hqwudñqìh sdu ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv
81 lq dwlrq suryhqdqw gh od vwuxfwxuh gh pdufkìv +ã frxuw whuph,
716:
Od irqfwlrq LV = gìulydwlrq
gìqlwlrq = od uhodwlrq LV +rx fkdtxh srlqw gh od frxueh LV, gìwhuplqh xq
frxsoh gh ydohxuv +\> l, txl ìtxloleuhqw oh pdufkì ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv
gìulydwlrq $ frqvlgìurqv oh prgëoh olqìdluh =
Lw @ \w Fw @ Vw
+85,
Vw @ v\w > 3 ? v ? 4
+86,
Lw @ lw > A 3> A 3
+87,
, lw @ v\w
+88,
+, LV = lw @
9:
v
\w
+89,
716;
Od frxueh LV = judskltxh
p
od frxueh LV d xqh shqwh qìjdwlyh =
i
IS
Y
Iljxuh 719
p
fkdtxh srlqw vxu LV hvw xq ìtxloleuh uìho
716<
Od irqfwlrq OP = gìulydwlrq
gìqlwlrq = od uhodwlrq OP +rx fkdtxh srlqw gh od frxueh OP, gìwhuplqh
xq frxsoh gh ydohxuv +\> l, txl ìtxloleuhqw oh pdufkì gh od prqqdlh
gìulydwlrq $ frqvlgìurqv oh prgëoh olqìdluh =
PwV @ PwG
+8:,
PwV @ P A 3
+8;,
PwG @ . %\w lw > A 3> % A 3> A 3
+8<,
, P @ . %\w lw
+93,
+, OP = lw @
%
P
. \w
9;
+94,
7173
Od frxueh OP = judskltxh
p
od frxueh OP d xqh shqwh srvlwlyh =
i
LM
Y
Iljxuh 71:
p
fkdtxh srlqw vxu OP hvw xq ìtxloleuh prqìwdluh
7174
Oh prgëoh LV0OP = ìoìphqwv
Mrkq Pd|qdug Nh|qhv +4<69, = wkìrulh @, Mrkq Klfnv +4<6:, = judskltxh
xq prgëoh vlpsoh g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo +hw xqltxh, = ghx{ pdufkìv
oh pdufkì gh elhqv hw vhuylfhv +, LV +ìtxloleuh sduwlho hw pxowlsoh,
oh pdufkì gh od prqqdlh +, OP +ìtxloleuh sduwlho hw pxowlsoh,
Sw @ frqvw @ 4 +, w @ 3
yduldeohv h{rjëqhv = ohv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv dxwrqrphv hw o*ruh gh prqqdlh
P
yduldeohv hqgrjëqhv = oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw lw hw oh uhyhqx qdwlrqdo \w
7175
Oh prgëoh LV0OP = ìtxloleuh
ìtxloleuh jìqìudo od uìvroxwlrq gx v|vwëph LV0OP + judskltxh, =
9<
i
LM
E
iE
IS
YE
Y
Iljxuh 71;
o*ìtxloleuh hw xqltxh fdu LV hw OP vrqw ghv oljqhv gurlwhv dyhf ghv shqwhv
rssrvìhv +lqyhuvhv,
7176
Oh prgëoh LV0OP = gìsodfhphqwv
oruvtxh ohv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv dxwrqrphv rx +ohv gìshqvhv gh o*Hwdw J,
dxjphqwhqw/ od frxueh LV vh gìsodfh yhuv oh kdxw +yhuv od gurlwh, =
i
E1
i1E
E0
i0E
LM
dG
IS 0
Y 0E
IS1
Y 1E
Y
Iljxuh 71<
oruvtxh o*ruh gh prqqdlh P dxjphqwh/ od frxueh OP vh gìsodfh yhuv oh
edv +yhuv od gurlwh, =
i
LM0
E0
i0E
E1
i1E
LM1
IS
dM S
Y 0E
Y1E
Iljxuh 7143
:3
Y
7177
Hhwv g*xqh srolwltxh prqìwdluh h{sdqvlrqqlvwh
yrlu oh gldjudpph 715/ sursrvì sdu Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv +4<<<,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq
ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh/ wurlvlëph ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo/
s1 4:< +od jxuh 8, =
Augmentation du crédit disponible effectuée par
l’intermédiaire d’une baisse des taux d’intérêt
[1]
Augmentation de la demande intérieure
Sorties de capitaux
vers l’étranger
[2]
Augmentation
du PIB
Hausse
des prix
Augmentation
des importations
[3]
Augmentation
de l’emploi
Déficit de la
balance commerciale
Déficit de la
balance des capitaux
[4]
Réduction
du chômage
Déficit de ls balance des paiement
Tendance à la dépréciation du taux de change
Gldjudpph 715
7178
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh = gìqlwlrq
srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh
srolwltxhv gh vwdelolvdwlrq
srolwltxh dqwlf|foltxh +frqwuhf|foltxh,
srolwltxh +ìfrqrpltxh, dfwlylvwh
p
ohv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh o*Hwdw vxuwrxw gdqv o*ìyroxwlrq vsrqwdqìh gh od frq0
mrqfwxuh/ pdlv dxvvl grqf gdqv oh irqfwlrqqhphqw gx pdufkì oleuh/ dq gh uhf0
wlhu vhv gìidloodqfhv +srolwltxh plfurìfrqrpltxh, hw g*dwwhlqguh fhuwdlqv re0
mhfwliv +srolwltxh pdfurìfrqrpltxh, yrlu ìjdohphqw ohv sdudjudskhv 7179/ 717:/
717; hw 816
gìidloodqfh gx pdufkì od vlwxdwlrq rü ohv irufhv gx pdufkì oleuh qh
pëqhqw sdv ã xqh doorfdwlrq rswlpdoh ghv uhvvrxufhv uduhv +fh txl mxvwlh
od irqfwlrq doorfdwlyh gh o*Hwdw phqwlrqqìh dx sdudjudskh 816 soxv orlq,
7179
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh = remhfwliv
wudglwlrqqhoohphqw/ od wkìrulh dwwulexh txdwuh remhfwliv +vrxyhqw frqwud0
glfwrluhv hqwuh hx{, ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh =
41 furlvvdqfh vwlpxohu oh gìyhorsshphqw gh od surgxfwlrq hw gx uhyhqx
qdwlrqdo , dpìolruhu oh elhq0íwuh ghv lqglylgxv
51 sohlq hpsorl srxu o*ìfrqrplvwh/ xwlolvhu dx plhx{ wrxv ohv idfwhxuv gh
surgxfwlrq glvsrqleohv srxu oh srolwlflhq/ fhod vh udpëqh oh soxv vrxyhqw
dx sohlq hpsorl gx idfwhxu wudydlo
:4
61 vwdelolwì ghv sul{ olplwhu ohv whqgdqfhv lq dwlrqqlvwhv
71 ìtxloleuh h{wìulhxu ìtxloleuhu ohv hqwuìhv hw vruwlhv gh elhqv/ gh vhu0
ylfhv/ gh uhyhqxv hw gh fdslwdx{ dyhf oh uhvwh gx prqgh
717:
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh = frpsrvdqwhv pdfurìfrqr0
pltxhv
srolwltxh prqìwdluh djlw vxu od txdqwlwì gh prqqdlh hq flufxodwlrq
gdqv o*ìfrqrplh hw vxu vrq sul{ g*rssruwxqlwì/ ã vdyrlu oh qlyhdx ghv wdx{
g*lqwìuíw
srolwltxh gh fkdqjh djlw vxu od ydohxu lqwhuqdwlrqdoh gh od prqqdlh
qdwlrqdoh +f10ã0g1 vxu oh wdx{ gh fkdqjh,
srolwltxh exgjìwdluh djlw vxu ohv suìoëyhphqwv reoljdwrluhv +vf rx
srolwltxh vfdoh, hw vxu ohv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv +srolwltxh ghv gìshqvhv,
717;
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh = frpsrvdqwhv plfurìfrqr0
pltxhv
srolwltxh ghv uhyhqxv whqwh g*lq xhqfhu oh prgh gh qìjrfldwlrq hw
oh qlyhdx gh vdodluhv dlqvl txh oh sduwdjh gh od ydohxu dmrxwìh hqwuh hp0
sor|hxuv hw wudydloohxuv
srolwltxh frpphufldoh djlw vxu ohv frqglwlrqv g*lpsruwdwlrq hw g*h{sru0
wdwlrq ghv elhqv hw ghv vhuylfhv = gurlwv gh grxdqh/ txrwdv g*lpsruwdwlrq +rx
g*h{sruwdwlrq,/ dlgh ã o*h{sruwdwlrq +rx ã o*lpsruwdwlrq,/ qruphv uhtxlvhv
srxu o*hqwuìh ghv surgxlwv ìwudqjhuv/ hwf1
srolwltxh gh od frqfxuuhqfh hw ghv sul{ djlw vxu oh prgh gh irupdwlrq
ghv sul{ hq gìqlvvdqw ohv wduliv sxeolfv hw oh fdguh oìjdo gh irqfwlrqqhphqw
ghv pdufkìv= uëjohv surwìjhdqw od frqfxuuhqfh frqwuh ohv hqwhqwhv hw ohv
prqrsrohv/ hwf1
717<
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh fodvvltxh
ohv gìedwv vxu od srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh frpphqfhqw dyhf Luylqj Ilvkhu/
oh sëuh gh od wkìrulh txdqwlwdwlyh gh od prqqdlh
gdqv vhv wudydx{ gx gìexw gh 530ëph vlëfoh/ lo q*| d txh ghv sul{ +lqql0
phqw, h{leohv hw grqf ghv pdufkìv hq ìtxloleuh shusìwxho +rx sduidlw,
Ilvkhu surfodph oh srvwxodw gh od glfkrwrplh fodvvltxh o*ìtxloleuh gh
wrxwhv ohv judqghxuv uìhoohv v*ìwdeolw vìsduìphqw hw lqgìshqgdpphqw ghv
ohxuv frqwuhsduwlhv qrplqdohv
lo gìqlw ìjdohphqw od idphxvh sursrvlwlrq gh od qhxwudolwì gh od prq0
qdlh o*lpsdfw gh od prqqdlh hw gh od srolwltxh prqìwdluh vxu oh uhyhqx
qdwlrqdo +uìho, hvw qlo +, od prqqdlh hw od srolwltxh prqìwdluh vrqw qhx0
wuhv/ grqf lpsxlvvdqwhv hw/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/ lqxwlohv
:5
7183
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh nh|qìvlhqqh = uìdfwlrq frq0
wuh o*ìfroh fodvvltxh
od Judqgh gìsuhvvlrq , ohv dqqìhv 4<63 hw 4<73/ Mrkq Pd|qdug Nh|qhv
hw ohv nh|qìvlhqv +prgëoh LV0OP,
od srolwltxh prqìwdluh d ghv hhwv lpsruwdqwv vxu o*ìyroxwlrq gh o*ìfrqrplh
uìhooh +gìsodfhphqwv gh od frxueh OP,
od udlvrq uìvlgh gdqv o*k|srwkëvh gh od uljlglwì ghv vdodluhv +hw/ sdu
frqvìtxhqw/ gx qlyhdx jìqìudo ghv sul{ , +, vl o*dmxvwhphqw ghv sul{ hvw
ohqw +uljlgh,/ od srolwltxh prqìwdluh ghylhqw sxlvvdqwh/ hw grqf xwloh srxu
ghv qv gh od vwdelolvdwlrq gx f|foh frqmrqfwxuho
qìdqprlqv/ oh pr|hq sulqflsdo g*lqwhuyhqwlrq srxu fruuljhu ohv gìidloodqfhv
gx pdufkì hvw od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh +gìsodfhphqwv gh od frxueh LV,
7184
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh nh|qìvlhqqh = uìjxodwlrq gh
od ghpdqgh djuìjìh
od sklorvrsklh nh|qìvlhqqh vh irqgh vxu od uìjxodwlrq gh od ghpdqgh djuìjìh/
hhfwxìh vxuwrxw sdu oh eldlv gh od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh
vl o*remhfwli hvw gh vwlpxohu od furlvvdqfh hw gh uìgxluh oh fk÷pdjh/ rq phw
hq sodfh xqh srolwltxh gh uhodqfh gh od ghpdqgh gh frqvrppdwlrq
hw2rx g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw +, kdxvvh ghv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv/ uìgxfwlrq ghv
suìoëyhphqwv reoljdwrluhv/ uìgxfwlrq ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ vwlpxodwlrq gx
fuìglw
ã o*lqyhuvh/ txdqg o*lq dwlrq hvw mxjìh wurs ìohyìh/ rq fkhufkh ã udohqwlu od
ghpdqgh joredoh hq lqyhuvdqw oh vhqv ghv phvxuhv fl0ghvvxv
7185
Srolwltxh nh|qìvlhqqh = glohpphv
fhshqgdqw/ od uìjxodwlrq gh od ghpdqgh vh khxuwh vrxyhqw ã ghx{ glohpphv
=
41 gl!fxowì +vlqrq lpsrvvlelolwì, gh oxwwhu vlpxowdqìphqw frqwuh oh fk÷pdjh
hw o*lq dwlrq +, o*lgìh gh od frxueh gh Skloolsv +yrlu oh judskltxh fl0
ghvvrxv,
51 lqfrpsdwlelolwì +iuìtxhqwh, hqwuh ìtxloleuh lqwhuqh hw ìtxloleuh h{wìulhxu
+, xqh uhodqfh gh od ghpdqgh vwlpxoh ìjdohphqw ohv lpsruwdwlrqv hw shxw
hqjhqguhu xq gìflw gh od edodqfh frpphufldoh
frxueh gh Skloolsv = yrlu oh gldjudpph 716/ sursrvì sdu Jìqìuhx{/
Mdftxhv +4<<<,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh/ wurlvlëph ìglwlrq
plvh ã mrxu/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo s1 5:3 +od jxuh <, =
:6
Courbe de Phillips à long terme
Taux
d’inflation
D
B
E
C
A
Courbe de Phillips à court terme
TCN
Taux de chômage
Gldjudpph 716
7186
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh prqìwdulvwh = uìdfwlrq frq0
wuh o*ìfroh nh|qìvlhqqh
gdqv ohv dqqìhv 4<93/ f*hvw oh prqìwdulvph gh Plowrq Iulhgpdq txl prqwh
vxu vfëqh
lo phw vrxv txhvwlrq oh u÷oh gh od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh dlqvl txh od vwdelolwì
vwuxfwxuhooh +f10ã0g1 ã orqj whuph, gh od frxueh gh Skloolsv
lo h{lvwh xq wdx{ gh fk÷pdjh qdwxuho +WFQ, txl hvw vwdeoh hw lqgìshqgdqwh
gx qlyhdx g*dfwlylwì , ohv srolwltxhv gh uhodqfh qh shxyhqw sdv gxudeoh0
phqw uìgxluh oh fk÷pdjh hq ghêã gh vrq wdx{ qdwxuho
o*hpsorl ghv uëjohv prqìwdluhv +dx olhx gh od glvfuìwlrq nh|qìvlhqqh, =
+Iulhgpdq/ 4<93, xqh furlvvdqfh gh od prqqdlh frqvwdqwh ++, lq d0
wlrq ã xq wdx{ frqvwdqw, hw vx!vdqwh g*dssurylvlrqqhu od furlvvdqfh
gh od surgxfwlylwì
+Iulhgpdq/ 4<9<, xq wdx{ g*lqwìuíw qrplqdo ìjdo ã }ìur ++, gì d0
wlrq,
7187
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh gh o*ruh = uìjxodwlrq gh
o*ruh djuìjìh
ohv fkrfv sìwurolhuv +4<:6 hw 4<:<,/ ohv dqqìhv 4<:3 hw 4<;3
xqh srolwltxh irqgìh vxu o*ruh ghv idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq +vxsso|0vlgh
srolflhv,
od furlvvdqfh hw o*hpsorl vrqw uhfkhufkìv sdu xq dooìjhphqw gh od vfdolwì
vxu oh wudydlo/ o*ìsdujqh hw ohv surwv/ gh idêrq gh vwlpxohu o*ruh gh
idfwhxuv hw dpìolruhu od uhqwdelolwì ghv hqwuhsulvhv
od vwdelolwì ghv sul{ ghyudlw ìjdohphqw íwuh idyrulvìh sdu xq uhqirufhphqw
gh od frqfxuuhqfh
:7
7188
Srolwltxh frqmrqfwxuhooh ghv dqqìhv 4<<3
xq txdvl0frqvhqvxv txl uhfrqqdñw =
od frpsoìphqwdulwì ghv srolwltxhv gh od ghpdqgh hw gh o*ruh
ohxu lpsxlvvdqfh frppxqh ã uìjohu h!fdfhphqw ghv sureoëphv gh
qdwxuh soxv vwuxfwxuhooh +ã orqj whuph, txh frqmrqfwxuhooh +ã frxuw
whuph,/ qrwdpphqw =
oh fk÷pdjh gh orqjxh gxuìh
od sdxyuhwì gdqv ohv sd|v ulfkhv
od wudqvlwlrq ghv dqflhqv sd|v frppxqlvwhv yhuv o*ìfrqrplh gh
pdufkì
od glvsdulwlrq g*xqh uìhooh dxwrqrplh qdwlrqdoh hw od qìfhvvlwì gh phw0
wuh hq rhxyuh ghv srolwltxhv frrugrqqìhv dx sodq lqwhuqdwlrqdo
7189
Ghpdqgh gh wudydlo +, ruh g*hpsorl
od ghpdqgh gh wudydlo/ OG / ìpdqh ghv hqwuhsulvhv
hoohv ghpdqghqw gdydqwdjh g*xqlwìv gh wudydlo dx ixu hw ã phvxuh txh oh
vdodluh edlvvh
srxu pd{lplvhu vrq surw/ od uph hqjdjh gx shuvrqqho mxvtx*ã fh txh oh
wdx{ gh vdodluh uìho +txl hvw grqqì +, pdufkì frqfxuuhqwlho, vrlw ìjdo ã
od surgxfwlylwì pdujlqdoh gh wudydlo
718:
Ghpdqgh gh wudydlo = gìulydwlrq gh od frqglwlrq g*ìtxl0
oleuh
pdwkìpdwltxhphqw =
@
~}
surw
s[ [ OG
~}
~}
sul{ txdqwlwì

~}

G
O ~}Z
+95,
frþw vdoduldo
uhfhwwhv +ydohxu qrplqdoh,
srxu pd{lplvhu fhwwh irqfwlrq gh surw/ lo idxw dqqxohu vd gìulyìh sdu
udssruw ã OG / oh vhxo dujxphqw txl ydulh +oh fdslwdo hvw pdlqwhqx frqvwdqw,
=
g[ OG
g[ OG
g[ OG
Z
g
G
@ s[
Z @ 3 +,
@
+, gO @
Z
gO
gOG
s[
gOG
s[
+96,
od ghpdqgh gh wudydlo/ OG / hvw xqh irqfwlrq gìfurlvvdqwh gx vdodluh uìho
+yrlu ohv jxuhv 7144 hw 7145 soxv orlq,
:8
718;
Ruh gh wudydlo +, ghpdqgh g*hpsorl
o*ruh gh wudydlo/ OV / ìpdqh ghv pìqdjhv
lov frqvlgëuhqw txh oh wudydlo uhsuìvhqwh =
xqh vrxufh gh vdwlvidfwlrq surfxuìh sdu o*xwlolvdwlrq gx uhyhqx tx*lo
hqjhqguh
xqh gìvxwlolwì gxh dx whpsv gh orlvlu vdfulì
oh whpsv gh wudydlo pd{lpdo srxu xq mrxu hvw gh 57 khxuhv =
W
~}
.
khxuhv gh orlvlu
OV
~}
57
+97,
khxuhv gh wudydlo
oh uhyhqx uìho mrxuqdolhu hvw grqf =
|@
doruv =
| @ +57 W ,
Z V
O
s[
Z
s[
~}
+98,
@ 7; 5W
+99,
vl 5 xqlwìv
718<
Ruh gh wudydlo = hhwv gh vxevwlwxwlrq hw gh uhyhqx
hhw gh vxevwlwxwlrq od kdxvvh gh vdodluh lqflwh o*lqglylgx ã yrxorlu
soxv gh wudydlo +fdu vrq frþw g*rssruwxqlwì phvxuì hq whuphv gh uhyhqx
qrq jdjqì dxjphqwh, +, o*lqglylgx whqg ã vxevwlwxhu oh wudydlo dx orlvlu
hhw gh uhyhqx od kdxvvh gh vdodluh lqflwh o*lqglylgx ã yrxorlu soxv gh
orlvlu +vl oh orlvlu hvw xq elhq qrupdo ,
vl o*hhw gh vxevwlwxwlrq grplqh vxu o*hhw gh uhyhqx/ fh txl hvw jìqìudoh0
phqw oh fdv vhorq ohv ìwxghv hpslultxhv/ o*ruh gh wudydlo/ OV / hvw xqh
irqfwlrq furlvvdqwh gx vdodluh uìho +yrlu ohv jxuhv 7144 hw 7145 soxv orlq,
7193
Htxloleuh vxu oh pdufkh gx wudydlo
dyhf gh vdodluhv +sduidlwhphqw, h{leohv o*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì gh wudydlo/
Oh / lpsrvh =
g[ +Oh ,
Z
@
s[
gOh
judskltxhphqw =
:9
W/px
LS
e
W/pxe
LD
Le
L
Iljxuh 7144
7194
Gìvìtxloleuh vxu oh pdufkh gx wudydlo = fk÷pdjh
dyhf gh vdodluhv soxv ìohyìv txh fhx{ fruuhvsrqgdqw ã od surgxfwlylwì pdu0
jlqdoh gx wudydlo hw2rx uljlghv +yhuv oh edv,/ lo | d xq h{fëv gh o*ruh gh
wudydlo +, fk÷pdjh
judskltxhphqw =
W/px
LS
W/px>W/pxe
e
LD
chômage
D
L <Le
LS>Le
Iljxuh 7145
::
L
Frxuv 8
8
Ilqdqfhv sxeoltxhv
814
Sodq
Uhfhwwhv hw gìshqvhv gh o*Hwdw
Hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw +ghwwh sxeoltxh,
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh hw srolwltxh vrfldoh
815
Vhfwhxu sxeolf = gìqlwlrq
Oh vhfwhxu sxeolf frpsuhqg =
41 +dx vhqv ìwurlw, ohv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv
+d, fhqwudohv = o*Hwdw fhqwudo $ od Frqiìgìudwlrq/ hq Vxlvvh
+e, orfdohv = uìjlrqv/ surylqfhv $ ohv Fdqwrqv hw ohv Frppxqhv/ hq
Vxlvvh
+f, gh vìfxulwì vrfldoh $ od suìyr|dqfh vrfldoh/ hq Vxlvvh
51 +dx vhqv odujh, dxvvl ohv hqwuhsulvhv sxeoltxhv = qdqfìhv 83( hw
soxv sdu ghv uhvvrxufhv sxeoltxhv
816
Vhfwhxu sxeolf = irqfwlrqv
vhorq Urehuw Pxvjudyh +4<8<,/ lo | d 6 irqfwlrqv gh o*Hwdw gdqv xqh
ìfrqrplh gh pdufkì =
41 g*doorfdwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv = gìidloodqfh gh pdufkì
51 gh uhglvwulexwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv =
h!fdflwì +ìfrqrpltxh, rswlpdolwì dx vhqv gh Sduhwr
yv
ìtxlwì +vrfldoh, uìsduwlwlrq ìtxlwdeoh +mxvwh, gh od ulfkhvvh hw
gx uhyhqx qdwlrqdx{
61 gh vwdelolvdwlrq +gh uìjxodwlrq, gh o*ìfrqrplh = srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh
+frqmrqfwxuhooh,
817
Frqwudlqwh exgjìwdluh gh o*Hwdw
sduhloohphqw dx{ dxwuhv djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv/ ohv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv
ã wrxv ohv qlyhdx{ gdqv oh fdv g*xq Hwdw iìgìudwli frpph od Vxlvvh/ fh
vrqw od Frqiìgìudwlrq/ ohv 59 fdqwrqv hw ohv hqylurq 6333 frppxqhv/ |
frpsulv oh v|vwëph gh od suìyr|dqfh vrfldoh sxeoltxh grlyhqw revhuyhu
fhuwdlqhv frqwudlqwhv exgjìwdluhv +dqqxhoohv hw lqwhuwhpsruhoohv,
hq g*dxwuhv whuphv/ ohv glìuhqwhv vwuxfwxuhv ìwdwltxhv shxyhqw rswlplvhu
ohxu frpsruwhphqw ìfrqrplfr0vrfldo xqltxhphqw gdqv ohv olplwhv g*xqh
pdujh gh pdqrhxyuh qdqflëuh hw oìjdoh txl ohxu hvw frqìh sdu=
:;
818
od frqvwlwxwlrq
oh gurlw dgplqlvwudwli
oh sduohphqw $ orl exgjìwdluh
ohv ìohfwhxuv
Frpswh qdqflhu +exgjhw, gh o*Hwdw
dq gh txdqwlhu ohv glphqvlrqv gh fhwwh pdujh g*lqwhuyhqwlrq dgplvvleoh
gx jrxyhuqhphqw gdqv od ylh ìfrqrpltxh sulyìh/ ohv uhfhwwhv +rx uhyhqxv,
hw ohv gìshqvhv +rx iudlv, ghv Hwdwv frqwhpsrudlqv vrqw sduwrxw dx prqgh
vsìflìv hq whuphv prqìwdluhv gdqv xq hqvhpeoh ghv frpswhv gh od
vwdwlvwltxh glwh ghv qdqfhv sxeoltxhv +jryhuqphqw qdqfh vwdwlvwlfv,
fhv fkluhv vrqw hvvhqwlhoohphqw djuìjìv +rx frqvrolgìv,/ f10ã0g1 jìqìudolvìv
dsuëv od frqvlgìudwlrq ghv grxeohv lpsxwdwlrqv hqwuh ohv glìuhqwv qlyhdx{
g*dgplqlvwudwlrq sxeoltxh/ gdqv oh frpswh qdqflhu +rx exgjhw, gh
o*Hwdw
819
Frpswh gh irqfwlrqqhphqw hw frpswh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw
oh frpswh qdqflhu hvw frpsrvì =
gx frpswh gh irqfwlrqqhphqw rü rq hquhjlvwuh wrxwhv ohv rsìud0
wlrqv frxudqwhv gh o*Hwdw rsìudwlrqv txl rqw ghv frqvìtxhqfhv gl0
uhfwhv xqltxhphqw gdqv ohv olplwhv gh o*dqqìh hq frxuv
hw gx frpswh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw rü ohv sodfhphqwv ã soxv orqjxh
ìfkìdqfh vrqw frpswdelolvìv
fhv ghx{ frpswhv sulqflsdx{ vrqw/ ã ohxu wrxu/ gìfrpsrvìv hq ìoìphqwv
soxv rx prlqv vsìfltxhv hw gìwdlooìv vhorq ohv vwdqgdugv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ hw
od sudwltxh qdwlrqdoh
81:
Orl exgjìwdluh
oh u÷oh lpsruwdqw txh mrxh o*Hwdw gdqv od ylh ìfrqrpltxh v*h{sulph gdqv
od orl exgjìwdluh txl hvw yrwìh wrxv ohv dqv
fhwwh orl suìyrlw ohv uhfhwwhv hw ohv gìshqvhv txh o*Hwdw yd hhfwxhu gxudqw
o*h{huflfh dqqxho ã yhqlu
o*h{huflfh exgjìwdluh fròqflgh hq sulqflsh dyhf o*dqqìh flyloh +ã txhotxhv
gìodlv hw uhwdugv suëv,
81;
Uhfhwwhv sxeoltxhv 9' uhfhwwhv vfdohv
g*xq f÷wì gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw rq d wrxmrxuv ohv uhfhwwhv sxeoltxhv +rx
uhfhwwhv exgjìwdluhv,
xqh judqgh sduwlh gh fhv uhfhwwhv vrxyhqw soxv ghv ;3( gx wrwdo gdqv
od soxsduw ghv sd|v frqwhpsrudlqv hw txhotxh <3( hq Vxlvvh dx qlyhdx
iìgìudo surylhqqhqw gh o*lpsrvlwlrq gh shuvrqqhv sk|vltxhv hw prudohv
uhfhwwhv vfdohv
:<
lps÷wv gluhfwv fhx{ txl sëvhqw vxu oh uhyhqx hw vxu od iruwxqh
+rx vxu oh sdwulprlqh, ghv pìqdjhv dlqvl txh vxu oh eìqìfh hw vxu oh
fdslwdo ghv vrflìwìv
lps÷wv lqgluhfwv fhx{ txl vrqw shuêxv vxu o*xwlolvdwlrq txl hvw idlwh
ghv uhyhqxv +od WYD hw ohv gurlwv g*dfflvh txl iudsshqw qrwdpphqw
ohv vslulwxhx{/ ohv wdedfv hw oh fduexudqw,
81<
Srolwltxh vfdoh 9' srolwltxh exgjìwdluh
gdqv oh frqwh{wh gh od srolwltxh vfdoh rq sduoh dxvvl gx v|vwëph +rx gx
uìjlph, vfdo rx hqfruh gh od vfdolwì +rx gx vf, g*xq sd|v grqqì = wrxwhv
fhv qrwlrqv vrqw soxv rx prlqv ghv v|qrq|phv
pdlv lo idxw elhq glvwlqjxhu hqwuh srolwltxh vfdoh hw srolwltxh exgjìwdluh
= od srolwltxh vfdoh frqvwlwxh xq frqfhsw soxv ìwurlw txl idlw sduwlh gh od
srolwltxh exgjìwdluh
gx f÷wì ghv uhfhwwhv gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw/ rq wurxyh srxu o*hvvhqwlho ohv
lps÷wv hw ohv wd{hv hq wdqw tx*lqvwuxphqwv gh od srolwltxh vfdoh
gx f÷wì ghv gìshqvhv gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw/ rq d xqh uìsduwlwlrq gh fhv
gìshqvhv txl fruuhvsrqg dx{ ìoìphqwv gh od srolwltxh ghv gìshqvhv
sxeoltxhv
od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh frpsuhqg fhv ghx{ dvshfwv
8143
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = lps÷w iìgìudo gluhfw
+LIG, 0 shuvrqqhv sk|vltxhv
lpsrvì vxu ohv shuvrqqhv sk|vltxhv d|dqw ohxu grplfloh rx vìmrxuqdqw hq
Vxlvvh hw | h{huêdqw xqh dfwlylwì oxfudwlyh/ gdqv ohv olplwhv gh ohxu uhyhqx
euxw
wd{ì wrxv ohv ghx{ dqv vxu od edvh gh od pr|hqqh ghv uhyhqxv ghv ghx{
dqqìhv suìfìghqwhv
hq yhuwx gx sulqflsh gh o*lpsrvlwlrq gh od idplooh/ ohv uhyhqxv ghv ìsrx{
vrqw dgglwlrqqìv txdqg ohv frqmrlqwv ylyhqw hq pìqdjh frppxq
ghv gìgxfwlrqv vrfldohv vrqw dffrugìhv
ohv eduëphv vrqw dpìqdjìv gh idêrq surjuhvvlyh pdlv ohv frqwulexdeohv
pdulìv eìqìflhqw g*xqh fkdujh vfdoh dooìjìh = v|vwëph gx grxeoh eduëph
oh wdx{ oìjdo pd{lpxp vh prqwh ã 44/8(
8144
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = lps÷w iìgìudo gluhfw
+LIG, 0 shuvrqqhv prudohv
ìjdohphqw lpsrvì vxu ohv shuvrqqhv prudohv d|dqw ohxu vlëjh rx ohxu dg0
plqlvwudwlrq hhfwlyh hq Vxlvvh/ gdqv ohv olplwhv gh ohxu eìqìfh qhw
frqwudluhphqw dx{ shuvrqqhv sk|vltxhv/ gdqv oh fdv ghv shuvrqqhv prudohv
fhw lps÷w hvw wd{ì fkdtxh dqqìh
;3
rq glvwlqjxh ghx{ judqghv fdwìjrulhv gh shuvrqqhv prudohv srxu ohvtxhoohv
oh wdx{ gh o*LIG glëuh
8145
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = wdx{ gh o*LIG vhorq od
fdwìjrulh gh vrflìwìv
srxu ohv vrflìwìv gh fdslwdx{ +vrflìwìv dqrq|phv/ vrflìwìv hq frppdq0
glwh sdu dfwlrqv/ vrflìwìv ã uhvsrqvdelolwì olplwìh, hw srxu ohv vrflìwìv
frrsìudwlyhv
o*LIG hvw sursruwlrqqho hw vh prqwh ã ;/8(
ohv vrflìwìv gh sduwlflsdwlrq eìqìflhqw g*xqh uìgxfwlrq wdqglv txh
ohv vrflìwìv kroglqj sxuhv vrqw h{rqìuìhv
srxu ohv dxwuhv shuvrqqhv prudohv +dvvrfldwlrqv/ irqgdwlrqv/ froohfwly0
lwìv hw ìwdeolvvhphqwv gh gurlw sxeolf hw hffoìvldvwltxh/ irqgv gh sodfhphqw
srvvìgdqw ghv lpphxeohv hq sursulìwì gluhfwh,
o*LIG hvw wrxmrxuv sursruwlrqqho pdlv ã xq wdx{ {h gh 7/58(
ohv frusrudwlrqv hw ohv ìwdeolvvhphqwv gh gurlw sxeolf rx hffoìvldvwltxh
vrqw h{rqìuìv
8146
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = lps÷w dqwlflsì iìgìudo
f*hvw xq lps÷w ã od vrxufh
shuêx dx wdx{ gh 68( vxu oh uhqghphqw ghv fdslwdx{ prelolhuv +hq
sduwlfxolhu vxu ohv lqwìuíwv hw ohv glylghqghv, hw vxu ohv jdlqv idlwv gdqv
ohv orwhulhv
dlqvl tx*dx wdx{ gh ;( rx gh 48( vxu ohv suhvwdwlrqv g*dvvxudqfhv
8147
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = gurlwv gh wlpeuh iìgìudx{
shuêx vxu ghv rsìudwlrqv mxulgltxhv/ hq sduwlfxolhu fhoohv txl ylvhqw ã udvvhp0
eohu ghv fdslwdx{ hw fhoohv txl vh udssruwhqw ã od qìjrfldwlrq gh wlwuhv
lo | hq d wurlv ydulìwìv =
41 oh gurlw gh wlpeuh g*ìplvvlrq = shuêx vxu ohv ìplvvlrqv gh wlwuhv vxlvvhv
51 oh gurlw gh wlpeuh gh qìjrfldwlrq = iudssh oh wudqvihuw ã wlwuh rqìuhx{
+dfkdw hw yhqwh, gh od sursulìwì gh fhuwdlqv wlwuhv hw grfxphqwv vxlvvhv rx
ìwudqjhuv
61 oh gurlw gh wlpeuh vxu ohv sulphv g*dvvxudqfhv = gþ vxu ohv sulphv sd|ìhv
srxu o*dvvxudqfh uhvsrqvdelolwì flyloh/ o*dvvxudqfh gh frusv gh yìklfxoh
+fdvfr, dlqvl txh srxu fhuwdlqhv dvvxudqfhv prelolëuhv
;4
8148
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = wd{h vxu od ydohxu
dmrxwìh +WYD,
f*hvw xq lps÷w jìqìudo vxu od frqvrppdwlrq
suìohyìh ã wrxwhv ohv skdvhv gh od surgxfwlrq hw gh od glvwulexwlrq dlqvl
tx*ã o*lpsruwdwlrq gh elhqv hw gh vhuylfhv
vrqw h{rqìuìhv ohv h{sruwdwlrqv gh elhqv hw ohv suhvwdwlrqv gh wudqvsruw
wudqviurqwdolhu hw gh fhuwdlqv vhuylfhv
vrqw h{foxv gx fkdps gh o*lps÷w ohv suhvwdwlrqv gdqv ohv grpdlqhv =
vdqwì/ dvvlvwdqfh vrfldoh/ vìfxulwì vrfldoh/ ìgxfdwlrq hw hqvhljqhphqw/ fxo0
wxuh/ hwf1
oh wdx{ qrupdo gh od WYD v*ìoëyh ã ;/8( +:/8( mxvtx*dx gìexw gh 4<<<,
oh wdx{ vsìfldo grqw eìqìflhqw ohv suhvwdwlrqv k÷wholëuhv +qxlwìh hw shwlw0
gìmhxqhu, hvw {ì ã 6/8(
oh wdx{ uìgxlw +srxu fhuwdlqv fdwìjrulhv gh pdufkdqglvhv, hvw udphqì ã
5/6(
8149
Sulqflsdx{ lps÷wv hq Vxlvvh = gurlwv gh grxdqh
od Vxlvvh frqqdñw ghv gurlwv g*hqwuìh txl vrqw {ìv gdqv oh Wduli ghv
grxdqhv
lo v*djlw hq uëjoh jìqìudoh gh gurlwv fdofxoìv hq irqfwlrq gx srlgv = gurlwv
vsìfltxhv
814:
Gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv = uìsduwlwlrq irqfwlrqqhooh wk ìr0
ultxh
dx qlyhdx wkìrultxh/ ohv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv vrqw vrxyhqw uhjurxsìhv vhorq
ohv judqghv irqfwlrqv gh o*Hwdw $ Eduur hw Julool +4<<7,/ Hxurshdq Pdfur0
hfrqrplfv/ s1 636/ od jxuh 4814 =
gìihqvh qdwlrqdoh
dgplqlvwudwlrq hw mxvwlfh
ìfrqrplh hw wudqvsruw
vìfxulwì vrfldoh +fi1 srolwltxh vrfldoh soxv orlq, =
dvvxudqfh dfflghqwv gh wudydlo
dvvxudqfh pdodglh
shqvlrqv
dvvxudqfh fk÷pdjh
hqvhljqhphqw hw vdqwì
dxwuhv gìshqvhv +| frpsulv ohv sdlhphqwv g*lqwìuíw vxu od ghwwh sxeoltxh,
;5
814;
Gìshqvhv gh od Frqiìgìudwlrq = uìsduwlwlrq sdu jurxsh
gh wåfkhv
dx sodq vwdwlvwltxh/ rq hpsorlh ghv uìsduwlwlrqv gh gìshqvhv ehdxfrxs soxv
gìwdlooìhv=
Dépenses de la Confédération par groupe de tâches, en % du total, 1970
30
25.8
25
20
17.9
10.7
7.3
1.0
0.5
0.4
santé
4.0
3.9
culture et
loisirs
5
11.5
finances et
impôts
10
économie
publique
15.8
15
1.1
environnement,
territoire
trafic
prévoyance
sociale
formation,
enseignement,
…
défense
nationale
relation avec
l'étranger
justice, police,
service de feu
administration
générale
0
Source : OFS, "Annuaire statistique de la Suisse 2001", p. 804, T18.3.1.2.
Dépenses de la Confédération par groupe de tâches, en % du total, 1999
30
26.3
25
18.2
20
13.8
15
10.9
10
1.1
1.1
0.4
santé
4.7
3.7
culture et
loisirs
5
10.8
7.2
1.7
finances et
impôts
économie
publique
environnement,
territoire
trafic
prévoyance
sociale
formation,
enseignement,
…
défense
nationale
relation avec
l'étranger
justice, police,
service de feu
administration
générale
0
Iljxuh 814
814<
Gìshqvhv gh od Frqiìgìudwlrq = whqgdqfhv
fh w|sh gh vwdwlvwltxh prqwuh txh/ hqwuh 4<:3 hw 4<<</ od sduw gh od suìyr|0
dqfh vrfldoh gdqv oh wrwdo ghv gìshqvhv gh od Frqiìgìudwlrq d dxjphqwì
oh soxv/ gh 4:/<( ã 59/6( = hq sduwlfxolhu/ fh vrqw ohv surjudpphv gh vrlqv
gh vdqwì hw o*lqghpqlvdwlrq gx fk÷pdjh txl rqw frqqx od kdxvvh od soxv
lpsruwdqwh dx frxuv gh od sìulrgh 4<;804<<8
sdu frqwuh/ od sduw gh od gìihqvh qdwlrqdoh d vxel od soxv qhwwh frqwudf0
wlrq/ gh 58/;( hq 4<:3 ã 43/<( hq 4<<<
ohv dxwuhv frpsrvdqwhv ghv gìshqvhv iìgìudohv rqw pdlqwhqx ohxuv sduwv
uhodwlyhphqw vwdeohv/ h{fhswì ohv qdqfhv hw lps÷wv +sduwlhoohphqw ã fdxvh
ghv sdlhphqwv g*lqwìuíw vxu od ghwwh iìgìudoh/ hq dxjphqwdwlrq dx frxuv
ghv dqqìhv 4<<3,
;6
8153
Gìshqvhv ghv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv vxlvvhv sdu
irqfwlrq
Dépenses des administrations publiques par fonction, en % du total, 1980
(déduction faite des montants comptés à double)
25
19.3
20
14.2
15
12.1
11.1
8.2
10
6.5
7.7
5.3
4.9
5
6.1
3.1
1.4
finances et
impôts
économie
publique
environnement,
territoire
trafic
prévoyance
sociale
santé
culture et
loisirs
formation,
enseignement,
…
défense
nationale
relations avec
l'étranger
justice, police,
service de feu
administration
générale
0
Dépenses des administrations publiques par fonction, en % du total, 1998
(déduction faite des montants comptés à double)
25
20.6
20
18.0
15
12.3
11.3
10
6.3
5.5
5
4.8
3.9
3.0
1.7
5.2
3.6
finances et
impôts
économie
publique
environnement,
territoire
trafic
prévoyance
sociale
santé
culture et
loisirs
formation,
enseignement,
…
défense
nationale
relations avec
l'étranger
justice, police,
service de feu
administration
générale
0
Iljxuh 815
8154
Gìshqvhv ghv dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv vxlvvhv = whq0
gdqfhv
ohv frpswhv frqvrolgìv gh o*Hwdw khoyìwltxh q*d!fkhqw sdv +h{dfwhphqw,
ohv píphv fkluhv txh fhx{ srxu od Frqiìgìudwlrq sulvh vìsduìphqw oh
u÷oh gh od sìuìtxdwlrq exgjìwdluh +gdqv xq Hwdw iìgìudwli ,
pdlv/ srxu o*hvvhqwlho/ rq uhwurxyh ohv píphv whqgdqfhv +hq yhuvlrq djuìjìh,
dlqvl/ od sduw gh od suìyr|dqfh vrfldoh gdqv oh wrwdo ghv gìshqvhv ghv
dgplqlvwudwlrqv sxeoltxhv d ìjdohphqw dxjphqwì oh soxv/ gh 47/5( ã 53/9(
+4<;304<<;,
wdqglv txh od sduw gh od gìihqvh qdwlrqdoh ã vxel od soxv qhwwh frqwudfwlrq/
gh ;/5( ã 7/;( +4<;304<<;,
ohv dxwuhv frpsrvdqwhv ghv gìshqvhv frqvrolgìhv rqw pdlqwhqx ohxuv sduwv
vdqv judqgv fkdqjhphqwv
;7
8155
Gìshqvhv iìgìudohv vxlvvhv = uìsduwlwlrq sdu qdwxuh/
4<<<
ghsxlv 4<<3/ od vwdwlvwltxh vxlvvh suìvhqwh dxvvl xqh gìfrpsrvlwlrq ghv
gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv sdu qdwxuh
srxu od Frqiìgìudwlrq hq 4<<</ fhwwh uìsduwlwlrq hvw +RIV/ Dqqxdluh vwd0
wlvwltxh gh od Vxlvvh 5334 , =
gìshqvhv frxudqwhv = ;8/:( gx wrwdo +@ 7:/7 plooldugv gh iudqfv,
vxeyhqwlrqv = 7:/<( gx wrwdo
frqvrppdwlrq sxeoltxh = 49/3(
fkdujhv gh shuvrqqho = 43/4(
lqwìuíwv sdvvliv = 9/8(
gìshqvhv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw = 43/9(
vxeyhqwlrqv = ;/8(
lqyhvwlvvhphqwv sursuhv = 4/:(
8156
Uhfhwwhv hw gìshqvhv frxudqwhv yv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw
ohv +frpsrvdqwhv ghv, uhfhwwhv sxeoltxhv hw ohv +frpsrvdqwhv ghv, gìshqvhv
sxeoltxhv frqqdlvvhqw ìjdohphqw fhuwdlqhv gìqlwlrqv rx uìsduwlwlrqv v|pìw0
ultxhv +dqdorjxhv,
xqh suhplëuh whooh glvwlqfwlrq hvw idlwh hqwuh uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv frxudqwhv
hw uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw
ohv uhfhwwhv hw ohv gìshqvhv frxudqwhv vrqw/ orjltxhphqw/ hquhjlvwuìhv gdqv
oh frpswh frxudqw gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw hw frqfhuqhqw dlqvl wrxwhv ohv rsìud0
wlrqv txl rqw ghv frqvìtxhqfhv gluhfwhv xqltxhphqw gdqv ohv olplwhv gh
o*dqqìh hq frxuv
ohv uhfhwwhv hw ohv gìshqvhv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw vrqw/ hq uhydqfkh/ hquhj0
lvwuìhv gdqv oh frpswh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw hw frqfhuqhqw/
ã ohxu wrxu/ wrxwhv ohv rsìudwlrqv ã soxv orqjxh ìfkìdqfh
8157
Uhfhwwhv hw gìshqvhv exgjìwlvìhv yv frpswdelolvìhv
xqh dxwuh glvwlqfwlrq ã vrxoljqhu hvw fhooh hqwuh uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv exgjìwl0
vìhv hw uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv frpswdelolvìhv
exgjìwlvìhv vljqlh txh ohv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv vrqw dssurxyìhv +dsuëv
xq yrwh sduohphqwdluh, hw {ìhv +gdqv od orl exgjìwdluh, g*íwuh uìdolvìhv
gxudqw o*dqqìh txl ylhqw , fh vrqw ghv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv dwwhqgxhv/
hqylvdjìhv/ suìyxhv/ sodqlìhv/ surmhwìhv
frpswdelolvìhv yhxw gluh tx*lo v*djlw gh uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv hhfwlyhphqw
hquhjlvwuìhv +rx uìdolvìhv, gdqv ohv fdlvvhv gh o*Hwdw hq xqh dqqìh vfdoh
+rx qdqflëuh, grqqìh
;8
8158
Uhfhwwhv hw gìshqvhv vwuxfwxuhoohv yv frqmrqfwxuhoohv
rq grlw dxvvl glvwlqjxhu ohv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv hhfwlyhphqw hquhjlvwuìhv
ghv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv dsshoìhv gh sohlq hpsorl rx vwuxfwxuhoohv
ohv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv vwuxfwxuhoohv vrqw fwlyhv dx vhqv tx*hoohv vrqw
wkìrultxhphqw fdofxoìhv srxu xq exgjhw fruuhvsrqgdqw dx{ whpsv gh sohlq
hpsorl , hoohv irqw dlqvl devwudfwlrq gh od frpsrvdqwh frqmrqfwxuhooh ghv
uhfhwwhv rx ghv gìshqvhv hhfwlyhphqw frpswdelolvìhv gdqv oh exgjhw
od glìuhqfh hqwuh ohv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv gh sohlq hpsorl hw fhoohv frpsw0
delolvìhv grqqh ohv uhfhwwhv rx gìshqvhv frqmrqfwxuhoohv
8159
Txrwh0sduw vfdoh
ã ghv qv dqdo|wltxhv/ ohv uhfhwwhv vfdohv +| frpsulv ohv frwlvdwlrqv vr0
fldohv reoljdwrluhv, vrqw iuìtxhpphqw h{sulpìhv hq ( gx SLE g*xq sd|v
txrwh0sduw vfdoh
txrwh0sduw vfdoh hq 4<<</ frpsdudlvrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh =
Quote-part fiscale, 1999
55
50.6
52.1
43.0
44.3
45.4
46.0
France
45
Belgique
50
40.3
35.1
35.1
Espagne
Suisse
40
36.6
37.7
35
30
27.7
Suède
Danemark
Autriche
Italie
Pays-Bas
Allemagne
RoyaumeUni
Japon
25
Source : OFS, "Annuaire statistique de la Suisse 2001", Zurich, 2001, p. 788, T18.1.1.2.
Iljxuh 816
815:
Txrwh0sduw gh o*Hwdw
sdu dqdorjlh/ rq h{sulph vrxyhqw wrxmrxuv ã ghv qv dqdo|wltxhv ohv
gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv +| frpsulv ohv dvvxudqfhv vrfldohv reoljdwrluhv, hq (
gx SLE txrwh0sduw gh o*Hwdw
txrwh0sduw gh o*Hwdw hq 4<<</ frpsdudlvrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh =
;9
Quote-part de l’Etat, 1999
60
48.3
Italie
52.3
Danemark
47.9
Belgique
50
52.1
France
56.0
55
49.8
45.9
45
38.1
38.6
39.1
39.6
Japon
Suisse
RoyaumeUni
Espagne
42.7
40
35
30.0
30
Suède
Autriche
Allemagne
Pays-Bas
Etats-Unis
25
Iljxuh 817
815;
Vrogh exgjìwdluh
od glìuhqfh hqwuh ohv uhfhwwhv +ruglqdluhv rx frxudqwhv, gh o*Hwdw/ W / hw
vhv gìshqvhv +ruglqdluhv rx frxudqwhv,/ J/ gdqv xqh dqqìh vfdoh w=
JEw Ww Jw
+9:,
lo | d =
h{fìghqw exgjìwdluh vl =
JEw Ww Jw A 3
gìflw exgjìwdluh vl =
JEw Ww Jw ? 3
+9<,
ìtxloleuh exgjìwdluh vl =
JEw Ww Jw @ 3
815<
+9;,
+:3,
Gìflw exgjìwdluh = gìqlwlrqv glìuhqwhv
sdu dqdorjlh dyhf ohv gìqlwlrqv glyhuvhv ghv uhfhwwhv hw ghv gìshqvhv/ oh
vrogh exgjìwdluh gh o*Hwdw shxw íwuh gìql g*xqh pdqlëuh rx g*xqh dxwuh/
vhorq ohv remhfwliv ohvtxhov vh srvh xqh dqdo|vh frqfuëwh
dlqvl/ rq sduoh +hq xwlolvdqw ohv qrwlrqv fruuhvsrqgdqwhv ã fhoohv ghv uhfhwwhv
hw ghv gìshqvhv, =
gh gìflw exgjìwlvì hw gh gìflw hhfwlyhphqw hquhjlvwuì +rx uìdolvì,
;:
gh gìflw vwuxfwxuho +rx gh sohlq hpsorl, hw gh gìflw frqmrqfwxuho
gh gìflw gx frpswh gh irqfwlrqqhphqw +rx gìflw frxudqw,/ gh gìflw
gx frpswh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw +rx gìflw hq fdslwdo , rx gh gìflw gx
frpswh qdqflhu +rx gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw, gdqv vd wrwdolwì +grqf gh
gìflw exgjìwdluh,
8163
Gìflw sulpdluh/ lqwìulhxuh rx joredo
oh gìflw2h{fìghqw sxeolf frqqdñw xqh dxwuh gìfrpsrvlwlrq/ odujhphqw xwlo0
lvìh gdqv od uhfkhufkh dssoltxìh =
gìflw sulpdluh +sulpdu| ghflw, fhoxl txl qh wlhqw sdv frpswh
ghv gìshqvhv suryhqdqw gx sdlhphqw ghv lqwìuíwv vxu od ghwwh sxeoltxh
oh fdofxo gx gìflw lqwìulhxu +lqwhuqdo ghflw, frpsuhqg ohv lq0
wìuíwv sd|ìv vxu od ghwwh lqwìulhxuh gh o*Hwdw pdlv sdv vxu od ghwwh
h{wìulhxuh
qdohphqw/ oh gìflw joredo +fdvk ghflw, hvw oh uìvxowdw qhw ghv
wrxwhv ohv uhfhwwhv hw gìshqvhv/ | frpsulv ohv lqwìuíwv +vxu od ghwwh
h{wìulhxuh gh o*Hwdw dxvvl elhq txh vxu od ghwwh lqwìulhxuh,
8164
Txrwh0sduw gx gìflw exgjìwdluh
ã ghv qv dqdo|wltxhv/ oh gìflw2h{fìghqw gx exgjhw gh o*Hwdw +| frpsulv
ohv dvvxudqfhv vrfldohv reoljdwrluhv, hvw/ oxl dxvvl/ vrxyhqw h{sulpì hq (
gx SLE g*xq sd|v txrwh0sduw gx gìflw exgjìwdluh
txrwh0sduw gx gìflw exgjìwdluh hq 4<<</ frpsdudlvrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh
=
Quote-part de l'excédent budgétaire, 1999
4
2.8
1.9
2
1.0
1.0
1.3
-6
-7.0
-8
fulwëuh gh Pddvwulfkw = gìflw 6( gx SLE
Ilqdqfhphqw gx gìflw exgjìwdluh
yrlu KSE/ s1 5<</ oh vfkìpd uìfdslwxodwli
;;
D
an
em
ar
k
Su
èd
e
-B
as
-4
8165
au
m
eU
ni
Pa
ys
R
oy
-0.4
se
-0.7
-U
ni
s
-1.1
Su
is
ag
ne
Be
lg
iq
ue
Es
p
e
-1.8
-1.4
Et
at
s
-1.9
Al
le
m
ag
ne
Ita
lie
e
-2.1
Fr
an
c
-2
Au
tri
ch
Ja
po
n
0
8166
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh dqwlf|foltxh
yrlu KSE/ s1 633/ od jxuh 461:
8167
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh h{sdqvlrqqlvwh
yrlu oh gldjudpph 814/ sursrvì sdu Jìqìuhx{/ Mdftxhv +4<<<,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq
ã od srolwltxh ìfrqrpltxh/ wurlvlëph ìglwlrq plvh ã mrxu/ Hglwlrqv gx Vhxlo/
s1 547 +od jxuh :, =
Augmentation du revenu disponible
Augmentation de la demande publique
[1]
Augmente la demande intérieure
Besoin de financement de l’Etat
[2]
Augmente
Augmente
consommation importations
Hausse
des prix
Augmente demande monnaie
Hausse des
taux d’intérêt
[3]
Excédent de la balance
des capitaux
Multiplicateur Déficit de la balance
Hausse PIB ± forte
commerciale
[4]
Augmente
l’emploi
Ou bien
Forte mobilité des capitaux : excédent
balance des paiements, appréciation
Ou bien
Faible mobilité des capitaux : déficit
balance des paiements, dépréciation
[5]
Réduction
du chômage
Régime changes fixes : augmente masse
monétaire, abaisse taux d’intérêt, renforce
l’effet stimulant, accentue l’inflation
Régime changes fixes : augmente masse
monétaire, réduit taux d’intérêt, limite
l’effet stimulant, freine l’inflation
Gldjudpph 814
8168
Hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw +ghwwh sxeoltxh,
od ghwwh sxeoltxh hvw od uìvxowdqwh =
wdqw ghv srolwltxhv exgjìwdluhv frxudqwhv $ gh o*dffxpxodwlrq g*xq
gìflw rx g*xq h{fìghqw gdqv xqh dqqìh vfdoh/ JEw
txh gh o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frpswhv jrxyhuqhphqwdx{ gdqv oh sdvvì $
o*hqghwwhphqw kìulwì ghv sìulrghv suìfìghqwhv/ Gw4
pdwkìpdwltxhphqw =
Gw @ JEw . lG
w Gw4
+:4,
rx lG
w hvw oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw +pr|hq, sd|ì vxu od ghwwh dx frxuv gh od sìulrgh
w
ã o*rssrvì gx gìflw sxeolf/ o*hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw hvw dlqvl xqh yduldeoh
gh w|sh vwrfn/ f10ã0g1 phvxuìh ã xq prphqw grqqì gdqv oh whpsv +ã xqh
gdwh,
8169
Wdx{ g*hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw
od ghwwh sxeoltxh hvw dxvvl vrxyhqw h{sulpìh hq ( gx SLE gdqv ghv dqdo|0
vhv frpsdudwlyhv wdx{ g*hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw
;<
wdx{ g*hqghwwhphqw gh o*Hwdw hq 4<<</ frpsdudlvrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh =
110
115.9
116.6
Italie
120
Belgique
Taux d’endettement, 1999
105.3
100
90
80
RoyaumeUni
60.6
62.6
65.2
65.3
Etats-Unis
57.0
65.0
Autriche
55.1
Danemark
60
63.5
France
72.4
70
51.4
Japon
Espagne
Suède
Pays-Bas
Allemagne
Suisse
50
Iljxuh 819
fulwëuh gh Pddvwulfkw = ghwwh 93( gx SLE
816:
Ohv qdqfhv sxeoltxhv vxlvvhv hq frpsdudlvrq lqwhu0
qdwlrqdoh
vhorq o*RFGH +4<<<,/ Vxlvvh = Hwxghv ìfrqrpltxhv gh o*RFGH/ ohv gìshqvhv
sxeoltxhv gh od Vxlvvh +67( gx SLE hq 4<<9, vrqw lqiìulhxuhv ã od pr|hqqh
+srqgìuìh, gh o*RFGH +6;( gx SLE, hw qhwwhphqw hq ghêã gh od pr|hqqh
+srqgìuìh, gh o*XH +78( gx SLE,
txdqw dx{ uhfhwwhv exgjìwdluhv/ oh v|vwëph vfdo vxlvvh vrxwlhqw wuëv krq0
rudeohphqw od frpsdudlvrq dyhf fhx{ g*dxwuhv sd|v vxu oh grxeoh sodq
g*h!flhqfh hw gh o*ìtxlwì/ hw lo hvw uhodwlyhphqw wuëv surjuhvvli
píph vl ohv gìflwv ghv froohfwlylwìv sxeoltxhv vxlvvhv rqw dxjphqwì ã fdxvh
gh od vwdjqdwlrq ghv dqqìhv 4<<3/ derxwlvvdqw dlqvl ã xq dorxuglvvhphqw gh
ohxuv ghwwhv/ dxvvl elhq ohv gìflwv txh oh wdx{ g*hqghwwhphqw frqvrolgìv
uhvwhqw dvvh} prgìuìv gdqv xq frqwh{wh lqwhuqdwlrqdo
816;
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh fodvvltxh = qdqfhphqw gx gì0
flw
phw o*dffhqw vxu o*dvshfw plfurìfrqrpltxh= o*Hwdw grlw revhuyhu xqh frq0
wudlqwh exgjìwdluh gìqlh sdu xq ìtxloleuh dqqxho
lo shxw qdqfhu vhv gìshqvhv +rx vrq gìflw, ã wudyhuv gh ghx{ pr|hqv =
vrlw lpsrvhu oh vhfwhxu sulyì shufhswlrq ghv lps÷wv = ohv frq0
wulexdeohv qh uhêrlyhqw dxfxqh frqwuh0suhvwdwlrq gluhfwh ql dxfxq
gurlw ã uhyhqx ixwxu
<3
vrlw oxl hpsuxqwhu ìplvvlrq gh od ghwwh sxeoltxh = ohv ìsdujqdqwv
txl rqw fìgì xqh sduwlh gh ohxu uhyhqx uhêrlyhqw hq frqwuhsduwlh xq
wlwuh gh wuìvru ohxu grqqdqw gurlw ã xq uhyhqx ixwxu +uhperxuvhphqw
gx sulqflsdo soxv lqwìuíwv dqqxhov,
oh qdqfhphqw sdu hpsuxqw h{ljh grqf txh o*Hwdw shuêrlyh ghv lps÷wv
vxssoìphqwdluhv srxu uhperxuvhu fhwwh ghwwh
816<
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh fodvvltxh = o*hhw g*ìylfwlrq
yrloã srxutxrl xqh gìshqvh gh frqvrppdwlrq grlw íwuh qdqfìh sdu ghv
lps÷wv doruv tx*xqh gìshqvh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw sdu ghv hpsuxqwv
fhwwh uëjoh gh qdqfhphqw hvw lpsrvìh ã od irlv sdu =
o*ìtxlwì vrfldoh +, dssurfkhu dx pd{lpxp gdqv oh whpsv oh fhufoh
ghv eìqìfldluhv gx fhufoh ghv sd|hxuv
hw o*h!flhqfh ìfrqrpltxh +, ìylwhu ghv glvwruvlrqv gdqv ohv frq0
glwlrqv gh o*doorfdwlrq ghv uhvvrxufhv hqwuh oh vhfwhxu sxeolf hw oh
vhfwhxu sulyì
hq rxwuh/ ohv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv frqgxlvhqw ã ghv frqvìtxhqfhv qìjdwlyhv
gdqv o*ìfrqrplh = o*hhw g*ìylfwlrq +furzglqj0rxw, ghv lqyhvwlvvhphqwv
sulyìv
8173
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh nh|qìvlhqqh
vrxoljqh o*dvshfw pdfurìfrqrpltxh hvw vxuwrxw oh u÷oh vwdelolvdwhxu +dqwl0
f|foltxh, gh o*Hwdw gdqv o*ìfrqrplh
oh jrxyhuqhphqw grlw olvvhu oh f|foh frqmrqfwxuho/ hq hpsuxqwdqw hw
gìshqvdqw +qrwdpphqw/ lqyhvwlvvdqw, gdqv ghv dqqìhv gh fulvh hw hq lp0
srvdqw gdqv ghv dqqìhv gh vxufkdxh
fhod shuphwwud xq ìtxloleuh joredo gh o*ìfrqrplh dyhf od sohlqh xwlolvdwlrq
ghv fdsdflwìv glvsrqleohv oruvtxh od ghpdqgh v*dyëuh lqvx!vdqwh srxu de0
vruehu od surgxfwlrq uìdolvdeoh
dlqvl/ o*Hwdw grlw revhuyhu xq exgjhw ìtxloleuì vxu o*hqvhpeoh gx f|foh
frqmrqfwxuho
8174
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh qìr0fodvvltxh = ìtxlydohqfh ul0
fduglhqqh
d{ìh vxu o*k|srwkëvh gh od udwlrqdolwì frpsoëwh ghv djhqwv ìfrqrpltxhv
hw/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/ vxu o*ìtxlydohqfh ulfduglhqqh +rx ìtxlydohqfh gh
Ulfdugr0Eduur, oh frqwulexdeoh hvw lqglìuhqw ã o*ìjdug gx pr|hq grqw
o*Hwdw vh vhuw srxu qdqfhu vhv gìshqvhv =
vl o*Hwdw idlw uhfrxuv ã o*hpsuxqw/ oh flwr|hq udwlrqqho dxjphqwhud
vrq wdx{ g*ìsdujqh hq dwwhqgdqw xqh dxjphqwdwlrq ixwxuh ghv lps÷wv
qìfhvvdluh dx uhperxuvhphqw ghv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv
<4
o*hhw qhw hvw grqf lghqwltxh ã fhoxl suryrtxì sdu oh qdqfhphqw sdu
lps÷w
fhod hqoëyh wrxwh h!fdflwì g*xqh srolwltxh exgjìwdluh dfwlylvwh/ hq wdqw
txh uhfrppdqgìh sdu ohv nh|qìvlhqv
8175
Yìulfdwlrq hpslultxh
ohv whqwdwlyhv gh yìulfdwlrq hpslultxh gh fhv wurlv judqghv dssurfkhv sdu
udssruw dx{ qdqfhv sxeoltxhv hw ã od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh rqw grqqì ghv
uìvxowdwv dpeljxv
qìdqprlqv/ judqg qrpeuh ghv ìfrqrplvwhv vh udoolhqw dxmrxug*kxl ã od
sursrvlwlrq txh od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh shxw dyrlu ghv hhwv vljqlfdwliv
vxu od pdufkh gh o*ìfrqrplh/ gx prlqv gdqv oh frxuw whuph
dlqvl/ ohv txhvwlrqv tx*lo uhvwh hqfruh ã uìsrqguh vrqw sulqflsdohphqw ghx{
=
41 od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh shxw0hooh vwlpxohu o*ìfrqrplh gh pdqlëuh v|vwìpd0
wltxh hw gxudeoh B
51 txho hvw oh uhwdug qìfhvvdluh srxu txh ohv phvxuhv gh fhwwh srolwltxh di0
ihfwhqw o*ìfrqrplh +odj , wlplqj, B
8176
Dujxphqwv srxu o*ìtxloleuh exgjìwdluh +dqqxho,
41 grqqhu od wdlooh gìvluìh ã o*Hwdw = oh qdqfhphqw ghv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv
sdu ghv lps÷wv vhudlw oh phloohxu lqvwuxphqw srxu phvxuhu ohv frþwv gh
suhvwdwlrqv sxeoltxhv hq whuphv g*xq sul{
51 qh sdv fkdujhu ohv jìqìudwlrqv ixwxuhv = ìtxlwì vrfldoh
61 qh sdv olplwhu od pdujh gh olehuwì g*dfwlrq sxeoltxh ixwxuh +sdu oh vhuylfh
gh od ghwwh,
71 ìylwhu ohv ulvtxhv olìv d xq hqghwwhphqw h{fhvvli
+d, sdu udssruw ã xqh uëjoh exgjìwdluh +fi1 fulwëuh gh Pddvwulfkw,
+e, vhorq oh mxjhphqw gx pdufkì ghv fdslwdx{
+f, yx o*hhw glw gh erxoh gh qhljh
81 dyrlu xqh uëjoh g*dssolfdwlrq fodluh hw xqlyrtxh
8177
Dujxphqwv frqwuh o*ìtxloleuh exgjìwdluh +dqqxho,
41 xwlolvhu od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh frpph xqh frpsrvdqwh lqglvshqvdeoh g*xqh
srolwltxh gh uhodqfh ìfrqrpltxh
51 ìylwhu ghv glvwruvlrqv vfdohv whpsrudluhv = h!flhqfh ìfrqrpltxh
61 ìylwhu xqh dqqxdolvdwlrq +vkruw0whuplvp, gh od srolwltxh exgjìwdluh
71 surwhu gh od ghwwh gdqv oh qdqfhphqw ghv gìshqvhv idyrudeoh dx{ frq0
wulexdeohv = oh pdufkì ghv fdslwdx{ rfwurlh ghv suíwv dx vhfwhxu sxeolf ã
ghv frqglwlrqv qdqflëuhv uhodwlyhphqw idyrudeohv
<5
8178
Srolwltxh vrfldoh
gëv 4;;6 hq Doohpdjqh/ Elvpdufn d plv hq sodfh od suhplëuh oìjlvodwlrq
vrfldoh g*Hxursh
oh u÷oh gh od vìfxulwì vrfldoh vh uìvxph gdqv ghx{ w|shv gh irqfwlrqv =
dvvxudqfh = fh w|sh gh suhvwdwlrqv vrfldohv shxyhqw dyrlu oh fdudfwëuh
=
41 g*xq uhperxuvhphqw frqfhuqdqw ohv iudlv txl vrqw rffdvlrqqìv sdu od
pdodglh/ od pdwhuqlwì/ ohv dfflghqwv gh wudydlo
51 g*xqh frpshqvdwlrq gh shuwhv gh uhyhqx whpsrudluhv rx gìqlwlyhv =
lqghpqlwìv/ shqvlrq
61 g*xq frpsoìphqw dx uhyhqx = doorfdwlrqv idploldohv/ doorfdwlrqv gh
orjhphqw
uhglvwulexwlrq ghv uhyhqxv = ohv frwlvdwlrqv ghv dvvxuìv vrqw vrx0
yhqw sursruwlrqqhoohv ã ohxu uhyhqx
8179
Gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv vrfldohv = fodvvlfdwlrq gh o*RFGH
o*RFGH hpsorlh xqh fodvvlfdwlrq vwdqgduglvìh ghv gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv
vrfldohv
dvvxudqfhv wrwdohv
fk÷pdjh +| frpsulv ohv srolwltxhv dfwlyhv gx pdufkì gh wudydlo,
lqydolglwì +| frpsulv ohv lqghpqlwìv srxu pdodglhv surihvvlrq0
qhoohv hw dfflghqwv gh wudydlo,
vdqwì +| frpsulv ohv suhvwdwlrqv gh pdodglh hw ohv vhuylfhv dx{
shuvrqqhv åjìhv kdqglfdsìhv,
shqvlrqv +| frpsulv srxu vxuylydqwv,
dlghv wrwdohv
vhuylfhv idploldx{ +| frpsulv ohv doorfdwlrqv idploldohv,
vhuylfhv dx orjhphqw
dxwuhv lqghpqlwìv
817:
Gìshqvhv sxeoltxhv vrfldohv = ìyroxwlrq uìfhqwh
od qdwxuh frqfuëwh/ ohv fdguhv lqvwlwxwlrqqhov/ ohv fulwëuhv gh frxyhuwxuh hw
od jìqìurvlwì ghv wudqvihuwv ydulhqw frqvlgìudeohphqw g*xq sd|v ã o*dxwuh
pdlv fh txl hvw frppxq srxu wrxv ohv sd|v gìyhorssìv f*hvw od surjuhvvlrq
lpsuhvvlrqqdqwh gh fhv gìshqvhv gxh =
dx ylhloolvvhphqw gìprjudskltxh
ã od furlvvdqfh udohqwlh
ã od uljlglwì ghv v|vwëphv gh surwhfwlrq vrfldoh = lov vh vrqw frqvwlwxìv
sdu dgmrqfwlrqv vxffhvvlyhv vdqv uìh{dphq joredo hw oh sulqflsh ghv
dydqwdjhv dftxlv d surgxlw xq hhw gh foltxhw
<6
idfh ã fhwwh vlwxdwlrq/ o*dyhqlu gh od suìyr|dqfh vrfldoh hvw o*xq ghv sulq0
flsdx{ hqmhx{ gx gìedw srolwltxh
817;
Surwhfwlrq vrfldoh hq Vxlvvh = xq shx g*klvwrluh
od Vxlvvh qh idlw sdv h{fhswlrq gh fhwwh whqgdqfh joredoh suryhqdqw gx
fkdqjhphqw gx u÷oh gh o*Hwdw
ghsxlv o*lqwurgxfwlrq gh o*dvvxudqfh ylhloohvvh hw vxuylydqwv +DYV, hq 4<7;/
oh srlgv ghv frqwulexwlrqv ã/ hw ghv suhvwdwlrqv irxuqlhv sdu/ od surwhfwlrq
vrfldoh v*hvw ehdxfrxs dffux od plvh hq sodfh surjuhvvlyh gh o*Hwdw
vrfldo | d frqwulexì=
4<93 = o*dvvxudqfh lqydolglwì +DL,
4<:5 = oh sulqflsh ghv wurlv slolhuv dqfuì gdqv od frqvwlwxwlrq
4<:9 = o*dvvxudqfh fk÷pdjh +DF, reoljdwrluh
4<;8 = od suìyr|dqfh surihvvlrqqhooh +SS, ylhloohvvh/ vxuylydqwv hw
lqydolglwì
4<<8 = od qrxyhooh orl vxu o*dvvxudqfh pdodglh +DP, uhpsodfh fhooh gh
4<44
817<
Surwhfwlrq vrfldoh hq Vxlvvh = sulqflsdohv gìqlwlrqv
surwhfwlrq vrfldoh o*hqvhpeoh ghv phvxuhv sulvhv sdu ghv lqvwlwxwlrqv
srxu surwìjhu ohv pìqdjhv frqwuh fhuwdlqv ulvtxhv vrfldx{ dvvxu0
dqfhv
hw srxu dvvxuhu ohxu vxevlvwdqfh dlgh
ohv wurlv slolhuv gh od suìyr|dqfh ylhloohvvh
41 o*DYV hw o*DL = vhuw ã frxyulu ohv ehvrlqv ylwdx{
51 od SS = grlw shuphwwuh gh pdlqwhqlu dxwdqw txh srvvleoh oh qlyhdx gh ylh
dqwìulhxu
61 +slolhu idfxowdwli , glyhuvhv iruphv gh suìyr|dqfh lqglylgxhooh
+d, sduwlh olìh +eìqìflh g*dooìjhphqwv vfdx{, srolfhv hw frpswhv
gh suìyr|dqfh dxsuëv g*xqh dvvxudqfh rx edqtxh
+e, sduwlh oleuh dvvxudqfh0ylh/ sodfhphqwv hw lpprelolvdwlrqv
<7
Frxuv 9
9
Hfkdqjhv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{
914
Sodq
Hfkdqjhv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ hw edodqfh ghv sdlhphqwv
Frxuv +wdx{, gh fkdqjh hw v|vwëph +uìjlph, gh frxuv +wdx{, gh fkdqjh
Lqwhugìshqgdqfh lqwhuqdwlrqdoh ghv ìfrqrplhv
Lqwìjudwlrq hxursìhqqh
915
Hfkdqjhv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{
qrxv +uì,lqwìjurqv pdlqwhqdqw gdqv qrwuh dqdo|vh gh o*ìfrqrplh vrq vhfwhxu
h{wìulhxu +, o*ìwudqjhu hw grqf ohv uhodwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv lqwhuqdwlrqdohv
ohv djhqwv uìvlghqwv g*xq sd|v surfëghqw ã ghv wudqvdfwlrqv dyhf oh uhvwh
gx prqgh tx*rq fodvvh hq wurlv jurxshv +fdwìjrulhv, =
41 ìfkdqjhv gh elhqv hw vhuylfhv +ìfkdqjhv frpphufldx{ , $ lpsruwdwlrqv
hw h{sruwdwlrqv
51 wudqvihuwv gh uhyhqxv $ fhuwdlqv uìvlghqwv +ìwudqjhuv wudydloodqw hq
Vxlvvh, wudqviëuhqw xqh sduwlh gh ohxuv uhyhqxv ã ohxu idplooh uhvwìh gdqv
ohxu sd|v g*ruljlqh
61 prxyhphqwv + x{, gh fdslwdx{ $ gdqv xq sd|v grqqì/ lo | d ghv
fdslwdx{ ìwudqjhuv txl hqwuhqw hw ghv fdslwdx{ qdwlrqdx{ txl vruwhqw =
suíwv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{/ sodfhphqwv qdqflhuv rx qrq qdqflhuv
916
Frpphufh lqwhuqdwlrqdo = mxvwlfdwlrq ìfrqrpltxh
xqh h{solfdwlrq vrxyhqw dydqfìh gx frpphufh lqwhuqdwlrqdo uìvlgh gdqv oh
idlw txh ohv sd|v txl | sduwlflshqw vrqw glìuhqwv ohv xqv ghv dxwuhv
fhv glìuhqfhv frqfhuqhqw ohv grwdwlrqv idfwrulhoohv/ ohv whfkqrorjlhv gh
surgxfwlrq/ ohv suìiìuhqfhv ghv frqvrppdwhxuv/ hwf1
dlqvl/ fkdtxh sd|v vh frqvdfuh ã fh tx*lo idlw uhodwlyhphqw oh plhx{ hw
ìfkdqjh xqh sduwlh gh vd surgxfwlrq +SLE, frqwuh xqh sduwlh gh od sur0
gxfwlrq +SLE, gx uhvwh gx prqgh
rq sduoh grqf ã od irlv =
gh glylvlrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh gx wudydlo
hw gh vsìfldolvdwlrq lqwhuqdwlrqdoh gdqv od surgxfwlrq
fh txl lpsrvh +sdu qìfhvvlwì,/ ã vrq wrxu/ o*ìfkdqjh lqwhuqdwlrqdo
<8
917
Mxvwlfdwlrq 4 = dydqwdjh devrox
ã wlwuh g*looxvwudwlrq/ frqvlgìurqv ghx{ sd|v D hw E hw ghx{ elhqv [ hw \
surgxlwv ã o*dlgh g*xq idfwhxu gh surgxfwlrq/ oh wudydlo +h{hpsoh 4/ s1 434/
J0]Q,
od whfkqrorjlh hvw uhsuìvhqwìh sdu ohv ehvrlqv xqlwdluhv hq pdlq g*rhxyuh oh qrpeuh g*khxuhv gh wudydlo qìfhvvdluhv ã od surgxfwlrq g*xqh xqlwì gx
elhq frqvlgìuì =
Elhq [
Elhq \
Sd|v D
43 khxuhv
53 khxuhv
Sd|v E
63 khxuhv
43 khxuhv
rq yrlw txh od surgxfwlylwì gx wudydlo gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh [ hvw soxv
ìohyìh dx sd|v D tx*dx sd|v E +, oh sd|v D d xq dydqwdjh devrox gdqv
od surgxfwlrq gh [
oh sd|v E d/ txdqw ã oxl/ xq dydqwdjh devrox gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh \
doruv/ oh sd|v D d lqwìuíw ã vh vsìfldolvhu gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh [/ wdqglv
txh oh sd|v E ghyudlw vh frqvdfuhu ã od surgxfwlrq gh \
918
Mxvwlfdwlrq 5 = dydqwdjh frpsdudwli
oh pìulwh uhylhqw ã Gdylg Ulfdugr g*dyrlu uhfrqqx txh oh frpphufh hqwuh
ghx{ sd|v ydxw od shlqh g*íwuh uìdolvì píph vl o*xq ghv ghx{ sd|v srvvëgh
xq dydqwdjh devrox gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh wrxv ohv elhqv +h{hpsoh 5/ ss1
4350436/ J0]Q, =
Elhq [
Elhq \
Sd|v D
43 khxuhv
53 khxuhv
Sd|v E
63 khxuhv
73 khxuhv
pdlqwhqdqw oh sd|v D d xq dydqwdjh devrox gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh [ hw gh
\ / pdlv lo srvvëgh dxvvl xq dydqwdjh frpsdudwli gdqv od surgxfwlrq gh
[=
dx sd|v D/ 4 xqlwì gh [ ydxw 45 xqlwì gh \ +, wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh hq
dxwduflh @ 45
dx sd|v E/ 4 xqlwì gh [ ydxw 67 xqlwì gh \ +, wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh hq
dxwduflh @ 67
sdu frqwuh/ srxu oh sd|v E oh gìvdydqwdjh frpsdudwli hvw oh soxv shwlw srxu
od surgxfwlrq gh \
919
Duelwudjh hw ìtxloleuh gh oleuh0ìfkdqjh
vl ohv ghx{ sd|v v*rxyuhqw ã o*ìfkdqjh hq h{sorlwdqw o*dydqwdjh frpsdud0
wli gx sd|v D gdqv od surgxfwlrq gx elhq [/ oh wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh lqwhuqd0
wlrqdo yd vh vlwxhu hqwuh 45 hw 67 = dxvvl orqjwhpsv tx*xqh glìuhqfh gh wdx{
g*ìfkdqjh +hq dxwduflh, vxevlvwh hqwuh ohv ghx{ sd|v/ lo vhud dydqwdjhx{ gh
vh surfxuhu oh elhq [ gdqv oh sd|v D srxu oh uhyhqguh gdqv oh sd|v E +hw
ylfh yhuvd srxu oh elhq \ ,
<9
fhv rsìudwlrqv g*duelwudjh frqgxlvhqw ã xqh uìgxfwlrq gh o*ìfduw hqwuh ohv
wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh +dxwdufltxhv, sxlvtxh od ghpdqgh gh [ dxjphqwh dx sd|v
D doruv txh o*ruh gh [ dxjphqwh dx sd|v E
o*ìtxloleuh gh oleuh0ìfkdqjh vhud grqf dwwhlqw oruvtxh/ oh wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh
lqwhuqdwlrqdo ìwdqw oh píph srxu ohv ghx{ sd|v/ lo q*| dxud soxv g*rssruwx0
qlwì g*duelwudjh hqwuh ohv ghx{ pdufkìv
91:
Dydqwdjh frpsdudwli = h{hpsoh
ã wlwuh g*looxvwudwlrq
dmrxwrqv dx wdeohdx
whuqdwlrqdo vh {h ã
gh od wkìrulh ulfduglhqqh ghv dydqwdjhv frpsdudwliv/
gìmã frqvlgìuì o*k|srwkëvh txh oh wdx{ g*ìfkdqjh lq0
8 +ã qrwhu txh 4 @ 7 ? 8 ? 9 @ 6 , , doruv =
;
5
;
;
;
7
oh sd|v D/ srxu fkdtxh xqlwì gh [ h{sruwìh yd uhfhyrlu 8; xqlwì gh \ dx
olhx gh 45 @ 7; +, jdlq
oh sd|v E/ srxu fkdtxh xqlwì gh [ lpsruwìh yd fìghu 8; xqlwì gh \ dx olhx
gh 67 @ 9; +, jdlq ìjdohphqw
grqf/ ohv ghx{ sd|v jdjqhqw ã o*ìfkdqjh $
91;
Iox{ lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ gh fdslwdx{ = uìjohphqwdwlrq hw
w|shv
mxvtx*ã od q ghv dqqìhv 4<93/ ohv prxyhphqwv ghv fdslwdx{ vrqw uhvwìv
wuëv frqwu÷oìv sdu ohv Hwdwv
dx frxuv ghv dqqìhv 4<:3 hw/ hq sduwlfxolhu/ 4<;3/ ohv revwdfohv ã od oleuh
flufxodwlrq ghv fdslwdx{ hqwuh ohv sd|v +lqgxvwuldolvìv, rqw ìwì surjuhvvlyh0
phqw ohyìhv
rq glvwlqjxh wurlv w|shv gh x{ lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ gh fdslwdx{ =
41 suíwv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ +hw ohv uhperxuvhphqwv gh ghwwhv ohxu dvvrflìv,
51 lqyhvwlvvhphqwv gh sruwhihxlooh +rx sodfhphqwv qdqflhuv, = oruvtx*xq
uìvlghqw dftxlhuw ghv wlwuhv ìplv sdu xq qrq0uìvlghqw
61 lqyhvwlvvhphqwv gluhfwv ã o*ìwudqjhu +rx sodfhphqwv qrq qdqflhuv, =
oruvtx*xqh hqwuhsulvh uìvlghqwh ìwdeolh xqh oldoh rx xqh vxffxuvdoh qrq0
uìvlghqwh
91<
Iox{ lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ gh fdslwdx{ = mxvwlfdwlrq ìfrqr0
pltxh
uhqwdelolwì ghv sruwhihxloohv g*dfwliv = fdqdolvhu o*ìsdujqh prqgldoh yhuv
ohv rssruwxqlwìv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw ohv soxv uhqwdeohv +, ohv glìuhqwlhov gh
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw mrxhqw dlqvl xq u÷oh irqgdphqwdo hq wdqw txh gìwhuplqdqwv
gh fhv x{
glyhuvlfdwlrq ghv sruwhihxloohv g*dfwliv +, prlqv gx ulvtxh +prlqv gh
o*lqfhuwlwxgh, frqfhuqdqw ohv uhyhqxv ixwxuv dqwlflsìv
<:
hqwuhsulvhv pxowlqdwlrqdohv = h{sorlwhqw ohv dydqwdjhv olìv ã od orfdwlrq
gdqv oh sd|v k÷wh +, dedlvvhu ohv frþwv gh surgxfwlrq rx v*ìwdeolu vxu ghv
judqgv pdufkìv
ã o*lqvwdu gx frpphufh gh elhqv hw vhuylfhv/ rq shxw prqwuhu txh ohv x{
lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ gh idfwhxuv gh surgxfwlrq frqgxlvhqw ã xq jdlq srxu
fkdtxh sd|v sduwlflsdqw ã o*ìfkdqjh pdlv dxvvl ã xqh uhglvwulexwlrq gh
uhyhqxv srxydqw íwuh vrxufh gh frq lwv
9143
Edodqfh ghv sdlhphqwv +ES,
xq frpswh +wdeohdx, txl hquhjlvwuh +uìfdslwxoh, g*xqh pdqlëuh v|vwìpd0
wltxh wrxwhv ohv wudqvdfwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv grqqdqw olhx ã ghv wudqvihuwv gh
prqqdlh hqwuh xq sd|v hw oh uhvwh gx prqgh dx frxuv g*xqh sìulrgh
vd suìvhqwdwlrq +frpswdeoh, vh idlw vhorq ghv qruphv frppxqhv ã wrxv ohv
sd|v
dlqvl/ sdu frqyhqwlrq/ od ES uhwudfh =
dx fuìglw = wrxv ohv sdlhphqwv uhêxv gx uhvwh gx prqgh wrxwhv
ohv rsìudwlrqv d|dqw frqgxlw ã xqh ruh gh prqqdlh ìwudqjëuh
+hqwuìhv gh prqqdlh,
dx gìelw = wrxv ohv sdlhphqwv yhuvìv dx uhvwh gx prqgh wrxwhv ohv
rsìudwlrqv d|dqw frqgxlw ã xqh ghpdqgh gh prqqdlh ìwudqjëuh
+vruwlhv gh prqqdlh,
oh fulwëuh gìwhuplqdqw hvw fhoxl gh od uìvlghqfh
9144
ES joredoh hw ES sduwlhoohv
vl o*rq jurxsh ohv sdlhphqwv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ g*dsuëv ohxu qdwxuh/ od edodqfh
joredoh shxw íwuh vfkìpdwltxhphqw glylvìh hq soxvlhxuv edodqfhv sduwlhoohv
+yrlu oh sdudjudskh vxlydqw,
gx srlqw gh yxh gh o*dqdo|vh ìfrqrpltxh/ rq uhwlhqw ghx{ frpsrvdqwhv
hvvhqwlhoohv gh od ES =
41 od edodqfh ghv wudqvdfwlrqv frxudqwhv hw
51 od edodqfh ghv fdslwdx{ +qrq prqìwdluhv,
9145
ES = vfkìpd
yrlu KSE/ s1 643 +oh vfkìpd,
9146
ES hq ìtxloleuh irupho yv pdwìulho
ìtxloleuh irupho +frpswdeoh, +, oh vrogh joredoh/ ESw @ FDw . NDw /
hvw ìjdo ã od yduldwlrq ghv uìvhuyhv gh fkdqjh +g*ru hw gh ghylvhv, r!flhoohv/
LUw =
FDw . NDw . LUw @ 3 +, FDw . NDw @ LUw

~}

ESw
ESw
<;
+:5,
v*ìwdeolw wrxmrxuv +, lghqwlwì $
dwwhqwlrq = xq dffurlvvhphqw qhw ghv uìvhuyhv hvw lqvfulw dx gìelw $
ìtxloleuh pdwìulho +ìfrqrpltxh, = oh vrogh gh od edodqfh frxudqwh/
FDw / hvw frpshqvì sdu oh vrogh gh od edodqfh ghv fdslwdx{/ NDw =
FDw . NDw @ 3 / FDw @ NDw
+:6,
qh v*ìwdeolw sdv wrxmrxuv $
LUw %+, FDw . NDw A 3 h{fìghqw joredo hw LUw &+, FDw . NDw ?
3 gìflw joredo ghwwh h{wìulhxuh
9147
ES gh edvh
srxu mxjhu gx +gìv,ìtxloleuh gh od ES =
rq h{dplqh sdv vhxohphqw od wrwdolwì ghv wudqvdfwlrqv dyhf o*ìwudqjhu
pdlv dxvvl od vlwxdwlrq ìfrqrpltxh gx sd|v +, idfwhxuv frqmrqf0
wxuhov yv idfwhxuv vwuxfwxuhov
srxu uhqguh o*dqdo|vh prlqv gìshqgdqwh gh idfwhxuv whpsrudluhv rx rffd0
vlrqqhov +rfwurl ghv fuìglwv frpphufldx{,/ rq lqwurgxlw od frqfhswlrq gh
edodqfh gh edvh oh vrogh ghv sdlhphqwv frxudqwv hvw frpshqvì sdu
oh vrogh ghv prxyhphqwv gh fdslwdx{ vwuxfwxuhov ohv uhfhwwhv hw ohv
gìshqvhv gh fdslwdx{ txl rqw xq fdudfwëuh uìfxuuhqw hw txl/ gh sdu ohxu
qdwxuh/ iruphqw xq srvwh vwdeoh gh od ES +sudwltxhphqw/ ohv x{ ã orqj
whuph,
od glvwlqfwlrq hqwuh wudqvdfwlrqv gh fdslwdx{ gh qdwxuh vwuxfwxuhooh hw gh
qdwxuh dfflghqwhooh hvw hq txhotxh vruwh duelwudluh
9148
Vrogh gh od edodqfh ghv wudqvdfwlrqv frxudqwhv = lq0
whusu ìwdwlrq
devruswlrq/ Dev od gìshqvh qdwlrqdoh wrwdoh hq elhqv hw vhuylfhv g*ruljlqh
wdqw lqwìulhxuh tx*h{wìulhxuh
UQQw @ Fw . Lw . Jw . +H[w LPw ,

~}

Devw
UQQw Devw @ FDw
+:7,
FDw
+:8,
dlqvl/ oh vrogh gh od edodqfh frxudqwh/ FD/ wudgxlw o*h{fìghqw gx uhyhqx
qdwlrqdo vxu od gìshqvh =
wrxw sd|v frqqdlvvdqw xq h{fìghqw +FDw A 3, jdjqh soxv tx*lo qh
gìshqvh +UQQw A Devw , hw hhfwxh grqf xq suíw qhw ylv0ã0ylv oh
uhvwh gx prqgh
wrxw sd|v frqqdlvvdqw xq gìflw +FDw ? 3, gìshqvh soxv tx*lo qh
jdjqh +UQ Qw ? Devw , hw grlw frpeohu grqf fhw ìfduw hq hhfwxdqw
xq hpsuxqw qhw ã o*ìwudqjhu
<<
9149
ES vxlvvh = looxvwudwlrq
ã glvfxwhu hq fodvvh
914:
Htxloleuh h{wìulhxu
oh frqfhsw gh o*ìtxloleuh h{wìulhxu uhfrxyuh
o*ìtxloleuh gh od edodqfh ghv sdlhphqwv
o*ìtxloleuh gx pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv
txl frqvwlwxhqw grqf ohv ghx{ dvshfwv g*xq píph sureoëph
ohv uìvlghqwv gdqv xq sd|v dfkëwhqw ghv elhqv hw vhuylfhv/ yhuvhqw gh uhyhqxv
+vdodluhv/ lqwìuíwv/ glylghqghv, hw hqyrlhqw ghv fdslwdx{ ã o*ìwudqjhu
lov hhfwxhqw grqf ghv yhuvhphqwv rx elhq hq ghylvhv rx elhq hq prqqdlh
qdwlrqdoh txl vrqw hqvxlwh frqyhuwlv sdu ohv qrq0uìvlghqwv gdqv ohxu sursuh
prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh
g*xqh pdqlëuh rx g*xqh dxwuh/ wrxwhv fhv rsìudwlrqv vh wudgxlvhqw/ hq q
gh frpswh/ vxu oh pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv +lqwhuedqfdluh, sdu xqh ghpdqgh gh
ghylvhv frqwuh prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh rx fh txl uhylhqw dx píph xqh ruh
gh prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh frqwuh ghylvhv
914;
Pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv hw wdx{ gh fkdqjh
pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv oh pdufkì vxu ohtxho xqh prqqdlh v*ìfkdqjh
frqwuh xqh dxwuh = lqwhuedqfdluh/ sodqìwdluh +hq rsìudwlrq 57 khxuhv vxu
57,
wdx{ +rx frxuv, gh fkdqjh oh sul{ lqwhuqdwlrqdo gh od prqqdlh qd0
wlrqdoh = lo v*djlw grqf g*xq sul{ uhodwli/ ã vdyrlu g*xqh prqqdlh sdu udssruw
ã xqh dxwuh
rq frqqdñw ghx{ w|shv +uìflsurtxhv, gh frwdwlrq ghv wdx{ gh fkdqjh =
41 ã o*lqfhuwdlq +, xqh xqlwì gh od prqqdlh ìwudqjëuh hvw h{sulpìh hq prq0
qdlh qdwlrqdoh +srxu o*ìfrqrplh qdwlrqdoh frqvlgìuìh/ f*hvw
oh sul{
grqf
g*xqh xqlwì gh od prqqdlh ìwudqjëuh, = 4 XVG ydxw 4> 83 @ 4>483 FKI
51 dx fhuwdlq +, xqh xqlwì
gh odprqqdlh qdwlrqdoh hvw h{sulpìh hq prqqdlh
ìwudqjëuh = dyhf 3> 9: @ 4>483 XVG rq dfkëwh 4 FKI
914<
Vwdelolwì gh wdx{ gh fkdqjh
vl o*hqvhpeoh ghv sdlhphqwv h{wìulhxuv +od ES joredoh, hvw ìtxloleuì/ o*ruh
hw od ghpdqgh gh prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh vxu oh pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv vrqw ìjdoh0
phqw ìtxloleuìhv
p
lo q*h{lvwh dxfxqh suhvvlrq ã od kdxvvh rx ã od edlvh gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh
433
p
dlqvl/ od vwdelolwì gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh hw o*ìtxloleuh gh od edodqfh joredoh gh
sdlhphqwv frqvwlwxhqw ghx{ idfhwwhv g*xq píph ìtxloleuh
&%
dx grxeoh dvshfw gh o*ìtxloleuh h{wìulhxu fruuhvsrqg xqh grxeoh frq0
wudlqwh h{wìulhxuh =
9153
41 Frqwudlqwh h{wìulhxuh qdqflëuh
od qìfhvvlwì gh gìjdjhu ohv uhvvrxufhv hq ghylvhv lqglvshqvdeohv srxu dvvxuhu
ohv sdlhphqwv dx surw gx uhvwh gx prqgh
ã frxuw whuph/ o*dmxvwhphqw gh o*ìfrqrplh ã od vxlwh gh fkrfv lpsoltxh
ghv gìflwv gh od edodqfh frxudqwh +FDw ? 3,/ vrxyhqw qdqfìv sdu ghv
h{fìghqwv gh od edodqfh ghv fdslwdx{ +NDw A 3,
pdlv ã orqj whuph xq who ìtxloleuh gh od edodqfh joredoh +FDw . NDw @ 3,
q*hvw soxv vx!vdqw = lo frqylhqw hq rxwuh g*dwwhlqguh o*ìtxloleuh +lqwhuwhp0
4
S
sruho, gh od edodqfh frxudqwh + FDw @ 3,
w@4
vlqrq = gìflwv fkurqltxhv gh od edodqfh frxudqwh , ghwwh h{wìulhxuh hq
dxjphqwdwlrq , gl!fxowìv gh uhperxuvhphqw , sureoëphv gh vroy0
delolwì hw gh fuìglelolwì gh o*Hwdw dx sodq lqwhuqdwlrqdo , furlvvdqfh udohq0
wlh yrluh gìsuhvvlrq
9154
51 Frqwudlqwh h{wìulhxuh gh wdx{ gh fkdqjh
od qìfhvvlwì gh jdudqwlu xqh fhuwdlqh vwdelolwì gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh
ã frxuw whuph/ o*dmxvwhphqw gh o*ìfrqrplh ã od vxlwh gh fkrfv sdu oh eldlv gh
gìsuìfldwlrq oleuh +uìjlph gh fkdqjhv rwwdqwv, rx gh gìydoxdwlrq r!flhooh
+uìjlph gh fkdqjhv {hv, shuphw gh uhoåfkhu +txhotxh shx, fhwwh frqwudlqwh
pdlv whoohv yduldwlrqv gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh/ hq q gh frpswh/ shxyhqw dj0
judyhu xq gìvìtxloleuh gh od ES
gdqv oh fdv g*xqh gìsuìfldwlrq frqwlqxh , sureoëphv g*lq dwlrq +lp0
sruwìh hw hq dffìoìudwlrq, , furlvvdqfh udohqwlh hw píph gìsuhvvlrq
ìfrqrpltxh
9155
Uìjlph gh wdx{ gh fkdqjh
rq glvwlqjxh ghx{ w|shv h{wuíphv gh uìjlph +rx v|vwëph, gh wdx{ +rx gh
frxuv, gh fkdqjh =
41 +uìjlph gh, fkdqjhv rwwdqwv +rx h{leohv, ohv frxuv gh fkdqjh vh
iruphqw oleuhphqw vxu oh pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv/ sdu od frqiurqwdwlrq gh o*ruh
hw gh od ghpdqgh ghv prqqdlhv ìfkdqjìhv
51 +uìjlph gh, fkdqjhv {hv ohv edqtxhv fhqwudohv lqwhuylhqqhqw vxu oh
pdufkì ghv fkdqjhv srxu jdudqwlu od {lwì ghv frxuv gh fkdqjh
434
9156
Uìjlph gh fkdqjhv rwwdqwv
gìsodfhphqwv ghv frxuehv gh ghpdqgh hw g*ruh gh prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh +,
yrlu KSE/ s1 64:/ od jxuh 4714
9157
Uìjlph gh fkdqjhv {hv
gìsodfhphqwv ghv frxuehv gh ghpdqgh hw g*ruh gh prqqdlh qdwlrqdoh hw
lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh od edqtxh fhqwudoh +, yrlu KSE/ s1 64</ od jxuh 4715
9158
Uìjlph gh fkdqjhv {hv = v|vwëph prqìwdluh gh
Euhwwrq0Zrrgv
sulqflshv gx uìjlph +4<77 0 4<:424<:6, =
41 olehuwì ghv sdlhphqwv lqwhuqdwlrqdx{ srxu uhodqfhu oh frpphufh lqwhuqd0
wlrqdo
51 vwdelolwì ghv wdx{ gh fkdqjh sdu =
+d, o*lqwurgxfwlrq g*xq v|vwëph gh sdulwìv {hv sdu udssruw ã o*ru rx dx
groodu = 4 rxqfh g*ru q @ 68 XVG , ohv XVD v*hqjdjhqw ã frqyhuwlu
oh groodu hq ru vxu od edvh gh fh sul{ r!flho
+e, o*lqvwdxudwlrq gh pdujhv gh xfwxdwlrq gh 4( dxwrxu ghv sdulwìv
elodwìudohv dyhf o*reoljdwlrq gh ohv gìihqguh
+f, fuìdwlrq gx Irqgv Prqìwdluh Lqwhuqdwlrqdo +IPL , ghvwlqì ã dffrughu
ghv ghylvhv srxu frpeohu ghv gìflwv ìyhqwxhov gh od ES ohv uìvhuyhv
gx IPL vrqw frqvwlwxìhv sdu ghv txrwdv yhuvìv sdu ohv Hwdwv0phpeuhv
9159
Uìjlph gh fkdqjhv {hv = VPH
gìfhpeuh 4<:4 = uìxqlrq ã Zdvklqjwrq ghv plqlvwuhv ghv qdqfhv ghv
sulqflsdx{ sd|v gx IPL , gìydoxdwlrq gx groodu hw ìodujlvvhphqw ghv
pdujhv gh xfwxdwlrqv gh 4( ã 5> 58( +grqf/ qrxyhooh pdujh wrwdoh gh
7> 8(,
pduv 4<:5 = o*Dffrug gh Eåoh , ohv sd|v gh od FHH uìgxlvhqw hqwuh hx{
od pdujh wrwdoh gh 7> 8( ã 5> 58( +, qdlvvdqfh gx vhushqw prqìwdluh
hxursìhq frqwudlqw gh ghphxuhu gdqv fh wxqqho
pduv 4<:6 = od FHH gìflgh oh rwwhphqw frqfhuwì ylv0ã0ylv gx groodu
+, oh vhushqw q*d soxv gh wxqqho
pduv 4<:< = oh V|vwëph prqìwdluh hxursìhq +VPH, hqwuh hq yljxhxu
+, remhfwli = od vwdelolwì ghv fkdqjhv hqwuh ohv prqqdlhv frppxqdx0
wdluhv hq wdqw tx*xq suìdodeoh ã o*lqvwdxudwlrq g*xq hvsdfh ìfrqrpltxh hw
qdqflhu lqwìjuì
435
915:
Lqwhudfwlrqv ìfrqrpltxhv dx qlyhdx lqwhuqdwlrqdo
od sduwlflsdwlrq ghv sd|v dx frpphufh lqwhuqdwlrqdo ohv uhqg vhqvleohv ã
od frqmrqfwxuh prqgldoh
ohv yduldwlrqv frqmrqfwxuhoohv g*xq sd|v hqwudñqhqw ghv uìshufxvvlrqv ìfrqr0
pltxhv dx qlyhdx g*dxwuhv sd|v
oh ghjuì g*lqwhugìshqgdqfh furñw dyhf oh ghjuì g*lqwìjudwlrq ghv glìuhqwhv
ìfrqrplhv qdwlrqdohv
ohv hhwv gh wudqvplvvlrq ghv srolwltxhv ìfrqrpltxhv lqflwhqw ohv sduwh0
qdluhv frpphufldx{ ã frrugrqqhu ohxuv dfwlrqv srxu ohv sd|v gh o*XHP
= glvsdulwlrq ghv srolwltxhv qdwlrqdohv dxwrqrphv dx surw gh srolwltxhv
frppxqdxwdluhv
915;
Prgëoh gh Pxqghoo0Iohplqj +, LV0OP srxu o*ìfrqr0
plh rxyhuwh
dx gìexw ghv dqqìhv 4<93/ Urehuw D1 Pxqghoo +sul{ Qreho 4<<<, hw M1
Pdufxv Iohplqj rqw frpsoìwì od yhuvlrq rxyhuwh gx prgëoh nh|qìvlhq hq
| lqfoxdqw od edodqfh ghv fdslwdx{
lov rqw srvì frpph k|srwkëvh txh oh x{ qhw gh fdslwdx{ qrwì sdu NDw
hvw xqh irqfwlrq furlvvdqwh gh od glìuhqfh hqwuh ohv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw grphv0
wltxh/ lw / hw ìwudqjhu/ lw =
NDw @ ! +lw lw , > dyhf
915<
g! +lw lw ,
A3
g +lw lw ,
+:9,
Prgëoh gh Pxqghoo0Iohplqj dyhf ghv fkdqjhv {hv
gdqv xq frqwh{wh gh fkdqjhv {hv/ H[w hw LPw qh gìshqghqw sdv gx wdx{
gh fkdqjh
hw vl od ES joredoh hvw hq rxwuh ìtxloleuìh +ESw @ 3,/ rq shxw uhsuìvhqwhu
wrxv ohv frxsohv +\> l, frpsdwleohv dyhf fhw ìtxloleuh h{wìulhxu hq xwlolvdqw/
sdu dqdorjlh dyhf ohv frxuehv LV hw OP/ xqh wurlvlëph frxueh/ qrppìh EE
=
NDw
} ~
EE = ESw @ 3 @ H[w LPw +\w , . ! +lw lw ,
+::,
oh prgëoh gh Pxqghoo0Iohplqj v*dyëuh xwloh srxu ìydoxhu o*h!fdflwì uhodwlyh
ghv srolwltxhv wdqw exgjìwdluh txh prqìwdluh hq vxssrvdqw wrxu ã wrxu xq
v|vwëph gh fkdqjhv {hv hw h{leohv +qrxv doorqv qrxv olplwhu soxv orlq dx
uìjlph gh fkdqjhv {h= yrlu ohv ghx{ sdjhv vxlydqwhv,
9163
Srolwltxh prqìwdluh h{sdqvlyh dyhf ghv fkdqjhv {hv
yrlu KSE/ s1 667/ od jxuh 4718
436
9164
Srolwltxh exgjìwdluh h{sdqvlyh dyhf ghv fkdqjhv {hv
yrlu KSE/ s1 668/ od jxuh 4719
9165
Lqwìjudwlrq hxursìhqqh = gìqlwlrqv
lqwìjudwlrq ìfrqrpltxh = oh Wudlwì gh Urph +4<8:, $ od FHH
41 ìolplqdwlrq ghv revwdfohv ã od oleuh flufxodwlrq ghv elhqv/ vhuylfhv hw idf0
whxuv gh surgxfwlrq
51 lqvwdxudwlrq ghv srolwltxhv ìfrqrpltxhv frrugrqqìhv
xqlrq ìfrqrpltxh prqìwdluh +XHP, = oh Wudlwì gh Pddvwulfkw +4<<5,
$ o*XHP
41 od ghuqlëuh skdvh gh o*lqwìjudwlrq ìfrqrpltxh rü soxvlhxuv sd|v iruphqw
xqh xqlrq hw vxlyhqw ghv srolwltxhv ìfrqrpltxhv wuëv ìwurlwhphqw frrugrq0
qìhv
51 oh fdv h{wuíph gh od {lwì gh wdx{ gh fkdqjh rü soxvlhxuv sd|v uhqrqfhqw
ã ohxuv prqqdlhv qdwlrqdohv hw dffhswhqw xqh prqqdlh xqltxh frppxqh
9166
XHP = ohv ìyìqhphqwv pdutxdqwv
4<;9 = o*Dfwh xqltxh hxursìhq +, ylvh oh sdvvdjh +dfkhyì hq 4<<5, yhuv
xq Pdufkì lqwìulhxu sdu o*ìolplqdwlrq ghv revwdfohv ã od oleuh flufxodwlrq
ghv shuvrqqhv/ vhuylfhv hw fdslwdx{
4<;< = oh Sodq Ghoruv +, suìyrlw o*ìwdeolvvhphqw g*xqh XHP hq wurlv
ìwdshv
4<<5 = oh Wudlwì gh Pddvwulfkw +, vsìflh o*lqvwdxudwlrq g*xqh prqqdlh
xqltxh hw g*xqh edqtxh fhqwudoh hxursìhqqh +EFH,
4<<7 +gìexw gh od vhfrqgh ìwdsh, +, o*Lqvwlwxw prqìwdluh hxursìhq +LPH,
4<<< +gìexw gh od wurlvlëph ìwdsh, +, {dwlrq luuìyrfdeoh ghv wdx{ gh
fkdqjh qdwlrqdx{ sdu udssruw ã o*hxur hw wudqvirupdwlrq gh o*LPH hq EFH
hw V|vwëph hxursìhq ghv edqtxhv fhqwudohv +VHEF,
5335 = uhpsodfhphqw ghv prqqdlhv qdwlrqdohv sdu ghv slëfhv hw eloohwv hq
hxur
9167
Fulwëuhv gh frqyhujhqfh gx Wudlwì gh Pddvwulfkw
dq g*dffìghu ã od ghuqlëuh ìwdsh gh o*XHP/ ohv Hwdwv0phpeuhv ghyudlhqw
uhpsolu flqt fulwëuhv gh frqyhujhqfh =
41 oh wdx{ g*lq dwlrq qh grlw gìsdvvhu gh soxv gh 4/8 srlqwv gh srxufhqwdjh
od pr|hqqh ghv wurlv sd|v d|dqw o*lq dwlrq od soxv idleoh
51 oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw +qrplqdo, qh grlw gìsdvvhu gh soxv gh 5 srlqwv gh srxu0
fhqwdjh od pr|hqqh ghv wurlv sd|v d|dqw ohv wdx{ g*lqwìuíwv ohv soxv edv
437
61 od ghwwh sxeoltxh qh grlw h{fìghu 93( gx SLE
71 oh gìflw sxeolf qh grlw h{fìghu 6( gx SLE
81 ohv pdujhv gh xfwxdwlrqv gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh suìyxhv sdu oh VPH grlyhqw
íwuh uhvshfwìhv shqgdqw dx prlqv ghx{ dqv
438

Economie : support de cours

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