contenu en information dans les prix d`options - Maths-Fi

Université de Paris IX Dauphine
UFR SCIENCES DES ORGANISATIONS
CONTENU EN INFORMATION DANS LES PRIX
D’OPTIONS :
(67,0$7,21'(/$'(16,7 1(875($85,648('8
SOUS-JACENT ET APPLICATIONS
THÈSE
Pour l’obtention du titre de
DOCTEUR EN GESTION
(Mai 2001)
Présentée et soutenue par
Sophie COUTANT
JURY
H. GEMAN, Professeur de Finance à l’Université Paris IX Dauphine
D. MADAN, Professeur de Finance à l’Université du Maryland
M. ROCKINGER, Professeur de Finance à HEC
F. AFTALION, Professeur de Finance à l’ESSEC
J. HAMON, Professeur de Finance à l’Université Paris IX Dauphine
A. FRACHOT, Crédit Lyonnais
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soxv vlqfëuhv uhphuflhphqwv ã Dqwrlqh Iudfkrw/ Iorulq Diwdolrq hw Mdftxhv Kdprq srxu
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Hq wurlvlëph olhx mh yrxgudlv uhphuflhu ohv shuvrqqhv gh od Edqtxh gh Iudqfh vdqv txl
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vrxwhqxh1 Mh q*rxeolhudl sdv gh phqwlrqqhu Slhuuh Vlfvlf hw Vdqyl Dyrx|l0Gryl vxffhvvl0
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gdqv ohv txhotxhv prphqwv gh gìvhvsrlu txh m*dl sx uhqfrqwuhu gxudqw fhv wurlv dqqìhv1
5
Wdeoh ghv pdwlëuhv
Uhphuflhphqwv
5
Lqwurgxfwlrq jìqìudoh
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Fdguh lqvwlwxwlrqqho hw suìvhqwdwlrq gx sureoëph
4 Pdufkìv hw lqvwuxphqwv qdqflhuv
414
4;
4<
Od Erxuvh gh Sdulv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<
41414
Rujdqlvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<
41415
Ohv lqvwuxphqwv qdqflhuv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53
Ohv dfwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53
Ohv lqglfhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53
41416
415
O*lqglfh FDF 73 = sursulìwìv vwdwlvwltxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56
Ohv pdufkìv gìulyìv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
41514
Oh PRQHS 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
Klvwrultxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
Rujdqlvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 59
O*rswlrq vxu lqglfh FDF 73 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
Klvwrultxh hw gìqlwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
Qrwdwlrqv hw ydorulvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5:
Ghvfulswlrq gh od edvh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5<
41515
Oh PDWLI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
Klvwrultxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
Rujdqlvdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 66
41516
Oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw SLERU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68
Ghvfulswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 68
6
Sursulìwìv vwdwlvwltxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 69
41517
Ohv lqvwuxphqwv gìulyìv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
Oh frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw SLERU 60prlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
Ohv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw SLERU 60prlv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6<
5 Sureoìpdwltxh
75
514 Dssurfkh sdu ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76
51414
K|srwkëvhv hw gìqlwlrqv olìhv ã o*ìtxloleuh sdu duelwudjh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 76
51415
Ydorulvdwlrq sdu duelwudjh hw prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 78
Gìqlwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 79
Ydorulvdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7:
51416
515
Sulph gh ulvtxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
Ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
51514
Prwlydwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 83
Od yrodwlolwì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 84
Hwxgh gh od sulph g*dv|pìwulh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 85
Oh frh!flhqw g*dsodwlvvhphqw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 86
51515
Dssolfdwlrqv srvvleohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 89
LL Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh = xqh frpsdudlvrq ghv pì0
wkrghv
8<
4 Uhodwlrq hqwuh od GQU hw ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv
94
414
Olwwìudwxuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 94
415
Od uhodwlrq gh Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9;
416
Qrwdwlrqv/ frpphqwdluhv hw rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9<
41614
Qrwdwlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9<
41615
Fruuhfwlrq ghv sul{ srxu ohv rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :3
Pìwkrgh gh Edurqh0Dghvl hw Zkdoh| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :4
Od pìwkrgh gh Pholn hw Wkrpdv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :5
41616
Uhpdutxhv frqfhuqdqw ohv judskltxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :6
5 Prgëohv gh glxvlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw
514
:8
Ohv prgëohv gh uìiìuhqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :8
51414
Oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv vxu ohv sul{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :8
7
51415
515
Oh prgëoh gh Eodfn vxu ohv wdx{
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 :<
Prgëoh ã vdxwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;6
51514
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;6
51515
Prphqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;7
516 Prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;:
51614
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ;:
51615
Ohv prphqwv g*xqh ghqvlwì g*Khvwrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <3
6 Ohv pìwkrghv qrq sdudpìwultxhv
614
Oh vploh frpph irqfwlrq sro|q÷pldoh gx sul{ g*h{huflfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <9
61414
615
<9
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 <9
Prgëohv g*dueuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 433
61514
O*dueuh gh Ghupdq hw Ndql 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 433
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 433
Od frqvwuxfwlrq gh o*dueuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 433
Ohv prphqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 436
61515
O*dueuh gh Uxelqvwhlq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43:
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43:
Ohv prphqwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 43;
616
617
Hvwlpdwhxuv gh qr|dx{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 444
61614
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 444
61615
O*hvwlpdwlrq gh od GQU 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 445
Od pd{lplvdwlrq gh o*hqwurslh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44:
61714
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 44:
7 Ohv pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv
714
715
456
Pìodqjhv gh orlv orjqrupdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 456
71414
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 456
71415
Sul{ g*xq fdoo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 457
71416
Ohv prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì gh pìodqjhv gh orjqrupdohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 457
Gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh dxwrxu gh od ghqvlwì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45:
71514
Gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh g*Hgjhzruwk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45:
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45:
Hydoxdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45;
Ohv prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì g*Hgjhzruwk 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 45<
8
71515
Gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 465
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 465
Oh prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì g*Khuplwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 467
8 Frpsdudlvrq ghv pìwkrghv
814
46<
Pìwkrgh g*hvwlpdwlrq hw fulwëuhv gh txdolwì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 46<
815 Frpsdudlvrq ghv prgëohv vxu xq ìyìqhphqw hpslultxh sduwlfxolhu 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 473
81514
Uìvxowdwv ghv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv prgëohv sdudpìwultxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 474
81515
Wdx{ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 486
81516
Lqglfhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 487
Dqqh{hv gh od sduwlh LL
4:5
Dqqh{h D = sul{ g*xq fdoo dpìulfdlq dyhf od pìwkrgh gh Edurqh0Dghvl hw Zkdoh| 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4:5
Dqqh{h E = fdofxov srxu Khuplwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4::
Dqqh{h F = fdofxo gh od yduldqfh g*Khvwrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;4
Dqqh{h G = rswlplvdwlrq gh o*hqwurslh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;8
Dqqh{h H = pìwkrgh g*rswlplvdwlrq gh Txdvl0Qhzwrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4;:
LLL Dssolfdwlrqv ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh hq whuph gh frqwhqx hq
lqirupdwlrq
4<4
4 Rxwlo ghvfulswli gh phvxuh gx ulvtxh vxu ohv pdufkìv
414
4<6
Lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<7
41414
Wdx{ g*lqwìuíw 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4<9
41415
Lqglfhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 534
5 Yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hw h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv g*rswlrqv
539
514 Yrodwlolwìv klvwrultxhv/ lpsolflwhv hw JDUFK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53;
51414
Yrodwlolwìv qrq frqglwlrqqhoohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53;
Yduldqfh ixwxuh uìdolvìh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53;
Yduldqfh klvwrultxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53;
51415
Yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv JDUFK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 53<
51416
Yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv hw yrodwlolwìv ã0od0prqqdlh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 544
515
Whvwv g*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 545
516
Uìvxowdwv hpslultxhv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 546
51614
Pìwkrgh g*hvwlpdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 546
9
51615
Hvwlpdwlrq ghv prgëohv JDUFK 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 548
51616
Hvwlpdwlrq gh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 549
6 Whvwv gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv
558
614
Oh prgëoh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 559
615
Uìvxowdwv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 55;
7 Hvwlpdwlrq gh o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì
56:
714 Qrwlrq gh ulvtxh hw g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56;
715
716
71414
K|srwkëvhv olìhv ã o*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56;
71415
Hydoxdwlrq g*dfwliv frqwlqjhqwv ã o*ìtxloleuh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56<
71416
Sulph gh ulvtxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 575
Dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh lpsolflwh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 576
71514
Plvh hq ìylghqfh g*xqh uhodwlrq wkìrultxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 576
71515
Xq h{hpsoh = oh prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 578
Hvwlpdwlrq lpsolflwh gh o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57:
71614
Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì dfwxhooh sdu xqh ghqvlwì Frqglwlrqqhoohphqw Dxwruhjuhvvlyh57:
71615
Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh sdu xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv
g*Khuplwh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
71616
717
Uìvxowdwv gh o*hvwlpdwlrq 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 57<
Dssolfdwlrq hq whuph gh vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 586
Dqqh{hv gh od sduwlh LLL
593
Dqqh{h I = whvw gh Glfnh| hw Ixoohu dxjphqwì 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 593
3
Dqqh{h J = fdofxo ghv gìulyìhv sKHU
+V, hw twKHU 3 +V, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 595
w
Dqqh{h K = Prphqwv gh od glvwulexwlrq w0vwxghqw gìfhqwuìh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 596
s
Dqqh{h L = Glvwulexwlrqv gh {>w.k > |>w.k hw
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Ohv sul{ ghv surgxlwv rswlrqqhov uh ëwhqw0lov ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì
vxu ohv prxyhphqwv ghv sul{ ixwxuv B Qrxv h{dplqrqv gdqv fhwwh wkëvh oh frqwhqx hq
lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw hw ghv rswlrqv
vxu lqglfhv hw whqwrqv gh uìsrqguh ã od txhvwlrq srvìh1
Frqfuëwhphqw ohv rswlrqv shxyhqw qrxv gluh ã txho srlqw ohv sduwlflsdqwv gx pdufkì
furlhqw hq ohxuv dqwlflsdwlrqv/ hw txhooh suredelolwì lov dwwdfkhqw ã xqh edlvvh gh soxv gh {(
rx xqh kdxvvh gh soxv gh |(1 Hq hhw/ xqh rswlrq grqqh oh gurlw ã vrq gìwhqwhxu g*dfkhwhu
xq fhuwdlq dfwli ã xq sul{ gìwhuplqì dxmrxug*kxl/ oh sul{ g*h{huflfh/ srxu xqh gdwh ixwxuh/
o*ìfkìdqfh gh o*rswlrq1 Oh uëjohphqw qdo srxu oh gìwhqwhxu hvw qxo vl oh sul{ gh o*dfwli hvw
soxv edv txh oh sul{ g*h{huflfh hw vwulfwhphqw srvlwli gdqv oh fdv frqwudluh1 Xqh rswlrq hvw
grqf xq sdul vxu oh qlyhdx ixwxu gh o*dfwli idlvdqw r!fh gh vxssruw gh o*rswlrq1 Frqvlgìurqv
sdu h{hpsoh ghx{ rswlrqv vlplodluhv hq wrxw srlqw h{fhswìhv srxu ohxu sul{ g*h{huflfh1
Lqwxlwlyhphqw/ rq shxw vhqwlu txh od glìuhqfh hqwuh ohv sul{ gh fhv ghx{ rswlrqv uh ëwh od
ydohxu dwwdfkìh ã od fdsdflwì g*h{hufhu fhv rswlrqv txdqg oh sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw vh
wurxyh hqwuh ohv ghx{ sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Fhwwh ydohxu gìshqg hooh0píph gh od suredelolwì txh
o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*ìfkìdqfh vh wurxyh gdqv fhw lqwhuydooh1 Ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv uh ëwhqw
grqf fh txh shqvhqw ohv djhqwv gx pdufkì vxu o*ìyroxwlrq ixwxuh ghv frxuv/ hw frpph
ohv rswlrqv g*xqh píph ìfkìdqfh vrqw wudlwìhv srxu soxvlhxuv sul{ g*h{huflfh/ rq shxw
gìgxluh wrxwh od glvwulexwlrq gh suredelolwì gh o*dfwli ã o*ìfkìdqfh1 Hq vh sodêdqw gdqv xq
xqlyhuv qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ Kduulvrq hw Nuhsv +4<:<, prqwuhqw tx*lo h{lvwh xqh suredelolwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh vrxv odtxhooh ohv sul{ dfwxdolvìv vrqw ghv pduwlqjdohv1 Hq sduwlfxolhu/
oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq v*ìfulw frpph o*hvsìudqfh dfwxdolvìh vrxv fhwwh suredelolwì gx jdlq
whuplqdo gh o*rswlrq1 F*hvw grqf vrxv fhwwh suredelolwì tx*hvw h{wudlwh od glvwulexwlrq gx
vrxv0mdfhqw1
Vl ohv dqqìhv :30;3 rqw ìwì wuëv suroltxhv hq pdwlëuh gh prgëohv g*ìydoxdwlrq ghv sur0
gxlwv gìulyìv hw gh prgëohv gh frqvwuxfwlrq gh od vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/
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lo idxw dwwhqguh od q ghv dqqìhv ;3 srxu yrlu ghv wudydx{ v*lqwìuhvvhu dx sureoëph gh
o*h{wudfwlrq g*lqirupdwlrq ã sduwlu ghv surgxlwv gìulyìv1
Ohv pdufkìv gìulyìv vxelvvhqw xqh furlvvdqfh vljqlfdwlyh ghsxlv oh plolhx ghv dq0
qìhv ;31 Xqh frqvìtxhqfh lpsruwdqwh srxu ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv hq hvw o*dqdo|vh gx
frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv sul{ ghv surgxlwv gìulyìv1 Ohv sul{ ã whuph shxyhqw íwuh
frqvlgìuìv frpph o*ìtxlydohqw ã o*lqvwdqw gh frwdwlrq gx sul{ gh o*dfwli gìolyuì gdqv oh
ixwxu1 Lov uh ëwhqw grqf ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv g*xq qlyhdx gh sul{ rx gh wdx{ gdqv oh ixwxu1
Gh qrpeuhx{ dxwhxuv rqw fkhufkì ã whvwhu o*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv g*rswlrq hq ìyd0
oxdqw oh frqwhqx lqirupdwlrqqho vxssoìphqwdluh gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv lvvxhv ghv
rswlrqv vxu g*dxwuhv phvxuhv gh yrodwlolwìv whoohv txh od yrodwlolwì frqglwlrqqhooh rx klvwr0
ultxh1 Dlqvl/ Gd| hw Ohzlv +4<<5, frpsduhqw oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv
lpsolflwhv ghv rswlrqv vxu V)S433 dyhf fhoxl frqwhqx gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv
lvvxhv gh prgëohv JDUFK hw HJDUFK1 Lov xwlolvhqw srxu fhod xq whvw gh udssruw ghv
yudlvhpeodqfhv ghv glìuhqwv prgëohv1 Lov h{dplqhqw hqvxlwh kruv ìfkdqwloorq oh srxyrlu
suìglfwli ghv glìuhqwhv phvxuhv gh yrodwlolwìv hq uìjuhvvdqw od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh vxu ohv yr0
odwlolwìv lpsolflwhv hw ohv suìylvlrqv lvvxhv ghv prgëohv JDUFK hw HJDUFK1 Ohv dxwhxuv
wurxyhqw txh ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv frqwlhqqhqw soxv g*lqirupdwlrq txh ghv yrodwlolwìv
lvvxhv gh prgëohv JDUFK1 Pdlv lov phwwhqw ìjdohphqw hq ìylghqfh ghv uìvxowdwv rssrvìv1
Frqirqgxhv/ fhv ghx{ frqfoxvlrqv frqwudglfwrluhv lpsoltxhqw txh ql ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsol0
flwhv/ ql ohv yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv JDUFK qh vrqw fdsdeohv g*h{soltxhu frpsoëwhphqw
od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh gx uhqghphqw gx sul{ gh o*dfwli1
Pdlv o*hqvhpeoh gh fhv ìwxghv olplwh od frqqdlvvdqfh gh o*lqirupdwlrq ã o*hvsìudqfh rx
ã od yrodwlolwì gx sul{ ixwxu gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw/ grqf dx{ prphqwv g*ruguh 4 hw 5 hw
qrq sdv ã od glvwulexwlrq wrxw hqwlëuh1 Ru ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv gìshqghqw ghv sul{ ixwxuv
hw gh od yduldwlrq srvvleoh gh fhv sul{1 Rq shxw grqf oìjlwlphphqw shqvhu txh ohv sul{
g*rswlrqv frqwlhqqhqw gh o*lqirupdwlrq vxu o*hvsìudqfh gx sul{ ixwxuv/ pdlv ìjdohphqw vxu
od yduldqfh gx sul{/ vxu od gluhfwlrq od soxv suredeoh ã od kdxvvh rx ã od edlvvh tx*lo vxlyud
hw vd vhqvlelolwì ã g*ìyhqwxhoohv yduldwlrqv h{wuíphv1
O*lqwìuíw vrxgdlq srxu ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh shxw v*h{soltxhu sdu od pxowlsolfd0
wlrq ghv fulvhv erxuvlëuhv wdqw vxu ohv pdufkìv gìyhorssìv txh vxu ohv pdufkìv ìphujhqwv1
Dlqvl oh fudvk g*rfwreuh 4<;: vxu oh pdufkì dpìulfdlq/ od fulvh gx V|vwëph Prqìwdluh
Hxursìhq hq rfwreuh 4<<5 hw/ soxv uìfhpphqw/ hq 4<<; od fulvh uxvvh/ vxlylh gh od fulvh
dvldwltxh rqw srxvvì o*hqvhpeoh ghv ìwdeolvvhphqwv edqfdluhv/ hw ohv edqtxhv fhqwudohv hq
sduwlfxolhu/ ã v*lqwìuhvvhu gh soxv suëv ã o*dqwlflsdwlrq gh fhv fulvhv hq whuph gh suredelolwì
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sdu o*lqwhupìgldluh gh od glvwulexwlrq ghv dfwliv vrxv0mdfhqwv dx{ rswlrqv1
Orqjwhpsv oh prgëoh ruljlqdo gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6, srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq hw od frx0
yhuwxuh ghv surgxlwv gìulyìv d ìwì frqvlgìuì vxu ohv pdufkìv frpph o*xqltxh prgëoh
g*ìydoxdwlrq1 Fh prgëoh vh edvh vxu o*k|srwkëvh txh od yrodwlolwì ghv sul{ ghv dfwliv hvw
frqvwdqwh hw lqgìshqgdqw ghv fdudfwìulvwltxhv gh o*rswlrq/ hq sduwlfxolhu gx sul{ g*h{huflfh
hw gh od pdwxulwì1
Fhwwh vlwxdwlrq fkdqjh gdqv oh plolhx ghv dqqìhv ;31 Hq hhw/ vxlwh dx{ suhplhuv whvwv
vxu ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv whov txh fhx{ gh Uxelqvwhlq +4<;8,/ oh prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv
+4<:6, hvw iruwhphqw uhplv hq fdxvh hw ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfhv qh shxyhqw soxv íwuh ìydoxìhv
dyhf xqh vlpsoh irupxoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv1 Ghsxlv oh fudvk gh 4<;:/ ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv
ghv rswlrqv vxu lqglfhv whqghqw ã gìfurñwuh hq irqfwlrq gx sul{ g*h{huflfh doruv txh oh
prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv srvwxoh tx*hoohv uhvwhqw frqvwdqwhv1 Oh skìqrpëqh txl frqvlvwh
ã wudfhu od yrodwlolwì g*xqh rswlrq hq irqfwlrq gx sul{ g*h{huflfh hvw frqqx vrxv oh qrp gh
vploh gh yrodwlolwì1 Qrxv dyrqv sduoì mxvwh dydqw g*xqh iruph gh vploh wuëv jìqìudoh pdlv
gh qrpeuhxvhv iruphv gh vploh dxwuhv txh od gìfurlvvdqfh prqrwrqh shxyhqw dssdudñwuh1
Sdu h{hpsoh/ fhuwdlqv mrxuv rü o*rq revhuyh ghv rswlrqv srxu ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh frwìv wuëv
ìorljqìv gx sul{ lqvwdqwdqì/ oh vploh gh yrodwlolwìv shxw h{klehu xqh iruph hq X1 Wrpnlqv
+4<<;, uhwurxyh oh píph frpsruwhphqw vxu ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfhv lvvxv ghv pdufkìv
mdsrqdlv/ doohpdqgv hw dqjodlv1 Fdpsd/ Fkdqj hw Uhlghu +4<<;, h{klehqw ghv vplohv hq
X vxu ohv rswlrqv gh fkdqjh1 Fh vploh gh yrodwlolwì hvw hq elmhfwlrq dyhf od glvwulexwlrq
lpsolflwh gx vrxv0mdfhqw gh o*rswlrq1
O*dxjphqwdwlrq surjuhvvlyh gx qrpeuh gh sul{ g*h{huflfh frwìv uhqg gh soxv hq soxv
dffhvvleoh od frqqdlvvdqfh gh fhwwh glvwulexwlrq lpsolflwh1 Lo h{lvwh hq hhw xqh uhodwlrq/
plvh hq ìylghqfh sdu Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;,/ hqwuh ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hw od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh +GQU,1 Od soxsduw ghv pìwkrghv g*h{wudfwlrq gh od GQU v*dssxlhqw
vxu fhwwh uhodwlrq1 Fhshqgdqw od fruuhvsrqgdqfh h{dfwh ghv glvwulexwlrqv ulvtxh qhxwuh
dyhf o*hqvhpeoh ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv gìshqg gh od frpsoìwxgh gx pdufkì1 Hq hhw/ vl
ohv pdufkìv vrqw lqfrpsohwv/ lo h{lvwh ghv ìwdwv gx prqgh gdqv ohvtxhov rq qh shxw sdv
uìsoltxhu o*rswlrq1 Gdqv fh fdv/ ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv fruuhvsrqghqw ã soxvlhxuv glvwulexwlrqv
qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh hw qrq soxv ã xqh xqltxh glvwulexwlrq1 F*hvw oh fdv sdu h{hpsoh oruvtxh
o*xqh ghv yduldeohv prgìolvìhv hvw od yrodwlolwì1 Rq hvw doruv dphqì ã idluh ghv k|srwkëvhv
vxssoìphqwdluhv vxu od irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì hw od vwuxfwxuh gh ulvtxh gh idêrq ã qh srxyrlu
qh uhwhqlu tx*xqh vhxoh glvwulexwlrq hw xq vhxo sul{ g*rswlrq1
D fh vwdgh/ qrxv srxyrqv flwhu soxvlhxuv duwlfohv irqgdphqwdx{ hq whuphv g*dqdo|vh
43
ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv gh pdufkì ã sduwlu gh od glvwulexwlrq qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx vrxv0mdfhqw1
Fhv duwlfohv suìvhqwhqw vrlw xqh qrxyhooh pìwkrgh srxu hvwlphu od GQU/ vrlw xqh frpsd0
udlvrq gh soxvlhxuv pìwkrghv/ vrlw xqh dqdo|vh g*xq ìyìqhphqw srolwltxh rx ìfrqrpltxh
sduwlfxolhu4 1
Dlqvl Edwhv +4<<4, dqdo|vh oh fudvk gh 4<;:1 Lo prqwuh txh oh pdufkì suhvvhqwdlw xqh
fkxwh ghv frxuv elhq dydqw oh fudvk/ ghsxlv oh prlv gh vhswhpeuh 4<;91 Lo uhpdutxh txh
gxudqw wrxwh fhwwh sìulrgh ohv sxwv kruv0od0prqqdlh vrqw ehdxfrxs soxv fkhuv txh ohv
fdoov kruv0od0prqqdlh/ vljqh g*xqh dqwlflsdwlrq gh fkxwh ghv sul{1 Lo frquph fh idlw hq
dssoltxdqw xq surfhvvxv ã vdxwv dx{ sul{ gh o*dfwli hw rewlhqw ghv vnhzqhvv v|vwìpdwltxh0
phqw qìjdwlyhv/ soxv surqrqfìhv hqwuh rfwreuh 4<;9 hw iìyulhu 4<;: hw hqwuh mxlq 4<;: hw
drþw 4<;:1 Lo uhpdutxh sdu dloohxuv txh oh pdufkì q*h{kleh sdv gh fudlqwh pdutxìh gdqv
ohv ghx{ prlv txl suìfëghqw oh fudvk1 Lo hq frqfoxw txh/ v*lo | dydlw hx xqh exooh vxu ohv
pdufkìv g*dfwlrqv/ fhooh0fl dxudlw gx ìfodwhu dx plolhx gx prlv g*drþw hw qrq dx plolhx
gx prlv g*rfwreuh1
Pdo} +4<<9d, xwlolvh xq olvvdjh gx vploh gh yrodwlolwì srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh1 Lo ìfulw oh vploh gh yrodwlolwì vrxv od iruph g*xq sro|q÷ph txdgudwltxh ghv sul{ gh
ulvn0uhyhuvdov/ gh vwudqjohv hw gh yrodwlolwìv ã0od0prqqdlh1 Lo dssoltxh fhwwh pìwkrgh dx{
ghowdv ã 58( ghv rswlrqv gh fkdqjh ã xq prlv vxu groodu2pdun/ groodu2|hq hw vwhuolqj2pdun
gx 64 pduv 4<<5 dx 7 mxloohw 4<<81 Pdo} whvwh vl ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh rqw xq
srxyrlu suìglfwli ghv wdx{ gh fkdqjh ixwxuv1 Lo wurxyh txh ohv ìfduw0w|shv lpsolflwhv gdqv
ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv vrqw surfkhv ghv ìfduw0w|shv dfwxhov fdofxoìv ã sduwlu ghv wdx{ gh fkdqjh
uìdolvìv1 Lo frqfoxw ìjdohphqw txh ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh g*ruguh 6 hw 7 rqw xq
srxyrlu suìglfwli prlqv judqgv txh ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh g*ruguh prlqv ìohyì1
Lo wurxyh qdohphqw txh ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh h{klehqw xqh ydohxu h{solfdwlyh
lpsruwdqwh hq whuphv gh uhedodqfhphqw gh sruwhihxlooh1
Pholn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:, dssoltxhqw oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv lqwurgxlw sdu Edkud
+4<<:, srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì gh glvwulexwlrq ghv sul{ ixwxuv gx sìwuroh ã sduwlu ghv
rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh sìwuroh1 Ohxu pìwkrgh hvw dmxvwìh srxu ohv rswlrqv dpì0
ulfdlqhv hw lov o*dssoltxhqw ã od sìulrgh frxyudqw od fulvh gx Jroih gx 5 mxloohw 4<<3 dx 63
pduv 4<<41 Lov frpsduhqw ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf fhoohv lvvxhv g*xqh vhxoh orl orjqru0
pdoh hw wurxyhqw ghv uìvxowdwv vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqwv1 Hqwuh dxwuhv/ lov uhjdughqw oh
fdv sduwlfxolhu gx pdugl 58 rfwreuh 4<<3/ mrxu rü o*Ludn d hq dppì 633 ghv 4333 sxlwv
4 Mdfnzhuwk +4<<<e, grqqh xqh h{fhoohqwh uhyxh gh wrxwh od olwwìudwxuh h{lvwdqwh vxu o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv gdqv xq fdguh wkìrultxh/ ghvfulswli hw hpslultxh1
44
gh sìwuroh gx Nrzhlw1 Oh 55 rfwreuh/ ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv gh pdufkì fhqwudlhqw hqfruh ohv
sul{ ixwxuv dxwrxu gh 57' oh edulo/ hw oh 58 rfwreuh od glvwulexwlrq ìwdlw fodluhphqw fhqwuìh
dxwrxu gh 93 ã :3' oh edulo1 Ohv dxwhxuv wurxyhqw txh o*k|srwkëvh g*xqh vhxoh orjqrupdoh
gìfulw soxv idleohphqw ohv grqqìhv txh o*k|srwkëvh gh ghx{ orlv orjqrupdohv1 Lov h{soltxhqw
txh vl ohv dqdo|vwhv dydlhqw xwlolvì xqh vhxoh orl orjqrupdoh srxu ohxuv dqwlflsdwlrqv/ lov
dxudlhqw hq jìqìudo vxuhvwlpì od suredelolwì g*xqh uxswxuh hw vrxv0hvwlpì o*lpsdfw g*xqh
whooh uxswxuh1
Vùghuolqg +4<<;, hvwlph od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh olyuh2GP/ gx
wdx{ orqj ã 43 dqv hw gx wdx{ frxuw ã 6 prlv dx Ur|dxph0Xql/ gx wdx{ frxuw ã 6 prlv
doohpdqg hq grqqìhv txrwlglhqqhv1 Od sìulrgh g*hvwlpdwlrq frxuw gx 46 mxlq 4<<5 dx
53 qryhpeuh 4<<5/ hqwrxudqw dlqvl oh 49 vhswhpeuh 4<<5/ mrxu gh od vruwlh gh od olyuh
vwhuolqj gh o*HUP1 Lo frqvwuxlw ghv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh ã sduwlu ghv ghqvlwìv hw ohv
xwlolvh srxu ìwxglhu gh txhooh idêrq ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv rqw fkdqjì hq irqfwlrq
gh od srolwltxh prqìwdluh dx Ur|dxph0Xql hq ìwì hw dxwrpqh 4<<51 O*dxwhxu wurxyh ohv
uìvxowdwv vxlydqwv1 Suhplëuhphqw/ od sìulrgh txl suìfëgh oh yhqguhgl qrlu 49 vhswhpeuh
hvw pdutxì sdu xqh vìulh gh shwlwhv fulvhv gh od q gx prlv g*drþw dx gìexw gx prlv
gh vhswhpeuh 4<<51 Shqgdqw fhwwh sìulrgh ohv glvwulexwlrqv ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw ixwxuv dx
Ur|dxph0Xql hw gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh ixwxu pdun2vwhuolqj v*dsodwlvvhqw fdu ohv pdufkìv
frpphqêdlhqw doruv ã furluh hq od srvvlelolwì gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw kdxwv hw g*xq uìdoljqhphqw
prgìuì1 Ghx{lëphphqw/ o*dqqrqfh gh od fleoh g*lq dwlrq dqjodlvh oh ; rfwreuh udedlvvh
ohv wdx{ orqjv dqjodlv hw o*lqfhuwlwxgh frqfhuqdqw ohv wdx{ orqjv ixwxuv1 Wurlvlëphphqw/ oh
Frppxqltxì g*Dxwrpqh gx fkdqfholhu dqjodlv oh 45 qryhpeuh phw q ã o*lqfhuwdlq vxu od
srolwltxh prqìwdluh ixwxuh = ohv glvwulexwlrqv ghv wdx{ frxuwv ixwxuv dqjodlv vh uhvvhuuhqw
iruwhphqw lppìgldwhphqw dsuëv oh glvfrxuv1
Fdpsd/ Fkdqj hw Uhlghu +4<<;, frpsduhqw wurlv pìwkrghv srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Fhv pìwkrghv vrqw xq olvvdjh gx vploh sdu xq sro|q÷ph
gh ghjuì 6/ xq dueuh lpsolflwh gh w|sh Uxelqvwhlq hw xq pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv1 Lov hv0
wlphqw ohv GQU ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv gh fkdqjh vxu groodu2pdun/ groodu2|hq/ pdun2olyuh/
pdun2II hw pdun2oluh hq grqqìhv khegrpdgdluhv gx 6 dyulo 4<<9 dx 8 pduv 4<<:1 Lov
prqwuhqw txh pdojuì g*lpsruwdqwhv glìuhqfhv pìwkrgrorjltxhv/ ohv wurlv dssurfkhv fds0
wxuhqw elhq o*ìfduw hqwuh od glvwulexwlrq lpsolflwh gx vrxv0mdfhqw hw od glvwulexwlrq orjqru0
pdoh1 Lov grqqhqw wurlv phvxuhv glìuhqwhv gh od vnhzqhvv txl vrqw ohv ulvn0uhyhuvdov/ oh
prphqw g*ruguh 6 gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hw od wdlooh uhodwlyh ghv txhxhv gh glvwul0
exwlrq ã gurlwh hw ã jdxfkh1 D sduwlu gh fhv wurlv phvxuhv/ ohv dxwhxuv wurxyhqw txh gdqv
45
od pdmrulwì ghv fdv od vnhzqhvv hvw srvlwlyh/ vljqh txh ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv dqwlflshqw soxv
xqh iruwh dssuìfldwlrq tx*xqh iruwh gìsuìfldwlrq hqwuh dyulo 4<<9 hw pduv 4<<:1
Frxwdqw/ Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333, frpsduhqw od fdsdflwì gh wurlv pìwkrghv g*hv0
wlpdwlrq gh od GQU/ hq soxv g*xq prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh grqqì sdu oh prgëoh gh Eodfn
+4<:6,/ ã h{soltxhu oh frpsruwhphqw ixwxu ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw iudqêdlv1 Fhv wurlv pìwkrghv
vrqw xqh pìwkrgh sdudpìwultxh grqqìh sdu xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
dxwrxu gh od ghqvlwì/ xqh pìwkrgh vhpl0sdudpìwultxh grqqìh sdu xq pìodqjh gh orlv
orjqrupdohv hw xqh pìwkrgh qrq sdudpìwultxh xwlolvdqw oh sulqflsh gx pd{lpxp g*hq0
wurslh1 Ohv dxwhxuv gìqlvvhqw ghv fulwëuhv gh vìohfwlrq hw frpsduhqw ohv pìwkrghv vhorq
fhv fulwëuhv ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 6 prlv vxu 8 gdwhv1 Lov wurxyhqw
txh od pìwkrgh txl vdwlvidlw oh soxv judqg qrpeuh gh fulwëuhv hvw oh gìyhorsshphqw hq
sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh1 Lov frqvwuxlvhqw ghv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh gx wdx{ Sleru 6 prlv
dyhf fh prgëoh vxu od sìulrgh gx 6 iìyulhu 4<<: dx 63 mxloohw 4<<: hqfdgudqw dlqvl ohv
ìohfwlrqv oìjlvodwlyhv dqwlflsìhv gh pdl 4<<: hq Iudqfh1 Ohv dxwhxuv wurxyhqw txh ohv sul{
g*rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 6 prlv uh ëwhqw txh oh pdufkì dqwlflsdlw od glvvroxwlrq
gh o*Dvvhpeoìh dydqw píph vrq dqqrqfh r!flhooh1
Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333f, phwwhqw hq úxyuh glìuhqwhv pìwkrghv g*hvwlpdwlrq gh
od GQU grqw xq pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv/ xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
hw xq gìyhorsshphqw g*Hgjhzruwk/ xq surfhvvxv ã vdxwv hw xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdv0
wltxh1 Lov frpsduhqw fhv pìwkrghv dx{ rswlrqv gh fkdqjh vxu II2GP vxu ghx{ gdwhv1 Lov
wurxyhqw txh oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv shuphw gh elhq vh fdohu dx{ sul{ gh pdufkì
pdlv hvw gl!floh ã lqwhusuìwhu1 Hq uhydqfkh/ oh prgëoh ã vdxwv shuphw qrq vhxohphqw xq
erq fdodjh dx{ grqqìhv gh pdufkì pdlv irxuqlw ghv sdudpëwuhv idflohv ã lqwhusuìwhu1 Sdu
dloohxuv/ lov revhuyhqw juåfh dx{ prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh txh ghv ìyìqhphqwv frqvlgìuìv
frpph lpsruwdqwv gdqv oh frxuw whuph shxyhqw ghyhqlu qrupdx{ gdqv oh orqj whuph1
Ehdxfrxs gh fhv duwlfohv dqdo|vhqw ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv ã wudyhuv oh whpsv ã
o*dlgh g*lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh hw gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv ghv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh
hvwlpìv pdlv dxfxq qh yìulh yudlphqw od vwdelolwì ghv pìwkrghv g*hvwlpdwlrq gh od GQU1
Eolvv hw Sdqljluwjr}orx +4<<<, whvwhqw od vwdelolwì ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh dx{
glìuhqwhv huuhxuv txl shxyhqw dssdudñwuh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Fhv vrxufhv g*huuhxuv
vrqw g*ìyhqwxhoohv huuhxuv gdqv o*hquhjlvwuhphqw ghv sul{/ od qrq v|qfkurqlvdwlrq hqwuh oh
sul{ gh o*rswlrq hw oh sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw/ od sulph gh oltxlglwì hw od qrq frqwlqxlwì ghv sul{
g*rswlrqv1 Od whfkqltxh ghv dxwhxuv frqvlvwh ã uìhvwlphu ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh
vxu ghv ìfkdqwloorqv gh sul{ g*rswlrqv shuwxueìv gh idêrq doìdwrluh1 Oh whvw hvw dssoltxì
46
dx pìodqjh gh ghx{ orlv orjqrupdohv hw ã xq olvvdjh gh vploh sdu xq sro|q÷ph gh ghjuì
6 dyhf xqh frqwudlqwh vxu od frxuexuh1 Ohv uìvxowdwv suìvhqwhqw xqh iruwh ìylghqfh gh od
vxsìulrulwì hq whuph gh vwdelolwì gx olvvdjh gh vploh vxu oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv1
Ohv dxwhxuv frqfoxhqw txh fhuwdlqhv pìwkrghv g*hvwlpdwlrq gh od GQU qh shuphwwhqw
sdv g*hvwlphu dyhf suìflvlrq ohv prphqwv g*ruguh 6 hw 71 Lov vxjjëuhqw txh ohv ìwxghv
hpslultxhv txl xwlolvhqw ohv yduldwlrqv gh od vnhzqhvv hw gh od nxuwrvlv ã wudyhuv oh whpsv
ghyudlhqw gìvrupdlv suhqguh hq frpswh fh uìvxowdw1 Lov h{soltxhqw od vxsìulrulwì gx olvvdjh
gh vploh vxu oh pìodqjh gh orlv sdu oh idlw txh fhwwh ghuqlëuh pìwkrgh hvw wuëv vhqvleoh
dx{ sureoëphv gh frqyhujhqfh oruv gh o*rswlplvdwlrq1
Lo frqylhqw gh udsshohu txh od glvwulexwlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw h{wudlwh ghv rswlrqv uhsrvh vxu
od qrwlrq g*xqlyhuv qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hw tx*hq frqvìtxhqfh od ohfwxuh gh fhv lqirupdwlrqv
shxw íwuh eldlvìh1 Dxfxq sdslhu qh grqqh gh whvwv vwdwlvwltxhv gh vljqlfdwlylwì/ ql qh
frqwu÷oh g*ìyhqwxhov idfwhxuv h{whuqhv txl srxuudlhqw íwuh od fdxvh gh od iruph sduwlfxolëuh
g*xqh glvwulexwlrq1 Ghv ìwxghv uìfhqwhv vh wrxuqhqw yhuv od uhodwlrq wkìrultxh hqwuh ohv
ghqvlwìv vrxv ohv xqlyhuv vwdwlvwltxh hw qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hw od irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì g*xq djhqw
uhsuìvhqwdwli1
Urvhqehuj hw Hqjoh +4<<:, hvwlphqw ohv suìiìuhqfhv g*xq lqyhvwlvvhxu hq ohv vxssrvdqw
yduldqwhv ã wudyhuv oh whpsv1 Ohxu pìwkrgrorjlh uhsrvh vxu o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv suredelolwìv
ghv sul{ g*ìwdw/ fhoohv0fl srxydqw v*ìfuluh frpph oh udssruw gx sul{ sdu xqlwì glvfuhw gdqv
xq ìwdw vxu od suredelolwì glvfuëwh g*íwuh gdqv fhw ìwdw1 Od suhplëuh txdqwlwì qìfhvvlwh
od frqqdlvvdqfh gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh glvfuëwh hw od vhfrqgh od frqqdlvvdqfh gh
od ghqvlwì remhfwlyh glvfuëwh1 Od pìwkrgh hpsor|ìh srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh hvw xq olvvdjh gh vploh sdu xq sro|q÷ph txdgudwltxh hw od ghqvlwì remhfwlyh hvw
hvwlpìh ã o*dlgh g*xq JDUFK dyhf xqh frpsrvdqwh lqwìjudqw ohv hhwv gh ohylhu1 Hqjoh
hw Urvhqehuj hvwlphqw ohxu prgëoh hq grqqìhv txrwlglhqqhv vxu ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh
V)S833 hw ohv uhqghphqwv gx V)S833 gh 4<<5 ã 4<<91 Lov wurxyhqw txh ohv suìiìuhqfhv ghv
djhqwv ydulhqw ehdxfrxs ã wudyhuv oh whpsv dyhf xq ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh txrwlglhq
iruwhphqw srvlwlyhphqw dxwrfruuìoì/ qìjdwlyhphqw fruuìoì dyhf ohv uhqghphqwv gx V)S833
hw srvlwlyhphqw fruuìoì dyhf o*ìfduw hqwuh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hw od yrodwlolwì remhfwlyh1
Dòw0Vdkdold hw Or +5333, frpsduhqw ghx{ phvxuhv gh Ydoxh0dw0Ulvn +YdU, glìuhqwhv1
O*xqh hvw rewhqxh juåfh ã od suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hvwlpìh ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrq
hw hvw qrwìh Hfrqrplf0YdU +H0YdU,1 O*dxwuh hvw rewhqxh juåfh ã od suredelolwì remhfwlyh
hvwlpìh ã sduwlu ghv uhqghphqwv uìdolvìv hw hvw dsshoìh Vwdwlvwlfdo0YdU +V0YdU,1 Ohv
dxwhxuv hvwlphqw ohv ghx{ ghqvlwìv ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu V)S833 gx 7 mdqylhu 4<<6
47
dx 64 gìfhpeuh 4<<6 hq xwlolvdqw srxu ohv ghx{ ghqvlwìv xqh pìwkrgh gh olvvdjh sdu xqh
irqfwlrq gh qr|dx1 Lov prqwuhqw txh ohv ghx{ YdU frqgxlvhqw ã ghv phvxuhv gx ulvtxh
dvvh} glìuhqwhv1 Lov hq frqfoxhqw txh od H0YdU lqfrusruh ghv dvshfwv gx ulvtxh qrq
fdswxuìv sdu od V0YdU1 Lov uhfrqqdlvvhqw od frpsoh{lwì hw oh frþw gh fdofxo txh qìfhvvlwh
xqh pìwkrgh qrq sdudpìwultxh1
Mdfnzhuwk +4<<<d, xwlolvh od uhodwlrq h{lvwdqw hqwuh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ od
ghqvlwì vxemhfwlyh hw od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh srxu uhwurxyhu od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq
dx ulvtxh lpsolflwh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Od pìwkrgh tx*lo xwlolvh srxu hvwlphu od GQU
hvw xq dueuh elqrpldo lpsolflwh gh Uxelqvwhlq oìjëuhphqw prglì/ od plqlplvdwlrq vh idlw
vxu ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv dx olhx ghv suredelolwìv lpsolflwhv1 Od ghqvlwì vwdwlvwltxh hvw
rewhqxh sdu xq hvwlpdwhxu gh qr|dx1 O*dxwhxu hvwlph od GQU ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu
V)S833 plqxwh sdu plqxwh gx 5 dyulo 4<;9 dx 5< gìfhpeuh 4<<8 hw hvwlph od ghqvlwì
vwdwlvwltxh ã sduwlu ghv uhqghphqwv uìdolvìv gx V)S833 gx 5 mdqylhu 4<5; dx 5< gìfhpeuh
4<<81 O*dxwhxu wurxyh txh od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh rewhqxh hvw odujhphqw frkìuhqwh
dyhf od wkìrulh ìfrqrpltxh vwdqgdug gxudqw od sìulrgh suìfìgdqw oh fudvk gh 4<;:/ pdlv
wurxyh ghv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh sduwlhoohphqw qìjdwlyhv hw furlvvdqwhv mxvwh dsuëv
oh fudvk1 Lo uhpdutxh ìjdohphqw txh ohv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh vrqw wuëv vwdeohv
dx{ fkrl{ idlwv srxu o*hvwlpdwlrq1
D o*h{fhswlrq gh Urvhqehuj hw Hqjoh +4<<:,/ fhv ìwxghv irqw o*k|srwkëvh txh ohv suìiì0
uhqfhv ghv djhqwv hw ohxu ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh vrqw frqvwdqwv gdqv oh whpsv1 O*xwlol0
vdwlrq gh pìwkrghv qrq sdudpìwultxhv/ vl hoohv suìvhqwhqw xq fhuwdlq dwwudlw sxlvtx*hoohv
qh qìfhvvlwhqw sdv g*k|srwkëvh vxu oh surfhvvxv vrxv0mdfhqw/ hpsífkhqw gh vxssrvhu txh
ohv suìiìuhqfhv ghv djhqwv vrqw yduldqwhv dyhf oh whpsv1 Ru lo hvw oìjlwlph gh shqvhu txh
o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh g*xq djhqw ìyroxh ã wudyhuv oh whpsv1
Frxwdqw +4<<<, hvwlph od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv lqyhvwlvvhxuv hq vxssrvdqw
txh fhooh0fl hvw yduldqwh gdqv oh whpsv1 O*dxwhxu hvwlph g*xqh sduw od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh hq dssoltxdqw xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh hw g*dxwuh sduw od ghqvlwì
vwdwlvwltxh hq xwlolvdqw xqh ghqvlwì frqglwlrqqhoohphqw dxwruìjuhvvlyh dyhf ghv prphqwv
g*ruguh 6 hw 7 gìshqgdqw gx whpsv1 Hooh hvwlph ohv ghqvlwìv vrxv ohv ghx{ suredelolwìv ã
sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh FDF 73 hw ghv uhqghphqwv uìdolvìv gx FDF 73 gh mdqylhu
4<<8 ã mxloohw 4<<; hq grqqìhv txrwlglhqqhv1 Hooh prqwuh txh ohv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq dx
ulvtxh lpsolflwhv rewhqxhv vrqw dvvh} glìuhqwhv gh fhoohv rewhqxhv dyhf xq prgëoh gh
Eodfn0Vfkrohv1 Fhoohv0fl shuphwwhqw gh plhx{ suhqguh hq frpswh oh frpsruwhphqw ghv
lqyhvwlvvhxuv hq h{kledqw ghv irqfwlrqv iruwhphqw gìfurlvvdqwhv hq irqfwlrq gx sul{ gh
48
o*dfwli1
O*remhfwli jìqìudo gh od wkëvh hvw o*ìwxgh gx surfhvvxv lpsolflwh gx sul{ gh o*dfwli
vrxv0mdfhqw hw vrq dssruw hq whuph gh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv1
D fhwwh q/ ghx{ rxwlov vhurqw xwlolvìv = g*xqh sduw ohv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw gdqv oh exw g*dqdo|vhu ohv uìdfwlrqv vxu ohv pdufkìv gh wdx{/ g*dxwuh sduw
ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh txl shuphwwud o*dqdo|vh ghv uìdfwlrqv vxu ohv pdufkìv g*dfwlrqv1
Gdqv xqh suhplëuh sduwlh/ qrxv gìfulurqv ohv pdufkìv vxu ohvtxhov qrxv doorqv wudydloohu/
hw ìwxglhurqv ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv surgxlwv xwlolvìv1 Sxlv qrxv dqdo|vhurqv oh sureoëph
srvì sdu fhw remhfwli1 Gdqv xqh vhfrqgh sduwlh/ qrxv ihurqv xqh ìwxgh ghvfulswlyh hw
hpslultxh gh glìuhqwv prgëohv g*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx vrxv0
mdfhqw1 Qrxv frpsduhurqv od fdsdflwì gh fhv prgëohv ã gìjdjhu ohv vhqwlphqwv gx pdufkì
vxu xq ìyìqhphqw ìfrqrpltxh rx srolwltxh sduwlfxolhu hw hvvdlhurqv gh uhwhqlu oh rx ohv
phloohxuv gh fhv prgëohv g*dsuëv soxvlhxuv fulwëuhv elhq suìflv gh frpsdudlvrq1 Hqq/
gdqv xqh wurlvlëph sduwlh/ qrxv sdvvhurqv hq uhyxh ohv glìuhqwhv dssolfdwlrqv txh o*rq
shxw wluhu gh o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Qrxv yhuurqv tx*lo
h{lvwh soxvlhxuv dssolfdwlrqv sdupl ohvtxhoohv o*ìwxgh ghvfulswlyh whpsruhooh ghv uìdfwlrqv
gx pdufkì ã xq ìyìqhphqw/ ohv whvwv g*h!flhqfh gx pdufkì ghv rswlrqv ã wudyhuv ohv
yrodwlolwìv/ o*dssruw gh o*lqirupdwlrq h{wudlwh ghv rswlrqv gdqv o*dpìolrudwlrq ghv whvwv
wudglwlrqqhov gh wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv/ o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh
rx gx frh!flhqw g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh hw hqq od srvvlelolwì gh vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj txh
o*rq shxw gìgxluh gx eldlv hqwuh ohv ghqvlwìv vwdwlvwltxh hw qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1
49
4:
Suhplëuh sduwlh
Fdguh lqvwlwxwlrqqho hw suìvhqwdwlrq
gx sureoëph
4;
Fkdslwuh 4
Pdufkìv hw lqvwuxphqwv qdqflhuv
Qrxv gìfulyrqv gdqv fh fkdslwuh od Erxuvh gh Sdulv/ g*rü vhud lvvxh od wrwdolwì ghv
grqqìhv txl lqwhuylhqgurqw gdqv oh fdguh hpslultxh gh fhwwh wkëvh1 Qrxv suìvhqwhurqv
ìjdohphqw ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv glìuhqwv lqvwuxphqwv qdqflhuv txh qrxv vhurqv dph0
qìv ã xwlolvhu1
414
Od Erxuvh gh Sdulv
Od Erxuvh gh Sdulv q*hvw sdv vhxohphqw xq pdufkì/ rx xq hqvhpeoh gh pdufkìv1 F*hvw
dxvvl xqh hqwuhsulvh gìqrppìh Vrflìwì ghv Erxuvhv Iudqêdlvhv +VEI,/ hw soxv frqqxh
vrxv oh qrp gh SdulvErxuvh VD1 Fhwwh hqwuhsulvh rujdqlvh hw dvvxuh oh irqfwlrqqhphqw hw
od surprwlrq ghv pdufkìv erxuvlhuv iudqêdlv = Suhplhu Pdufkì/ Vhfrqg Pdufkì/ Qrxyhdx
Pdufkì/ PDWLI/ PRQHS4 / txl eìqìflhqw fkdfxq gx odeho gh pdufkì uìjohphqwì hw txl
ruhqw dlqvl dx{ lqyhvwlvvhxuv ohv phloohxuhv jdudqwlhv gh oltxlglwì/ g*ìjdolwì hw gh vìfxulwì1
41414
Rujdqlvdwlrq
Grwìh gh vwdwxw g*lqvwlwxwlrq qdqflëuh vsìfldolvìh/ SdulvErxuvhVEI VD hvw xqh vrflìwì
dqrq|ph sulyìh grqw ohv dfwlrqv vrqw gìwhqxhv sdu ohv phpeuhv gx pdufkì1 SdulvErxuvhVEI
VD ìwdeolw ohv uëjohv gx pdufkì txl vrqw vrxplvhv ã o*dssuredwlrq gx Frqvhlo ghv Pdufkìv
Ilqdqflhuv +FPI,/ surqrqfh o*dgplvvlrq ghv ydohxuv ã od frwh/ gìflgh gh o*dgkìvlrq gh vhv
phpeuhv/ jëuh ohv v|vwëphv lqirupdwltxhv gh frwdwlrq/ dvvxuh od sxeolflwì ghv qìjrfldwlrqv
4 Mxvtx*dx
4h u mxlq 4<<</ oh Qrxyhdx Pdufkì/ oh PDWLI hw oh PRQHS ìwdlhqw uhvshfwlyhphqw jìuìv sdu od Vrflìwì gx
Qrxyhdx Pdufkì/ Pdwli VD/ Prqhs VD/ oldohv ã 433( gh SdulvErxuvh VE I VD/ txl d surfìgì ã fhwwh gdwh ã ohxu devruswlrq1
4<
hw od glxvlrq ghv frxuv/ hquhjlvwuh ohv qìjrfldwlrqv hqwuh ohv phpeuhv gx pdufkì gdqv
oh fdguh g*xqh fkdpeuh gh frpshqvdwlrq FohduqhwVEI VD/ vd oldoh ã 433( jdudqwlvvdqw
dlqvl oh sdlhphqw ghv wlwuhv yhqgxv hw od olyudlvrq ghv wlwuhv dfkhwìv/ ruh dx{ ìphwwhxuv
ohv vhuylfhv gx pdufkì srxu od frwdwlrq gh ohxuv wlwuhv hw od uìdolvdwlrq gh ohxuv rsìudwlrqv
qdqflëuhv1
Vhorq oh fdv/ ohv wlwuhv vrqw qìjrflìv dx frpswdqw rx hq uëjohphqw phqvxho =
Oh pdufkì dx frpswdqw = vxu fh pdufkì vrqw frwìhv ohv dfwlrqv ghv vrflìwìv iudqêdlvhv
hw ìwudqjëuhv ohv prlqv dfwlyhv gh od frwh1 Ohv rsìudwlrqv vrqw gìqrxìhv oh mrxu píph
gh ohxu h{ìfxwlrq1 Oh gìs÷w ghv fdslwdx{ fruuhvsrqgdqw ã xq dfkdw v*hhfwxh hq
píph whpsv tx*hvw grqqì o*ruguh g*dfkdw sdu oh folhqw1 Gh píph/ oh gìs÷w gx wlwuh
gh sursulìwì gx yhqghxu v*hhfwxh hq píph whpsv txh o*ruguh gh yhqwh1 Ohv yhqwhv
hw ohv dfkdwv ã gìfrxyhuw qh vrqw sdv srvvleohv vxu fh pdufkì1
Oh pdufkì ã uëjohphqw phqvxho +UP, = ohv ydohxuv iudqêdlvhv frwìhv vxu fh pdufkì
vrqw ohv dfwlrqv ghv soxv judqghv vrflìwìv frwìhv ã od erxuvh gh Sdulv1 Rq frpswh
533 ydohxuv iudqêdlvhv hw :3 dfwlrqv ìwudqjëuhv wudlwìhv vxu oh pdufkì ã uëjohphqw
phqvxho1 Fh pdufkì q*h{lvwh tx*ã od Erxuvh gh Sdulv1 Xqh rsìudwlrq g*dfkdw rx gh
yhqwh vxu oh UP hvw duuíwìh gdqv wrxwhv vhv frqglwlrqv oh mrxu gh od qìjrfldwlrq/ pdlv
oh uëjohphqw hw od olyudlvrq ghv wlwuhv vrqw uhsruwìv ã od q gx prlv1 Hq dwwhqgdqw
oh gìqrxhphqw gh o*rsìudwlrq/ o*dfkhwhxu hw oh yhqghxu rqw o*hqjdjhphqw gh sd|hu
srxu o*dfkhwhxu/ rx gh olyuhu ohv wlwuhv srxu oh yhqghxu1 Ohv rsìudwlrqv hhfwxìhv vxu
oh pdufkì ã uëjohphqw phqvxho vrqw gìqrxìhv oh mrxu gh od oltxlgdwlrq/ pdlv hoohv
shxyhqw íwuh uhsruwìhv mxvtx*ã od oltxlgdwlrq vxlydqwh1
41415
Ohv lqvwuxphqwv qdqflhuv
Ohv dfwlrqv
Xqh dfwlrq5 hvw xq wlwuh g*dvvrflì/ xqh ydohxu ã uhyhqx yduldeoh/ txl uhsuìvhqwh xqh
iudfwlrq gx fdslwdo vrfldo1 D fkdtxh dfwlrq ruglqdluh vrqw dwwdfkìv xq gurlw gh yrwh/ xq
gurlw dx glylghqgh hw xq gurlw ã o*lqirupdwlrq1
Ohv lqglfhv
O*ìyroxwlrq g*xqh sodfh erxuvlëuh vh phvxuh sdu ghv lqglfhv v|qwkìwltxhv txl uìvxphqw
5 Srxu xqh ghvfulswlrq frpsoëwh gx pdufkì iudqêdlv ghv dfwlrqv hw gh ohxu pìwkrgh gh frwdwlrq/ rq srxuud vh uìihuuhu ã
Kdprq hw Mdftxloodw +4<<5,1
53
xq judqg qrpeuh g*revhuydwlrqv1 Ohv lqglfhv shuphwwhqw dxvvl gh phvxuhu ohv shuiru0
pdqfhv erxuvlëuhv ghv lqyhvwlvvhxuv hw ghv jhvwlrqqdluhv gh sruwhihxloohv1 Lov vhuyhqw gh
vxssruw dx{ frqwudwv ã whuph hw dx{ rswlrqv qìjrflìhv vxu ohv pdufkìv gìulyìv1 Od sodfh
gh Sdulv glvsrvh g*xqh jdpph frpsoëwh g*lqglfhv erxuvlhuv = oh FDF 73/ oh VEI 453/ oh
VEI 583 hw oh PLGFDF1 Oh FDF 73 txl vhuw gh edvh ã qrwuh ìwxgh idlw o*remhw g*xqh
dwwhqwlrq sduwlfxolëuh1
Oh FDF 73 hvw odqfì hq mxlq 4<;; +edvh 4333 dx 64 gìfhpeuh 4<;:, hw ghylhqw udsl0
ghphqw xqh uìiìuhqfh lqwhuqdwlrqdoh1 Lo hvw fdofxoì ã sduwlu g*xq ìfkdqwloorq gh 73 ydohxuv
frwìhv vxu oh Suhplhu Pdufkì ã uëjohphqw phqvxho1 Oh fkrl{ ghv wlwuhv uhsrvh vxu ghv
fulwëuhv erxuvlhuv hw ìfrqrpltxhv1 Od qìfhvvlwì gh irxuqlu dx{ pdufkìv gìulyìv +rswlrqv
hw frqwudwv ã whuph vxu lqglfh, xq lqvwuxphqw dgdswì dx{ rsìudwlrqv gh frxyhuwxuh/ g*du0
elwudjh hw gh vsìfxodwlrq hqwudñqh oh vxlyl frqvwdqw gh od oltxlglwì ghv ydohxuv gh o*lqglfh1
Gh fh idlw/ od gìwhuplqdwlrq gh od frpsrvlwlrq gh o*ìfkdqwloorq v*hhfwxh vhorq ohv fulwëuhv
vxlydqwv =
xq fulwëuh gh wdlooh = ohv ydohxuv ìoljleohv jxuhqw sdupl ohv 433 suhplëuhv fdslwdolvd0
wlrqv erxuvlëuhv6 gx UP/
ghv fulwëuhv gh oltxlglwì = phvxudqw o*ìwhqgxh hw od surirqghxu gx pdufkì gh fkdtxh
ydohxu1 O*ìwhqgxh gx pdufkì hvw gìwhuplqìh sdu oh prqwdqw ghv wudqvdfwlrqv/ oh wdx{
gh urwdwlrq7 txrwlglhqv fdofxoìv hq pr|hqqh txrwlglhqqh vxu 45 prlv hw oh rwwdqw8 1
O*lpsdfw ghv wudqvdfwlrqv hvw phvxuì sdu od irxufkhwwh hw od yrodwlolwì fdofxoìhv hq
pr|hqqh vxu 45 prlv1
Od ydohxu gh o*lqglfh FDF 73 Lw hvw grqqìh sdu od pr|hqqh dulwkpìwltxh ghv frxuv ghv
wlwuhv frpsrvdqw o*lqglfh/ srqgìuìh sdu ohxu fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh =
Lw
fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh ìfkdqwloorq hq w
fdslwdolvdwlrq gh edvh dmxvwìh hq w
SQ l
l
l@4 Tw Fw
@ 4333 >
SQ Nw l@4 Tl3 F3l
@ 4333 6 Od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh g*xqh vrflìwì hvw ìjdoh dx surgxlw gx frxuv gh o*dfwlrq sdu oh qrpeuh gh wlwuhv ìplv1 Sdu
djuìjdwlrq/ lo hvw srvvleoh gh fdofxohu od fdslwdolvdwlrq gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv dfwlrqv1 Od fdslwdolvdwlrq wrwdoh hvw od ydohxu
erxuvlëuh gh wrxv ohv wlwuhv lqvfulwv ã od frwh g*xqh sodfh qdqflëuh1 Hooh gìshqg gh o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frxuv hw gx qrpeuh
gh wlwuhv frwìv1 Hooh hquhjlvwuh ohv yduldwlrqv frqvìfxwlyhv dx{ xfwxdwlrqv ghv frxuv hw dx{ rsìudwlrqv hq fdslwdo1 Ohv
lqwurgxfwlrqv hq erxuvh/ ohv sulydwlvdwlrqv/ ohv dxjphqwdwlrqv gh fdslwdo uhqirufhqw od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh1 Hq uhydqfkh
ohv udgldwlrqv uìgxlvhqw od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh1 Hoohv rqw srxu ruljlqh ohv qdwlrqdolvdwlrqv/ ohv ixvlrqv0devruswlrqv/ ohv
ruhv sxeoltxhv g*dfkdw rx g*ìfkdqjh/ o*lqvx!vdqfh ghv wudqvdfwlrqv1
7 Oh wdx{ gh urwdwlrq hvw oh udssruw gx qrpeuh gh wlwuhv ìfkdqjìv txrwlglhqqhphqw dx qrpeuh gh wlwuhv lqvfulwv1
8 Oh rwwdqw hvw o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od sduw gx fdslwdo vxvfhswleoh gh flufxohu gdqv oh sxeolf1
54
rü w hvw oh mrxu gh fdofxo/ Q hvw oh qrpeuh gh ydohxuv gdqv o*ìfkdqwloorq/ Tlw hvw oh
qrpeuh gh wlwuhv lqvfulwv gh od ydohxu l dx mrxu w/ Fwl hvw oh frxuv gh od ydohxu l dx mrxu w/
SQ l
l
l@4 T3 F3 hvw od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh gh edvh/ Nw hvw oh frh!flhqw g*dmxvwhphqw dx
mrxu w gh od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh gh edvh1 Xqh ydohxu txl qh uìsrqg soxv dx{ fulwëuhv
gìqlv fl0ghvvxv vruw gh o*ìfkdqwloorq hw hvw uhpsodfìh sdu xqh dxwuh1 O*lqglfh FDF 73 hvw
fdofxoì hq frqwlqx hw ã fkdtxh qrxyhdx frxuv frwì gh o*xqh ghv ydohxuv gh o*ìfkdqwloorq1 Lo
hvw glxvì wrxwhv ohv 63 vhfrqghv hq whpsv uìho gh 43k ã 4:k/ vxu ohv yhfwhxuv g*lqirupdwlrq
erxuvlëuh1 Hq gìexw gh vìdqfh gh ;k63 ã 43k hw wdqw txh ohv ydohxuv gh pdufkì q*rqw sdv
idlw o*remhw g*xqh suhplëuh frwdwlrq/ xq ìfodluhxu grqqh od whqgdqfh gx pdufkì1 Hq frxuv
gh vìdqfh/ o*ìfodluhxu shxw vh vxevwlwxhu ã o*lqglfh gh pdqlëuh h{fhswlrqqhooh oruvtxh soxv gh
68( gh od fdslwdolvdwlrq erxuvlëuh gh o*ìfkdqwloorq q*hvw prphqwdqìphqw soxv vxvfhswleoh
g*íwuh frwìh > oh ghuqlhu lqglfh glxvì ghylhqw doruv oh qrxyho lqglfh gh uìiìuhqfh1 Gëv txh
oh srlgv ghv ydohxuv frwìhv hvw gh qrxyhdx vxsìulhxu ã 98(/ xq qlyhdx g*lqglfh hvw glxvì
dsuëv xq gìodl gh whpsrulvdwlrq gh 8 pq1
Dx qlyhdx hxursìhq/ ghv lqglfhv hxursìhqv Grz Mrqhv VWR[[ rqw ìwì gìyhorssìv sdu
ohv Erxuvhv gh Sdulv/ Iudqfiruw hw ]xulfk hq sduwhqduldw dyhf od vrflìwì Grz Mrqhv1 Lov
rqw yrfdwlrq ã frpsoìwhu ohv lqglfhv iudqêdlv/ hw qrq ã ohv uhpsodfhu1
Vl ohv dfwlrqv txl frpsrvhqw o*lqglfh sdlhqw xq rx soxvlhxuv glylghqghv mxvtx*ã od gdwh
g*ìfkìdqfh W / lo idxw hq whqlu frpswh gdqv od ydohxu ghv rswlrqv1 Hq hhw/ oh frxuv ghv
dfwlrqv lqfrusruh od ydohxu dfwxdolvìh ghv glylghqghv txl yrqw íwuh yhuvìv > pdlv frpph
od gìwhqwlrq ghv rswlrqv qh shuphw sdv gh shufhyrlu ohv glylghqghv hw txh od ydohxu gh
o*lqglfh edlvvh oruv gx yhuvhphqw ghv glylghqghv/ lo frqylhqw gh uhwudqfkhu gh od ydohxu gh
o*lqglfh od vrpph ghv glylghqghv ixwxuv dfwxdolvìv/ qrwìh G =
G@
] W #[
q
w
l@4
$
Glv zlw
E+w> v,gv
+414,
dyhf
Glv hvw oh prqwdqw gx glylghqgh yhuvì sdu o*dfwlrq gh udqj l ã o*lqvwdqw v A w
zlw hvw oh frh!flhqw gh srqgìudwlrq gh o*dfwlrq l gdqv o*lqglfh ã od gdwh w/ l1h1 vl rq
qrwh Dlw3 hw Qlw3 uhvshfwlyhphqw oh frxuv gh o*dfwlrq hw oh qrpeuh gh wlwuhv lqvfulwv gh
o*dfwlrq l ã xqh gdwh w3 ? w/ hw Lw3 oh frxuv gh o*lqglfh ã fhwwh píph gdwh
zlw @ S73
Qlw
l@4 Qlw3 Dlw3
55
+415,
E+w> v, hvw oh idfwhxu g*dfwxdolvdwlrq ã o*lqvwdqw w srxu xqh sìulrgh vw1 Gdqv o*hqvhpeoh
ghv wudydx{ hpslultxhv gh od wkëvh/ rq ihud o*k|srwkëvh txh oh wdx{ vdqv ulvtxh hvw
frqqx1 Fhoxl0fl vhud fdofxoì sdu xqh lqwhusrodwlrq gx wdx{ dx mrxu0oh0mrxu hw ghv wdx{
HXUR ã 4 prlv/ 6 prlv/ 9 prlv hw 4 dq1 Gdqv fh fdv/ rq d E+w> v, @ huw +v,+vw, 1
41416
O*lqglfh FDF 73 = sursulìwìv vwdwlvwltxhv
Rq qrwh uw @ oq+Vw.4 @Vw , oh uhqghphqw gh o*lqglfh V hqwuh w hw w . 41 Oh wdeohdx +41414,
uhsruwh xq uìvxpì ghv vwdwlvwltxhv ghvfulswlyhv gh od glvwulexwlrq klvwrultxh gx uhqghphqw
gx FDF 731 Xqh vnhzqhvv qìjdwlyh hw xq h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv srvlwli lqgltxhqw xqh gìyldwlrq
vljqlfdwlyh gh od glvwulexwlrq klvwrultxh sdu udssruw ã od orl qrupdoh1 Od vwdwlvwltxh gh
whvw gh Mdutxh hw Ehud +4<;3, shuphw gh uhmhwhu o*k|srwkëvh qxooh gh qrupdolwì ã q*lpsruwh
txho qlyhdx gh vljqlfdwlylwì1
Od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{ +4<:;, fdofxoìh dyhf 53 uhwdugv shuphw gh gìwhfwhu ghv fru0
uìodwlrqv vìulhoohv ghv uhqghphqwv1 Glherog +4<;;, sursrvh xqh vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{
fruuljìh srxu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì OEf 1 Rq qrwh txh ohv fruuìodwlrqv vìulhoohv ghv uhqgh0
phqwv dx fduuì vrqw vljqlfdwlyhphqw soxv judqghv txh ohv fruuìodwlrqv vìulhoohv ghv uhqgh0
phqwv/ lpsoltxdqw txh gh odujhv yduldwlrqv whqghqw ã íwuh vxlylhv sdu gh odujhv yduldwlrqv
gh q*lpsruwh txho vljqh1
56
Wdeohdx 41414 = Vwdwlvwltxhv ghvfulswlyhv ghv uhqghphqwv txrwlglhqv gx FDF 73 srxu od sìulrgh gh
mdqylhu 4<;: ã gìfhpeuh 4<<;1
+k, hvw o*dxwrfruuìodwlrq g*ruguh k1 OEf +53, hvw od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{ fruuljìh srxu o*kìwìurv0
fìgdvwlflwì srxu oh whvw gh qxoolwì ghv 53 suhplëuhv dxwrfruuìodwlrqv ghv uhqghphqwv1 Vrxv o*k|srwkëvh gh
qxoolwì/ fhwwh vwdwlvwltxh hvw glvwulexìh frpph xq "5 dyhf 53 ghjuìv gh olehuwì1 Z hvw od vwdwlvwltxh gh
Mdutxh hw Ehud txl shuphw gh idluh xq whvw gh qrupdolwì1
Wdlooh gh o*ìfkdqwloorq
{w
{5w
4373
4373
3=:3 436
Hfduw0w|sh
4=6 435
3=49 436
Vnhzqhvv
3=494
8=4;4
H{fëv gh nxuwrvlv
5=75;
69=375
+4,
3=35<
3=53;
+8,
3=33:
3=45;
+43,
3=376
3=47;
+53,
3=3:7
3=3<:
OEf +53,
77=86
7:6=88
Z
59;=77
93<76=37
Pr|hqqh
57
3=66 436
415
41514
Ohv pdufkìv gìulyìv
Oh PRQHS
Klvwrultxh
Fuìì hq 4<;:/ gdqv oh fdguh ghv vwuxfwxuhv gh od Erxuvh gh Sdulv/ oh PRQHS +Pdufkì
ghv Rswlrqv Qìjrfldeohv gh Sdulv, hvw oh pdufkì uìjohphqwì ghv rswlrqv qìjrfldeohv vxu
ydohxuv prelolëuhv1 O*dffëv ã od qìjrfldwlrq vxu oh PRQHS hvw uìvhuyì dx{ vhxohv vrflìwìv
gh erxuvh/ djuììhv sdu oh Frqvhlo ghv Erxuvhv gh Ydohxuv +FEY, srxu íwuh phpeuhv ghv
pdufkìv rujdqlvìv/ hw dx{ vrflìwìv gh frqwuhsduwlh/ frqwu÷oìhv sdu xqh vrflìwì gh erxuvh/
srxu dvvxuhu ohv irqfwlrqv gh whqhxu gh pdufkì1 Od uìjohphqwdwlrq/ oh frqwu÷oh hw oh fdv
ìfkìdqw ohv surfìgxuhv hw vdqfwlrqv glvflsolqdluhv gx PRQHS vrqw ìwdeolv hw frqgxlwv sdu
oh FEY/ ohv hqwuhsulvhv gh pdufkì/ od Vrflìwì ghv Erxuvhv Iudqêdlvhv +VEI, hw od Vrflìwì
gh Frpshqvdwlrq ghv Pdufkìv Frqglwlrqqhov +VFPF,1 Vd jhvwlrq hvw dvvxuìh sdu od VEI >
od frpshqvdwlrq hvw dvvxuìh frqmrlqwhphqw sdu od VEI 0 srxu fh txl hvw gh od jdudqwlh gh
erqqh q ghv frqwudwv dvvxuìh dx{ phpeuhv frpshqvdwhxuv 0 hw sdu od VFPF 0 srxu fh
txl frqfhuqh o*hquhjlvwuhphqw hw od plvh ã mrxu ghv srvlwlrqv1
Od suhplëuh gìpdufkh gx PRQHS d frqvlvwì ã gìyhorsshu oh qrpeuh ghv dfwlrqv
vxssruw g*rswlrqv1 Oh 43 vhswhpeuh 4<;:/ oh PRQHS rxyudlw dyhf ã vrq dfwli wurlv fodvvhv
g*rswlrqv sruwdqw vxu ohv dfwlrqv Odidujh/ Sduledv hw Shxjhrw1 D f÷wì gh od idplooh ghv
rswlrqv vxu dfwlrqv/ txl d frqvwlwxì vd yrfdwlrq suhplëuh/ oh PRQHS d hqwuhsulv gëv 4<;;
xqh dxwuh glyhuvlfdwlrq dyhf od fuìdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq vxu lqglfh1 O*rswlrq vxu lqglfh FDF
73 qdñw oh ; qryhpeuh 4<;; hw v*d!uph udslghphqw1
Rujdqlvdwlrq
Oh PRQHS hvw xq pdufkì ã o*rujdqlvdwlrq glìuhqflìh hq jurxshv gh frwdwlrq irqf0
wlrqqdqw gh od idêrq vxlydqwh = vxu fkdtxh fodvvh g*rswlrqv vxu dfwlrqv frwìh hq frqwlqx/
xq whqhxu gh pdufkì vsìfldolvwh hvw fkdujì g*xqh irqfwlrq vsìfltxh g*hqfdguhphqw
gx pdufkì hw djlw hq frqvìtxhqfh dyhf ghv whqhxuv gh pdufkì frqwuhsduwlvwhv vxu xq
v|vwëph gh pdufkì hqwlëuhphqw dxwrpdwlvì > vxu ohv fodvvhv g*rswlrqv vxu lqglfh/ xqh rujd0
qlvdwlrq gh pdufkì pl{wh frpelqh o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xq sdutxhw/ rü r!flhqw hq frqwlqx ghv
whqhxuv gh pdufkì hw ghv frpplv frxuwlhuv/ hw g*xq fduqhw g*ruguhv sxeolf dxwrpdwlvì1
59
O*rswlrq vxu lqglfh FDF 73
Elhq txh ohxu sulqflsh vrlw elhq frqqx ghsxlv o*Dqwltxlwì/ ohv
rswlrqv qh vrqw dssduxhv tx*dx [YLLLh vlëfoh hq Dqjohwhuuh1 Ohv pdufkìv ghv rswlrqv
qh suluhqw ohxu hvvru tx*hq 4<:6 dyhf o*rxyhuwxuh ã Fklfdjr g*xq pdufkì g*rswlrqv qì0
jrfldeohv/ oh Fklfdjr Erdug Rswlrqv H{fkdqjh +FERH,1 Fhwwh píph dqqìh/ Eodfn hw
Vfkrohv +4<:6,/ gdqv oh Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ hw Phuwrq +4<:6,/ gdqv oh Ehoo
Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplfv dqg Pdqdjhphqw Vflhqfh/ sxeolhqw ghx{ duwlfohv irqgdphqwdx{
vxu o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv rswlrqv1
Xq frqwudw g*rswlrq frqiëuh oh gurlw/ hw qrq o*reoljdwlrq/ gh yhqguh rx g*dfkhwhu xq
dfwli qdqflhu rx sk|vltxh/ ã xq sul{ gìql ã o*dydqfh +oh sul{ g*h{huflfh rx vwulnh,/ ã 0 rx
mxvtx*ã 0 xqh gdwh {ìh/ dsshoìh ìfkìdqfh1 Vl fh gurlw qh shxw íwuh h{hufì tx*ã o*ìfkìdqfh/
rq sduoh g*rswlrq hxursìhqqh1 Vl o*rswlrq shxw íwuh h{hufìh ã q*lpsruwh txho prphqw dydqw
od gdwh g*h{sludwlrq/ rq sduoh g*rswlrq dpìulfdlqh1 Oh vxssruw/ rx vrxv0mdfhqw gh o*rswlrq/
shxw íwuh gh qdwxuh glyhuvh = dfwlrq/ reoljdwlrq/ ghylvh/ frqwudw ã whuph/ lqglfh erxuvlhu/111
Vxu ohv pdufkìv rujdqlvìv +oh PRQHS/ sdu h{hpsoh,/ o*dfkhwhxu hw oh yhqghxu shxyhqw
ã wrxw prphqw ihuphu ohxu srvlwlrq hq hhfwxdqw xqh rsìudwlrq hq vhqv frqwudluh ã ohxu
rsìudwlrq lqlwldoh1 Frpph srxu od soxsduw ghv frqwudwv ã whuph/ ohv rswlrqv vh gìqrxhqw
dydqw o*ìfkìdqfh1
Ohv rswlrqv dssduwlhqqhqw dx{ pdufkìv gìulyìv1 Lo h{lvwh ghx{ w|shv g*rswlrq = ohv
rswlrqv g*dfkdw +rx fdoov, hw ohv rswlrqv gh yhqwh +rx sxwv,1 Oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq/ dsshoì
sulph/ hvw sd|ì lppìgldwhphqw dx yhqghxu sdu o*dfkhwhxu1 Gdqv oh fdv g*xqh rswlrq
g*dfkdw/ fhoxl0fl d o*reoljdwlrq gh olyuhu oh vrxv0mdfhqw dx sul{ g*h{huflfh1
Klvwrultxh hw gìqlwlrq
Qrwdwlrqv hw ydorulvdwlrq
Gdqv wrxwh od vxlwh gh od wkëvh/ ohv qrwdwlrqv vxlydqwhv vhurqw
xwlolvìhv =
O*lqvwdqw suìvhqw w1
O*ìfkìdqfh W gh o*rswlrq > od gxuìh @ W w/ dsshoìh pdwxulwì/ txl vìsduh xqh rswlrq
gh vrq ìfkìdqfh h{hufh xq grxeoh hhw vxu od ydohxu gh od sulph/ ã wudyhuv od yrodwlolwì
g*xqh sduw hw oh or|hu gh o*dujhqw g*dxwuh sduw1 Soxv o*ìfkìdqfh hvw orlqwdlqh/ soxv od
suredelolwì gh yrlu oh frxuv gx vxssruw v*ìfduwhu iruwhphqw gx sul{ g*h{huflfh +hw grqf
srxu o*dfkhwhxu gh uìdolvhu xq surw, hvw ìohyìh1 Fhwwh lq xhqfh srvlwlyh gh od gxuìh
gh ylh W w vxu od ydohxu ghv rswlrqv gxh ã od yrodwlolwì hvw frppxqh dx fdoo hw dx sxw1
Od vhfrqgh lq xhqfh/ fhooh gx or|hu gh o*dujhqw/ hvw glìuhqwh srxu ohv ghx{ w|shv
g*rswlrq1 Srxu oh fdoo/ soxv o*ìfkìdqfh hvw ìorljqìh/ soxv wduglyhphqw v*hhfwxhud
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oh gìfdlvvhphqw gx sul{ g*h{huflfh vl o*rswlrq hvw h{hufìh hw/ sdu frqvìtxhqw/ soxv
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hvw suìiìudeoh g*hqfdlvvhu oh sul{ g*h{huflfh oh soxv w÷w srvvleoh1
Od ydohxu Vw gx wlwuh vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*lqvwdqw w > txdqg Vw dxjphqwh/ od ydohxu gx fdoo
dxjphqwh hw od ydohxu gx sxw glplqxh1
Oh sul{ g*h{huflfh N > soxv fh ghuqlhu hvw ìohyì/ soxv oh fdoo hvw erq pdufkì hw soxv
oh sxw hvw fkhu sxlvtxh/ hq fdv g*h{huflfh/ N vhud sd|ì sdu oh gìwhqwhxu gx fdoo hw
hqfdlvvì sdu oh gìwhqwhxu gx sxw1
Od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh gx wlwuh vrxv0mdfhqw > fhooh0fl hvw phvxuìh sdu o*ìfduw0w|sh gh
od glvwulexwlrq gx wdx{ gh uhqwdelolwì gx vxssruw1 Soxv oh frxuv gx wlwuh hvw yrodwloh/
soxv lo d gh fkdqfhv/ dx whuph g*xqh sìulrgh grqqìh/ gh v*ìohyhu dx0ghvvxv gx sul{
g*h{huflfh hw soxv lo d gh fkdqfhv dxvvl gh ghvfhqguh dx0ghvvrxv gh fhoxl0fl1 Grqf
oh fdoo hw oh sxw vrqw g*dxwdqw soxv fkhuv txh od yrodwlolwì gx vrxv0mdfhqw hvw iruwh1
Srxu fkdtxh rswlrq/ rq shxw fdofxohu od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hq lqyhuvdqw od irupxoh
gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv grqw qrxv yhuurqv soxv orlq oh fdofxo1
Oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw vdqv ulvtxh uw +W , > ohv fdoov vrqw g*dxwdqw soxv ìohyìv hw ohv sxwv
g*dxwdqw prlqv fkhuv txh ohv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw vrqw ìohyìv1
Oh wdx{ gh glylghqgh yhuvì sdu oh vrxv0mdfhqw +gdqv oh fdv ghv dfwlrqv sdu h{hpsoh,
gw +W , = lo surwh ã o*dfkhwhxu g*xqh rswlrq gh yhqwh fdu lo dxud ã olyuhu xq wlwuh prlqv
fkhu1
Od ydohxu Iw>W gx wlwuh iruzdug ã o*lqvwdqw w srxu o*ìfkìdqfh W +txh o*rq qrwhud Iw
oruvtx*lo q*| dxud dxfxqh dpeljxòwì vxu W , > Iw>W uhsuìvhqwh o*ìtxlydohqw dxmrxug*kxl
gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw Vw ã od gdwh W 1 Gdqv oh fdv g*xq vrxv0mdfhqw yhuvdqw ghv
glylghqghv/ oh iruzdug Iw>W hvw who txh
Iw>W @ h+uw +W ,gw +W ,,+W w, Vw >
hw gdqv oh fdv ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph/ Iw>W uhsuìvhqwh gluhfwhphqw oh vrxv0
mdfhqw1
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g*h{huflfh N hw gh pdwxulwì W w1 Gh píph oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq gh yhqwh hvw grqqì
sdu S +w> V> N> W ,1
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g*h{huflfh N / hw ydxw od glìuhqfh VW N gdqv oh fdv frqwudluh1 O*dfkhwhxu dftxlhuw hq
5;
sd|dqw N / oh vxssruw tx*lo shxw lppìgldwhphqw uhyhqguh srxu VW =
F+W> V> N> W , @ pd{ +3> VW N,
+416,
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sul{ g*h{huflfh N / hw ydxw od glìuhqfh N VW gdqv oh fdv frqwudluh1 O*dfkhwhxu fëgh srxu
N oh vxssruw tx*lo shxw rewhqlu vxu oh pdufkì hq sd|dqw VW =
S +W> V> N> W , @ pd{ +3> N VW ,
+417,
Ohv rswlrqv vxu dfwlrqv iudqêdlvhv vrqw gh ghx{ w|shv1 Ohv rswlrqv
ã frxuw whuph +< prlv pd{lpxp, hw gh w|sh dpìulfdlq/ f*hvw0ã0gluh h{huêdeohv ã wrxw
prphqw hw ohv rswlrqv ã orqj whuph +5 dqv pd{lpxp, hw gh w|sh hxursìhq/ f*hvw0ã0gluh
h{huêdeohv vhxohphqw ã o*ìfkìdqfh1 Ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh/ gh w|sh hxursìhq/ sruwhqw vxu
o*lqglfh FDF 73 hw ohv lqglfhv Grz Mrqhv VWR[[VP 83/ Grz Mrqhv Hxur VWR[[VP 83
hw ohv lqglfhv vhfwrulhov Grz Mrqhv VWR[[VP 1 Ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh/ gh w|sh dpìulfdlq/
sruwhqw vxu o*lqglfh FDF 731
Od edvh ghv rswlrqv vxu FDF 73 hvw irxuqlh sdu od VEI0Erxuvh gh Sdulv txl surfxuh
fkdtxh prlv xq FG0URP lqfoxdqw ohv frwdwlrqv gx FDF 73 hquhjlvwuì wrxwhv ohv 63
vhfrqghv/ dlqvl txh ohv sul{ krurgdwìv ghv rswlrqv vxu dfwlrqv frwìv vxu oh PRQHS1 Od
edvh gh grqqìhv frpsuhqg o*khxuh gh frwdwlrq/ od pdwxulwì gh o*rswlrq/ oh sul{ g*h{huflfh/
oh sul{ gh fo÷wxuh/ oh sul{ gh frpshqvdwlrq srxu wrxv ohv fdoov hw sxwv/ oh yroxph gh
wudqvdfwlrq/ oh qrpeuh gh srvlwlrqv rxyhuwhv vxu xqh sìulrgh doodqw gx 4hu mdqylhu 4<<8
dx 64 gìfhpeuh 4<<;1 Ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv vxu FDF 73 grlyhqw íwuh dmxvwìv srxu ohv
glylghqghv1 Lo h{lvwh soxvlhxuv idêrqv gh idluh idfh ã fhwwh gl!fxowì1 Od suhplëuh/ gìwdlooìh
gdqv oh sdudjudskh suìfìghqw ghv glylghqghv klvwrultxhv/ hvw fhooh uhwhqxh sdu Ednvkl/ Fdr
hw Fkhq +4<<:,1 Pdlv fh fdofxo hvw oderulhx{ hw ohv glylghqghv ixwxuv gl!flohv ã rewhqlu1
Xqh ghx{lëph vroxwlrq hvw sursrvìh sdu Dòw0Vdkdold/ Zdqj hw \duhg +4<<;, txl irqw xq
fdofxo lpsolflwh gx wdx{ gh glylghqghv hq xwlolvdqw od uhodwlrq g*duelwudjh vsrw0iruzdug1
Vl o*rq qrwh Vw oh frxuv gx vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*lqvwdqw w oh sul{ gx ixwxu Iw hvw grqqì sdu =
Ghvfulswlrq gh od edvh
Iw @ h+uw +W ,gw +W ,, Vw =
+418,
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5<
o*rswlrq ã0od0prqqdlh8 hq sduwlfxolhu =
F dwp S dwp @ huw +W , +Iw N dwp ,
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rü F dwp hw S dwp uhsuìvhqwhqw uhvshfwlyhphqw oh sul{ gx fdoo hw gx sxw ã0od0prqqdlh N dwp 1
Hqq xqh wurlvlëph vroxwlrq frqvlvwh ã xwlolvhu od uhodwlrq gh sdulwì fdoo2sxw vxu o*hqvhpeoh
ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh hw g*hvwlphu od uìjuhvvlrq vxlydqwh =
huw +W , +Fl Sl , @ . Nl . %l > l @ 4> ===> p
rü p hvw oh qrpeuh gh sul{ glvsrqleohv1 uhsuìvhqwh od frqvwdqwh gdqv od uìjuhvvlrq hw
fruuhvsrqg dx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw Iw 1 Lo vx!w hqvxlwh g*dssoltxhu +418, srxu uhwurxyhu oh
wdx{ gh glylghqghv lpsolflwh1 Dsuëv dyrlu whvwhu ohv 6 pìwkrghv/ lo qrxv hvw dssdux txh
fhooh txl grqqh ohv phloohxuv uìvxowdwv hvw fhooh gh Dòw0Vdkdold/ Zdqj hw \duhg +4<<;f,/
f*hvw grqf fhwwh pìwkrgh txh qrxv xwlolvrqv gdqv od vxlwh gh od wkëvh1
Ohv sul{ lqwìjuìv gdqv od edvh gh grqqìhv shxyhqw suìvhqwhu ghv dehuudwlrqv +gxhv sdu
h{hpsoh ã ghv huuhxuv gh vdlvlh,1 Lo hvw grqf qìfhvvdluh gh owuhu od edvh dydqw gh o*xwlolvhu
hq hqohydqw ohv sul{ lqiìulhxuv ã 6@; > rq qrwh tx*hq jìqìudo/ ohv rswlrqv kruv0od0prqqdlh
vrqw soxv frwìhv txh ohv rswlrqv gdqv0od0prqqdlh > grqf vl srxu xq píph sul{ g*h{huflfh/
oh fdoo hw oh sxw vrqw wrxv ohv ghx{ frwìv/ rq frqvhuyh fhoxl txl hvw kruv0od0prqqdlh1 Qrwrqv
ìjdohphqw txh od pdwxulwì od soxv oltxlgh hvw od suhplëuh pdwxulwì +lqiìulhxuh ã xq prlv,
hw txh od oltxlglwì gìfurñw oruvtxh o*ìfkìdqfh v*ìorljqh1
Oh wdeohdx +41514, prqwuh ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv gh o*ìfkdqwloorq gh od edvh ghv rswlrqv1
Ohv yroxphv pr|hqv mrxuqdolhuv hq ploolhuv gh iudqfv ghv rswlrqv vxu FDF 73 srxu fkdtxh
pdwxulwì | vrqw uhsruwìv1 Fkdtxh yroxph hvw fdofxoì hq irqfwlrq gh o*ìfduw gx sul{ g*h{hu0
flfh gh od prqqdlh gìql sdu Iw @N 1 Rq qrwh txh ohv rswlrqv wuëv orlq hq ghkruv gh od
prqqdlh vrqw wuëv ìfkdqjìhv1 Rq uhpdutxh ìjdohphqw xqh dxjphqwdwlrq surjuhvvlyh ghv
yroxphv/ sduwlfxolëuhphqw hqwuh 4<<: hw 4<<; rü ohv prqwdqwv ìfkdqjìv rqw fuþ ;5=:(1
8 O*rswlrq
ã0od0prqqdlh hvw gìgxlwh hq plqlplvdqw od txdqwlwì ƒg 3 8 ƒ srxu wrxv ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh ' c 1
63
Wdeohdx 41514 = Uìvxpì ghv vwdwlvwltxhv srxu o*ìfkdqwloorq ghv rswlrqv
Pr|hqqh ghv yroxphv gh wudqvdfwlrqv gx FDF 73 hq ploolhuv gh iudqfv srxu fkdtxh dqqìh gh o*ìfkdq0
wloorq gh 4<<8 ã 4<<; hq irqfwlrq gh od prqh|qhvv1
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Klvwrultxh
Ohv dqqìhv :3 vrqw pdutxìhv/ dx{ Hwdwv0Xqlv hw gdqv ohv dxwuhv sd|v lqgxvwuldolvìv/
sdu xqh sìulrgh g*lqvwdelolwì ìfrqrpltxh fdudfwìulvìh sdu xqh kdxvvh gh o*lq dwlrq1 Fh
skìqrpëqh v*dffrpsdjqh g*lpsruwdqwhv xfwxdwlrqv ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw txl irqw r!fh
g*lqvwuxphqwv gluhfwhxuv ghv srolwltxhv ìfrqrpltxhv1 Fuììv hq 4<:8 vxu ohv erxuvhv gh
frpphufh gh Fklfdjr/ hw dxmrxug*kxl gìyhorssìv vxu od soxsduw ghv judqghv sodfhv qdq0
flëuhv/ ohv pdufkìv ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw dssdudlvvhqw frpph xqh uìsrqvh dx ehvrlq
gh jhvwlrq gx ulvtxh gh yduldwlrq gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw txh uhvvhqwhqw ohv glìuhqwv dfwhxuv
gh o*ìfrqrplh qdqflëuh1 Hq suhqdqw vxu oh pdufkì ã whuph xqh srvlwlrq rssrvìh ã fhooh
gìwhqxh vxu oh pdufkì dx frpswdqw/ o*rsìudwhxu fkhufkh ã uìdolvhu/ hq fdv g*ìyroxwlrq idyr0
udeoh ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ xq jdlq vxu ohv frqwudwv ã whuph txl frpshqvh od shuwh frqvwdwìh
vxu o*lqvwuxphqw qdqflhu frxyhuw1
O*hvvru vshfwdfxodluh gh o*dfwlylwì vxu fhv frqwudwv qdqflhuv frqvwlwxh o*ìoìphqw pdu0
txdqw gh fhv ylqjw ghuqlëuhv dqqìhv1 Doruv tx*hq 4<:3/ ohv pdufkdqglvhv ìwdlhqw oh vhxo
surgxlw qìjrflì vxu ohv pdufkìv ã whuph/ ohxu sduw qh uhsuìvhqwh soxv dxmrxug*kxl tx*hq0
ylurq 63( gh ohxu dfwlylwì frqwuh :3( srxu ohv frqwudwv qdqflhuv1
Od fuìdwlrq gx PDWLI: +Pdufkì ã Whuph Lqwhuqdwlrqdo gh Iudqfh, oh 53 iìyulhu 4<;9
v*lqvfulw gdqv oh surfhvvxv gh prghuqlvdwlrq gh od sodfh qdqflëuh iudqêdlvh1 Od uìiruph
gx pdufkì reoljdwdluh hw soxv sduwlfxolëuhphqw ohv phvxuhv plvhv hq úxyuh sdu oh Wuìvru
iudqêdlv srxu prghuqlvhu oh pdufkì ghv wlwuhv ìplv sdu o*Hwdw d idyrulvì o*ìphujhqfh g*xq
pdufkì ã whuph oltxlgh1
Rujdqlvdwlrq
PDWLI VD hvw xqh lqvwlwxwlrq qdqflëuh vsìfldolvìh uhohydqw gh od orl edqfdluh1 Vrq
fdslwdo hvw uìsduwl sdu wlhuv hqwuh od VEI +Vrflìwì ghv Erxuvhv Iudqêdlvhv,/ ohv edqtxhv hw
lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv hw ohv frpsdjqlhv g*dvvxudqfh1 PDWLI VD hvw xqh hqwuhsulvh gh
pdufkì hw xqh fkdpeuh gh frpshqvdwlrq1
Hq wdqw tx*hqwuhsulvh/ hooh rujdqlvh od qìjrfldwlrq/ f*hvw0ã0gluh od frqiurqwdwlrq gh
o*ruh hw gh od ghpdqgh/ {h oh fdohqgulhu hw ohv krudluhv gh qìjrfldwlrq/ frqvwdwh hw
glxvh ohv frxuv hw yhlooh dx uhvshfw ghv uëjohv uìjlvvdqw od qìjrfldwlrq1
: Xqh
ghvfulswlrq gx PDWLI hw ghv rsìudwlrqv txl | vrqw wudlwìhv vrqw grqqìhv sdu Didwdolrq hw Srqfhw +4<<4,1
66
Hq wdqw txh fkdpeuh gh frpshqvdwlrq/ PDWLI VD kdelolwh ohv dgkìuhqwv d|dqw
dffëv ã od frpshqvdwlrq1 Hooh hquhjlvwuh fkdtxh wudqvdfwlrq/ v*hq sruwh frqwuhsduwlh
hw jdudqwlw od erqqh q ghv rsìudwlrqv hquhjlvwuìhv1 PDWLI VD rujdqlvh ìjdohphqw
od flufxodwlrq ghv x{ qdqflhuv sursuhv ã dvvxuhu od vìfxulwì ghv wudqvdfwlrqv/ dyhf
ohv gìs÷wv gh jdudqwlh hw ohv dsshov gh pdujh/ hw vxuyhlooh ohv srvlwlrqv ghv rsìudwhxuv1
Hqq hooh rujdqlvh od olyudlvrq ghv frqwudwv ã ìfkìdqfh hw oltxlgh/ v*lo | d olhx/ ohv
srvlwlrqv ghv rsìudwhxuv gìidloodqwv1
Gdqv oh fdguh ghv rsìudwlrqv ã whuph +dx frpswdqw dyhf olyudlvrq glìuìh,/ xq yhqghxu
v*hqjdjh ã olyuhu xqh txdqwlwì grqqìh gh pdufkdqglvh ã xq dfkhwhxu ã xqh gdwh ixwxuh/
gdwh ã odtxhooh oh uëjohphqw vhud uìdolvì1 Oh uëjohphqw hvw hhfwxì vxu od edvh g*xq sul{
{ì gëv od qìjrfldwlrq1
Xqh rsìudwlrq ã whuph frqvlvwh ã duuíwhu dxmrxug*kxl ohv frqglwlrqv g*xqh wudqvdfwlrq
hhfwxìh ã xqh gdwh ixwxuh1 Rq grqqh ohv gìqlwlrqv vxlydqwhv srxu xq frqwudw iruzdug
hw xq frqwudw ixwxu1
Gìqlwlrq 4 = Xq frqwudw iruzdug g*ìfkìdqfh W hw gh vrxv0mdfhqw xq dfwli grqw oh sul{/
ã o*lqvwdqw w hvw Vw / hvw xq frqwudw txl shuphw ã vrq gìwhqwhxu g*dfkhwhu rx gh yhqguh
o*dfwli ã o*lqvwdqw W ã xq sul{ {ì dx prphqw gh od vljqdwxuh gx frqwudw +hq w,1 Fh frqwudw
qh grqqh olhx ã dxfxq ìfkdqjh gh x{ dx prphqw gh vd frqfoxvlrq1 Rq dsshooh sul{ gx
frqwudw/ oh sul{ frqyhqx Iw dxtxho od wudqvdfwlrq vh ihud ã o*lqvwdqw W 1
Gìqlwlrq 5 = Xq frqwudw ixwxu hvw xq frqwudw iruzdug dyhf uìdmxvwhphqw frqwlqx1 Soxv
suìflvìphqw/ xq frqwudw ixwxuh g*ìfkìdqfh W / ìfulw vxu xq dfwli gh sul{ Vw ã o*lqvwdqw w/ hvw
xq frqwudw txl {h xq sul{ +oh sul{ gx frqwudw, vxu od edvh gxtxho rq sudwltxh ohv dsshov
gh pdujh1 Fkdtxh rsìudwhxu yhuvh xq gìs÷w gh jdudqwlh grqw oh prqwdqw oxl hvw fuìglwì
vxu xq frpswh frxudqw1 D od fo÷wxuh txrwlglhqqh/ od srvlwlrq gh o*rsìudwhxu hvw dmxvwìh1
Vl xqh shuwh dssdudñw/ o*rsìudwhxu grlw hq dvvxuhu oh qdqfhphqw > gdqv oh fdv frqwudluh/
vrq frpswh hvw fuìglwì1 Od olyudlvrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw vh idlw dx sul{ gh od gdwh W / hw qrq dx
sul{ frqyhqx gdqv oh frqwudw1
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o*dfkhwhxu hw oh yhqghxu = dffrug vxu od txdqwlwì hw od txdolwì gh od pdufkdqglvh/ dffrug
vxu od gdwh hw oh olhx gh od olyudlvrq1
Fhwwh devhqfh gh vwdqgduglvdwlrq frqvwlwxh od suhplëuh olplwh dx gìyhorsshphqw gh fh
pdufkì1 Sdu dloohxuv/ od gìidloodqfh gh fhuwdlqv rsìudwhxuv d plv hq oxplëuh oh ulvtxh gh
frqwuhsduwlh lqkìuhqw dx{ wudqvdfwlrqv elodwìudohv1
67
Ohv uìiruphv hqwuhsulvhv sdu oh FERW +Fklfdjr Erdug ri Wudgh, rqw shuplv dx plolhx
gx 4<ëph vlëfoh g*ìwdeolu ohv sulqflshv irqgdphqwdx{ ghv pdufkìv ã whuph xwlolvìv dxmrxu0
g*kxl sdu o*hqvhpeoh ghv pdufkìv wdqw dx{ Hwdwv0Xqlv/ tx*hq Hxursh rx gdqv ohv sd|v gh
od }rqh Dvlh0Sdfltxh1
Sdu rssrvlwlrq dx{ rsìudwlrqv iruzdug/ ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv frqwudwv ã whuph vrqw
vwdqgduglvìhv =
Txdolwì gh od pdufkdqglvh
Txdqwlwì rx xqlwì gh qìjrfldwlrq
Hfkìdqfh gh olyudlvrq
Frqglwlrqv gh olyudlvrq
Fhwwh vwdqgduglvdwlrq derxwlw ã od srvvlelolwì srxu xq rsìudwhxu gh gìqrxhu vd srvlwlrq
dyhf xqh frqwuhsduwlh glìuhqwh gh vd frqwuhsduwlh lqlwldoh hw dpìolruh grqf oh irqfwlrq0
qhphqw gx pdufkì1
Hq uìsrqvh dx{ sureoëphv gh gìidloodqfh uhqfrqwuìv vxu ohv pdufkìv iruzdug/ dvvxuhu
xqh vìfxulwì pd{lpxp ghv rsìudwlrqv uhsuìvhqwh xq remhfwli sulrulwdluh srxu ohv pdufkìv
ã whuph1 Fhwwh vìfxulwì v*dssxlh vxu o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh fkdpeuh gh frpshqvdwlrq/ frqwuh0
sduwlh xqltxh gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv dfkhwhxuv hw ghv yhqghxuv gdqv oh fdguh g*xqh qìjrfldwlrq
pxowlodwìudoh txl urps dyhf ohv wudqvdfwlrqv elodwìudohv hq yljxhxu vxu ohv pdufkìv iru0
zdug1 Od plvh hq sodfh gh pìfdqlvphv gh frxyhuwxuh uljrxuhx{ rqw ìjdohphqw shuplv gh
frqvrolghu o*ìglfh1 Dlqvl/ od frqvwlwxwlrq reoljdwrluh g*xq gìs÷w gh jdudqwlh hw od surfì0
gxuh ghv dsshov gh pdujhv txrwlglhqv uhqirufhqw od vìfxulwì ghv pdufkìv ã whuph1
Ohv gìulyìv gh wdx{ qìjrfldeohv vrqw/ srxu oh orqj whuph/ oh frqwudw ã whuph vxu reoljd0
wlrq Qrwlrqqhooh +gìvrupdlv Hxur Qrwlrqqho, hw vrq rswlrq/ srxu oh frxuw whuph/ oh frqwudw
ã whuph SLERU +gìvrupdlv Hxuleru, 6 prlv hw vrq rswlrq1 Ohv gìulyìv vxu pdufkdqglvhv
vrqw xq frqwudw ã whuph vxu oh fro}d hw vrq rswlrq/ xq frqwudw ã whuph vxu oh eoì/ xq
frqwudw ã whuph vxu oh pdòv/ xq frqwudw ã whuph vxu oh wrxuwhdx gh fro}d1
41516
Oh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw SLERU
Ghvfulswlrq
Ghsxlv oh 6 rfwreuh 4<;9/ o*Dvvrfldwlrq Iudqêdlvh ghv Edqtxhv +DIE, sxeolh txrwlglhq0
qhphqw ohv wdx{ lqwhuedqfdluhv rhuwv ã Sdulv vxu ghv gìs÷wv hq iudqfv srxu ghv pdwxulwìv
doodqw gh 4 ã 45 prlv1 Ohv wdx{ Sleru +Sdulv Lqwhuedqn Rhuhg Udwh,/ r!flhoohphqw sxeolì
ã 44k63/ uìvxowhqw g*xqh pr|hqqh dulwkpìwltxh +dsuëv ìolplqdwlrq ghv 7 h{wuíphv kdxw
68
hw ghv 7 h{wuíphv edv, ghv wdx{ rhuwv dx{ vljqdwxuhv qdwlrqdohv gh suhplëuh fdwìjrulh
sdu xqh vìohfwlrq gh 49 ìwdeolvvhphqwv gh fuìglw glwv gh uìiìuhqfh1 Fhv wdx{/ hw soxv sduwl0
fxolëuhphqw oh Sleru 60prlv/ vrqw gìvrupdlv ghv wdx{ gluhfwhxuv vxu oh pdufkì prqìwdluh
iudqêdlv1 Píph vl ohv klvwrultxhv ghv grqqìhv gh fhwwh wkëvh qh suhqqhqw sdv hq frpswh
oh sdvvdjh ã o*Hxur lo frqylhqw gh jolvvhu xqh suìflvlrq ã fh vxmhw1 Od frqwlqxlwì ghv wdx{
Sleru hvw dvvxuìh dsuëv 4<<< sdu oh wdx{ Hxuleru txl q*hvw sdv xq vlpsoh wdx{ grphvwltxh
hq Hxur/ pdlv xq yìulwdeoh wdx{ hxursìhq1
Sursulìwìv vwdwlvwltxhv
Oh wdeohdx +41515, suìvhqwh ohv vwdwlvwltxhv ghvfulswlyhv gx wdx{ Sleru 60prlv Uw +3> 58,/
gh vhv yduldwlrqv txrwlglhqqhv Uw @ Uw.4 +3> 58, Uw +3> 58, hw ghv yduldwlrqv txrwlglhqqhv
dx fduuì +Uw ,5 srxu od sìulrgh gh mdqylhu 4<<3 ã gìfhpeuh 4<<<1 Xqh vnhzqhvv qìjdwlyh
hw xq h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv srvlwli prqwuhqw od qrqqrupdolwì gh od glvwulexwlrq klvwrultxh1 Od
vwdwlvwltxh Z gh Mdutxh hw Ehud +4<;3, srxu frqvwuxluh xq whvw gh qrupdolwì shuphw gh
uhmhwhu od qrupdolwì ã xq vhxlo gh 8(1
Od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj hw Er{ +4<:;,/ OE+53, srxu whvwhu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì/ uhmhwwh
o*krprvfìgdvwlflwì ghv uhqghphqwv dx fduuì1 Od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{ OEf +53, sursrvìh
sdu Glherog +4<;;, fruuljìh srxu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì fdofxoìh dyhf 53 uhwdugv shuphw gh
gìwhfwhu o*dxwrfruuìodwlrq ghv uhqghphqwv1 Rq uhpdutxh txh o*dxwrfruuìodwlrq ghv uhqgh0
phqwv dx fduuì hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw vxsìulhxuh ã fhooh ghv uhqghphqwv/ fh txl lpsoltxh txh
gh judqghv yduldwlrqv whqghqw ã íwuh vxlylhv sdu g*dxwuhv judqghv yduldwlrqv gh q*lpsruwh
txho vljqh1
69
Wdeohdx 41515 = vwdwlvwltxhv ghvfulswlyhv gx wdx{ SLERU Uw +3> 58,/ gh vhv yduldwlrqv txrwlglhqqhv
Uw @ Uw.4 +3> 58, Uw +3> 58, hw ghv yduldwlrqv txrwlglhqqhv dx fduuì +Uw ,5 srxu od sìulrgh gh mdqylhu
4<<3 ã gìfhpeuh 4<<<1 OE+53, hvw od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{ srxu whvwhu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì1 +k, hvw
o*dxwrfruuìodwlrq g*ruguh k1 OEf +53, hvw od vwdwlvwltxh gh Omxqj0Er{ fruuljìh srxu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì
srxu whvwhu od qxoolwì ghv 53 suhplëuhv dxwrfruuìodwlrqv ghv uhqghphqwv1 Vrxv o*k|srwkëvh qxooh/ od vwdwlv0
wltxh hvw glvwulexìh frpph xq "5 ã 53 ghjuìv gh olehuwì1 Z hvw od vwdwlvwltxh gh Mdutxh hw Ehud +4<;3,
txl shuphw gh whvwhu od qrupdolwì; 1
Uw +3> 58,
Uw
+Uw ,5
Qrpeuh g*revhuydwlrqv
4637
4636
4636
Plqlpxp
6> 646
5> 333
3> 333
Pd{lpxp
46> <47
4> 786
7> 333
Pr|hqqh
8> 9::
3> 96 435
5> 79 435
Hfduw0w|sh
5> 444
3> 48:
3> 498
Dv|pìwulh
4> 46:
3> 746
48> ::7
H{fëv gh nxuwrvlv
4> 796
75> ::8
63<> ;;:
OE+53,
<7> ;::
569> 4:6
+4,
3> 344
3> 563
+8,
3> 387
3> 446
+43,
3> 433
3> 38:
+53,
3> 337
3> 3:4
OEf +53,
<4> ;47
569> 4:6
Z
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rü
S&' E%&{| 3 %
 rf& ' r
85> 9:: 438
<<:36> <7
rf&
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e
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% r
hw
6<;> <9
c &e| ' hw od nxuwrvlv hpslultxh
r2
uhsuìvhqwhqw uhvs hfwlyhphqw od pr|hqqh hw o*ìfduw0w|s h hpslultxhv1
Rq qrwh
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hw
ohv vwdwlvwltxhv vxlydqwhv =
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Vrxv o*k|s rwkëvh qxooh gh qrupdolwì/
v
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v
f2
e 3 2 r&S |2 ' E&| 2e
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vxlw dv|pswrwltxhphqw xq
6;
2 E2
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=
41517
Ohv lqvwuxphqwv gìulyìv
Oh frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw SLERU 60prlv
Oh frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv d ìwì lqwurgxlw vxu oh PDWLI oh ; vhswhpeuh 4<;;1
F*hvw xq frqwudw vwdqgduglvì txl sruwh vxu xqh jdudqwlh gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1 Oh vrxv0mdfhqw
gx frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv fruuhvsrqg ã xq gìs÷w g*xqh ydohxu gh 8 ploolrqv gh
iudqfv srxu xqh gxuìh gh <3 mrxuv1 Oh Sleru 60prlv shxw íwuh qìjrflì vxu xq krul}rq
gh wurlv dqqìhv gh frwdwlrq/ idyrulvdqw hq fhod ohv vwudwìjlhv gh frxyhuwxuh +vzdsv/ iudv/
wfq/111,/ ohv sulvhv gh srvlwlrq vxu o*ìyroxwlrq gh od frxueh ghv wdx{ iudqêdlv hw ohv rsìudwlrqv
gh vsuhdgv lqwhu0pdufkìv1 Qìjrflì vxu oh PDWLI/ oh frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv shuphw
dx{ wuìvrulhuv/ dx{ rsìudwhxuv ghv edqtxhv dlqvl tx*dx{ jhvwlrqqdluhv gh irqgv +VLFDY/
IFS/111, gh jìuhu ohxu ulvtxh gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw frxuw whuph mxvtx*ã wurlv dqv gdqv oh fdguh
g*xq pdufkì wudqvsduhqw/ juåfh ã xqh qìjrfldwlrq pxowlodwìudoh hw ã xqh glxvlrq sxeoltxh
ghv frxuv1
Od frwdwlrq gx frqwudw v*hhfwxh vrxv od iruph g*xq frxuv ã ghx{ gìflpdohv/ oh wdx{
dqqxho lpsolflwh ìwdqw rewhqx hq uhwudqfkdqw ã 433 oh frxuv revhuyì1 Ohv frwdwlrqv vh irqw
ã od fulìh hw hq frqwlqx hqwuh ;k63 hw 49k331 Oh ghuqlhu mrxu gh frwdwlrq hvw oh ghx{lëph
mrxu gh erxuvh suìfìgdqw oh rq}lëph mhxgl gh fkdtxh wulphvwuh flylo1 Ohv ìfkìdqfhv frwìhv
vrqw fhoohv gx f|foh pduv/ mxlq/ vhswhpeuh/ gìfhpeuh1 Xqh qrxyhooh ìfkìdqfh hvw lqwurgxlwh
oh txdwulëph mrxu gh erxuvh suìfìgdqw oh rq}lëph mhxgl gh fkdtxh wulphvwuh flylo1 Oh gìs÷w
gh jdudqwlh hvw qrupdohphqw ìjdo ã 3/63( gh od ydohxu qrplqdoh gx frqwudw +48333II,1
D o*ìfkìdqfh/ oh frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv qh idlw o*remhw g*dxfxqh olyudlvrq sk|vltxh/
pdlv gx sdlhphqw g*xq xowlph dssho gh pdujh = lo q*| d sdv yìulwdeohphqw olyudlvrq gh
gìs÷w hq iudqfv/ pdlv sdlhphqw gh od glìuhqfh hqwuh oh frxuv gh oltxlgdwlrq hw fhoxl gh
frpshqvdwlrq1 Od frqwlqxlwì gx frqwudw Sleru 60prlv hvw dvvxuìh sdu oh frqwudw ã whuph
Hxur 60prlv ghsxlv 4<<<1
Gdqv oh fdguh ghv pdufkìv gh wdx{ ã frxuw whuph/ oh wlfn hvw ìjdo ã 3/34( gh od ydohxu
<3 4 4 @
qrplqdoh gx frqwudw/ fh txl fruuhvsrqg srxu oh frqwudw SLERU ã = 8333333 693
433 433
458I I 1
Ohv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw SLERU 60prlv
O*rswlrq vxu frqwudw ã whuph SLERU 60prlv dssdudñw oh 4hu pduv 4<<31 Hooh hvw gh
w|sh dpìulfdlq hw sruwh vxu oh frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv1 Fhwwh rswlrq grqqh oh
gurlw ã o*dfkhwhxu/ pdlv qrq o*reoljdwlrq/ g*dfkhwhu rx gh yhqguh xq frqwudw ã whuph
6<
Sleru 60prlv ã xq frxuv ìjdo dx sul{ g*h{huflfh gh o*rswlrq1 Ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh vrqw
hvsdfìv gh 43 srlqwv gh edvh vxu o*rswlrq Sleru +frqwuh 58 kdelwxhoohphqw vxu ghv surgxlwv
ìtxlydohqwv vxu g*dxwuhv pdufkìv ã whuph,1 Ohv ìfkìdqfhv gh o*rswlrq fruuhvsrqghqw dx{
txdwuh suhplëuhv ìfkìdqfhv frwìhv vxu oh frqwudw vrxv0mdfhqw/ dx{txhoohv v*dmrxwhqw ghx{
ìfkìdqfhv phqvxhoohv1 O*rswlrq Sleru hvw frwìh hq srxufhqwdjh gx qrplqdo gx frqwudw ã
whuph/ udssruwì ã od gxuìh gx gìs÷w/ dyhf wurlv gìflpdohv1 O*dfkhwhxu gh o*rswlrq uëjoh
od wrwdolwì gh vd sulph dx yhqghxu sdu o*lqwhupìgldluh gh PDWLI VD1 Oh yhqghxu gh
o*rswlrq uhêrlw od wrwdolwì gh od sulph pdlv grlw frqvwlwxhu dxsuëv gh PDWLI VD xq gìs÷w
gh jdudqwlh uììydoxì txrwlglhqqhphqw hq irqfwlrq gh od ydohxu oltxlgdwlyh gh vd srvlwlrq1
Ohv rswlrqv eìqìflhqw gx v|vwëph VSDQ +Vwdqgdug Sruwirolr Dqdo|vlv ri Ulvn, srxu
od gìwhuplqdwlrq ghv gìs÷wv gh jdudqwlh1 Od oltxlglwì gh o*rswlrq Sleru hvw jdudqwlh vxu
o*hqvhpeoh ghv vìulhv rxyhuwhv ã od qìjrfldwlrq sdu flqt whqhxuv gh pdufkì: 1
Od edvh gh grqqìhv d ìwì plvh ã glvsrvlwlrq sdu PDWLI VD hw hvw frpsrvìh gh grqqìhv
txrwlglhqqhv g*rswlrqv gx 6 mdqylhu 4<<7 dx 5< drþw 4<<:1 Srxu fkdtxh gdwh gh frwdwlrq
rq d ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv vxlydqwhv gh o*rswlrq = od pdwxulwì/ oh sul{ g*h{huflfh/ oh sul{ gh
fo÷wxuh/ oh sul{ gh frpshqvdwlrq; / oh yroxph gh wudqvdfwlrqv/ oh qrpeuh g*rsìudwlrqv/ oh
qrpeuh gh srvlwlrqv rxyhuwhv euxwhv hw qhwwhv hw od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh1 Rq d ohv píphv
fdudfwìulvwltxhv srxu ohv edvhv ghv frqwudwv Sleru 60prlv ã o*h{fhswlrq ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh
hw gh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh1 Oh wdx{ vdqv ulvtxh txl dssdudñw gdqv od irupxoh g*ìydoxdwlrq
gh o*rswlrq hvw lvvx gh od edvh Gdwdvwuhdp1
Oruvtxh/ srxu xq píph sul{ g*h{huflfh/ oh fdoo hw oh sxw vrqw frwìv wrxv ohv ghx{/ rq d
uhwlhqw o*rswlrq kruv0od0prqqdlh< 1
: Mxvtx*hq
4<<: fhv ghuqlhuv ìwdlhqw EQS/ FSU/ FQFD/ Vrflìwì Jìqìudoh hw Wudqvrswlrqv Ilqdqfh1
sul{ gh frpshqvdwlrq hvw grqqì sdu od pr|hqqh srqgìuìh ghv sul{ frwìv gdqv ohv 63 ghuqlëuhv vhfrqghv gh frwdwlrq1
< Ohv rswlrqv kruv0od0prqqdlh vrqw fhoohv grqw od ydohxu lqwulqvëtxh + 8 3 g srxu ohv fdoov hw g 3 8 srxu ohv sxwv, hvw
qìjdwlyh > fhod frqfhuqh grqf ohv sxwv dydqw od prqqdlh hw ohv fdoov dsuëv od prqqdlh1
; Oh
73
Fkdslwuh 5
Sureoìpdwltxh
Ohv remhfwliv gh fhwwh wkëvh vrqw pxowlsohv1 Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv qrxv whqwrqv gh
gìwhuplqhu od vwuxfwxuh gh ghqvlwì od soxv dssursulìh dx{ vrxv0mdfhqwv ghv rswlrqv txh
qrxv vhurqv dphqìv ã xwlolvhu/ ã vdyrlu wdx{ hw lqglfhv1 Srxu fhod/ qrxv dqdo|vhurqv hw
frpsduhurqv glìuhqwv prgëohv g*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ fh txl ihud
o*remhw gh od vhfrqgh sduwlh gh od wkëvh1 Gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv/ qrxv qrxv lqwìuhvvhurqv dx{
glyhuvhv dssolfdwlrqv txh o*rq shxw wluhu gh od frqqdlvvdqfh gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1
Gdqv xqh suhplëuh dssolfdwlrq/ qrxv whvwhurqv o*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv hq ìwxgldqw oh
frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv > xqh ghx{lëph dssolfdwlrq frqvlvwhud
ã whvwhu od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv > gdqv xqh wurlvlëph dssolfdwlrq qrxv dqdo|vhurqv ã
sduwlu g*lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh ohv uìdfwlrq ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì ylv0ã0ylv gh who rx who
ìyìqhphqw > hqq/ gdqv xqh txdwulëph dssolfdwlrq qrxv frpsduhurqv od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh dyhf od yudlh ghqvlwì/ dq g*hvwlphu oh eldlv hqwuh fhv ghx{ ghqvlwìv hw g*hq wluhu
ghv vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj1
Srxu phwwuh hq úxyuh fhv uhfkhufkhv/ rq grlw lqwurgxluh ghv qrwlrqv g*ìtxloleuh1 O*hv0
wlpdwlrq ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh hvw olìh ã o*ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh txl uhsrvh vxu
o*devhqfh g*rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh hw txl shuphw o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv gdqv xq
prqgh qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ doruv txh o*hvwlpdwlrq gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh uìvxowh g*xq
ìtxloleuh jìqìudo txl h{ljh o*ìjdolwì hqwuh ruhv hw ghpdqghv vxu ohv pdufkìv gh elhqv
hw gh wlwuhv1 Rq yhuud txh fhv ghx{ prgëohv vrqw sduidlwhphqw frpsdwleohv qrwdpphqw
gdqv ohxu idêrq lghqwltxh gh gìfuluh o*lqfhuwlwxgh/ ã o*dlgh gh yduldeohv g*ìwdw grqw o*ìyr0
oxwlrq g|qdpltxh hvw gìfulwh sdu ghv surfhvvxv doìdwrluhv1 Fr{/ Lqjhuvroo hw Urvv +4<;8d,
prqwuhqw txh oh prgëoh g*ìtxloleuh ìfrqrpltxh jìqìudo uhfrxyuh wrwdohphqw oh prgëoh
75
g*ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh/ hq fh vhqv txh wrxv ohv uìvxowdwv gx ghuqlhu vh uhwurxyhqw gdqv
oh suhplhu1 Qrxv suìvhqwrqv gdqv fhwwh sduwlh o*ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh hw lqwurgxlvrqv hq
vhfwlrq +714, gh od sduwlh LLL o*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo hq xwlolvdqw gdqv od phvxuh gx srvvleoh ohv
píphv qrwdwlrqv1
514
Dssurfkh sdu ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh
O*ìtxloleuh g*duelwudjh uhsrvh vxu oh sulqflsh txh gdqv xq pdufkì vdqv iulfwlrq rü ohv
yhqwhv ã gìfrxyhuw vrqw dxwrulvìhv/ ghv dfwliv d|dqw ghv x{ gh wuìvruhulh ìjdx{ grlyhqw
ìjdohphqw ydorlu od píph fkrvh1 Vxu fh sulqflsh/ vl qrxv glvsrvrqv g*xq sruwhihxlooh gh
edvh frqvwlwxì gh N wlwuhv sduidlwhphqw lghqwlìv/ ohv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv wlwuhv kruv0edvh
shxyhqw íwuh uìsoltxìv sdu xqh frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh ghv fdudfwìulvwltxhv ghv N wlwuhv gh
od edvh1 Gdqv fhv frqglwlrqv/ oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh ghv dfwliv kruv0edvh grlw uhvshfwhu xqh
uhodwlrq gx píph w|sh dyhf ohv sul{ ghv dfwliv gx sruwhihxlooh gh edvh/ vrxv shlqh gh jd0
udqwlu od suìvhqfh g*rssruwxqlwìv g*duelwudjh1 Rq rewlhqw doruv xqh frqwudlqwh g*duelwudjh
ghydqw íwuh uhvshfwìh sdu ohv sul{ ghv wlwuhv ìfkdqjìv vxu oh pdufkì1
Gdqv fhwwh dssurfkh/ oh sul{ hvw gìql lqgìshqgdpphqw ghv suìiìuhqfhv ghv djhqwv/ rx
gh ohxu dwwlwxgh ylv0ã0ylv gx ulvtxh1 O*hpsorl gx sulqflsh gh qrq0duelwudjh srxu gìwhuplqhu
oh sul{ ghv dfwliv lpsrvh o*lghqwlfdwlrq ã sulrul ghv idfwhxuv g*lqfhuwlwxgh txl dhfwhqw
o*ìfrqrplh/ gh idêrq ã srxyrlu vìohfwlrqqhu xq vrxv0hqvhpeoh gh wlwuhv rudqw od phloohxuh
surwhfwlrq srvvleoh frqwuh oh ulvtxh1 Od shuvshfwlyh hvw sxuhphqw qdqflëuh/ pdlv surfëgh
g*xqh ghvfulswlrq h{solflwh gh od vwuxfwxuh gh o*ìfrqrplh1 Hq h{dplqdqw fhv prgëohv/ rq
glìuhqflh lppìgldwhphqw ohv k|srwkëvhv vsìfltxhv dx{ wlwuhv frqvlgìuìv1 Sdu qdwxuh/
fhv k|srwkëvhv vrqw h{rjëqhv dx prgëoh/ hw shxyhqw grqf íwuh fkrlvlhv/ vrlw gh pdqlëuh
wrwdohphqw duelwudluh/ vrlw hq uìiìuhqfh ã xqh wkìrulh gìqlh sdu dloohxuv4 1
51414
K|srwkëvhv hw gìqlwlrqv olìhv ã o*ìtxloleuh sdu duelwudjh
Rq gìqlw xqh rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
Ohv pdufkìv vrqw vxssrvìv sduidlwv hw rq d ohv k|srwkëvhv vxlydqwhv =
Gìqlwlrq 6 Rq glw tx*lo | d rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh vl o*xqh ghv frqglwlrqv vxlydqwhv hvw
yìulìh =
S
lo h{lvwh xq sruwhihxlooh @ +3 > 4 > ===> g , who txh od ydohxu lqlwldoh =V @ gl@3 l V l hvw vwulf0
4 od
suìvhqwdwlrq idlwh lfl uhsrvh hq sduwlh vxu Elvlëuh +4<<7,1
76
whphqw qìjdwlyh hw od ydohxu ã o*lqvwdqw 4 hvw srvlwlyh gdqv wrxv ohv ìwdwv gx prqgh/ vrlw =
Sg
l
l@3 l ym 3> m 5 i4> ===> nj >
lo h{lvwh xq sruwhihxlooh @ +3 > 4 > ===> g , who txh od ydohxu lqlwldoh =V hvw qìjdwlyh rx qxooh
hw od ydohxu ã o*lqvwdqw 4 hvw srvlwlyh gdqv wrxv ohv ìwdwv gx prqgh hw vwulfwhphqw srvlwlyh
S
S
gdqv dx prlqv xq ìwdw/ vrlw = gl@3 l yml 3> m 5 i4> ===> nj hw <m3 / gl@3 l yml3 A 31
Xqh rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh frqvwlwxh xq pr|hq gh v*hqulfklu vdqv dssruw shuvrqqho1
Lo hvw ìylghqw txh fhod qh vdxudlw h{lvwhu vdqv íwuh udslghphqw h{sorlwì1 Qrxv idlvrqv grqf
o*k|srwkëvh vxlydqwh/ glwh devhqfh g*rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh +DRD,1
K|srwkëvh 4 Lo q*h{lvwh sdv g*rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh vxu ohv pdufkìv1
K|srwkëvh 5 Lo q*h{lvwh dxfxq frþw gh wudqvdfwlrq/ wd{h/ rx sureoëph g*lqglylvlelolwì ghv
dfwliv1 Wrxv ohv pdufkìv vrqw frpsìwlwliv/ whov txh fkdtxh lqglylgx vrlw shuvxdgì tx*lo shxw
dfkhwhu rx yhqguh dxwdqw g*dfwliv tx*lo oh vrxkdlwh/ dx sul{ gh pdufkì1 Vxu fhv pdufkìv/
ohv ìfkdqjhv qh shxyhqw dyrlu olhx tx*dx sul{ g*ìtxloleuh1
K|srwkëvh 6 Lo h{lvwh xq pdufkì srxu o*hpsuxqw hw oh suíw lqvwdqwdqì dx wdx{ uw hw srxu
ohv suíwv hw hpsuxqwv gh gxuìh vxsìulhxuh1 Ohv wlwuhv gh fuìdqfh vrqw ghv reoljdwlrqv }ìur0
frxsrq/ gh ydohxu idfldoh xqlwdluh h{hpswv gh wrxw ulvtxh gh gìidxw1
Rq grqqh dx{ lqyhvwlvvhxuv xq frpsruwhphqw udwlrqqho vwdqgdug =
K|srwkëvh 7 Ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv vrqw lqvdwldeohv hw vx!vdpphqw wroìudqwv ylv0ã0ylv gx ulvtxh
srxu tx*lov sxlvvhqw dffhswhu gh gìwhqlu xq dfwli ulvtxì d|dqw xqh hvsìudqfh gh uhqghphqw
qlh1
D fhv txdwuh k|srwkëvhv/ ylhqgud v*dmrxwhu xqh flqtxlëph k|srwkëvh vxu od vwuxfwxuh
gh o*lqirupdwlrq shuwlqhqwh srxu ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv/ txl glìuhud vhorq ohv prgëohv hp0
sor|ìv1 Gdqv oh fdv sduwlfxolhu gx prgëoh txh qrxv doorqv suhqguh frpph h{hpsoh srxu
gìyhorsshu od wkìrulh gh od ydorulvdwlrq sdu duelwudjh/ fhwwh k|srwkëvh hvw od vxlydqwh5 /6 =
5 Rq udsshooh tx*xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq hvw xq surfhvvxv ã wudmhfwrluhv frqwlqxhv/ ã dffurlvvhphqwv lqgìshqgdqwv hw
vwdwlrqqdluhv > soxv suìflvìphqw/ ' E| c | D f hvw xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq uìho lvvx gh 3 vxu o*hvsdfh gh suredelolwì
Elc 8c vl
d, Ef ' f ' c
e, f $ r $ |/ od yduldeoh doìdwrluh uìhooh | 3 r vxlw xqh orl qrupdoh fhqwuìh gh yduldqfh | 3 r/
f, f ' |f | |R / ohv yduldeohv E|n 3 |n4 c  $ & $ R vrqw lqgìshqgdqwhv1
6 Rq udsshooh tx*xq surfhvvxv g*Lw÷ hvw xq surfhvvxv gh od iruph
] |
] |
f| ' ff n
U
U
rü f| ƒ[ ƒ _ "/ f| ƒ) ƒ2 _ "1
f
[ _ n
77
f
) _` c
K|srwkëvh 8 O*lqirupdwlrq shuwlqhqwh srxu ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv hvw uhsuìvhqwìh sdu od ydohxu
frxudqwh gh V 1 Fhwwh yduldeoh vxlw xq surfhvvxv g*Lw÷ =
gVw @ w Vw gw . w Vw gZw
rü w hvw od whqgdqfh lqvwdqwdqìh +rx guliw, gh Vw hw w hvw od yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh gh Vw
hw Zw hvw xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq vwdqgdug vrxv od suredelolwì yudlh +rx vxemhfwlyh, S1
O*k|srwkëvh vxlydqwh vxssrvh o*h{lvwhqfh g*xq dfwli glw vdqv ulvtxh
K|srwkëvh 9 Lo h{lvwh xq dfwli vdqv ulvtxh/ qrwì V 3 who txh =
gVw3 @ Vw3 uw gw>
V33 @ 4>
U
rü uw hvw xq surfhvvxv dgdswì srvlwli yìuldqw 3W uw gw ? 4 s1v1
O*dfwli V 3 hvw glw vdqv ulvtxh píph vl uw hvw xq surfhvvxv vwrfkdvwltxh dx vhqv rü Vw3
hvw frqqx gëv oruv txh uw hvw frqqx1
Xqh ghuqlëuh k|srwkëvh shuphw gh erxfohu oh prgëoh/ hq ìwdeolvvdqw ohv fur|dqfhv ghv
djhqwv txdqw dx irqfwlrqqhphqw gh o*ìfrqrplh =
K|srwkëvh : Wrxv ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv vrqw shuvxdgìv txh o*ìfrqrplh hvw whooh tx*hooh hvw
suìvhqwìh gdqv o*k|srwkëvh +8, hw rqw ghv fur|dqfhv krprjëqhv txdqw ã od ydohxu ghv
sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh1
Fhwwh ghuqlëuh k|srwkëvh frqgxlw lpsolflwhphqw ã dgphwwuh txh ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv
lqyhvwlvvhxuv vrqw udwlrqqhoohv1 Fhx{0fl furlhqw frqqdñwuh od yudlh vwuxfwxuh gh o*ìfrqrplh
dlqvl txh od ydohxu ghv sdudpëwuhv txl od fdudfwìulvhqw ã xq lqvwdqw grqqì1 Vdfkdqw tx*lov
vrqw qdwxuhoohphqw dwwluìv sdu od ulfkhvvh/ rq shxw shqvhu tx*lov xwlolvhqw dx plhx{ o*lq0
irupdwlrq srxu suìyrlu oh ixwxu1 Gh soxv/ vl o*rq dmrxwh txh o*lqirupdwlrq hvw glvsrqleoh
srxu wrxv/ rq grlw frqfoxuh txh ohv pdufkìv vrqw h!flhqwv dx vhqv odujh1
51415
Ydorulvdwlrq sdu duelwudjh hw prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv
Qrxv prqwurqv gdqv fhwwh sduwlh frpphqw ydorulvhu xqh rswlrq hq devhqfh g*rssruwx0
qlwì g*duelwudjh1 Od foì frqvlvwh ã frqvwuxluh xq sruwhihxlooh dxwrqdqêdqw vdqv ulvtxh ã
o*dlgh g*xqh dfwlrq grqw oh frxuv hvw qrwì V / g*xqh rswlrq g*ìfkìdqfh W hw gh sul{ g*h{hu0
flfh N grqw oh sul{ ã o*lqvwdqw w hvw qrwì F+w> V> N> W , hw gx fdvk txl uhsuìvhqwh o*dfwli vdqv
78
ulvtxh/ V 3 1 Lqyrtxdqw od frqglwlrq g*duelwudjh/ rq uhqg doruv ìjdx{ oh uhqghphqw lqvwdq0
wdqì gx sruwhihxlooh hw oh wdx{ vdqv ulvtxh gx pdufkì hw o*rq rewlhqw xqh uhodwlrq hqwuh
o*hvsìudqfh hw od yrodwlolwì gx uhqghphqw lqvwdqwdqì gx sul{ gh fkdfxq ghv wlwuhv dlqvl
tx*xqh ìtxdwlrq dx{ gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv srxu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq7 1 Fhwwh ìtxdwlrq shxw
íwuh uìvroxh dsuëv dgmrqfwlrq ghv frqglwlrqv dx{ eruqhv/ vsìfltxhv ã o*rswlrq1
Gìqlwlrqv
Qrxv grqqrqv hq suhplhu olhx ohv gìqlwlrqv g*xqh vwudwìjlh gh sruwhihxlooh hw g*xqh
vwudwìjlh dxwrqdqêdqwh1 Rq frqvlgëuh xq djhqw txl gìwlhqw/ ã o*lqvwdqw w/ 4w sduwv gh
o*dfwli V hw 3w sduwv gh o*dfwli V 3 > lo q*| d dxfxqh uhvwulfwlrq vxu oh vljqh gh @ + 3 > 4 ,/ rq
qrwh Vh @ +V 3 > V,1
Gìqlwlrq 7 Xqh vwudwìjlh gh sruwhihxlooh hvw od grqqìh g*xq surfhvvxv yhfwrulho +w > 3 w W , who txh o*lqwìjudoh vwrfkdvwltxh
] w
3
x gVx
hvw gìqlh srxu wrxw w1 Od ydohxu hq w gh fhwwh vwudwìjlh hvw qrwìh
Yw +, @ 3w Vw3 . 4w Vw =
+514,
Rq gìqlw xqh vwudwìjlh dxwrqdqêdqwh frpph vxlw1
Gìqlwlrq 8 Od vwudwìjlh hvw dxwrqdqêdqwh vl/ srxu wrxw w/
Yw +, @ Y3 +, .
] w
3
x gVhx =
+515,
Oh prgëoh xwlolvì lfl hvw fhoxl gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6,1 Lo qh v*djlw sdv lfl gh oh fulwl0
txhu rx gh oh gìihqguh pdlv gh o*xwlolvhu frpph xq prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh srxu o*hqvhpeoh
gh od wkëvh1 Srxu fh prgëoh sduwlfxolhu/ od g|qdpltxh gh V vrxv S gdqv o*k|srwkëvh +8,
ghylhqw =
gVw @ Vw gw . Vw gZw >
+516,
rü oh guliw lqvwdqwdqì hw od yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh vrqw frqvwdqwv1 Gh soxv rq yd vxssrvhu
txh oh wdx{ vdqv ulvtxh uw hvw frqvwdqw hw ìjdo ã u1
7 Rq
shxw vh uìiìuhu ã Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6, hw Phuwrq +4<:6,1
79
Ydorulvdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq
Rq yd fkhufkhu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq frpph xqh irqfwlrq gx frxuv gh o*dfwli V hw gx
whpsv w 5 ^3> W `/ F+w> V> N> W , @ +w> V,1 Rq vxssrvh tx*xq djhqw gìwlhqw od vwudwìjlh vxlydqwh
@ +3 > 4 > 5 , rü ohv ìoìphqwv gh uhsuìvhqwhqw uhvshfwlyhphqw oh prqwdqw lqyhvwl gdqv
o*dfwli vdqv ulvtxh/ gdqv o*dfwlrq hw gdqv o*rswlrq1 Od ydohxu gh vrq sruwhihxlooh ã o*lqvwdqw
w hvw grqqìh sdu =
Yw @ 4w Vw . 5w +w> V, . 3w Vw3 =
+517,
Rq v*duudqjh srxu dyrlu xq sruwhihxlooh gh ydohxu qxooh ã fkdtxh lqvwdqw/ rq yd grqf
dmxvwhu od ydohxu lqyhvwlh gdqv oh fdvk hq w gh idêrq ã dyrlu xq sruwhihxlooh gh ydohxu qxooh
hq w =
Yw @ 3 +, 3w Vw3 @ 4w Vw 5w +w> V,=
+518,
Rq idlw ydulhu oh sruwhihxlooh gh idêrq lqqlwìvlpdoh hw frpph oh sruwhihxlooh hvw dxwr0
qdqêdqw/ rq shxw ìfuluh =
gYw @ 4w gVw . 5w g+w> V, . 3w Vw3 ugw>
rü g uhsuìvhqwh od yduldwlrq gx frxuv gh o*rswlrq1
Oh ohpph g*Lw÷8 dssoltxì ã od irqfwlrq qrxv shuphw g*ìfuluh/ hq xwlolvdqw +516, =
C+w> V,
C+w> V,
4
C 5 +w> V,
gw .
gVw . 5 Vw5
gw
CV
5
CV 5
Cw
C+w> V, 4 5 5 C 5 +w> V,
C+w> V,
C+w> V,
@
. Vw
Vw gZw =
gw
.
V
gw .
w
Cw
5
CV 5
CV
CV
g+w> V, @
+519,
Od yduldwlrq gYw gx sruwhihxlooh hvw doruv grqqìh sdu =
C+w> V,
4 5 5 C 5 +w> V,
C+w> V,
4
5
5
5
3
3
. w Vw
. w Vw uw gw
gYw @ w . w
. w Vw
Cw
5
CV 5
CV
C+w> V,
Vw gZw
. 4w . 5w
CV
8
Ohpph 4 +Lw÷,
hw
sM
Vl
f|
2 Edfc A o f U/
hvw xq surfhvvxv g*Lw÷ ã gx w|sh
_f| ' [| _| n )| _`|
xqh irqfwlrq gx whpsv hw gh
_s E|c f| '
f
doruv
Ys E|c f Ys E|c f  Y 2 s E|c f 2
_| n
_f| n
)| _|
Y|
Y7
2 Yf 2
7:
+51:,
Srxu rewhqlu xq sruwhihxlooh vdqv ulvtxh/ rq dqqxoh od sduwlh doìdwrluh hq gZw gdqv
+51:, =
4w . 5w
C+w> V,
Vw @ 3=
CV
+51;,
Gh soxv/ srxu ìylwhu wrxwh srvvlelolwì g*duelwudjh/ od sduwlh hq gw grlw íwuh qxooh dxvvl
gh whooh vruwh tx*lo q*| d dxfxq uhqghphqw srvvleoh
4w . 5w
C+w> V,
4
C 5 +w> V,
C+w> V,
. 5w 5 Vw5
. 3w Vw3 u @ 3=
. 5w Vw
Cw
5
CV 5
CV
+51<,
Hq lqmhfwdqw +518, hw +51;, gdqv +51<,/ rq rewlhqw srxu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq xqh ìtxdwlrq
dx{ gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv dyhf xqh frqglwlrq whuplqdoh =
C+w> V, C+w> V,
4 5 5 C 5 +w> V,
V
.
@ u+w> V,
. uV
5
CV 5
CV
Cw
+W> V, @ j+V, @ +V N,. =
+5143,
Srxu uìvrxguh fhwwh ìtxdwlrq/ rq dssoltxh oh wkìruëph vxlydqw frqqx vrxv oh qrp gh
irupxoh gh Ih|pdqq0Ndf1
Wkìruëph 4 +Ih|pdqq0Ndf, Vrlw { hw w {ìv hw ]v{>w oh surfhvvxv lqgh{ì sdu v/ +w v W ,/
gìql sdu
]vw>{
@{.u
] v
w
]xw>{ gx . ] v
w
]xw>{ gZx >
doruv vl j 5 F 5 +U, hvw ã ydohxuv srvlwlyhv hw j/ j 3 / j33 olsvfklw}lhqqhv9 / od irqfwlrq
UW
F+w> {, @ H h w ux gx j+]Ww>{ ,
hvw o*xqltxh vroxwlrq olsvfklw}lhqqh gh +5143,1
Ru oh surfhvvxv ghv sul{ V qh vxlw sdv h{dfwhphqw od píph orl txh ]vw>{ vrxv od sur0
edelolwì vxemhfwlyh/ rq yd grqf vh sodfhu vrxv xqh suredelolwì T ìtxlydohqwh ã S: vrxv
odtxhooh ohv sul{ dfwxdolvìv vrqw ghv pduwlqjdohv1 O*ìwxgh ghv uhodwlrqv hqwuh duelwudjh hw
h{lvwhqfh g*xqh suredelolwì ìtxlydohqwh ã S idlvdqw ghv sul{ dfwxdolvìv xqh pduwlqjdoh d
ìwì hqwuhsulvh sdu Kduulvrq hw Nuhsv +4<:<, hw Kduulvrq hw Solvnd +4<;4, hq whpsv glvfuhw1
Rq shxw wurxyhu xqh erqqh dssurfkh gx sureoëph hq whpsv frqwlqx gdqv oh olyuh gh
P oohu +4<;:,1
} hvw olsvfklw}lhqqh vxu U v*lo h{lvwh & : f who txh ƒ}E% 3 }E+ƒ & ƒ% 3 +ƒ srxu wrxw %c +1
udsshooh txh ghx{ suredelolwìv  hw 2 vrqw ìtxlydohqwhv vl hw vhxohphqw vl/ srxu wrxw ìyìqhphqw /  E '
f Ui 2 E ' f1 Lfl/ ' ìtxlydohqwh ã vljqlh txh/ srxu wrxw / M l/ 'Et/ : f1
9 Xqh irqfwlrq
: Rq
7;
Vl rq qrwh Vwd @ huw Vw oh surfhvvxv gx sul{ dfwxdolvì/ hq dssoltxdqw oh ohpph g*Lw÷/ od
glxvlrq gh Vwd hvw od vxlydqwh =
gVwd @ Vwd ^+ u,gw . gZw `=
Oh wkìruëph gh Jluvdqry yd qrxv shuphwwuh gh wudqviruphu Vwd hq pduwlqjdoh =
Wkìruëph 5 +Jluvdqry, Vrlw Ow oh surfhvvxv gìql sdu
Ow @ h{s
] w
3
4
kv gZw 5
] w
3
k5 gv
v
>
rü +k+v,> 3 v W , hvw xq surfhvvxv dgdswì eruqì1
Oh surfhvvxv Ow hvw o*xqltxh vroxwlrq gh gOw @ Ow kw gZw / O3 @ 4 hw HS +Ow , @ 4/ ;w 5 ^3> W `1 Ow
hvw xqh pduwlqjdoh1
Vrlw T od suredelolwì gìqlh vxu +> Iw , sdu T+D, @ HS +4D OW ,1 Vrxv T/ oh surfhvvxv Zw @
Uw
Zw 3 kv gv hvw xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq1
Hq dssoltxdqw oh wkìruëph ã kv @ + u, 4 / rq shxw prqwuhu txh vrxv od suredelolwì
T gìqlh sdu gT @ Ow gS oh surfhvvxv Vwd yìulh
gVwd @ Vwd gZw >
+5144,
rü Zw @ Zw . + u,4 w hvw xq T0prxyhphqw eurzqlhq1 Od suhplëuh sduwlh gx wkìruëph
qrxv dvvxuh txh Vwd hvw xqh T0pduwlqjdoh1 Rq gìgxlw idflohphqw gh +5144, txh od g|qdpltxh
gh Vw vrxv T hvw
gVw @ uVw gw . Vw gZw
+5145,
Od suredelolwì T hvw dsshoìh suredelolwì qhxwuh ã o*ìjdug gx ulvtxh rx ulvtxh qhxwuh
fdu vrxv T ohv dfwliv ulvtxìv hw vdqv ulvtxh rqw od píph hvsìudqfh gh uhqghphqw1
Hq dssoltxdqw oh wkìruëph +4, ã +5143, vrxv T/ oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq hxursìhqqh hvw
grqqìh sdu =
F+w> V> N> W , @ H T ^hu+W w, +V N,. `=
+5146,
W
w
7<
51416
Sulph gh ulvtxh
Qrwrqv pdlqwhqdqw EV hw EV ohv txdqwlwìv vxlydqwhv =
EV
EV
u
5
@ EV =
@
+5147,
+5148,
Oh whuph EV uhsuìvhqwh oh sul{ gh pdufkì gx ulvtxh dvvrflì ã o*dfwli V srxu oh prgëoh gh
Eodfn0Vfkrohv hw EV hvw dsshoìh od sulph gh ulvtxh1 Qrxv uhylhqgurqv vxu fhwwh qrwlrq gh
sulph gh ulvtxh oruvtx*rq vh sodfh gdqv xq frqwh{wh g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo1 Vl oh sdvvdjh ã
xqh suredelolwì qhxwuh ylv0ã0ylv gx ulvtxh v*dyëuh wuëv xwloh srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq gh surgxlwv
gìulyìv whov txh ohv rswlrqv/ lo shxw íwuh lqwìuhvvdqw gh vh ghpdqghu vl fhwwh suredelolwì
hvw wuëv ìorljqìh gh od suredelolwì vxemhfwlyh hw gh whqwhu g*ìydoxhu fhwwh sulph gh ulvtxh
txl idlw oh srqw hqwuh ohv ghx{ suredelolwìv > f*hvw fh txh qrxv whqwhurqv gh idluh gdqv od
ghuqlëuh sduwlh gh fhwwh wkëvh1
515
51514
Ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh
Prwlydwlrqv
Rq d yx tx*xqh rswlrq grqqh oh gurlw g*dfkhwhu rx gh yhqguh xq dfwli/ ã xqh gdwh
ixwxuh hw ã xq sul{ frqyhqx g*dydqfh1 Fh gurlw d xq sul{ dxmrxug*kxl txl hvw irqfwlrq
ghv fdudfwìulvwltxhv gh o*rswlrq1 Gdqv oh fdoo sdu h{hpsoh/ oh sul{ hvw g*dxwdqw soxv ìohyì
txh od suredelolwì tx*d oh vrxv0mdfhqw gh gìsdvvhu oh sul{ g*h{huflfh ã ìfkìdqfh hvw ìohyìh1
Rq shxw dlqvl gìgxluh gx sul{ g*xqh rswlrq fh txh oh pdufkì dqwlflsh vxu ohv yduldwlrqv
srvvleohv gx vrxv0mdfhqw1
Wurlv lqglfdwhxuv sdudlvvhqw lpsruwdqwv gdqv o*dqwlflsdwlrq ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì =
o*ìfduw0w|sh rx yrodwlolwì txl phvxuh od glvshuvlrq ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv/
o*dv|pìwulh rx vnhzqhvv txl lqgltxh vl od suredelolwì g*xqh iruwh kdxvvh hvw soxv
lpsruwdqwh txh fhooh g*xqh iruwh edlvvh/ rx lqyhuvhphqw/
oh frh!flhqw g*dsodwlvvhphqw rx nxuwrvlv txl uìyëoh ohv fdv rü/ lqgìshqgdpphqw gh
wrxwh dv|pìwulh ìyhqwxhooh/ oh pdufkì dffrugh xqh iruwh suredelolwì ã ghv ìyìqhphqwv
h{wuíphv1
Fhv lqglfdwhxuv vrqw plv hq ìylghqfh hpslultxhphqw vxu ohv rswlrqv sdu o*h{lvwhqfh g*xq
vploh gh yrodwlolwì1 Fhwwh frxueh txl vh frqvwuxlw hq wudêdqw ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv hq
irqfwlrq ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh looxvwuh od uhodwlrq hqwuh od yrodwlolwì ghv sxwv hw ghv fdoov kruv0
83
od0prqqdlh1 Hq devflvvh/ jxuhqw ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh uìsduwlv dxwrxu gx sul{ frpswdqw gx
vrxv0mdfhqw srxu oh mrxu ìwxglì1 Rq prqwuh hq jxuhv +418, hw +419,/ ohv vplohv gh yrodwlolwì
lvvxv g*rswlrqv vxu FDF 73 hw g*rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 60prlv1
Qrxv dyrqv yx txh oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv hvw edvì vxu o*k|srwkëvh txh od
yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh gx sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw hvw frqvwdqwh1 Fhwwh k|srwkëvh hvw
iruwhphqw uhplvh hq fdxvh sdu o*h{lvwhqfh gh fh vploh txl prqwuh txh mxvwhphqw od yrodwl0
olwì ydulh hq irqfwlrq gx sul{ g*h{huflfh gh o*rswlrq/ fh txl uhylhqw ã gluh tx*hooh ydulh hq
irqfwlrq ghv sul{ dqwlflsìv ixwxuv gh o*dfwli1 Oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv hq vxssrvdqw
xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq jìrpìwultxh srxu od g|qdpltxh gx sul{/ grqqh xqh vwuxfwxuh
jdxvvlhqqh dx uhqghphqw gx sul{ txl hpsífkh od sulvh hq frpswh ghv prphqwv g*ruguh
6 hw 7 gx uhqghphqw1 Od vwuxfwxuh txh ohv ghx{ dxwhxuv sursrvhqw q*hvw grqf sdv vxi0
vdpphqw ulfkh srxu h{soltxhu oh frpsruwhphqw ixwxu ghv sul{1 Qrxv doorqv grqf idluh
ghv k|srwkëvhv vxssoìphqwdluhv vxu oh surfhvvxv vrxv0mdfhqw srxu hvvd|hu gh plhx{ h{0
soltxhu fh frpsruwhphqw1 Gìwdloorqv gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv soxv suìflvìphqw ohv qrwlrqv
gh yrodwlolwì/ vnhzqhvv hw nxuwrvlv1
Od yrodwlolwì
Od yrodwlolwì hvw oh sdudpëwuh txl shuphw gh phvxuhu oh ulvtxh dvvrflì dx uhqghphqw
gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Gdqv oh fdv ghv rswlrqv qrxv sduorqv gh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh1 Fhv
yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv vrqw olìhv gluhfwhphqw dx{ sul{ dfwxhov gx pdufkì; hw shxyhqw íwuh
h{wudlwhv vdqv huuhxu hq lqyhuvdqw od irupxoh gx sul{ gh o*rswlrq dyhf oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw
Vfkrohv +4<:6,1 Ohv vplohv ghv jxuhv +418, hw +419, vrqw soxv rx prlqv lqfxuyìv/ vhorq txh
ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv vrqw suíwv ã sd|hu soxv rx prlqv fkhu gdqv xqh rswlrq1 Rq yrlw fodluhphqw
vxu oh suhplhu judskltxh txh/ srxu od suhplëuh pdwxulwì/ soxv oh sul{ g*h{huflfh hvw edv/
soxv od yrodwlolwì +grqf oh sul{, hvw ìohyì1 Vdqv idluh dxfxq fdofxo/ rq shxw gìmã vhqwlu
txh ohv rsìudwlrqqhov dqwlflshqw soxw÷w xqh edlvvh ghv sul{ tx*xqh kdxvvh gdqv oh frxuw
whuph1 Fhw hhw hvw frqqx vrxv oh qrp gh vnhzqhvv1 Oruvtxh ohv yrodwlolwìv vrqw ìohyìhv ghv
ghx{ f÷wìv gx vploh/ l1h1 oruvtxh fhoxl0fl suìvhqwh xq dvshfw hq X pdutxì/ ohv rsìudwlrqqhov
frwhqw fkhu ohv rswlrqv wuëv kruv0od0prqqdlh1 Gdqv fh fdv/ lov dqwlflshqw xqh iruwh yduldwlrq
gx vrxv0mdfhqw gdqv xq krul}rq grqqì vdqv dssruwhu gh suìflvlrq vxu o*rulhqwdwlrq gh fhwwh
yduldwlrq1 Lfl/ f*hvw o*hhw gh nxuwrvlv txl hvw plv hq dydqw1 Fhv ghx{ hhwv vrqw gìfulwv
gdqv oh sdudjudskh txl vxlw1
; Oh
pdufkì frwh ohv rswlrqv vrxv iruphv gh sul{ rx gh yrodwlolwì vhorq ohv surgxlwv1
84
Hwxgh gh od sulph g*dv|pìwulh
Pdwkìpdwltxhphqw oh frh!flhqw g*dv|pìwulh rx vnhzqhvv hvw oh prphqw g*ruguh 6 gh
od glvwulexwlrq/ qrupì sdu o*ìfduw0w|sh dx fxeh =
vnhz+{, @
H +{ H+{,,6
H ^+{ H+{,,5 `6@5
=
Soxv lqwxlwlyhphqw/ qrxv srxyrqv od gìfuluh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh1 Frpph rq o*d yx hq
vhfwlrq +41514,/ oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq hvw grqqì sdu o*hvsìudqfh gx sd|r whuplqdo dfwxdolvì1
Srxu oh sul{ g*xq fdoo rq udsshooh txh =
F+w> Vw > Nf > W , @ huw +W ,+W w, H T ^pd{+VW Nf ,`
@ huw +W ,+W w, H T ^VW Nf @VW Nf ` T+VW Nf ,>
+5149,
hw srxu fhoxl g*xq sxw/ rq d =
S +w> Vw > Ns > W , @ huw +W ,+W w, H T ^pd{+Ns VW ,`
@ huw +W ,+W w, H T ^Ns VW @VW ? Ns ` T+Ns VW ,>
dyhf
+514:,
H T +VW , @ Iw =
Ghv ìtxdwlrqv +5149, hw +514:, rq gìgxlw txh o*dv|pìwulh gh od glvwulexwlrq vhud gl0
uhfwhphqw uh ìwìh sdu ohv sul{ uhodwliv ghv fdoov hw ghv sxwv kruv0od0prqqdlh1 Srxu whvwhu
o*dv|pìwulh gh od glvwulexwlrq/ rq shxw grqf frpsduhu ohv sul{ ghv fdoov hw ghv sxwv grqw
ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh vrqw uìsduwlv v|pìwultxhphqw dxwrxu gx sul{ dx frpswdqw ã od gdwh
g*dxmrxug*kxl1 Vl od glvwulexwlrq ghv sul{ dwwhqgxv gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw hvw v|pìwultxh/
ohv fdoov hw ohv sxwv kruv gh od prqqdlh ghyudlhqw dyrlu oh píph sul{1 Ghv glvwulexwlrqv
dv|pìwultxhv wudgxlvhqw grqf ghv gìfdodjhv gh sul{ hqwuh ohv fdoov hw ohv sxwv1 Fhwwh dv|0
pìwulh shxw íwuh ylvleoh gdqv oh vploh oruvtxh fhoxl0fl suìvhqwh xqh eudqfkh soxv doorqjìh
txh o*dxwuh1 Lqwxlwlyhphqw/ oruvtxh od eudqfkh jdxfkh g*xq vploh lvvx g*rswlrqv vxu df0
wlrqv hvw soxv doorqjìh/ rq d xq vljqh txh ohv wudghuv frwhqw soxv fkhu ohv rswlrqv vxu sul{
g*h{huflfh edv/ grqf tx*lov dqwlflshqw xqh edlvvh ghv sul{ soxw÷w tx*xqh kdxvvh1 Rq yd
srxyrlu xwlolvhu ohv sul{ revhuyìv ghv fdoov hxursìhqv srxu mxjhu vl od vnhzqhvv rewhqxh
dyhf ohv k|srwkëvhv lpsrvìhv vxu od glvwulexwlrq sdu xq prgëoh hvw frkìuhqwh dyhf xqh
phvxuh hpslultxh gh od vnhzqhvv1 Od vnhzqhvv hvwlph od gluhfwlrq hw o*lpsruwdqfh ghv
85
prxyhphqwv dwwhqgxv ghv sul{ ghv dfwliv1
Oh frh!flhqw g*dsodwlvvhphqw
Oh frh!flhqw g*dsodwlvvhphqw rx nxuwrvlv fruuhvsrqg pdwkìpdwltxhphqw dx prphqw
fhqwuì g*ruguh 7 gh od glvwulexwlrq/ qrupì sdu od yduldqfh dx fduuì =
nxuw+{, @
H +{ H+{,,7
H ^+{ H+{,,5 `5
=
Gh píph txh srxu od vnhzqhvv/ od nxuwrvlv wurxyh xqh h{solfdwlrq ìfrqrpltxh1 Xqh
uhodwlyhphqw iruwh nxuwrvlv/ skìqrpëqh frqqx vrxv oh qrp gh ohswrnxuwrvlv/ uìyëoh od
srvvlelolwì gh yduldwlrqv ìohyìhv/ yrluh h{wuíphv/ ghv xfwxdwlrqv ghv frxuv ixwxuv mxvtx*ã
o*ìfkìdqfh gh o*rswlrq1 Fhw hhw ohswrnxuwltxh vh uhwurxyh gdqv oh skìqrpëqh gx vploh
sdu xqh frxuexuh hq X pdutxìh1 Gdqv fh fdv/ rq hq gìgxlw txh ohv wudghuv frwhqw wuëv
fkhu ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh wuëv ìorljqìv gh od prqqdlh hw tx*lqgìshqgdpphqw gx vljqh/ lov
dqwlflshqw xqh euxvtxh kdxvvh rx xqh euxvtxh edlvvh ghv sul{1
86
51515
Dssolfdwlrqv srvvleohv
Od vhfrqgh sduwlh gh od wkëvh vhud fhqwuìh vxu od frpsdudlvrq gh glìuhqwhv pìwkrghv
srxu h{wudluh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gh o*dfwli hw fkhufkhu oh surfhvvxv oh soxv shu0
wlqhqw srxu gìfuluh ohv grqqìhv1 Rq shxw hqylvdjhu soxvlhxuv dssolfdwlrqv txl xwlolvhqw
o*lqirupdwlrq dlqvl rewhqxh vxu ohv pdufkìv hw txl ihurqw o*remhw gh od wurlvlëph sduwlh gh
fhwwh wkëvh1
od phvxuh gh od fuìglelolwì gh od srolwltxh prqìwdluh = od ohfwxuh ghv ghqvlwìv gh
suredelolwì ìfodluh ohv edqtxhv fhqwudohv vxu od shufhswlrq ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw hw ghv
wdx{ gh fkdqjh ixwxuv1 Od glvwulexwlrq ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv srxuudlw dlqvl irxuqlu dx{
dxwrulwìv prqìwdluhv ghv lqglfdwlrqv h{0dqwh vxu fh txh vhudlhqw ohv uìdfwlrqv gx
pdufkì ã xq uhvvhuuhphqw rx ã xqh gìwhqwh ghv frqglwlrqv prqìwdluhv >
oh fdofxo g*lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh srxu od suìylvlrq = lo v*djlw gh frqvwuxluh xq ìfduw0
w|sh gh od glvwulexwlrq hw grqf xq lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ ghv
wdx{ gh fkdqjh rx hqfruh ghv sul{ ixwxuv1 Rq uhmrlqw lfl od qrwlrq gh Ydoxh0dw0Ulvn
+YdU, txl d sulv vrq hvvru uìfhpphqw gdqv ohv fhooxohv gh frqwu÷oh gh ulvtxh ghv
ìwdeolvvhphqwv edqfdluhv1 G*xq srlqw gh yxh sxuhphqw ghvfulswli/ fhv lqwhuydoohv gh
frqdqfh shuphwwhqw gh grqqhu xqh lgìh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv dfwhxuv gx pdufkì1
Dlqvl/ xqh edqtxh fhqwudoh srxuud whvwhu ohv uìdfwlrqv gx pdufkì ã xq ìyìqhphqw
hq sduwlfxolhu hw xqh edqtxh frpphufldoh dxud xq erq lqglfdwhxu ghv srvlwlrqv ã
suhqguh vxu oh pdufkì >
od frqvwuxfwlrq gh whvwv g*h!flhqfh gx pdufkì = rq yd srxyrlu whvwhu oh srxyrlu
suìylvlrqqho gh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh srxu suìyrlu od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh1 Hq hhw vl od
yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh frqwlhqw soxv g*lqirupdwlrq tx*xqh dxwuh phvxuh gh od yrodwlolwì/
rq srxuud hq frqfoxuh txh ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv vxu ohv pdufkìv g*rswlrqv vrqw udwlrqqhov
hw grqf txh fhv pdufkìv vrqw h!flhqwv >
od frqvwuxfwlrq gh whvwv gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv = od frqqdlvvdqfh ghv prphqwv
vxsìulhxuv +yduldqfh/ vnhzqhvv hw nxuwrvlv, yd shuphwwuh gh phwwuh hq sodfh ghv
whvwv gh wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv soxv suìflv txh fhx{ h{lvwdqw mxvtx*ã pdlqwhqdqw/
lqfoxdqw o*hvsìudqfh hw sduirlv od yduldqfh gx uhqghphqw gh o*dfwli rx gh o*ìfduw gh
wdx{1 Lo v*djlw g*hvvd|hu g*h{soltxhu xqh sduwlh gh od sulph gh ulvtxh sdu fhv prphqwv >
o*hvwlpdwlrq gx frh!flhqw g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì = o*hvwlpdwlrq
gx eldlv hqwuh od ghqvlwì yudlh hvwlpìh ã sduwlu ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv hw od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hvwlpìh ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv grqqh xqh lgìh gh od sulph gh ulvtxh
gx pdufkì1 Rq yd dlqvl srxyrlu ìwdeolu ghv vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj suhqdqw hq frpswh
89
fhwwh lqirupdwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh >
od suìglfwlrq ghv fulvhv = rq d lfl xqh hvwlpdwlrq gh od suredelolwì ghv iruwhv yd0
uldwlrqv gx frxuv gh od yduldeoh vrxv0mdfhqwh lpsruwdqwhv srxu ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdq0
flëuhv1
8:
8;
Ghx{lëph sduwlh
Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh = xqh frpsdudlvrq ghv
pìwkrghv
8<
Fkdslwuh 4
Uhodwlrq hqwuh od GQU hw ohv sul{
g*rswlrqv
Frpph qrxv o*dyrqv gìmã h{srvì hq lqwurgxfwlrq/ ohv rswlrqv vrqw xq surgxlw frqgl0
wlrqqho hw dssruwhqw grqf ghv lqglfdwlrqv vxu ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì vxu
o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frxuv ixwxuv gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Hq sduwlfxolhu/ frpph ohv rswlrqv vrqw fr0
wìhv srxu soxvlhxuv sul{ g*h{huflfh lo hvw srvvleoh g*h{wudluh o*hqvhpeoh gh od ghqvlwì gx
vrxv0mdfhqw vrxv od suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gìqlh gdqv od sduwlh suìfìghqwh1
414
Olwwìudwxuh
Xqh olwwìudwxuh h{wuíphphqw ydulìh d vxujl gdqv ohv dqqìhv <3 vxu od idêrq g*hvwl0
phu fhwwh irqfwlrq gh glvwulexwlrq lpsolflwh1 D o*ruljlqh gh wrxwhv ohv pìwkrghv txh qrxv
vhurqv dphqìv ã ìwxglhu/ rq wurxyh ohv wudydx{ gh Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;, txl/
ohv suhplhuv/ rqw ìfulw xqh uhodwlrq hqwuh ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hw od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh
+GQU,1 Rq grqqh lfl xq dshuêx sdu wkëph ghv glìuhqwv prgëohv h{lvwdqw hq glìuhqfldqw
fh txh o*rq dsshoohud sdu od vxlwh ohv prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv/ ohv prgëohv vwuxfwxuhov
hw ohv prgëohv gh glxvlrq1 Rq hqwhqg sdu prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv/ ohv prgëohv txl
qh qìfhvvlwhqw dxfxqh k|srwkëvh vxu o*ìyroxwlrq gx surfhvvxv gx vrxv0mdfhqw > ohv prgëohv
vwuxfwxuhov vrqw fhx{ srxu ohvtxhov rq idlw gluhfwhphqw xqh k|srwkëvh vxu od iruph irqf0
wlrqqhooh gh od glvwulexwlrq > hqq/ ohv prgëohv gh glxvlrq vrqw ohv prgëohv idlvdqw dssho
ã xqh ghvfulswlrq whpsruhooh vwrfkdvwltxh gx surfhvvxv gh sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1
Klvwrultxhphqw/ od uhfkhufkh d sruwì hq suhplhu olhx vxu ohv prgëohv gh glxvlrq gdqv
93
ohv dqqìhv :31 Lov v*rulhqwhqw gdydqwdjh yhuv o*ìydoxdwlrq hq vrl gh o*rswlrq txh yhuv o*hvwl0
pdwlrq gh od glvwulexwlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Qìdqprlqv/ lo h{lvwh xq olhq dyhf fhwwh ghuqlëuh
sxlvtx*lo v*djlw gh fkhufkhu oh surfhvvxv vwrfkdvwltxh lpsolflwh vh udssurfkdqw oh soxv gh
o*ìyroxwlrq gx surfhvvxv jìqìudwhxu ghv grqqìhv1 Rq shxw glìuhqflhu ohv prgëohv gh wdx{
ghv prgëohv gh sul{1
Gdqv oh grpdlqh ghv dfwlrqv/ ohv suhplhuv wudydx{ vrqw fhx{ gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6,
txl vxssrvhqw txh oh sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw vxlw xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq jìrpìwultxh dyhf
gìulyh srxu ìydoxhu ohv rswlrqv hxursìhqqhv vxu dfwlrqv1 Phuwrq +4<:6, dgdswh oh prgëoh
srxu od sulvh hq frpswh ghv yhuvhphqwv ghv glylghqghv > Eodfn +4<:9, o*dgdswh dx{ rswlrqv
vxu frqwudw ã whuph hw Jdupdq hw Nrkokdjhq +4<;6, dx{ rswlrqv gh fkdqjh1
Ohv yìulwdeohv prglfdwlrqv gdqv o*ìyroxwlrq gx surfhvvxv frpphqfhqw dyhf oh prgëoh
gh Phuwrq +4<:9, txl vxssrvh xqh glvfrqwlqxlwì gh o*ìyroxwlrq gx surfhvvxv vrxv0mdfhqw
hq lqwurgxlvdqw od srvvlelolwì txh oh frxuv gh o*dfwli vdxwh dydqw o*ìfkìdqfh gh o*rswlrq1
Od glvwulexwlrq gx sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw hvw doruv xq pìodqjh g*xqh orl orjqrupdoh
hw g*xqh orl gh Srlvvrq1 Edoo hw Wrurxv +4<;6/ 4<;8, uhsuhqqhqw fh prgëoh srxu hvwlphu
ghv sul{ gh fdoov gx FERH hw DPH[ vxu frqwudw ã whuph sruwdqw vxu ghv dfwlrqv gx
Q\VH1 Edwhv +4<<4, uhsuhqg o*lgìh gx prgëoh ã vdxwv srxu dqdo|vhu vl oh fudvk gh 4<;:
ìwdlw suìylvleoh ã wudyhuv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv vxu ohv frqwudwv ixwxuv gx V)S833 hqwuh 4<;8
hw 4<;:1 Lo wurxyh txh ohv sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh hvwlpìv lpsolflwhphqw juåfh dx{ sul{
g*rswlrqv lqgltxhqw tx*xq fudvk ìwdlw dwwhqgx hw txh ohv glvwulexwlrqv lpsolflwhv ìwdlhqw
qìjdwlyhphqw dv|pìwultxhv g*rfwreuh 4<;9 ã drþw 4<;:1 Edwhv +4<<9d, dssoltxh od glx0
vlrq ã vdxwv dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph vxu |hq hw ghxwvfkh pdun vxu ohv sìulrghv
4<;704<<5 hw 4<;904<<5 hw frqfoxh txh ohv glvwulexwlrqv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh lvvxhv ghv sul{
g*rswlrq vrqw xq edurpëwuh ghv vhqwlphqwv gx pdufkì1 Edwhv +4<<9e/ 5333, fxpxoh xqh
glxvlrq vwrfkdvwltxh gh od yrodwlolwì hw o*h{lvwhqfh gh vdxwv gdqv ohv yduldwlrqv gx sul{
gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Pdo} +4<<9d, xwlolvh xq prgëoh ã vdxwv vlpsolì gh w|sh Ehuqrxool/
q*dxwrulvdqw tx*xq vdxw mxvtx*ã o*ìfkìdqfh gh o*rswlrq srxu hvwlphu od suredelolwì gh uì0
doljqhphqw gh od olyuh vwhuolqj gdqv oh V|vwëph Prqìwdluh Hxursìhq1
Kxoo hw Zklwh +4<;:, lqwurgxlvhqw xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh vdqv fruuìod0
wlrq hqwuh ohv yduldwlrqv gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw hw vd yrodwlolwì1 Fkhvqh| hw Vfrww +4<;<,
ìwxglhqw o*dssruw g*xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh +PYV, sdu udssruw dx prgëoh gh
Eodfn0Vfkrohv +EV, srxu ìydoxhu ohv rswlrqv gh fkdqjh groodu2iudqf vxlvvh1 Lov wurxyhqw
txh oh PYV hvw phloohxu tx*xq vlpsoh prgëoh gh EV dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì frqvwdqwh pdlv
prlqv shuirupdqw tx*xq prgëoh gh EV dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì uìylvìh fkdtxh mrxu1 D o*lqyhuvh/
94
Pholqr hw Wxuqexoo +4<<3, wurxyhqw tx*xqh yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh grqqh ghv uìvxowdwv elhq
phloohxuv srxu od glvwulexwlrq gx wdx{ gh fkdqjh hqwuh oh Fdqdgd hw ohv Hwdwv0Xqlv1 Vwhlq
hw Vwhlq +4<<4, gìyhorsshqw xq prgëoh rü od yrodwlolwì vxlw xq surfhvvxv g*Ruqvwhlq0
Xkohqehfn1 Lov rewlhqqhqw ghv irupxohv ihupìhv srxu ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv txl lqfrusruhqw
o*hhw gh txhxhv ìsdlvvhv1 Khvwrq +4<<6, rewlhqw ghv irupxohv ihupìhv ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv
vxu dfwlrqv/ frqwudwv ixwxuv hw wdx{ gh fkdqjh/ hq srvwxodqw xqh glxvlrq hq udflqh fduuìh
gh w|sh Fr{0Lqjhuvroo0Urvv +4<;8e, srxu od yrodwlolwì hw hq vxssrvdqw gh soxv xqh fruuìod0
wlrq qrq qxooh hqwuh ohv yduldwlrqv gh sul{ hw od yrodwlolwì1 Edoo hw Urpd +4<<7, frpsduhqw
soxvlhxuv PYV grqw fhx{ gh Khvwrq +4<<6, hw gh Vwhlq hw Vwhlq +4<<4,1 Lov h{dplqhqw
ohv eldlv gx prgëoh gh EV txl shxyhqw íwuh ìolplqìv sdu gh whov prgëohv1 Ednvkl/ Fdr hw
Fkhq +4<<:, frpsduhqw od fdsdflwì ghv prgëohv ã vdxwv hw ghv PYV srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq
hw od frxyhuwxuh ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ixwxu V)S8331 Lov wurxyhqw txh o*lqfrusrudwlrq
gh yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh hw gh vdxwv hvw lpsruwdqwh srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq/ pdlv txh vhxo oh
fdudfwëuh vwrfkdvwltxh gh od yrodwlolwì dpìolruh od frxyhuwxuh1 Prudx{/ Qdydwwh hw Ylood
+4<<;, sursrvhqw xqh qrxyhooh whfkqltxh gh Irxulhu srxu fdofxohu ohv sul{ g*rswlrq gdqv
xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh gh w|sh Kxoo hw Zklwh +4<;:,1
Hqjoh hw Pxvwdid +4<<5, fkhufkhqw ã lghqwlhu ohv prgëohv DUFK +DxwrUhjuhvvlyh
Frqglwlrqdoo| Khwhurvnhgdvwlf, lpsolflwhv gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv dydqw hw dsuëv oh prlv
g*rfwreuh ;: hw wurxyhqw txh od shuvlvwdqfh ghv fkrfv gh yrodwlolwì gdqv ohv rswlrqv vxu
V)S833 hvw vlplodluh ã fhooh hvwlpìh ã sduwlu gh vìulhv gx V)S8331
Hqq/ ghv prgëohv uìfhqwv vxssrvhqw txh oh whpsv ìyroxh gh idêrq doìdwrluh1 Dlqvl/
Pdgdq/ Fduu hw Fkdqj +4<<;, prgìolvhqw oh vrxv0mdfhqw sdu xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq sulv
ã xq lqvwdqw doìdwrluh grqqì sdu xq surfhvvxv jdppd1 Lov rewlhqqhqw ghv irupxohv ihupìhv
srxu ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv hw hvwlphqw od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gh o*lqglfh V)S833 ã
sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu V)S8331 Hqq/ Jhpdq hw Dqì +5333, dgrswhqw xqh lgìh qrxyhooh1
Lov sursrvhqw gh prgìolvhu od glvwulexwlrq ghv uhqghphqwv hq xwlolvdqw ghv fkdqjhphqwv
gh whpsv vwrfkdvwltxhv dx olhx ghv surfhvvxv vxueruglqdwhxuv wudglwlrqqhoohphqw xwlolvìv1
Lov prqwuhqw hqwuh dxwuhv txh o*xwlolvdwlrq gx qrpeuh gh wudqvdfwlrqv hvw xq phloohxu
fkdqjhphqw gh whpsv txh oh yroxph gh wudqvdfwlrqv srxu uhwurxyhu od qrupdolwì ghv
uhqghphqwv1 Lov dssoltxhqw ohxu prgëoh ã ghv grqqìhv gh kdxwh iuìtxhqfh ghv sul{ g*dfwliv
whfkqrorjltxhv lvvxv gx QDVGDT hw uhwurxyhqw xqh qrupdolwì ghv uhqghphqwv suhvtxh
sduidlwh vdqv k|srwkëvh sduwlfxolëuh vxu od glvwulexwlrq gx fkdqjhphqw gh whpsv1
Frqfhuqdqw ohv prgëohv gh wdx{/ ohv prgëohv txh qrxv doorqv pdlqwhqdqw flwhu uhsuì0
vhqwhqw xqh olvwh qrq h{kdxvwlyh ghv sulqflsdx{ prgëohv gh wdx{1 Qrxv qh fkhufkrqv sdv
95
lfl ã idluh xqh uhyxh frpsoëwh gh od olwwìudwxuh vxu fhv prgëohv/ qrxv qh flwhurqv txh fhx{
txl qrxv sdudlvvhqw dssruwhu xq ìoìphqw ã o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od glvwulexwlrq1
O*dgdswdwlrq gx prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv +4<:6, dx{ wdx{ frxuwv hvw gxh ã Phuwrq
+4<:6, srxu fdofxohu oh sul{ g*xqh reoljdwlrq }ìur0frxsrq4 1 Fh prgëoh frqvlvwh hq xq
vlpsoh prxyhphqw eurzqlhq dyhf gìulyh1
Ydvlfhn +4<::, xwlolvh xq surfhvvxv g*Ruqvwhlq0Xkohqehfn srxu gìulyhu xq prgëoh
g*ìtxloleuh ghv sul{ gh }ìur0frxsrq1 Lo v*djlw g*xq surfhvvxv jdxvvlhq dyhf uhwrxu ã od
pr|hqqh1 Fr{/ Lqjhuvroo hw Urvv+4<;8e, xwlolvhqw xq surfhvvxv hq udflqh fduuìh frpph
prgëoh gh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph ã xq idfwhxu1 Oh wdx{ frxuw srxu fh prgëoh vxlw xqh glv0
wulexwlrq nkl0ghx{ gìfhqwuìh1 Orqjvwd +4<;<, uhsuhqg xq surfhvvxv hq udflqh fduuìh hq
lqwìjudqw od udflqh fduuìh gx wdx{ frxuw gdqv oh gìulyh1 Od glvwulexwlrq fruuhvsrqgdqwh
dxwrulvh od suìvhqfh g*dv|pìwulh pdutxìh1
Euhqqdq hw Vfkzduw} +4<;5, prgìolvhqw oh wdx{ frxuw hw oh wdx{ orqj1 Orqjvwd hw
Vfkzduw} +4<<5, lqwurgxlvhqw xq prgëoh ã ghx{ idfwhxuv txl vrqw oh wdx{ frxuw hw od
yduldqfh ghv yduldwlrqv lqvwdqwdqìhv gx wdx{ frxuw1 Od glvwulexwlrq uìvxowdqwh hvw fhooh
g*xqh frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh gh yduldeohv jdppd lqgìshqgdqwhv1 Kùugkdo +4<<<, hvwlph od
glvwulexwlrq gx wdx{ frxuw ixwxu dyhf xq who prgëoh hq o*dssoltxdqw dx{ reoljdwlrqv1 Edoo
hw Wrurxv +4<<<, phwwhqw hq ìylghqfh oh fdudfwëuh vwrfkdvwltxh gh od yrodwlolwì gx wdx{
frxuw1
Pduvk hw Urvhqhog +4<;6, fkhufkhqw ohv surfhvvxv lpsolflwhv gx wdx{ frxuw hq whv0
wdqw soxvlhxuv vrxv0prgëohv gx wdx{ frxuw1 Fkdq/ Nduro|l/ Orqjvwd hw Vdqghuv +4<<5,
frpsduhqw xqh ydulìwì gh glìuhqwv prgëohv gh wdx{ frxuw hq xwlolvdqw od pìwkrgh ghv
prphqwv jìqìudolvìv1 Lov wurxyhqw txh ohv prgëohv ohv soxv shuirupdqwv vrqw fhx{ txl shu0
phwwhqw ã od yrodwlolwì frqglwlrqqhooh gh gìshqguh iruwhphqw gx qlyhdx gx wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1
Lov vxjjëuhqw oh prgëoh gh Grwkdq +4<:;, frpph prgëoh sduwlfxolëuhphqw shuirupdqw
srxu gìfuluh od g|qdpltxh ghv wdx{ frxuwv1
Grwkdq +4<:;, sursrvh xqh vwuxfwxuh orjqrupdoh vdqv guliw gx wdx{ frxuw1 Eodfn/
Ghupdq hw Wr| +4<<3, hw Eodfn hw Ndud}lqvnl +4<<4, vxjjëuhqw/ dx píph wlwuh txh Grwkdq
+4<:;,/ ghv wdx{ frxuwv orjqrupdx{1 Oh gìidxw gh fhv prgëohv hvw gh phqhu ã ghv wdx{
frxuwv lqqlv hw grqf gh qh sdv shuphwwuh o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv frqwudwv ã whuph vxu wdx{
Hxur1
Khdwk/ Mduurz hw Pruwrq +4<<5, sursrvhqw xq prgëoh ghv wdx{ iruzdug lqvwdqwdqìv
uhsrvdqw vxu xqh vwuxfwxuh gh yrodwlolwì orjqrupdoh1 Pdlv ohv wdx{ ghylhqqhqw lqqlv dyhf
4 Rq
udsshooh tx*xq }ìur0frxsrq g*ìfkìdqfh A / qrwì E|c A / hvw xq wlwuh txl grqqh gurlw ã 4I ã od gdwh A 1
96
xqh suredelolwì vwulfwhphqw srvlwlyh1 Od frqvìtxhqfh hvw txh o*rq shxw frqvwuxluh ghv dfwliv
frqwlqjhqwv gh sul{ qxo hw gh sd|r srvlwli/ grqf ghv rssruwxqlwìv g*duelwudjh1 Srxu sdoolhu
fhwwh gl!fxowì/ Eudfh/ Jdwduhn hw Pxvlhod +4<<:, sursrvhqw xq prgëoh uhqgdqw fkdtxh
wdx{ orjqrupdo vrxv od suredelolwì iruzdug5 dx olhx gh od suredelolwì vsrw1 Dlqvl ohv wdx{
ã whuph vhpl0dqqxhov hw wulphvwulhov shxyhqw íwuh orjqrupdx{ wdqglv txh oh prgëoh uhvwh
vdqv srvvlelolwì g*duelwudjh6 1
Od ghx{lëph fdwìjrulh gh pìwkrghv txh qrxv ìwxglhurqv gdqv fhwwh sduwlh vrqw ohv
pìwkrghv qrq sdudpìwultxhv txl rqw sulv ohxu hvvru sulqflsdohphqw ã od q ghv dqqìhv
<31
Xqh suhplëuh lgìh hvw irqgìh vxu o*lqwhusrodwlrq gx vploh gh yrodwlolwì1 Vklpnr +4<<6,
olvvh oh vploh ã o*dlgh g*xq sro|q÷ph txdgudwltxh dyhf ghv uhvwulfwlrqv vxu ohv sul{ g*h{hu0
flfh qrq frwìv1 Dqghuvhq +4<<8, v*lqwìuhvvh ã xq prgëoh gh yrodwlolwì gìwhuplqlvwh hw
xwlolvh ghv pìwkrghv lpsolflwhv hw vhpl0lpsolflwhv gh glìuhqfhv qlhv srxu uhwurxyhu oh
sul{ gh o*rswlrq1 Lo vrxoljqh o*dydqwdjh hq whpsv gh fdofxo g*xq who prgëoh sdu udssruw
dx{ prgëohv g*dueuhv elqrpldx{ lpsolflwhv1 Erugxwkd hw Mhupdn|dq +4<<9, hw Odjdqdgr
hw Rvkhu +4<<:, uhsuhqqhqw xq prgëoh g*lqwhusrodwlrq gh vxuidfh gh yrodwlolwìv1 Pdo}
+4<<9, sursrvh xqh lqwhusrodwlrq ghv vplohv vxu ohv rswlrqv gh fkdqjh lqfrusrudqw ohv
sul{ ghv vwudqjohv/ ohv ulvn uhyhuvdov hw ohv yrodwlolwìv ã0od0prqqdlh1 Frrshu hw Wdoerw
+4<<<, xwlolvhqw fhwwh pìwkrgh srxu hvvd|hu g*h{soltxhu ohv shufhswlrqv gx pdufkì vxu oh
frpsruwhphqw gx MS\2XVG shqgdqw o*dqqìh 4<<;1 Gxpdv/ Iohplqj hw Zkdoh| +4<<:,
whvwhqw soxvlhxuv lqwhusrodwlrqv gx vploh gh yrodwlolwì frpph sro|q÷ph txdgudwltxh gx
sul{ g*h{huflfh hw gh od pdwxulwì1 Urvhqehuj hw Hqjoh +4<<:, olvvhqw oh orjdulwkph gx vploh
gh yrodwlolwì/ suìyhqdqw dlqvl od srvvlelolwì gh yrodwlolwì qìjdwlyh1 Frohpdq/ Ol hw Yhupd
+4<<;, olvvhqw od vxuidfh gh yrodwlolwì dyhf xq vsolqh elfxeltxh1 Wrxmrxuv gdqv oh grpdlqh
gh od vxuidfh gh yrodwlolwì/ Fduu hw Pdgdq +4<<;, wudydloohqw dyhf xq surfhvvxv jìqìudolvì
ã xqh glphqvlrq1
Gxsluh +4<<7, xwlolvh oh sureoëph gxdo srxu wurxyhu oh surfhvvxv gh glxvlrq xqltxh
txl shuphw gh uhwurxyhu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hq uholdqw od yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh ã od
gìulyh gh od glxvlrq1 Dqguhdvhq +4<<9, uhsuhqg oh skìqrpëqh gh gxdolwì plv hq ìylghqfh
sdu Gxsluh srxu hvwlphu qxpìultxhphqw ohv vxuidfhv gh yrodwlolwì txl oxl shuphwwhqw gh
uhwurxyhu ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hw od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1 Eulwwhq0Mrqhv hw Qhxehujhu
E|cA pduwlqjdoh dlqvl txh wrxv ohv
udsshooh txh od suredelolwì iruzdug qhxwuh hq 6 hvw od suredelolwì txl uhqg E|c6
sul{ ghv dfwliv h{sulpìv gdqv oh qxpìudluh E|c 6 +yrlu Jhpdq +4<;<,/ Mdpvklgldq +4<;<,,
6 Srxu xqh erqqh uhyxh ghv prgëohv gh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ rq shxw vh uìihuhu ã Pxvlhod hw Uxwnrzvnl
+4<<;,/ Jrxuodrxhq +4<<:,1
5 Rq
97
+4<<<, vrqw fdsdeohv gh gìfuluh o*hqvhpeoh ghv surfhvvxv frqwlqxv frpsdwleohv dyhf ohv
sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Lov irufhqw od frpsrvdqwh gh yrodwlolwì ã íwuh pdunrylhqqh hq glvfuìwlvdqw
od yrodwlolwì gdqv xq hqvhpeoh g*ìwdwv gh od yrodwlolwì1
Kxwfklqvrq/ Or hw Srjjlr +4<<7, dssoltxhqw od wkìrulh ghv uìvhdx{ gh qhxurqhv srxu
uhwurxyhu xqh dssur{lpdwlrq gh od irupxoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv
vlpxoìv hw srxu fdohu ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph vxu V)S8331 Khuupdqq hw
Qduu +4<<:, dssoltxhqw od wkìrulh ghv uìvhdx{ gh qhxurqhv dx{ rswlrqv vxu lqglfh doohpdqg
hw h{klehqw oh skìqrpëqh gx vploh1
Ghupdq hw Ndql +4<<7, sursrvhqw xq dojrulwkph srxu uhwurxyhu xq dueuh lpsolflwh
ulvtxh qhxwuh frqvwuxlw ã sduwlu gh o*lqwhusrodwlrq gh od yrodwlolwì frpph irqfwlrq ã od
irlv gx sul{ g*h{huflfh hw gh od pdwxulwì1 Uxelqvwhlq +4<<7, gìyhorssh xq dueuh lpsolflwh
srxu hvwlphu ohv sul{ ghv dfwliv frqwlqjhqwv ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv/ hq plqlplvdqw
vrxv fhuwdlqhv frqwudlqwhv ohv ìfduwv hqwuh ohv suredelolwìv lpsolflwhv gh o*dueuh hw ohv
suredelolwìv lvvxhv g*xq dueuh gh Fr{0Urvv0Uxelqvwhlq +4<:<,1 Mdfnzhuwk hw Uxelqvwhlq
+4<<9, dssoltxhqw fhwwh pìwkrgh dx{ rswlrqv vxu V)S8331
Gdqv xq dxwuh grpdlqh/ Qhxkdxvv +4<<8, uhsuhqg gluhfwhphqw od uhodwlrq gh Euhhghq
hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;, hq wudydloodqw dyhf od irqfwlrq gh uìsduwlwlrq dx olhx gh od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ shugdqw dlqvl prlqv g*lqirupdwlrq1
Pl}udfk +4<<9, gìyhorssh xqh pìwkrgh gh prphqwv vlpxoìv srxu hvwlphu od glvwulex0
wlrq ghv wdx{ gh fkdqjh XVG2JES hw XVG2IUI1
Gxdq +4<<9, dssoltxh od wkìrulh ghv prgëohv JDUFK srxu prgìolvhu oh vploh gh
yrodwlolwì1
Dòw0Vdkdold +4<<9, hw Dòw0Vdkdold hw Or +4<<;, rqw o*lgìh g*hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh
dx ulvtxh gx V)S833 sdu od whfkqltxh g*hvwlpdwlrq ghv qr|dx{1 Sulwvnhu +4<<;, hpsorlh
od pìwkrgrorjlh ghv nhuqhov srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì gh glvwulexwlrq qhxwuh dx ulvtxh ghv
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1
Exfkhq hw Nhoo| +4<<9, hw Vwxw}hu +4<<9, dssoltxhqw oh sulqflsh gx pd{lpxp g*hq0
wurslh/ jìqìudohphqw xwlolvì gdqv oh grpdlqh gh od sk|vltxh/ ã o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv ghqvlwìv
qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh hw ã o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv rswlrqv1 Dydoodqhgd/ Iulhgpdq/ Krophv hw Vdpshul
+4<<:, xwlolvhqw fhwwh pìwkrgh srxu fdoleuhu ohv vxuidfhv gh yrodwlolwì1
Erxfkrxhy hw Lvdnry +4<<:, lqyhuvhqw od irupxoh g*ìydoxdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq hw re0
wlhqqhqw xqh vroxwlrq qxpìultxh gh od ghqvlwì1
O*dssdulwlrq ghv pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv d ìwì prwlyìh sdu oh ehvrlq gh suhqguh hq
frpswh fhuwdlqv dvshfwv ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv frpph od vnhzqhvv rx o*hhw gh nxuwrvlv
98
vrxyhqw qrq vx!vdpphqw pdutxìv sdu ghv prgëohv xvxhov frpph ohv prgëohv DUFK1 Lo
v*djlw gh vxssrvhu gluhfwhphqw txh oh surfhvvxv jìqìudwhxu ghv grqqìhv vxlw xqh glvwul0
exwlrq gìwhuplqìh/ jìqìudohphqw fdudfwìulvìh sdu xq rx ghx{ sdudpëwuhv hq soxv gh od
pr|hqqh hw od yduldqfh gh od orl qrupdoh hw od orl orjqrupdoh1 Gh idêrq orjltxh/ lo v*hq hvw
vxlyl o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh/ pdlv od olwwìudwxuh dvvrflìh hvw prlqv
frqvìtxhqwh txh srxu ohv prgëohv gh glxvlrq hw ohv prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv fdu ohv
pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv vrqw uduhphqw xwlolvìhv srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv rswlrqv1
Ohv suhplhuv dxwhxuv gh fh jhquh gh prgëoh vrqw Mduurz hw Uxgg +4<;5,1 Ohv dxwhxuv
vxssrvhqw txh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw hvw grqqìh sdu xq gì0
yhorsshphqw hq vìulh g*Hgjhzruwk dxwrxu gh od orl orjqrupdoh/ fh txl shuphw g*hvwlphu
gluhfwhphqw od vnhzqhvv hw o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv gh od glvwulexwlrq1 Fruudgr hw Vx +4<<9/
4<<:, phwwhqw hq úxyuh o*lgìh gh Mduurz hw Uxgg srxu rewhqlu ghv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv pr0
phqwv g*ruguh 6 hw 7 lpsolflwhv gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv vxu V)S8331 Uxelqvwhlq +4<<;,
xwlolvh ghv gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh g*Hgjhzruwk vxu xqh glvwulexwlrq gh edvh elqrpldoh1
PfFxoorfk +4<;8, v*lqwìuhvvh ã o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv rswlrqv hxursìhqqhv oruvtxh oh sul{
gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw hvw gluljì sdu xqh orl orj0vwdeoh1 Lo rewlhqw ghv irupxohv ihupìhv
g*rswlrqv hxursìhqqhv vxu dfwlrq/ wdx{ gh fkdqjh/ reoljdwlrqv1 Ehondfhp +4<<9, ìfulw od
glxvlrq gx sul{ gh o*dfwli oruvtxh fhoxl0fl vxlw xq surfhvvxv 0vwdeoh hw fdofxoh oh sul{
g*xqh rswlrq hxursìhqqh sdu ghv vlpxodwlrqv gh Prqwh0Fduor1
Pdgdq hw Ploqh +4<<7, vh sodfhqw gdqv xq hvsdfh gh Kloehuw hw ìfulyhqw ohv ghqvl0
wìv vwdwlvwltxh hw qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx frxuv gh o*dfwli vrxv od iruph g*xq gìyhorsshphqw
hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh1 Denhq/ Pdgdq hw Udpdpxuwlh +4<<9, dssoltxhqw od pìwkrgh
dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudwv ã whuph vxu Hxurgrooduv1 Fklduhood/ Ho0Kdvvdq hw Nxfhud +4<<;,
xwlolvhqw ghv gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulhv gh Irxulhu0Khuplwh srxu ìydoxhu ghv rswlrqv hxur0
sìhqqhv hw dpìulfdlqhv vxu dfwlrq1
Vkhulfn/ Jdufld hw Wluxsdwwxu +4<<9, xwlolvhqw od irqfwlrq gh Exuu LLL srxu prgìolvhu
od glvwulexwlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw hw o*dssoltxhqw dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh vrmd gx
FERW1 Vkhuulfn/ Luzlq hw Iruvwhu +4<<5/ 4<<9, hvwlphqw od glvwulexwlrq qhxwuh dx ulvtxh
gx V)S833 sdu xqh ghqvlwì gh Exuu [LL pdlv qh wlhqqhqw sdv frpswh gh od fruuhfwlrq
gxh ã o*h{huflfh dqwlflsì sdu ohv rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv1
Edkud +4<<9,/ sxlv Pholfn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:, vxssrvhqw txh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh
hvw grqqìh sdu od frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh gh ghqvlwìv orjqrupdohv1 Fhv ghuqlhuv hvwlphqw od
ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx sul{ gx sìwuroh shqgdqw od fulvh gx Jroih hw wurxyhqw txh
od ghqvlwì glëuh vhqvleohphqw gh fhooh rewhqxh sdu ghv prgëohv vwdqgdug1 Vùghuolqg hw
99
Vyhqvvrq +4<<:, xwlolvhqw ìjdohphqw xq pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv vxu ohv rswlrqv vxu
reoljdwlrqv srxu uhwurxyhu od glvwulexwlrq gx wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1 Jdodwl hw Pholfn +4<<<, hv0
wlphqw ohv prphqwv ã o*dlgh g*xq pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv srxu frpsuhqguh frpphqw
vrqw shuêxhv ohv lqwhuyhqwlrqv gh od Edqtxh Fhqwudoh sdu ohv wudghuv ghv pdufkìv gh fkdqjh
ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu MS\2XVG hqwuh 4<<6 hw 4<<91
Edfnxv/ Iruhvl/ Ol hw Zx +4<<:, dssurfkhqw od glvwulexwlrq frqglwlrqqhooh gx sul{ gx
vrxv0mdfhqw sdu xq gìyhorsshphqw hq vìulh gh Judp0Fkduolhu hw wurxyhqw txh ohv eldlv sdu
udssruw ã xqh ghqvlwì orjqrupdoh vrqw wuëv suìvhqwv srxu ohv rswlrqv gh pdwxulwì frxuwh
hw whqghqw ã glvsdudñwuh srxu ghv pdwxulwìv dvvh} orqjxhv1
Dedglu hw Urfnlqjhu +4<<:, xwlolvhqw ghv irqfwlrqv k|shujìrpìwultxhv +rx gh Nxpphu,
frpph edvh srxu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hw gìulyhqw ghv irupxohv ihupìhv ghv sul{
g*rswlrqv1
Euhqqhu hw Hrp +4<<:, xwlolvhqw ghv sro|q÷phv gh Odjxhuuh frpph fruuhfwlrq g*xqh
orl jdppd1
Srwwhuv/ Frqw hw Erxfkdxg +4<<;, xwlolvhqw xq gìyhorsshphqw ã sduwlu ghv fxpxodqwv
srxu dmrxwhu xq whuph gh fruuhfwlrq xqltxh ã od glvwulexwlrq qrupdoh/ txl shuphw gh
suhqguh hq frpswh od nxuwrvlv gh od glvwulexwlrq qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1
Dsdulflr hw Orgjhv +4<<;, xwlolvhqw ghv irqfwlrqv ehwd jìqìudolvìhv gx vhfrqg ruguh1
415
Od uhodwlrq gh Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu
Klvwrultxhphqw/ Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;, vrqw ohv suhplhuv dxwhxuv ã wurxyhu
xqh uhodwlrq hqwuh oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq hw od glvwulexwlrq gx sul{ gh vrq vrxv0mdfhqw1 Lov
prqwuhqw hq hhw txh fhwwh ghuqlëuh shxw íwuh rewhqxh/ ã xq whuph g*dfwxdolvdwlrq suëv/
hq glìuhqfldqw ghx{ irlv oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq g*dfkdw sdu udssruw dx sul{ g*h{huflfh/
hq dssoltxdqw od uëjoh gh Ohleqlw} vxlydqwh1 Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo gh sul{ g*h{huflfh [ hw gh
ydohxu gx vrxv0mdfhqw dxmrxug*kxl V v*ìfulw =
F+w> W> V> [, @ huw +W ,+W w,
]
4
[
+VW [,t+VW ,gVW
rü t+{, hvw od ghqvlwì gh suredelolwì gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Rq qrwh T vd irqfwlrq gh
uìsduwlwlrq1
9:
Hq glìuhqfldqw ghx{ irlv oh sul{ gx fdoo sdu udssruw dx vwulnh/ rq rewlhqw =
CF
C[
C5 F
C[ 5
@ huw +W ,+W w, ^4 T+[,`
@ huw +W ,+W w, t+[,=
Rq d grqf elhq oh uìvxowdw dwwhqgx =
t+{, @ huw +W ,+W w,
C 5 F+w> W> I> {,
=
C{5
+414,
Gdqv o*k|srwkëvh g*xq qrpeuh vx!vdpphqw ìohyì gh sul{ g*h{huflfh/ rq d lfl xqh
pdqlëuh wuëv vlpsoh gh uhwurxyhu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw ã
sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrq1 Gdqv od uìdolwì/ xqh rswlrq q*hvw frwìh txh srxu xq qrpeuh
wuëv olplwì gh sul{ g*h{huflfh/ jìqìudohphqw lqvx!vdqw srxu dssoltxhu o*ìtxdwlrq +414,1
Rq grlw doruv uhfrxulu ã ghv pìwkrghv gh olvvdjh grqqdqw oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq frpph xqh
irqfwlrq gx sul{ g*h{huflfh1
416
41614
Qrwdwlrqv/ frpphqwdluhv hw rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv
Qrwdwlrqv
Srxu fkdtxh prgëoh ìwxglì/ rq fdofxoh/ txdqg fhod hvw srvvleoh ohv prphqwv gh IW 7 1
Rq dgrswh ohv qrwdwlrqv vxlydqwhv = vl d hvw od orl gh IW / ohv prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì vrqw
gìqlv sdu =
]
{m d+{,g{>
m +IW , @
hw ohv prphqwv fhqwuìv sdu =
]
m +IW , @
+{ 4 ,m d+{,g{=
7 uhsuìvhqwh lfl oh sul{ gx frqwudw ã whuph gdqv oh fdv ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwdw Sleru 6 prlv/ hw oh sul{ ã whuph lpsolflwh
gdqv oh fdv gx FDF 731
9;
Rq gìqlw o*hvsìudqfh/ od yduldqfh/ od vnhzqhvv hw od nxuwrvlv g*xqh yduldeoh [ sdu =
hvs+[, @ 4 +[,
ydu+[, @ 5 +[,
6 +[,
vnhz+[, @
6
5 +[, 5
7 +[,
nxuw+[, @
=
5 +[,5
Rq srvh
@ W w
4
p @ oq+Iw , 5 5
s
v @ +oq+{, p,
| @
v
t 5 @ h{s 5 4=
41615
Fruuhfwlrq ghv sul{ srxu ohv rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv
Xqh rswlrq dpìulfdlqh hvw xq frqwudw txl dxwrulvh oh gìwhqwhxu gh o*rswlrq ã fkrlvlu
o*lqvwdqw g*h{huflfh1 Lo h{lvwh soxvlhxuv pìwkrghv srxu dmxvwhu oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq dpì0
ulfdlqh8 1 Ohv ghx{ pìwkrghv hpsor|ìhv gdqv fhwwh ìwxgh vrqw fhoohv gh Edurqh0Dghvl hw
Zkdoh| +4<;:, hw Pholn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:,1
Zkdoh| +4<;4/ 4<;5, dssruwh xqh fruuhfwlrq dx{ ìtxdwlrqv gh Uroo +4<::, hw Jhvnh
+4<:<, srxu o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv fdoov vxu ghv dfwlrqv sd|dqw ghv glylghqghv1 Jhvnh hw Mrkqvrq
+4<;7, lqwurgxlvhqw xqh dxwuh dssurfkh prlqv frþwhxvh qxpìultxhphqw txh fhooh ghv
glìuhqfhv qlhv/ pdlv hqfruh wurs frþwhxvh/ sxlvtx*hooh qìfhvvlwh o*ìydoxdwlrq gh ghqvlwìv
qrupdohv fxpxoìhv elydulìhv/ wulydulìhv rx pxowlydulìhv g*ruguh soxv judqg1
Edurqh0Dghvl hw Zkdoh| +4<;:, sursrvhqw xqh iruph dqdo|wltxh dssurfkìh srxu oh
sul{ gh o*rswlrq dpìulfdlqh1 Ohxu dssurfkh hvw irqgìh vxu o*dssur{lpdwlrq txdgudwltxh gh
8 Od suhplëuh pìwkrgh hvw fhooh ghv glìuhqfhv qlhv xwlolvìh sdu Vfkzduw} +4<::, txl ìydoxh oh sul{ ghv zduudqwv vxu
dfwlrq sd|dqw ghv glylghqghv/ sxlv sdu Euhqqdq hw Vfkzduw} +4<::, txl fdofxohqw oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq sxw dpìulfdlq vxu ghv
dfwlrqv qh sd|dqw sdv gh glylghqgh1 Udpdvzdp| hw Vxqgduhvdq +4<;8, hw Euhqqhu/ Frxuwdgrq hw Vxeudkpdq|dp +4<;8,
rqw dssoltxì od pìwkrgh ghv glìuhqfhv qlhv srxu ìydoxhu ghv rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv vxu frqwudw ã whuph1 Od olplwh gh fhwwh
pìwkrgh uìvlgh gdqv oh frþw qxpìultxh tx*hooh rffdvlrqqh1 Srxu v*dvvxuhu xq erq qlyhdx gh frqyhujhqfh/ lo idxw glvfuìwlvhu
oh sul{ gh o*dfwli hw oh whpsv vxu xqh julooh hw od sdufrxulu gh idêrq txh oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq wudyhuvh wrxv ohv fkhplqv srvvleohv
mxvtx*ã vd pdwxulwì1
9<
PdfPloodq +4<;9, txl grqqh xqh dssur{lpdwlrq gh od sulph g*h{huflfh dqwlflsì1 Zkdoh|
+4<;9, dgdswh od pìwkrgh dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph1
Pholn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:, grqqhqw xqh irupxoh dqdo|wltxh wuëv udslgh srxu fdofxohu oh
sul{ g*xqh rswlrq dpìulfdlqh hq hqfdgudqw fhoxl0fl sdu ghx{ eruqhv hw hq ìfulydqw oh sul{
gh o*rswlrq frpph xqh frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh gh fhv eruqhv1
Pìwkrgh gh Edurqh0Dghvl hw Zkdoh|
Fhwwh pìwkrgh uhsrvh vxu o*lgìh vxlydqwh = vl oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq dpìulfdlqh vxlw od
píph ìtxdwlrq dx{ gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv +HGS, txh o*rswlrq hxursìhqqh/ od sulph g*h{huflfh
dqwlflsì vxlw ìjdohphqw fhwwh píph HGS1
Oh sul{ gx fdoo dpìulfdlq F d +w> W> V> N, srxu oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv dyhf od
pìwkrgh gh Edurqh0Dghvl hw Zkdoh| +4<;:, hvw grqqì sdu =
;
? F h +w> W> V> N, . D5 Vw t5
V
d
F +w> W> V> N, @
=
Vw N
vl Vw ? V >
vl Vw V >
+415,
rü F h +w> W> V> N, uhsuìvhqwh oh sul{ gx fdoo hxursìhq dyhf =
k
l V
4 h+eu, Q +g4 +V ,,
>
t5
%
&
u
4
P
t5 @
+Q 4, . +Q 4,5 . 7
>
5
J
4
4
V
s
g4 +V, @
oq+ , . +e . 5 , >
N
5
D5
@
+416,
+417,
+418,
P
@ 5u@ 5 >
+419,
Q
@ 5e@ 5 >
+41:,
J @ 4 huw +W ,
+41;,
hw V hvw vroxwlrq gh o*ìtxdwlrq
k
l V
V N @ F h +w> W> V > N, . 4 h+eu, Q +g4 +V ,,
=
t5
Rq shxw rewhqlu xqh irupxoh vlplodluh srxu oh sul{ gx sxw dpìulfdlq =
;
? S h +w> W> V> N, . D4 V
w t4
V
S d +w> W> V> N, @
=
N Vw
:3
vl Vw A V >
vl Vw V >
+41<,
rü
D4
t4
k
l V @ 4 h+eu, Q +g4 +V ,,
>
t4
%
&
u
4
P
5
@
+Q 4, +Q 4, . 7
>
5
J
+4143,
+4144,
hw V hvw vroxwlrq gh o*ìtxdwlrq =
k
l V N V @ S h +w> W> V > N, 4 h+eu, Q +g4 +V ,,
=
t4
+4145,
Wrxv ohv gìwdlov gx fdofxo gx sul{ g*xqh rswlrq hxursìhqqh dyhf od pìwkrgh gh Zkdoh|
vh wurxyhqw hq Dqqh{h D sdjh 4:41
Od pìwkrgh gh Pholn hw Wkrpdv
O*dssurfkh gìyhorssìh sdu Pholn hw Wkrpdv hvw soxv lqwxlwlyh txh fhooh gh Edurqh0
Dghvl hw Zkdoh|1 Lo v*djlw g*hqfdguhu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq sdu ghx{ eruqhv uhsuìvhqwdqw od
ydohxu plqlpxp hw pd{lpxp gx sul{/ frqqdlvvdqw od iruph gh od glvwulexwlrq gx sul{
ixwxu1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh shxw v*dssoltxhu ã q*lpsruwh txho surfhvvxv vwrfkdvwltxh grqw od
ghqvlwì gh glvwulexwlrq d xqh iruph frqqxh1 Vl o*rq duulyh ã hqfdguhu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq/ rq
srxuud ìfuluh fhoxl0fl frpph frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh ghv ghx{ eruqhv g*hqfdguhphqw1 O*lgìh
gh od pìwkrgh uhsrvh vxu o*k|srwkëvh gh pduwlqjdoh gx vrxv0mdfhqw vrxv od suredelolwì
ulvtxh qhxwuh1 Hq qrwdqw uw +4, oh wdx{ ã xq mrxu/ ohv eruqhv lqiìulhxuhv hw vxsìulhxuhv srxu
xq fdoo hw xq sxw vrqw grqqìhv sdu =
Fwx
Fwo
Swx
Swo
k
l
@ pd{ Hw +VW , N> huw +4, Hw +pd{+3> VW [,, >
k
l
@ pd{ Hw +VW , N> huw +W , Hw +pd{+3> VW [,, >
k
l
@ pd{ N Hw +VW ,> huw +4, Hw +pd{+3> [ VW ,, >
k
l
@ pd{ N Hw +VW ,> huw +W , Hw +pd{+3> N VW ,, =
+4146,
+4147,
+4148,
+4149,
Qrxv xwlolvhurqv od sdulwì fdoo0sxw hw q*dxurqv grqf txh ohv fdoov ã qrwuh dfwli srxu
hvwlphu od glvwulexwlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq g*dfkdw dpìulfdlqh vhud grqf
grqqìh sdu
F d +w> W> V> N, @ z4 Fwx . +4 z4 ,Fwo
hw o*rq shxw qrwhu txh o*rq d xq sdudpëwuh vxssoìphqwdluh z4 ã hvwlphu1
:4
Gëv txh oh prgëoh qrxv oh shuphwwud/ qrxv uhwlhqgurqv fhwwh ghuqlëuh pìwkrgh srxu
dmxvwhu ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv hxursìhqqhv dx{ rswlrqv dpìulfdlqhv1
41616
Uhpdutxhv frqfhuqdqw ohv judskltxhv
Srxu fkdtxh pìwkrgh plvh hq úxyuh gdqv fhwwh sduwlh/ qrxv prqwurqv ã od q gh od
suìvhqwdwlrq gh od pìwkrgh xq judskltxh gh od iruph gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1 Fhv
ghqvlwìv vrqw hvwlpìhv ã sduwlu gh grqqìhv uìhoohv g*rswlrqv vxu lqglfh FDF 73 hw g*rswlrqv
vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 6 prlv1 Ohv judskltxhv suìvhqwìv irqw r!fh g*h{hpsoh gx w|sh
gh frxueh txh o*rq shxw rewhqlu dyhf ohv glìuhqwv prgëohv1 Ohv gìwdlov gh o*hvwlpdwlrq gh
fhv frxuehv q*hvw grqf sdv h{soltxì lfl pdlv gdqv oh ghuqlhu fkdslwuh gh fhwwh sduwlh1
:5
:6
Fkdslwuh 5
Prgëohv gh glxvlrq gx vrxv0mdfhqw
Qrxv gìqlvvrqv sdu prgëohv gh glxvlrq wrxw prgëoh qìfhvvlwdqw xqh k|srwkëvh vxu
od g|qdpltxh gx surfhvvxv gh sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Sdupl fhv prgëohv/ rq uhwurxyh
oh prgëoh fkrlvl frpph prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh/ ã vdyrlu oh prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv +4<:6,/
ìwhqgx dx{ frqwudwv ã whuph sdu Eodfn +4<:6,1
514
51414
Ohv prgëohv gh uìiìuhqfh
Oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv vxu ohv sul{
Qrxv dyrqv h{srvì hq +51415, ohv irqghphqwv gx prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv1 Rq udsshooh
txh od g|qdpltxh gx sul{ Vw hvw grqqìh sdu +5145, hw rq hq gìgxlw txh oh sul{ ã whuph
IW vrxv T hvw xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq jìrpìwultxh =
gIw @ Iw gZw =
+514d,
Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo hxursìhq vxu xqh dfwlrq yhuvdqw ghv glylghqghv dyhf oh prgëoh gh
Eodfn0Vfkrohv +4<:6, hvw fdofxoì ã o*dlgh gh +5146, hw hvw grqqì sdu =
F EV +w> W> Vw > N, @ Vw hgw +W , Q +g4 , Nhuw +W , Q+g5 ,
@ huw +W , ^Iw Q +g4 , NQ+g5 ,` >
:7
+515,
+516,
dyhf
g4
g5
4
4
Iw
s
oq+ , . 5 >
N
5
s
@ g4 =
@
Od ghqvlwì gh IW hvw xqh ghqvlwì orjqrupdoh/ qrwìh t EV +{,/ gh pr|hqqh p hw gh yduldqfh
v5 grqw ohv h{suhvvlrqv vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv =
t
EV
%
&
4
+oq+{, p,5
+{, @ s
h{s >
5v5
5v{
+517,
rü
4
p @ oq+Iw , v5
5
s
v @ W w=
O*hvsìudqfh gh I ydxw =
v5
4 +IW , @ h{s p .
@ Iw =
5
Ohv prphqwv fhqwuìv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 ydohqw =
5
5 +IW , @ ^ 4 +IW ,` s5
6 +IW , @ ^ 4 +IW ,`6 s6 6s . s6
7 7 +IW , @ ^ 4 +IW ,` s7 6 . 49s5 . 48s7 . 9s9 . s;
s
rü s @ h{s+v5 , 41
Ohv judskltxhv +5141d, ã +5141g, prqwuhqw ohv ghqvlwìv orjqrupdohv txh o*rq shxw re0
whqlu1 Fhwwh glvwulexwlrq vhud frqvlgìuìh gdqv od vxlwh frpph oh prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh dx
vhqv rü ohv uhqghphqwv vxlydqw xqh orl qrupdoh/ lov qh vrqw vrxplv ã dxfxqh dv|pìwulh ql
h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv1
:8
51415
Oh prgëoh gh Eodfn vxu ohv wdx{
Ohv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ixwxu txh qrxv ìwxglhurqv vrqw ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph
gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw SLERU1 Oh wdx{ vrxv0mdfhqw gx frqwudw SLERU 6 prlv hvw xq wdx{
ã whuph hw srxu fhwwh udlvrq qrxv ghyulrqv xwlolvhu frpph prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh xq pr0
gëoh txl dxwrulvh od prgìolvdwlrq gluhfwh ghv wdx{ ã whuph1 Vl oh exw gh fhwwh ìwxgh ìwdlw
gh whvwhu ghv prgëohv g*ìydoxdwlrq gh surgxlwv gìulyìv gh wdx{/ qrxv dssoltxhulrqv xq
prgëoh gx w|sh Khdwk0Mduurz0Pruwrq +4<<5, rx Eudfh0Jdwduhn0Pxvlhod +4<<:, txl pr0
gìolvhqw ohv wdx{ iruzdug lqvwdqwdqìv1 Sdu vrxfl gh frkìuhqfh dyhf od vxlwh rü ohv prgëohv
g*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì gx sul{ gx frqwudw vrqw ghv prgëohv gh sul{/ qrxv fkrlvlvvrqv
frpph ehqfkpdun oh prgëoh gh Eodfn txh qrxv dssoltxhurqv gluhfwhphqw dx sul{ gx
frqwudw ã whuph1 Fh fkrl{ hvw prwlyì sdu ohv uhpdutxhv vxlydqwhv1 Hq vxssrvdqw xq pdu0
fkì vdqv iulfwlrq/ Fr{/ Lqjhuvroo hw Urvv +4<;4, ìwdeolvvhqw tx*xq sul{ gh frqwudw ã whuph
fruuhvsrqg uìhoohphqw ã od ydohxu g*xq dfwli sduwlfxolhu1 Edoo hw Wrurxv +4<;9, h{soltxhqw
txh gdqv fhwwh shuvshfwlyh/ oh sul{ ã o*ìtxloleuh ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph qh glëuh
irqgdphqwdohphqw sdv gx sul{ ã o*ìtxloleuh g*xqh rswlrq vxu dfwli frppxq1 Denhq +4<<8,
mxvwlh ìjdohphqw fh fkrl{ hq ìfulydqw = 111Lq sudfwlfh/ pdq| xvhuv ri Hxurgroodu ixwxuhv
rswlrqv hpsor| Eodfn*v prgho dqg rqh fdq dujxh wkdw lw lv d qrw edg dssur{lpdwlrq
iru rswlrqv kdylqj ohvv wkdq rqh |hdu wr pdwxulw|1 +Iru vxfk rswlrqv/ wkh rswlrq sulfhv lv
pxfk pruh vhqvlwlyh wr fkdqjhv lq lwv h{shfwhg sd|r wkdq wr fkdqjhv lq wkh glvfrxqw idf0
wru,111 O*dydqwdjh gh fhwwh dssurfkh hvw od srvvlelolwì g*dssoltxhu ohv whfkqltxhv vwdqgdug
g*ìydoxdwlrq g*rswlrq dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph/ dyhf ohv ìyhqwxhoohv prglfdwlrqv
uhtxlvhv1 Hq sduwlfxolhu oh prgëoh gh Eodfn v*dssoltxh dx{ rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph
Sleru dyhf xqh oìjëuh vxewlolwì txh qrxv gìfulyrqv pdlqwhqdqw1
Vl o*rq qrwh O+W> W . , oh wdx{ Sleru 6 prlv + @ 3> 58, hq W / od glxvlrq gx frqwudw
ixwxu IW @ 433 O+W> W . , vrxv T hvw =
gIW @ IW gZW =
Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo hxursìhq vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru hvw grqqì sdu =
F EO +w> W> Iw > N, @ huw +W , ^+433 N,Q +g5 , +433 Iw ,Q +g4 ,` >
:;
dyhf
g4
g5
4
4
433 Iw
s
, . 5 >
oq+
433 N
5
s
@ g4 =
@
Od ghqvlwì gh O+W> W . , hvw xqh ghqvlwì orjqrupdoh/ grqqìh sdu +517, gh pr|hqqh p
hw gh yduldqfh v5 =
%
5&
4
+oq+{, p,
t EV +{, @ s
h{s 5v5
5v{
>
rü
4
p @ oq+O+W> W . ,, v5 >
5
s
v @ W w=
O*hvsìudqfh gh O+W> W . , ydxw =
v5
4 +O+W> W . ,, @ h{s p .
@ O+w> w . ,=
5
Ohv prphqwv fhqwuìv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 ydohqw =
5 +O+W> W . ,, @ ^ 4 +O+W> W . ,,`5 +IW ,s5
6 +O+W> W . ,, @ ^ 4 +O+W> W . ,,`6 s6 6s . s6
7 7 +O+W> W . ,, @ ^ 4 +O+W> W . ,,` s7 6 . 49s5 . 48s7 . 9s9 . s;
s
rü s @ h{s+v5 , 41
Rq prqwuh hq jxuhv +5151d, ã +5151g, ohv judskltxhv ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh
rewhqxhv vxu oh wdx{ Sleru dyhf oh prgëoh gh Eodfn1
:<
515
Prgëoh ã vdxwv
Gdqv oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6,/ oh qlyhdx gh o*lqglfh hvw xqh irqfwlrq
frqwlqxh gx whpsv1 Fhshqgdqw/ fhuwdlqv ìyìqhphqwv uduhv +prglfdwlrq gh od frqmrqfwxuh
lqwhuqdwlrqdoh, shxyhqw hqwudñqhu ghv yduldwlrqv euxwdohv ghv frxuv1 Srxu prgìolvhu gh whov
skìqrpëqhv/ rq hvw dphqì ã lqwurgxluh ghv surfhvvxv ã wudmhfwrluhv glvfrqwlqxhv1 Dlqvl
Edoo hw Wrurxv +4<;6/ 4<;8,/ Mrulrq +4<;;,/ Edwhv +4<<4/ 4<<9d/ 4<<9e/ 5333,/ Pdo} +4<<9d/
4<<9e,/ Vfrww +4<<:, prgìolvhqw oh uhqghphqw lqvwdqwdqì gh o*lqglfh sdu xq surfhvvxv gh
glxvlrq dyhf vdxwv/ txl shuphw gh suhqguh hq frpswh ohv hhwv gh vnhzqhvv hw gh nxuwrvlv1
Vl ohv vdxwv gdqv fkdtxh gluhfwlrq vrqw gh wdlooh ìjdoh/ vhxoh od nxuwrvlv vhud dhfwìh > vl ohv
vdxwv gdqv xqh ghv gluhfwlrqv vrqw soxv odujhv rx soxv iuìtxhqwv/ doruv lo | dxud ìjdohphqw
xq hhw g*dv|pìwulh1
51514
Oh prgëoh
Edwhv +4<<4, grqqh o*ìtxdwlrq gh glxvlrq gx surfhvvxv gh sul{ ixwxu gh o*lqglfh gdqv
xq xqlyhuv ulvtxh qhxwuh =
gIw
@ ngw . gZw . ngtw>W
Iw
+518,
rü hvw od iuìtxhqfh gh vdxw/ n @ H+n, rü n hvw od wdlooh gx vdxw ìyhqwxho hw tw>W hvw xq
frpswhxu gh Srlvvrq g*lqwhqvlwì / l1h1 S +gt @ 4, @ 1 Gh soxv/ hq ìfulydqw n @ h 4/
od yduldeoh uhsuìvhqwh oh vdxw doìdwrluh gx orjdulwkph gx sul{/ frqglwlrqqhoohphqw ã
o*rffxuuhqfh g*xq vdxw1 Rq vxssrvh tx*hooh hvw glvwulexìh frpph xqh orl qrupdoh gh
pr|hqqh oq+4 . n, 45 5 hw gh yduldqfh 5 4 1
Oh sul{ g*xqh rswlrq gdqv oh fdguh g*xq surfhvvxv hq +518,/ hvw grqqì sdu +5146, =
F MP S +w> I> W> N, @ huw +W ,
@ huw +W ,
4
[
q@3
S+q vdxwv,HwT ^+IW N,. @q vdxwv`5
4
l
[
+ ,q k e+q,
Ih
Q +g4q , NQ +g5q ,
h
q$
q@3
+519,
4 Edoo hw Wrurxv +4<;6, hw Pdo} +4<<9d/ 4<<9e, sursrvhqw xq prgëoh vlpsolì gdqv ohtxho od wdlooh gx vdxw hvw gìwhuplqlvwh
hw irqw o*k|srwkëvh g*xq vdxw xqltxh mxvtx*ã od pdwxulwì1 Ohxu prgëoh frqgxlw ã xqh glvwulexwlrq gh w|sh Ehuqrxlool1
;5
rü
q oq+4 . n,
>
4 5
4
I
5
s
@
oq+ , . e+q, . + . q ,
N
5
5 . q 5
s
@ g4q 5 . q 5 =
e+q, @ n .
g4q
g5q
Hq gìulydqw ghx{ irlv +519,/ rq gìgxlw od ghqvlwì gx surfhvvxv ã vdxwv =
%
4
5&
q
[
+oq+},
p
+
,
+,,
4
q
h{s t MP S +}, @
h
s s
q$
5 5 . q 5
5 5 . q 5 }
q@3
+51:,
dyhf
pq + , @ oq+I , . e+q, =
51515
Prphqwv
Ohv prphqwv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 gh {w @ oq+IW @I , oruvtxh IW vxlw oh surfhvvxv +518,/ vrqw
grqqìv sdu =
4
hvs+{w , @ 5 . 5 . 5 5
ydu+{w , @ 5 . 5 . 5 >
5 5 . 6 5
vnhz+{w , @
>
ydu+{w ,6@5
7 . 9 5 5 . 6 7
>
nxuw+{w , @
ydu+{w ,5
rü
4
@ oq+4 . n, 5 =
5
Ohv judskltxhv +5161d, ã +5161g, prqwuhqw ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh rewhqxhv srxu
oh prgëoh ã vdxwv vxu oh FDF 731 Od suìvhqfh gh vdxwv gdqv od glvwulexwlrq shxw idluh ds0
sdudñwuh xqh elprgdolwì gh od glvwulexwlrq hw ghv txhxhv gh glvwulexwlrqv sduwlfxolëuhphqw
ìsdlvvhv1
;6
516
Prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh
Rq vxssrvh pdlqwhqdqw txh oh sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw gh o*rswlrq vxlw xq prgëoh
ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh gh w|sh Khvwrq +4<<6,1 Fhoxl0fl hvw xqh h{whqvlrq gx prgëoh
gh Kxoo hw Zklwh +4<;:, txl shuphw qrq vhxohphqw ã od yrodwlolwì g*ìyroxhu gh idêrq
vwrfkdvwltxh pdlv shuphw hq soxv xqh fruuìodwlrq hqwuh oh uhqghphqw gh o*dfwli hw od
yrodwlolwì gx uhqghphqw1
51614
Oh prgëoh
Dx{ k|srwkëvhv +5,0+:,/ rq dmrxwh o*k|srwkëvh vxlydqwh =
K|srwkëvh ; Oh sul{ gh o*lqglfh Vw hvw glvwulexì frpph xqh glxvlrq jìrpìwultxh gh
yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh lqvwdqwdqìh Yw txl vxlw xq surfhvvxv gh uhwrxu yhuv od pr|hqqh hq
udflqh fduuìh =
s
Yw Vw g]4>w >
s
gYw @ ^ Yw `gw . Yw g]5>w =
gVw @ Vw gw .
+51;,
+51<,
rü ]4>w hw ]5>w vrqw ghx{ prxyhphqwv eurzqlhqv vrxv od suredelolwì vxemhfwlyh S gh fruuì0
odwlrq hw ohv sdudpëwuhv / / / hw vrqw ghv frqvwdqwhv1
s
Oh sdudpëwuh hvw oh sdudpëwuh gh ylwhvvh gh uhwrxu ã od pr|hqqh/ uhsuìvhqwh od
yrodwlolwì gh orqj0whuph hw fdudfwìulvh od yduldqfh gh od yrodwlolwì frqglwlrqqhooh Yw 1
Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo hxursìhq F VWY +w> Vw > N> W , gh sul{ g*h{huflfh N hw gh pdwxulwì W yd
s
gìshqguh gx sul{ gh o*dfwli Vw / gh od yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh Yw hw gh od gdwh frxudqwh w/ who
txh F VWY +w> Vw > N> W , @ +w> Vw > Yw ,1 Oh wkìruëph vxlydqw/ wluì gh o*duwlfoh gh Fr{/ Lqjhuvroo hw
Urvv +4<;8,/ shuphw g*ìfuluh o*ìtxdwlrq dx{ gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv +HGS, txh yìulh 1
Wkìruëph 6 Vrlw +w> Vw > Yw , xqh irqfwlrq F 4>5>5 +^3> W ` U. U. ,1 Vrxv ohv k|srwkëvhv +5, ã
+:, hw +;,/ +w> Vw > Yw , vdwlvidlw o*ìtxdwlrq glìuhqwlhooh vxlydqwh =
C 5
4
C 5
C 5
4
ydu+V, 5 . fry+V> Y ,
. ydu+Y , 5
5
CV
CVCY
5
CY
C
C
C
.
^ usY ` .
+uw +W , gw +W ,, @ 3>
.uw +W ,
CV CY Y
Cw
+5143,
rü Y uhsuìvhqwh oh guliw gh od yduldeoh Y hw usY uhsuìvhqwh od sulph gh ulvtxh gh yrodwlolwì
ìjdo dx surgxlw gh od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh sdu od fryduldqfh hqwuh o*dfwli hw od
;9
yrodwlolwì =
usY @ Dw +V, fry+V> Y ,=
+5144,
Gdqv xq who prgëoh oh qrpeuh gh vrxufhv g*lqfhuwdlq hvw vxsìulhxu dx{ qrpeuhv g*dfwliv
glvsrqleohv vxu ohv pdufkìv1 Rq vh uhwurxyh hq vlwxdwlrq g*lqfrpsoìwxgh gh pdufkì hw lo
q*hvw soxv srvvleoh gh uìsoltxhu oh sul{ gh q*lpsruwh txho dfwli1 Hq hhw/ ohv dujxphqwv
kdelwxhov g*duelwudjh ghylhqqhqw lqvx!vdqwv srxu gìwhuplqhu oh sul{ g*xq dfwli gh idêrq
xqltxh hw oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq qh shxw soxv íwuh gìwhuplqì gh idêrq xqltxh frpph gdqv xq
pdufkì frpsohw1 Oh sureoëph uìvlgh gdqv oh fkrl{ g*xqh sulph gh ulvtxh gh yrodwlolwì +yrlu
Skdp hw Wrx}l +4<<9,,/ rx gh idêrq ìtxlydohqwh g*xqh irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì1 Xqh k|srwkëvh
vxssoìphqwdluh vxu od iruph gh od irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì hvw qìfhvvdluh srxu rewhqlu xq sul{
xqltxh gh o*rswlrq1 Vl o*rq vxssrvh txh od irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì hvw gh w|sh FUUD6 / od sulph
gh ulvtxh gh yrodwlolwì +5144, dvvrflìh dx prgëoh g*Khvwrq suhqg od iruph sduwlfxolëuh
vxlydqwh =
usFUUD
@ dY=
Y
+5145,
O*HGS +5143, shxw vh uììfuluh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
4
C 5
C 5
4
C 5
Y V 5 5 . VY
. 5 Y
5
CV
CVCY
5
CY 5
C
C
C
. ^+ Y , dY `
.
+uw +W , gw +W ,, @ 3>
.uw +W ,V
CV
CY
Cw
+5146,
dyhf od frqglwlrq whuplqdoh =
+W> VW > Yw , @ F VWY +W> VW > N> W , @ pd{ +3> VW N, =
+5147,
Vrxv od suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ oh ohpph g*Lw÷ dssoltxì ã +51;,0+51<, shuphw
g*ìfuluh od glxvlrq gx sul{ frpph =
gVw
gYw
s
@ +uw +W , gw +W ,,Vw gw . Yw Vw g]4>w >
s
@ ^ Yw `gw . Yw g]5>w >
+5148,
+5149,
rü @ / @ .hd/ @ @+.hd,/ hd @ d hw ]4 hw ]5 vrqw ghx{ prxyhphqwv eurzqlhqv
vwdqgdugv gh fruuìodwlrq vrxv T1
6 Qrxv qh gìyhorssrqv sdv lfl ohv qrwlrqv gh irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh hw gh irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì txl irqw odujhphqw
o*remhw gx fkdslwuh 7 gh od sduwlh LLL gh fhwwh wkëvh1 Gdqv fh píph fkdslwuh/ qrxv prwlyrqv ìjdohphqw oh fkrl{ g*xqh whooh
irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì srxu fh prgëoh1
;:
O*HGS +5146, ghylhqw doruv =
4
C 5
C 5
4
C 5
Y V 5 5 . VY
. 5 Y
5
CV
CVCY
5
CY 5
C
C
C
. + Y ,
.
+uw +W , gw +W ,, @ 3>
.uw +W ,V
CV
CY
Cw
+514:,
Sdu dqdorjlh dyhf oh prgëoh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv/ Khvwrq +4<<6, srvwxoh srxu +514:,
xqh vroxwlrq gx w|sh =
F VWY +w> Vw > N> W , @ hgw +W , Vw S4 +oq+Vw ,> Yw > W > oq+N,, huw +W , NS5 +oq+Vw ,> Yw > W > oq+N,,>
hw S4 hw S5 grlyhqw yìulhu o*HGS +514:,1 Lo q*h{lvwh sdv gh irupxohv ihupìhv srxu ohv Sm
+m @ 4> 5,/ pdlv rq vdlw fdofxohu ohxu irqfwlrq fdudfwìulvwltxh uhvshfwlyh/ i4 hw i5 txl grlyhqw
ìjdohphqw vdwlvidluh +514:, hw rqw srxu frqglwlrq whuplqdoh =
im +{> Y> W > !, @ h{s+l!{,=
+514;,
Xqh vroxwlrq srxu i4 hw i5 hvw grqqìh sdu Khvwrq +4<<6, =
im +{> Y> W> !, @ h{s +Fm +!> W , . Gm +!> W ,Y . l!{,,
rü
s
+514<,
Y uhsuìvhqwh od yrodwlolwì lqvwdqwdqìh ã o*lqvwdqw w hw
Fm +!> W , @
Gm +!> W , @
jm
@
gm
@
4 jm h{s+gm ,
+em l! . gm , 5 oq
>
5
4 jm
em l! . gm
4 h{s+gm ,
>
5
4 jm h{s+gm ,
em l! . gm
>
em l! gm
t
5
l! em 5 5xm !l !5 >
rü x4 @ 45 > x5 @ 45 > e4 @ > e5 @ 1 Srxu ìylwhu g*hvwlphu od yrodwlolwì ã o*lqvwdqw w/ Yw / rq
shxw lpsrvhu ã od yduldqfh qrq frqglwlrqqhooh gx uhqghphqw {w g*íwuh ìjdoh ã od yduldqfh
rewhqxh dyhf Eodfn0Vfkrohv1 O*h{suhvvlrq gh fhwwh yduldqfh hvw grqqìh hq Dqqh{h F sdjh
4;31
Xqh irlv ohv im fdofxoìhv/ ohv Sm shxyhqw íwuh rewhqxv hq suhqdqw ohxu irqfwlrq gh Irxulhu
;;
lqyhuvh7 =
51615
s
4 4
Sm +{> Y > W > oq+N,, @ .
5 ]
3
4
%
&
s
hl! oq+N, im +{> Y > W > !,
Uh
g!=
l!
+5153,
Ohv prphqwv g*xqh ghqvlwì g*Khvwrq
Vl Vw vxlw xqh glxvlrq ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh gh w|sh +5148,0+5149, hw vl rq qrwh Y
od ydohxu lqlwldoh gh Yw / @ W w/ ohv yduldqfh/ vnhzqhvv hw nxuwrvlv frqglwlrqqhoohv gh gh
{W @ oq+VW , vrqw grqqìhv sdu =
Y
Y
Y
ydu ^{W @Y ` @ w . 4 h
. 5 6 5 . h h 5
5
8
d
5 Y ^ 4 h5 . 5Y . . 5 h . h5 . `>
5
7 5
5
#
&
$ % Y 4 . h
. . h
5 5h
6h 5
s
vnhz^{W @Y ` @
>
+ ^4 h . h ` . Y ^h 4`,6@5
D4 Y D5
5
nxuw^{W @Y ` @ 6 4 . >
E
.
+5154,
+5155,
+5156,
+5157,
dyhf
l
k
D4 @ 4 . 7h 8h5 . 7h . 5 h5 . + ,5 h
k k
l
l
D5 @ 5 4 h5 . 5Y h . 75 5h 5h5 . 5 h . + ,5 h l5
k =
E @ 5 4 h . h . Y h 4
Ohv judskltxhv +517, ã +518, suìvhqwhqw ohv iruphv gh glvwulexwlrqv rewhqxhv dyhf oh
FDF 73 hw oh wdx{ Sleru 6 prlv oruvtx*rq vxssrvh txh fhx{0fl vxlyhqw xq prgëoh ã
yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh1 Od suìvhqfh g*rqghohwwhv gdqv od ghqvlwì gx Sleru 6 prlv hvw gxh
ã od idleoh suìflvlrq gx fdofxo gh o*lqwìjudoh gdqv +5153,1 Fh sureoëph hvw uìvrox hq sduwlh hq
uìgxlvdqw od eruqh vxsìulhxuh gh o*lqwìjudoh1 Hq idlvdqw ydulhu oh sdudpëwuh gh fruuìodwlrq
/ lo hvw srvvleoh gh mrxhu vxu o*dv|pìwulh gh od ghqvlwì1 Oh sdudpëwuh txl lqwhuylhqw gdqv
od glxvlrq gh od yrodwlolwì shuphw oxl gh mrxhu vxu od nxuwrvlv gh od ghqvlwì
7 Rq
wurxyhud soxvlhxuv idêrqv gh glvfuìwlvhu xqh lqwìjudoh gdqv Deudprzlw} hw Vwhjxq +4<:5,1
;<
<7
Fkdslwuh 6
Ohv pìwkrghv qrq sdudpìwultxhv
Rq vh sursrvh gdqv fhwwh vhfwlrq g*ìwxglhu ohv prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv1 Rq hq0
whqg sdu prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv ohv prgëohv txl qh qìfhvvlwhqw dxfxqh uhvwulfwlrq
sdudpìwultxh ql vxu oh vrxv0mdfhqw ql vxu od idplooh gh ghqvlwìv dxtxho lo dssduwlhqw1
614
Oh vploh frpph irqfwlrq sro|q÷pldoh gx sul{ g*h{huflfh
Vklpnr +4<<6, sursrvh xqh dssurfkh gh plvh hq úxyuh gx uìvxowdw gh Euhhghq hw
Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;, uhsrvdqw vxu xq olvvdjh gx vploh gh yrodwlolwì sdu xq sro|q÷ph txd0
gudwltxh1 Xqh lqwhusrodwlrq vxu oh vploh gh yrodwlolwì grqqh xqh irqfwlrq soxv olvvh ghv
sul{ g*rswlrq tx*xqh lqwhusrodwlrq gluhfwh vxu ohv sul{ gh fdoo1 Gxpdv/ Iohplqj hw Zkdoh|
+4<<9, whvwhqw glìuhqwv prgëohv gh olvvdjh gx vploh uhsrvdqw vxu ghv sro|q÷phv txdgud0
wltxhv gh od pdwxulwì hw gx sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Fdpsd/ Fkdqj hw Uhlghu +4<<;, sursrvhqw gh
olvvhu oh vploh sdu xqh irqfwlrq vsolqh fxeltxh1 Eolvv +4<<<, ìwxglh od vwdelolwì g*xqh whooh
vwuxfwxuh1
61414
Oh prgëoh
O*lgìh hvw g*ìfuluh oh vploh gh yrodwlolwì frpph xqh irqfwlrq txdgudwltxh gx sul{ g*h{hu0
flfh d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 srxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh frwìv1 D o*h{wìulhxu gh fhv vwulnhv/ od
yrodwlolwì hvw vxssrvìh frqvwdqwh1 Oh fdofxo ghv frh!flhqwv hvw oh uìvxowdw gh od uìjuhvvlrq
vxlydqwh =
l @ d3 . d4 Nl . d5 Nl5 . %l >
+614,
rü l hvw od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh gh o*rswlrq gh sul{ g*h{huflfh Nl / l @ 4> ===> p> rü p uhsuìvhqwh
<8
oh qrpeuh gh sul{ revhuyìv1
Od irqfwlrq gh yrodwlolwì hvw xwlolvìh srxu uhwurxyhu ohv sul{ gh fdoo =
F VK +w> I> N> W , @ hu ^I Q +g4 +{,, NQ+g5 +{,,` >
+615,
hw fhx{0fl vrqw glìuhqwlìv ghx{ irlv srxu rewhqlu od irqfwlrq gh ghqvlwì grqw od iruph
dqdo|wltxh hvw grqqìh sdu =
C 5 F+w> I> {> W ,
t VK +{, @ hu
C{5
3
3
33
@ I g4 q+g4 +{,, g45 g4 q+g4 +{,, g35 q+g5 +{,, { g335 q+g5 +{,, g55 g5 q+g5 +{,, >
dyhf
s
I
4
4
s oq+ , . y+{, >
{
5
y+{, s
g5 +{, @ g4 +{, y+{, >
g4 +{, @
y+{, @ +d3 . d4 { . d5 {5 ,4+{Aplq+N , hw {?pd{+N ,, . 4 4+{plq+N ,, . p 4+{pd{+N,, >
rü p uhsuìvhqwh lfl oh qrpeuh gh sul{ gh fdoov revhuyìv/ 4+D, od irqfwlrq lqglfdwulfh gh
o*hqvhpeoh D1 Ohv gìulyìhv suhplëuhv hw vhfrqghv gh g4 hw g5 vrqw grqqìhv sdu
s
s
I
4
4
y 3 +{, s . y3 +{, >
oq+ , 5
y +{,
{
5
{y+{, s
3
3
3
g5 +{, @ g4 +{, y +{, >
s
s
s
s
4 y3 +{, y+{, . {y3 +{, 4
y 33 +{,y+{, 5y3 +{,5 I
33
.
. y33 +{, >
oq+ , .
g4 +{, @ s 6
5
5
5
{
{
y
+{,
{
y
+{,
5
+y+{, ,
s
g335 +{, @ g334 +{, y33 +{, >
g34 +{, @ y3 +{, @ +d4 . 5d5 {, 4+{Aplq+N , hw {?pd{+N ,, >
y33 +{, @ 5d5 4+{Aplq+N , hw {?pd{+N ,, =
Ohv jxuhv +5191d, ã +5191g, prqwuhqw ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf od pìwkrgh gh Vklpnr1
Rq uhpdutxh xqh glvfrqwlqxlwì dx qlyhdx gh fhuwdlqv sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh
qìfhvvlwh xqh frqyh{lwì sduidlwh ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv1
<9
615
61514
Prgëohv g*dueuh
O*dueuh gh Ghupdq hw Ndql
Ghupdq hw Ndql +4<<7, sursrvhqw xqh pìwkrgh srxu frqvwuxluh xq dueuh lpsolflwh
txl vh fdoh vxu oh vploh/ grqqdqw xqh ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh h{wudlwh gluhfwhphqw ghv
grqqìhv revhuyìhv1
Oh prgëoh
O*lgìh gh fh prgëoh hvw g*ìwhqguh o*ìtxdwlrq +514d, gh Eodfn vxu oh sul{ iruzdug ã
o*ìtxdwlrq vxlydqwh =
gIw
@ +Iw > w,gZw >
Iw
+616,
rü +Iw > w, hvw od irqfwlrq gh yrodwlolwì txl gìshqg ã od irlv gx qlyhdx gx sul{ iruzdug gh
o*dfwli hw gx whpsv1 O*lgìh gh Ghupdq hw Ndql hvw g*xwlolvhu xqh dssurfkh qxpìultxh sdu
xqh lqwhusrodwlrq gx vploh gh yrodwlolwìv1 Ohv sul{ g*rswlrq vrqw rewhqxv sdu lqwhusrodwlrq
gh od vxuidfh gh yrodwlolwì hq irqfwlrq gh od pdwxulwì hw gx sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Ohv sul{ g*rswlrq
revhuyìv vxu od vxuidfh vh vploh lqwhusroìh gìwhuplqhqw od suredelolwì g*dwwhlqguh fkdtxh
qúxg gh o*dueuh lpsolflwh1 Eduoh hw Fdnlfl +4<<8, sursrvhqw xqh fruuhfwlrq gh o*dueuh gh
Ghupdq hw Ndql/ suìyhqdqw g*ìyhqwxhoohv suredelolwìv qìjdwlyhv1 Fkulvv +4<<9, sursrvh
xqh yhuvlrq gh o*dssurfkh gh Ghupdq hw Ndql txl wlhqw frpswh gx fdudfwëuh dpìulfdlq ghv
rswlrqv/ pdlv vd pìwkrgh qìfhvvlwh xqh ìwdsh g*rswlplvdwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh/ frþwhxvh/ ã
fkdtxh sdv gh o*dueuh1
Od frqvwuxfwlrq gh o*dueuh
Rq vxssrvh txh o*rq d gìmã frqvwuxlw ohv q suhplhuv qlyhdx{ txl grqqhqw ohv yrodwlolwìv
lpsolflwhv ghv rswlrqv srxu wrxv ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh mxvtx*ã fhw lqvwdqw1 Rq surfëgh gh od
idêrq vxlydqwh srxu rewhqlu ohv ydohxuv dx{ qúxgv ã o*lqvwdqw wq.4 ghsxlv o*lqvwdqw wq / hq
xwlolvdqw ohv qrwdwlrqv vxlydqwhv =
V+l> q,/ oh sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw dx qúxg +l> q,/
I +l> q,/ oh sul{ gx ixwxuh dx qúxg +l> q,/ fruuhvsrqgdqw ã I +l . 4> q . 4, @ V+l> q,huw /
+l> q,/ oh sul{ Duurz0Gheuhx dx qúxg +l> q,/ frqqx hq w3 /
s+l> q,/ od suredelolwì gh wudqvlwlrq ulvtxh qhxwuh gx qúxg +l> q, dx qúxg +l> q . 4,/
lqfrqqxh hq wq /
Q / oh qrpeuh gh sdv gh o*dueuh/
<<
w/ oh sdv gh whpsv/ W @ W @Q @ wq.4 wq / rü W hvw od pdwxulwì gh o*dueuh1
Dx qúxg +l> q,/ oh sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw hvw grqqì sdu V+l> q, hw hvw frqqx > lo shxw vrlw
dxjphqwhu hw doohu hq +l> q, dyhf xqh suredelolwì s+l> q,/ vrlw glplqxhu hw doohu hq +l . 4> q,
dyhf xqh suredelolwì +l . 4> q . 4,1 +l> q, hvw dsshoì oh sul{ Duurz0Gheuhx dx qúxg +l> q,1
Lo hvw grqqì sdu od vrpph dfwxdolvìh vxu wrxwhv ohv wudmhfwrluhv ghsxlv od udflqh mxvtx*dx
qú1xg +l> q,/ gx surgxlw ghv suredelolwìv gh wudqvlwlrq ã fkdtxh qúxg gh fkdtxh sdv
phqdqw dx qúxg +l> q, =
+l . 4> q . 4, @ huw ^s+l . 4> q,+l . 4> q, . +4 s+l> q,,+l> q,` / 4 l q 4
+4> q . 4, @ huw s+4> q,+4> q,
+q . 4> q . 4, @ huw +4 s+q> q,,+q> q,
D fkdtxh sdv rq h{wudlw ohv q sul{ g*rswlrqv gh pdwxulwìv hq xwlolvdqw xqh lqwhusrodwlrq
ã sduwlu gx vploh gh yrodwlolwì/ dlqvl txh ohv q sul{ iruzdug hw rq hq gìgxlw ohv q . 4 sul{ gx
vrxv0mdfhqw/ dlqvl txh ohv q suredelolwìv gh wudqvlwlrq1 Rq rewlhqw dlqvl 5q ìtxdwlrqv srxu
5q . 4 sdudpëwuhv/ od ghuqlëuh ìtxdwlrq hvw grqqìh sdu od gìwhuplqdwlrq gx sul{ dx qúxg
fhqwudo gh o*dueuh/ rewhqx hq idlvdqw fròqflghu fh ghuqlhu dyhf oh qúxg fhqwudo gh o*dueuh
gh Fr{0Urvv0Uxelqvwhlq1 Vl oh qrpeuh gh qúxgv ã xq qlyhdx grqqì hvw lpsdlu/ rq fkrlvlw
frpph ydohxu fhqwudoh gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw/ oh sul{ gx vsrw dxmrxug*kxl1 Vl oh qrpeuh gh
qúxgv hvw sdlu/ rq suhqg od pr|hqqh ghv orjdulwkphv ghv ghx{ qúxgv fhqwudx{1
Vrxv od suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh/ oh sul{ gh o*dfwli hq wq grlw íwuh ìjdo ã o*hvsìudqfh
dfwxdolvìh gx sul{ hq wq.4 frqglwlrqqhoohphqw ã wq 1 Rq wudgxlw fhwwh ìjdolwì sdu =
I +l> q, @ s+l> q,V+l> q . 4, . +4 s+l> q,,V+l . 4> q . 4,/ 4 l q=
Oh vhfrqg hqvhpeoh g*ìtxdwlrqv xwlolvh ohv ydohxuv gh q rswlrqv ã o*lqvwdqw w gh sul{
vrxv0mdfhqw fhoxl gh o*ìwdsh wq hw gh sul{ g*h{huflfh ohv V+l> q, dx{ qúxgv g*ìfkìdqfh wq.4 1
Rq xwlolvhud ohv ydohxuv ghv fdoov srxu od sduwlh vxsìulhxuh gh o*dueuh/ hw ohv ydohxuv ghv
sxwv srxu od sduwlh lqiìulhxuh +hq hhw/ oh sul{ gx fdoo vhud qxo srxu ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh
lqiìulhxuv dx sul{ vsrw/ hw fhoxl gx sxw vhud qxo srxu ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh vxsìulhxuv dx
sul{ vsrw,1
Od ydohxu wkìrultxh elqrpldoh g*xq fdoo vxu o*dueuh hvw grqqìh sdu o*hvsìudqfh dfwxdolvìh
gx sd|r hq wq.4 frqglwlrqqhoohphqw ã wrxv ohv fkhplqv srvvleohv =
433
F GN +wq > V> N> wq.4 , @
@ huw
q
[
l@5
q
.4
[
l@4
+l> q . 4, pd{ ^V+l> q . 4, N> 3`
is+l> q,+l> q, . +4 s+l 4> q,,+l 4> q,j ^V+l> q . 4, N`.
.huw s+4> q,+4> q, ^V+4> q . 4, N`.
.huw +4 s+q> q,,+q> q, ^V+q . 4> q . 4, N`.
Oruvtx*rq srvh N @ V+l> q,/ od prlwlì lqiìulhxuh ghv whuphv gh od vrpph ghylhqqhqw
qxov hw lo uhvwh =
F GN +wq > V> V+l> q,> wq.4 , @ +l> q,s+l> q, +V+l> q . 4, V+l> q,, .
q
[
m @l.4
+m> q, +I +m> q, V+l> q,, = +617,
Gdqv fhwwh ìtxdwlrq/ ohv vhxov whuphv lqfrqqxv hq wq vrqw V+l> q . 4, hw s+l> q,1 Sdu dloohxuv/
rq d =
I +l> q, @ s+l> q,V+l> q . 4, . +4 s+l> q,,V+l . 4> q . 4,=
+618,
Ohv ìtxdwlrqv +617, hw +618, shuphwwhqw gh gìwhuplqhu V+l> q . 4, hw s+l> q,1 Hq srvdqw
S
F @ F GN +wq > V> V+l> q,> wq.4 , hw
od vrpph vxlydqwh
[
@
q
[
m @l.4
+m> q, +I +m> q, V+l> q,, >
rq d =
V+l> q . 4, @
s+l> q, @
S
V+l . 4> q . 4, huw F +l> q,V+l> q, +I +l> q, V+l . 4> q . 4,,
S
^huw F ` +l> q, +I +l> q, V+l . 4> q . 4,,
I +l> q, V+l . 4> q . 4,
V+l> q . 4, V+l . 4> q . 4,
+619,
+61:,
Oh qúxg fhqwudo V+ q.4
5 > q . 4, ìwdqw frqqx/ rq shxw wurxyhu ohv dxwuhv qúxgv sdu lwì0
udwlrqv ã o*dlgh gh +619,1 Oruvtxh oh qrpeuh gh qúxgv dx sdv q . 4 hvw sdlu/ rq lghqwlh
V+ q.4
5 > q . 4, dyhf oh frxuv gx vrxv0mdfhqw dxmrxug*kxl > vl oh qrpeuh gh qúxgv hvw lpsdlu/
rq fkrlvlw ohv ghx{ qúxgv fhqwudx{ gh whooh vruwh txh =
V+l . 4> q . 4, @
q.4
V+l> q,5
/l@
=
V+l> q . 4,
5
434
+61;,
Hq vxevwlwxdqw o*ìjdolwì +61;, gdqv +619,/ rq rewlhqw od ydohxu vxsìulhxuh ghv ghx{ qúxgv
fhqwudx{/ ã vdyrlu =
S
V+l> q, huw F . V+l> q, q.4
S /l@
=
V+l> q . 4, @
u
w
+l> q,I +l> q, h F .
5
+61<,
Gh píph rq shxw ìfuluh o*ìtxdwlrq txl qrxv grqqhud ohv ydohxuv ghv suredelolwìv hw
gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw dx{ qúxgv gh od sduwlh lqiìulhxuh gh o*dueuh hq xwlolvdqw ohv sul{
ghv sxwv1 Rq rewlhqw dlqvl/ hq qrwdqw S @ S GN +wq > V> V+l> q,> wq.4 , oh sul{ g*xq sxw dx qú1xg
S Sl4
+l> q, hw
@ m @4 +l> q, +V+l> q, I +l> q,, =
S
V+l> q . 4, huw S . +l> q,V+l> q, +I +l> q, V+l> q . 4,,
S
=
V+l . 4> q . 4, @
^huw S ` . +l> q, +I +l> q, V+l> q . 4,,
+6143,
Rq grlw frqwudlqguh od suredelolwì dx qúxg +l> q,/ s+l> q, ã uhvwhu hqwuh 3 hw 41 Fhwwh
frqwudlqwh vh wudgxlw sdu o*lqìjdolwì =
I +l> q, ? V+l> q . 4, ? I +l> q . 4,
+6144,
lpsrvìh ã fkdtxh qúxg1 Oruvtxh fhwwh lqìjdolwì hvw ylroìh/ rq udpëqh V+l> q . 4, ã od
ydohxu =
V+l> q . 4, @
I +l> q . 4, . I +l> q,
=
5
Ohv prphqwv
Ohv prphqwv gh I v*ìfulyhqw qxpìultxhphqw vrxv od iruph
hvs+IW , @
ydu+IW , @
vnhz+IW , @
nxuw+IW , @
Q
[
m @4
Q
[
V+m> Q ,+m> Q ,>
+V+m> Q , hvs+Iw ,,5 +m> Q ,>
m @4
SQ
6
m @4 +V+m> Q , hvs+Iw ,, +m> Q ,
>
ydu+Iw ,6@5
SQ
7
m @4 +V+m> Q , hvs+Iw ,, +m> Q ,
=
ydu+Iw ,6@5
Ohv jxuhv +51:1d, ã +51:1f, prqwuhqw ohv judskltxhv ghv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf o*dueuh
gh Ghupdq hw Ndql1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh suìvhqwh ghv gl!fxowìv sduwlfxolëuhv fdu hooh hvw wuëv
frþwhxvh hq whpsv gh fdofxo g*xqh sduw hw wuëv vhqvleoh dx fkrl{ gh od pìwkrgh uhwhqxh
435
srxu lqwhusrohu od vxuidfh gx vploh1 Ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv vrqw wuëv gìfhydqwv frpswh0whqx
gh o*lqwìuíw wkìrultxh gh fhwwh pìwkrgh1 O*dueuh gh Ghupdq hw Ndql vhpeoh q*íwuh xwlol0
vdeoh txh gdqv oh fdv g*xq pdufkì sduwlfxolëuhphqw oltxlgh dyhf xqh vxuidfh gh yrodwlolwìv
wuëv frpsoëwh1
436
61515
O*dueuh gh Uxelqvwhlq
Uxelqvwhlq +4<<7, sursrvh gh wurxyhu xqh ghqvlwì glvfuëwh/ surfkh g*xqh orl frqqxh/
yìuldqw ghv frqwudlqwhv grqqìhv1
Oh prgëoh
Srxu ghv udlvrqv sudwltxhv od ghqvlwì suhplëuh hvw fkrlvlh frpph uìvxowdw g*xq dueuh
elqrpldo vwdqgdug ã Q sdv gx w|sh Fr{0Urvv0Uxelqvwhlq +4<:<, frqwuxlw vxu od yrodwlolwì
lpsolflwh txl yìulh =
EV @ plq
[
l
5
el F EV +w> I> W> N> , > l @ 4> ===> p>
F
l
rü Fel hvw oh l0ëph sul{ revhuyì hw p oh qrpeuh gh sul{ revhuyìv1 Rq qrwh Vm /m @ 4> ==> Q ohv
ydohxuv ghv vrxv0mdfhqwv rewhqxhv ã od ghuqlëuh ìwdsh gh o*dueuh gh Fr{0Urvv0Uxelqvwhlq hw
Sm ohv suredelolwìv gh od q gh o*dueuh1 Vl s hvw od suredelolwì ulvtxh qhxwuh g*xq prxyhphqw
ã od kdxvvh vxu fkdtxh sìulrgh gh o*dueuh/ doruv =
Sm @
Q$
sm +4 s,Q m =
m$+Q m,$
+6145,
Ohv suredelolwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh lpsolflwhv gh o*dueuh gh Uxelqvwhlq SmUXE grlyhqw uì0
vrxguh oh sureoëph g*rswlplvdwlrq vxlydqw =
plq
Sm
Q
[
UXE
5
Sm
Sm >
m @4
+6146,
vrxv ohv frqwudlqwhv
;
A
A
A
?
SQ
UXE
@ 4> SmUXE 3> m @ 3> ===> Q>
S
UXE
Vw @ huw +W , Q
>
m @4 Vm Sm
A
A
S
A
Q
= F
u
+
W
,
UXE
el @ h w
> l @ 4> ===> p=
m @4 +Vm Nl ,Sm
m @4 Sm
+6147,
Ohv Sm vrqw ohv suredelolwìv ulvtxh0qhxwuh ohv soxv surfkhv dx vhqv ghv prlqguhv fduuìv
gh od orl orjqrupdoh1 Fhv suredelolwìv rqw od sursulìwì vxlydqwh = soxv oh qrpeuh gh sul{
revhuyìv vhud ìohyì/ prlqv ohv suredelolwìv Sm vhurqw vhqvleohv dx fkrl{ gh od suhplëuh
suredelolwì1
Od iruph +6146, fkrlvlh gdqv od plqlplvdwlrq hvw wrxw ã idlw duelwudluh hw uhsuìvhqwh xq
fdqglgdw sdupl g*dxwuhv1 Rq srxuudlw fkrlvlu sdu h{hpsoh gh plqlplvhu o*xqh ghv iruphv
439
vxlydqwhv =
5
Q UXE
[
Sm
Sm
plq
>
Sm
Sm3
m @4
+6148,
plq
+6149,
Sm
Q [
SmUXE Sm =
m @4
vrxv ohv frqwudlqwhv +6147,1
Ohv prphqwv
Ohv prphqwv gh I v*ìfulyhqw qxpìultxhphqw vrxv od iruph
hvs+IW , @
ydu+IW , @
vnhz+IW , @
Q
[
m @4
Q
[
Vm SmUXE >
+Vm hvs+Iw ,,5 SmUXE >
m @4
SQ
m @4 +Vm
ydu+Iw ,6@5
SQ
nxuw+IW , @
hvs+Iw ,,6 SmUXE
m @4 +Vm
hvs+Iw ,,7 SmUXE
ydu+Iw ,6@5
>
=
Rq prqwuh hq jxuhv +51;1d, ã +51;1g, ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf o*dueuh gh Uxelqvwhlq1
Ohv frxuehv vrqw wuëv kdfkìhv hw sdu frqvìtxhqw gl!flohv ã lqwhusuìwhu1 Rq qrwh fhshqgdqw
od srvvlelolwì gh txhxhv ìsdlvvhv vxu od gurlwh gh od glvwulexwlrq1
43:
616
Hvwlpdwhxuv gh qr|dx{
Dòw0Vdkdold hw Or +4<<9, phwwhqw hq úxyuh xqh pìwkrgh frpsoëwhphqw qrq sdudpì0
wultxh srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh4 1 Oh prgëoh frqvlvwh ã hvwlphu xqh irqfwlrq
hqwlëuh ghv sul{ ìwdqw grqqìv ohv sul{ ghv rswlrqv hw ohxuv fdudfwìulvwltxhv1 Ohv dxwhxuv
xwlolvhqw hqvxlwh oh uìvxowdw gh Euhhghq hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;, srxu uhwurxyhu od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1
61614
Oh prgëoh
Rq qrwh F+Vl > Wl > Nl > ul ,/ l @ 4> ===> p/ rü p uhsuìvhqwh oh qrpeuh g*revhuydwlrqv/ oh sul{
g*xq fdoo gh vrxv0mdfhqw Vl / gh sul{ g*h{huflfh Nl / gh pdwxulwì Wl / dxtxho rq dvvrflh xq
wdx{ vdqv ulvtxh ul hw o*rq qrwh Fl oh l0ëph sul{ g*rswlrq revhuyì1 Oh sureoëph ã uìvrxguh
hvw shx ìorljqì g*xqh plqlplvdwlrq gh prlqguhv fduuìv qrq olqìdluhv/ ã od glìuhqfh suëv
txh od plqlplvdwlrq grlw vh idluh vxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv irqfwlrqv F+=, txl dssduwlhqqhqw ã
o*hvsdfh ghv irqfwlrqv ghx{ irlv frqwlqþphqw glìuhqwldeohv =
plq
F +=,
p k
l5
[
el F+Vl > Wl > Nl > ul , =
F
l@4
+614:,
Rq vdlw txh od vroxwlrq gh fh sureoëph gh plqlplvdwlrq hvw grqqìh sdu o*hvsìudqfh
frqglwlrqqhooh gh F frqqdlvvdqw ohv +Vl > Wl > Nl > ul ,/ l @ 4> ===> q1 Srxu hvwlphu fhwwh hvsìudqfh
frqglwlrqqhooh/ rq idlw dssho ã xqh whfkqltxh vwdwlvwltxh dsshoìh uìjuhvvlrq sdu ohv qr|dx{1
Fhwwh uìjuhvvlrq qrq sdudpìwultxh surgxlw xq hvwlpdwhxu Fe gh o*hvsìudqfh frqglwlrqqhooh
gh F vdfkdqw ohv +Vl > Wl > Nl > ul ,/ vdqv tx*lo vrlw qìfhvvdluh g*hvwlphu xq vhxo sdudpëwuh1
O*hvwlpdwhxu gh uìjuhvvlrq sdu ohv qr|dx{ qh qìfhvvlwh dxfxqh dxwuh k|srwkëvh tx*xq
olvvdjh gh od irqfwlrq ã hvwlphu1 Fh olvvdjh vh idlw sdu o*lqwhupìgldluh g*xq qr|dx txl
lqwhuylhqw frpph srlgv gdqv o*hvwlpdwlrq gh F+=,1 Fhv irqfwlrqv fruuhvsrqghqw vrxyhqw ã
ghv ghqvlwìv gh glvwulexwlrqv sduwlfxolëuhv/ fdu hoohv rqw od sursulìwì gh v*lqwìjuhu ã xq/
pdlv qh mrxhqw dxfxq u÷oh suredelolvwh gdqv o*hvwlpdwlrq1 Srxu fkdtxh yduldeoh h{solfdwlyh
gh +V> W> N> u,/ rq uhwlhqw xqh irqfwlrq gh nhuqho nm +],/ m @ 4> ===> g g*ruguh5 g rü g hvw oh
4 Sulwvnhu +4<<9, prqwuh od vxsìulrulwì gh fhwwh whfkqltxh g*hvwlpdwlrq sdu udssruw ã xq prgëoh gh w|sh Ydvlfhn srxu
hvwlphu od ghqvlwì gx wdx{ frxuw hq vìulhv whpsruhoohv1
5 Rq gìqlw o*ruguh r g*xqh irqfwlrq nhuqho & E5 frpph o*hqwlhu txl vdwlvidlw od uhodwlrq vxlydqwh =
]
n"
3"
;
vl , ' fc
? /
, Er
f/
vl , ' c c r c
5 & E5_5 '
= 4/ vl , ' r
443
qrpeuh gh yduldeohv h{solfdwlyhv +lfl g @ 7,1 Od irqfwlrq nm +] ]l ,/ frpph irqfwlrq gh
]> d xq fhuwdlq ìfduw sdu udssruw dx srlqw revhuyì ]l 1 Srxu fkdqjhu fhw ìfduw/ rq shxw
xwlolvhu xqh edqgh km / srxu iruphu xqh qrxyhooh irqfwlrq gh ghqvlwì +4@km ,nm ++] ]l ,@km ,1 Xq
hvwlpdwhxu F NHU +=, hvw doruv grqqì sdu o*h{suhvvlrq vxlydqwh hw hvw dsshoì hvwlpdwhxu nhuqho
gh Qdgdud|d0Zdwvrq/ rü k ghylhqw shwlw txdqg od wdlooh p gh o*ìfkdqwloorq dxjphqwh =
F
NHU
Sp T7
4 m +]]l ,
@4 m@4 km n + km ,Fel
4 m +]]l , =
l@4 m @4 km n + km ,
l
+], @ Sp T7
+614;,
Soxv oh qrpeuh g gh uìjuhvvhxuv hvw ìohyì/ prlqv o*hvwlpdwlrq vhud suìflvh1 Rq yd grqf
hvvd|hu gh uìgxluh oh qrpeuh gh uìjuhvvhxuv1 Dòw0Vdkdold hw Or +4<<9, lqwurgxlvhqw xqh
dssurfkh vhplsdudpìwultxh +PVS, sdu rssrvlwlrq dx prgëoh frpsoëwhphqw qrq sdud0
pìwultxh yx suìfìghpphqw +PQS,1 Rq yd vxssrvhu txh oh sul{ gx fdoo hvw grqqì sdu
od irupxoh ihupìh gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv pdlv dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì txl vhud xqh irqfwlrq qrq
sdudpìwultxh NHU +Vw > N> W , =
F NHU +w> Vw > W> N, @ F EV +w> Vw > W> N> NHU +Vw > N> W ,,=
+614<,
Gdqv fh prgëoh vhplsdudpìwultxh/ rq d mxvwh ehvrlq g*xqh uìjuhvvlrq gh nhuqho ã wurlv
e
glphqvlrqv hw o*hvwlpdwhxu NHU @ H^@V
w > W> N` hvw fhoxl gh od yrodwlolwì grqqì sdu =
Sq
NHU
T7
4 m +]]l , EV
@4 m@4 km n + km ,l
+], @ Sq T7
4 m +]]l , >
l@4
m @4 km n + km ,
l
+6153,
rü EV
hvw od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh gx sul{ Fel 1 Oh qrpeuh g*revhuydwlrqv qìfhvvdluhv srxu
l
xq píph ghjuì gh suìflvlrq hvw dlqvl iruwhphqw uìgxlw1
61615
O*hvwlpdwlrq gh od GQU
Rq grlw pdlqwhqdqw fkrlvlu srxu fkdtxh uìjuhvvhxu/ Vw / W / N hw uw ohv irqfwlrqv gh
nhuqho uhvshfwlyhv nV / nW / nN hw nu hw ohv edqghv km / m @ 4> ===> 7> txl ohxu vrqw dvvrflìhv1 Rq
Ohv irqfwlrqv nhuqho vxlydqwhv vrqw ohv irqfwlrqv nhuqho g*ruguh 5 hw 7 ohv soxv frqqxhv =
&E2 E5 '
&Ee E5 '
5

I e35 *2
2Z
5
52
I E 3 e35 *2 HZ
444
d ehvrlq gh gìulyhu ghx{ irlv od irqfwlrq F NHU +=, srxu fdofxohu od ghqvlwì/ grqf od irqfwlrq
nhuqho nN fruuhvsrqgdqw dx sul{ g*h{huflfh grlw íwuh ghx{ irlv frqwlqþphqw gìulydeoh1
Txdwuh ìoìphqwv gìwhuplqhqw oh fkrl{ gh o*ruguh gh od irqfwlrq gh nhuqho hw gh od
edqgh = od wdlooh gh o*ìfkdqwloorq p/ oh qrpeuh g gh uìjuhvvhxuv lqfoxv gdqv o*hvwlpdwlrq
qrq sdudpìwultxh/ oh qrpeuh sm / m @ 4> ===> g> gh gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv gh F+=, sdu udssruw dx
m 0lëph uìjuhvvhxu/ txl h{lvwhqw/ hw oh qrpeuh pm / m @ 4> ===> 7 gh gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv gh F+=,
sdu udssruw dx m 0lëph uìjuhvvhxu grqw qrxv dyrqv ehvrlq1 Gdqv qrwuh fdv sduwlfxolhu srxu
oh prgëoh PQS +uhvs1 PVS,/ qrxv dyrqv g @ 7 +uhvs1 g @ 6,/ qrxv vxssrvhurqv txh sm @ 7/
m @ 4> ===> 7/ pm @ 3/ m @ 4> 5 hw 7/ p6 @ 5 +uhvs1 sm @ 7/ m @ 4> ===> 6/ pm @ 3/ m @ 4> 5/ p6 @ 5,1 Rq
fkrlvlw o*ruguh v gh od irqfwlrq nhuqho srxu fkdtxh uìjuhvvhxu m who txh =
;
? vm @ sm pm >
= v @ s p 4>
m
m
m
vl sm pm hvw sdlu
vl sm pm hvw lpsdlu
Xqh irlv o*ruguh gh od irqfwlrq gìwhuplqì/ oh fkrl{ gh od irqfwlrq hooh0píph d shx
g*lq xhqfh vxu o*hvwlpdwhxu F NHU +=,1 Ilqdohphqw/ gdqv oh prgëoh PQS +uhvs1 PVS,/ rq d
nV @ nW @ nu @ n+7, hw nN @ n+5, +uhvs1 nV @ nW @ n+7, hw nN @ n+5, ,1
Hq uhydqfkh/ oh fkrl{ gh od edqgh hvw fuxfldo1 Od gìflvlrq gh od ylwhvvh dyhf odtxhooh od
edqgh gìfurñw yhuv 3 frpph irqfwlrq gh od wdlooh gh o*ìfkdqwloorq hvw od frpsrvdqwh hvvhq0
wlhooh gh od uìjuhvvlrq nhuqho1 Srxu fkdfxq ghv g uìjuhvvhxuv/ Vloyhupdqq +4<;9, sursrvh
frpph edqgh fruuhvsrqgdqwh oh sdudpëwuh km ìjdo ã =
km @ 4=697 +
U
5 +n, 4@8 m
,
5 +n,
p4@8
U
rü o +n, @ xo n+x,gx/ o +n, @ no +x,gx hw m hvw o*ìfduw0w|sh qrq0frqglwlrqqho gx m 0lëph
uìjuhvvhxu1 Fhwwh edqgh hvw fkrlvlh gh whooh vruwh txh qrwuh hvwlpdwhxu F NHU +=, frqyhujh
dyhf xqh ylwhvvh rswlpdoh sdu udssruw ã wrxv ohv dxwuhv hvwlpdwhxuv F NHU +=,1 Fhwwh ylwhvvh
gh frqyhujhqfh hvw grqqìh sdu =
p+S P ,@+g.5S ,
S
S
dyhf P @ gm@4 pm hw S @ gm@4 sm 1
O*hvwlpdwhxu +614;, F NHU +=, gx prgëoh PFS d od iruph h{solflwh vxlydqwh =
F
NHU
Sp
Vl ,
+W Wl ,
+NNl , ,n + +uul , ,Fe
nV + +V u
l
@4
k4 ,nW + k5 ,nN +
k6
k7
+Vw > W> N> uw , @ Sp
+
V Vl ,
+
W Wl ,
+
N Nl ,
+
u ul ,
,nu + k7 ,
l@4 nV + k4 ,nW + k5 ,nN +
k6
l
445
hw o*hvwlpdwhxu +6153, NHU +], hvw grqqì sdu =
NHU
Sp
+Vw > W> N, @
+VVl ,
+W Wl ,
+NNl , EV
@4 nV + k4 ,nW + k5 ,nN + k6 ,l =
Sp
+VVl ,
+W Wl ,
+NNl , ,
l@4 nV + k4 ,nW + k5 ,nN +
k6
l
Od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh vh fdofxoh ã o*dlgh gh od uhodwlrq +414, hw o*rq rewlhqw =
t NHU +Vw > W> {, @ huw +W ,
C 5 F NHU +Vw > W> N> uw ,
CN 5
@
N {
=
Rq yrlw fodluhphqw vxu ohv judskltxhv +51<1d, ã +51<1g, ohv olplwhv gh fhwwh pìwkrgh1
Od irqfwlrq gh olvvdjh grqqh ghv ghqvlwìv wuëv lpsuìflvhv gxhv dx qrpeuh wuëv idleoh gh
srlqwv revhuyìv1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh vhudlw suredeohphqw plhx{ dgdswìh ã xqh ìwxgh sruwdqw
vxu xq odujh ìfkdqwloorq rx srxu hvwlphu ohv uhqghphqwv hq vìulhv whpsruhoohv1
446
617
Od pd{lplvdwlrq gh o*hqwurslh
O*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì sdu pd{lplvdwlrq gh o*hqwurslh shuphw gh uhfrqvwuxluh xqh
irqfwlrq gh ghqvlwì ã sduwlu gh o*lqirupdwlrq frqqxh hq pd{lplvdqw o*hqwurslh gh od irqf0
wlrq ã hvwlphu1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh wurxyh vhv irqghphqwv gdqv Vkdqqrq +4<7;, hw hvw dssoltxìh
ã od qdqfh sdu Exfkhq hw Nhoo| +4<<9, hw Vwxw}hu +4<<9,1 Eruzhlq/ Ohzlv hw Qroo +4<<9,
suìvhqwhqw xqh ydulìwì gh phvxuhv gh o*hqwurslh srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì vshfwudoh1 U|x
+4<<6, xwlolvh fhwwh pìwkrgrorjlh srxu gìwhuplqhu ohv iruphv irqfwlrqqhoohv gh od ghqvlwì
hw ghv irqfwlrqv gh uìjuhvvlrq1 Hqq Iulwhool +4<<8, hvw oh suhplhu ã o*dssoltxhu hq qdqfh
gdqv xq fdguh gh pdufkìv lqfrpsohwv1
61714
Oh prgëoh
b
Rq frqvlgëuh oh sureoëph g*hvwlpdwlrq g*xqh ghqvlwì s+w, 3/ ã sduwlu g*xq hqvhpeoh
g*lqirupdwlrq
]
b
dl +w, s+w,gw @ el > l @ 3> ===> Q
+6154,
Rq yd fkhufkhu xqh vroxwlrq s+w, gx sureoëph txl pd{lplvh o*hqwurslh V+s,/ txl v*ìfulw
vrxv od iruph g*xqh lqwìjudoh gx w|sh =
]
V! +s, @ !+s+{,,g{
+6155,
rü ! = U $ U ^ i.4j hvw xqh irqfwlrq frqyh{h vhpl0frqwlqxh1 Ohv phvxuhv g*hqwurslh
uhqfrqwuìhv hq sudwltxh oh soxv iuìtxhpphqw vrqw fhoohv gh Erow}pdqq0Vkdqqrq hw gh
Qxuj/ gìqlhv uhvshfwlyhphqw sdu =
;
? s oq+s,/ { 3>
!EV +s, @
= .4/ { ? 3>
;
? oq+s,/ { A 3>
!Q +s, @
= .4/ { 3=
+6156,
+6157,
Rq qrwh tx*dyhf od suhplëuh irqfwlrq !/ olp+s oq s, $ 3 txdqg s $ 3 > grqf vl s+{, hvw qrq
qxo vxu xq lqwhuydooh ql/ o*lqwìjudwlrq shxw íwuh sulvh vxu fhw lqwhuydooh vhxohphqw1
Srxu txh s+{, vrlw xqh ghqvlwì/ rq grlw lpsrvhu s+{, 3 ;{/ hw od frqwudlqwh
]
3
4
s+{,g{ @ 4=
449
+6158,
Exfkhq hw Nhoo| +4<<9, dssoltxhqw fhwwh pìwkrgh dx{ rswlrqv hw lpsrvhqw ohv frqwudlqwhv
g*duelwudjh vxssoìphqwdluhv1 G*xqh sduw/ lov lpsrvhqw txh o*hvsìudqfh gx sul{ g*rswlrq
dfwxdolvì vrlw ìjdoh dx sul{ revhuyì > g*dxwuh sduw/ lov lpsrvhqw txh o*hvsìudqfh gx sul{ gx
vrxv0mdfhqw vrlw ìjdoh dx sul{ gx iruzdug ã o*lqvwdqw w1 Fhv frqwudlqwhv shxyhqw v*ìfuluh
vrxv od iruph frppxqh vxlydqwh =
]
H ^fl +{,` @
3
4
s+{,fl +{,g{ @ gl >
+6159,
rü g3 @ Iw oh sul{ gx frqwudw iruzdug hq w hw gl > l @ 4> ===> p uhsuìvhqwh oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq dx
vwulnh Nl 1 Ohv irqfwlrqv fl +{, vrqw grqqìhv sdu =
f3 +{, @ {
fl +{, @ huw +W , +{ Nl ,. > l @ 4> ===> pf >
fl +{, @ huw +W , +Nl {,. > l @ pf . 4> ===> p>
rü pf uhsuìvhqwh oh qrpeuh gh fdoov1
Oh sureoëph g*rswlplvdwlrq vrxv frqwudlqwhv frqvlvwh ã pd{lplvhu oh Kdplowrqlhq K+s,/
hq vxssrvdqw xqh phvxuh gh o*hqwurslh gh w|sh +6156, =
]
K+s, @ 3
4
]
s+{, oq s+{,g{ . +4 . ,
4
3
s+{,g{ .
Q
[
@3
]
l
l
4
3
s+{,fl +{,g{
+615:,
rü > 3 > ===> Q vrqw ghv sdudpëwuhv gh Odjudqjh ã gìwhuplqhu1 Od irqfwlrqqhooh K+s, hvw
pd{lplvìh txdqg vd gìulyìh sdu udssruw ã s v*dqqxoh1
]
gK @
3
4%
oq+s, . .
Q
[
@3
&
l fl +{, gs+{, @ 3=
l
#Q
$
#Q
$
] 4
[
[
4
l fl +{, > @
h{s
l fl +{, g{
spd{ +{, @ h{s
3
l@3
l@3
+615;,
rü @ h hvw od frqvwdqwh gh qrupdolvdwlrq1
Hq uhpsodêdqw od ydohxu gh s sdu spd{ gdqv od irqfwlrq g*hqwurslh +6155,/ rq rewlhqw
Vpd{ @ I +4 > ===> Q , @ oq Oh fdofxo gh il @
CI
Cl
Q
[
@3
l gl =
+615<,
l
grqqh il +3 > ===> Q , @ H ^fl +{,`gl> hw il @ 3 gëv txh wrxwhv ohv frqwudlqwhv
44:
vrqw vdwlvidlwhv1
Djprq/ Dokdvvlg hw Ohylqh +4<:<, sursrvhqw xq dojrulwkph srxu gìwhuplqhu od glvwul0
exwlrq gx pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh vrxv frqwudlqwhv1
Rq grqqh hq dqqh{h G xqh pìwkrgh udslgh srxu uìvrxguh o*rswlplvdwlrq hw gìwhuplqhu
ohv sdudpëwuhv gh Odjudqjh l / l @ 3> ===> Q 1
Rq prqwuh hq jxuhv +51431d, ã +51431g, ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv hq pd{lplvdqw o*hqwurslh
gh od glvwulexwlrq1 Ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv qh vrqw sdv ìwrqqdqwv frpswh0whqx gh od pìwkrgh
gh frqvwuxfwlrq gh fhv ghqvlwìv1 Rq uhfrqqdlw fodluhphqw ohv sduwlhv h{srqhqwlhoohv gh od
ghqvlwìv ìjdohv dx qrpeuh gh sul{ revhuyìv Lo vhpeoh txh fhwwh pìwkrgh dxwrulvh od
suìvhqfh g*xqh dv|pìwulh ìohyìh pdlv g*xq idleoh h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv1
44;
454
Fkdslwuh 7
Ohv pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv
Rq gìqlw sdu pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv o*hqvhpeoh ghv pìwkrghv txl qìfhvvlwhqw xqh
k|srwkëvh gluhfwhphqw vxu od iruph irqfwlrqqhooh gh od glvwulexwlrq1 Klvwrultxhphqw/ fhv
pìwkrghv rqw yx oh mrxu dyhf od prgìolvdwlrq ghv uhqghphqwv g*dfwliv hq vìulhv whpsruhoohv/
sxlv rqw ìwì ìwhqgxhv ã o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh1
714
71414
Pìodqjhv gh orlv orjqrupdohv
Oh prgëoh
Od pìwkrgh sursrvìh sdu Edkud +4<<9, hw plvh hq úxyuh sdu Pholn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:,
frqvlvwh ã ìfuluh od ghqvlwì gx vrxv0mdfhqw vrxv od iruph g*xqh vrpph srqgìuìh gh q orlv
orjqrupdohv lqgìshqgdqwhv gh sdudpëwuhv glìuhqwv =
t P OQ +{, @
q
[
@4
l ol +{,>
+714,
l
dyhf
%
&
4
+oq+{, l ,5
ol +{, @ s
h{s 5 5l W
5W l {
Fkdtxh ghqvlwì orjqrupdoh hvw frpsoëwhphqw gìqlh sdu ohv sdudpëwuhv gh pr|hqqh l
hw gh yduldqfh 5l 1 Oh pìodqjh gh ghqvlwìv orjqrupdohv shuphw gh whqlu frpswh g*xqh odujh
ydulìwì gh iruphv irqfwlrqqhoohv gh od ghqvlwì txl shxyhqw lpsoltxhu soxvlhxuv vfìqdull1
Sdu h{hpsoh/ vl ohv rsìudwhxuv gx pdufkì shqvhqw txh oh vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*ìfkìdqfh shxw
dwwhlqguh 5 ydohxuv glvwlqfwhv ã o*ìfkìdqfh dvvrflìhv fkdfxqh ã xqh suredelolwì/ od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh uìvxowdqwh vhud qìfhvvdluhphqw elprgdoh1
455
71415
Sul{ g*xq fdoo
Rq vh sodfh gdqv oh fdv rü qrxv dyrqv ghx{ orlv orjqrupdohv4 1 Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo hxursìhq
v*ìfulw frpph o*hvsìudqfh dfwxdolvìh gx x{ whuplqdo =
F
P OQ
huw +W ,
]
4
+{ N, ^o4 +{, . +4 ,o5 +{,` g{
;
k
l <
5 ? h{s l . 5l 4 oq Nsl 5l @
[
5k
l l
>
l
@ huw +W ,
oq
Ns
l
>
=
N 4 l l@4
+w> I> N> W , @
N
+715,
+716,
dyhf 3 ? ? 41
Hq devhqfh g*rssruwxqlwì g*duelwudjh/ od pr|hqqh gh od ghqvlwì ulvtxh qhxwuh grlw íwuh
ìjdoh dx sul{ gx frqwudw dxmrxug*kxl1 Fhwwh frqwudlqwh v*ìfulw srxu oh pìodqjh gh orlv
orjqrupdohv gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
5
[
5l Iw @
l h{s l .
=
5
l@4
71416
+717,
Ohv prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì gh pìodqjhv gh orjqrupdohv
Ohv prphqwv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 vrqw grqqìv sdu =
m +IW , @
5
[
+mvl ,5
l h{s mpl .
=
5
l@4
Ohv judskltxhv +51441d, ã +51441g, prqwuhqw ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf xq pìodqjh gh
orlv orjqrupdohv srxu oh Sleru 6 prlv1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh d o*lqwìuíw gh srxyrlu froohu ã gh
qrpeuhx{ w|shv gh vfìqdull hq h{kledqw idflohphqw ghv ghqvlwìv elprgdohv rx dyhf ghv
txhxhv iruwhphqw ìsdlvvhv1
4
Oh fkrl{ gx qrpeuh gh orlv hvw iruwhphqw frqwudlqw sdu oh idleoh qrpeuh gh sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Gdqv xq frqwh{wh gh vìulhv
whpsruhoohv qrxv srxuulrqv wuëv elhq hvwlphu oh qrpeuh gh orlv orjqrupdohv shuwlqhqw1
456
715
71514
Gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh dxwrxu gh od ghqvlwì
Gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh g*Hgjhzruwk
Oh prgëoh
Mduurz hw Uxgg +4<;5, sxlv Fruudgr hw Vx +4<<9, sursrvhqw g*dssurfkhu od glvwulexwlrq
gx sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*dlgh g*xq surfìgì gìulyì ghv gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulhv gh Wd|oru
srxu xqh irqfwlrq dqdo|wltxh/ dsshoì gìyhorsshphqw jìqìudolvì g*Hgjhzruwk1 Gdqv fhwwh
pìwkrgh/ rq vxssrvh o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh glvwulexwlrq yudlh hw g*xqh glvwulexwlrq dssurfkìh1
Ohv frh!flhqwv gx gìyhorsshphqw vrqw gh vlpsohv irqfwlrqv ghv ghx{ glvwulexwlrqv1
Rq qrwh J+v, od yudlh glvwulexwlrq hw D+v, od glvwulexwlrq dssurfkìh hw rq vxssrvh txh
D3 +v, @ d+v, hw J3 +v, @ j+v, h{lvwhqw1 Rq qrwh doruv =
]
m +J, @
m +J, @
.4
4
] .4
4
.4
]
!+J> w, @
4
vm j+v,gv>
+v 4 +J,,m j+v,gv>
hlwv j+v,gv>
uhvshfwlyhphqw ohv prphqwv gh J/ ohv prphqwv qrq fhqwuìv gh J hw od irqfwlrq fdudf0
wìulvwltxh gh J hw l5 @ 4=
Hwdqw grqqìv m +J,> m q> ohv q 4 suhplhuv fxpxodqwv m +J,> 4 m q 4 h{lvwhqw
dxvvl hw vrqw gìqlv sdu =
oq ^!+J> w,` @
4
q
[
m
@4
m +J,
+lw,m
. r+wq4 ,
m$
+718,
q4
rü r+wq4 , vdwlvidlw olp r+wwq4 , @ 3=
w$3
Oh olhq hqwuh ohv prphqwv hw ohv fxpxodqwv vh uhwurxyh idflohphqw hq ìfulydqw !+I> w,
hq irqfwlrq ghv prphqwv fhqwuìv m +J,/ hq vxevwlwxdqw gdqv o*ìtxdwlrq fl0ghvvxv/ hw hq
ìjdolvdqw ohv frh!flhqwv gdqv oh sro|q÷ph rewhqx1 Ohv txdwuh suhplhuv fxpxodqwv vrqw
459
grqqìv sdu =
4 +J, @ 4 +J,
5 +J, @ 5 +J,
6 +J, @ 6 +J,
7 +J, @ 7 +J, 65 +J,5
hw uhsuìvhqwhqw uhvshfwlyhphqw od pr|hqqh/ od yduldqfh/ od vnhzqhvv hw o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv1
Oh gìyhorsshphqw hq vìulh gh t HGJ +{, v*ìfulw hq irqfwlrq gh d+v,/ vrxv od iruph vxlydqwh =
+5 +J, 5 +D,, g5 d+{, +6 +J, 6 +D,, g6 d+{,
5$
g{5
6$
g{6
5
7
+7 +J, 7 +D,, . 6 +5 +J, 5 +D,, g d+{,
.
. %+{,
7$
g{7
t HGJ +{, @ d+{, .
+719,
dyhf 4 +I , @ 4 +D, sdu frqvwuxfwlrq txl h{soltxh od glvsdulwlrq gx whuph hq d3 +{,1
Hydoxdwlrq g*xqh rswlrq
Rq frqvlgëuh xq fdoo gh sul{ g*h{huflfh N / gh pdwxulwì W hw rq qrwh I / od ydohxu gx
vrxv0mdfhqw ã o*lqvwdqw w1 Vrxv od suredelolwì ulvtxh qhxwuh/ od ydohxu gx fdoo hvw grqqìh
sdu =
] .4
F HGJ +w> I> N> W , @ huw +W ,
pd{+{ N> 3,t HGJ +{,g{
4
hw t HGJ grlw yìulhu od frqwudlqwh g*duelwudjh =
4 +THGJ , @ I=
Hq uhpsodêdqw t HGJ sdu vrq gìyhorsshphqw +719,/ rq shxw uììfuluh od irupxoh g*ìydoxdwlrq
frpph =
F
HGJ
+w> I> N> W , @
+5 +J, 5 +D,,
f . huw +W ,
5$
]
]
.4
4
.4
pd{+{ N> 3,
g5 d+{,
g{
g{5
g6 d+{,
g{
g{6
4
5 ] .4
g7 d+{,
+7 +J, 7 +D,, . 6 +5 +J, 5 +D,,
pd{+{ N> 3,
g{ . %+N,
+71:,
.huw +W ,
7$
g{7
4
+6 +J, 6 +D,,
.huw +W ,
6$
pd{+{ N> 3,
rü FD +w> I> N> W , uhsuìvhqwh oh sul{ g*xq fdoo vrxv od suredelolwì gh uìiìuhqfh1
45:
Xq fdqglgdw srxu od glvwulexwlrq dssurfkìh hvw od glvwulexwlrq orjqrupdoh5 1 Gdqv fh
fdv FD +w> I> N> W , @ F EV +w> I> N> W , fruuhvsrqg dx sul{ Eodfn g*xqh rswlrq vxu frqwudw ã
whuph grqqìh sdu +516,1 Rq shxw vlpsolhu +71:, hq lpsrvdqw od uhvwulfwlrq g*ìjdolwì ghv
prphqwv g*ruguh 5 gh D hw THGJ hq lqyrtxdqw ghv dujxphqwv gh vwdelolwì1
Dsuëv vlpsolfdwlrq gh F HGJ rq rewlhqw =
6 +THGJ , 6 +Q , g6 q+{,
F HGJ +w> I> N> W , @ F EV +w> I> N> W , huw +W ,
9
g{6
HGJ
7 +T
, 7 +Q , g7 q+{,
.huw +W ,
. %+{,
57
g{7
rü
N4 +Q, @ I
N5 +Q, @ N4 +D,t 5
N6 +Q, @ N4 +D,6 t 6 6t . t 6
N7 +Q, @ N4 +D,7 t 7 49t 5 . 48t 7 . 9t 9 . t ;
t 5 @ h{s+5 W , 4
Ohv prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì g*Hgjhzruwk
Vl IW vxlw xqh orl gh od iruph +719,/ ohv prphqwv fhqwuìv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 vrqw grqqìv
sdu =
5 +IW , @ I 5 t 5
6 +IW , @ 6 +D,
7 +IW , @ 7 +D, . 6
Ohv jxuhv +51451d, ã +51451g, uhsuìvhqwhqw ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv hq vxssrvdqw xq
gìyhorsshphqw g*Hgjhzruwk1 Fhwwh iruph gh ghqvlwì dxwrulvh gh iruwhv dv|pìwulhv hw
nxuwrvlv dlqvl txh od srvvlelolwì gh orlv elprgdohv1
5
Rq grqqh gdqv dqqh{h I/ ohv gìulyìhv gh od orl orjqrupdoh1
45;
71515
Gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
Oh prgëoh
Pdgdq dqg Ploqh +4<<7, sxlv Denhq/ Pdgdq dqg Udpdpxuwlh +4<<9, sursrvhqw xq
gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh dxwrxu gh od ghqvlwì1 Pdgdq dqg Ploqh +4<<7,
vxssrvhqw txh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh gh od yduldeoh ] / gìqlh sdu =
4
4
VW
] @ s oq+ , + 5 ,
Vw
5
+71;,
shxw v*ìfuluh frpph oh surgxlw g*xqh ghqvlwì gh fkdqjhphqw gh phvxuh hw g*xqh ghqvlwì
gh uìiìuhqfh q+}, =
thKHU +}, @ +},q+},=
+71<,
Gdqv qrwuh fdv sduwlfxolhu/ rq fkrlvlud srxu q+}, od glvwulexwlrq jdxvvlhqqh gh pr|hqqh
qxooh hw gh yduldqfh xqlwì1 Dx{ k|srwkëvhv +5,0+:,/ rq dmrxwh =
K|srwkëvh < O*hqvhpeoh gh wrxv ohv dfwliv frqwlqjhqwv hvw dvvh} ulfkh srxu iruphu xq
hvsdfh gh Kloehuw vìsdudeoh hw srxu ohtxho lo h{lvwh xqh edvh ruwkrqrupdoh1 Ohv pdufkìv
vrqw vxssrvìv frpsohwv1
K|srwkëvh 43 Vrxv od phvxuh gh uìiìuhqfh/ oh sul{ gh o*dfwli ìyroxh frpph xq eurzqlhq
jìrpìwultxh
s
4
VW @ Vw h{s^+ 5 , . ]`
5
+7143,
rü ] hvw xqh yduldeoh qrupdoh vwdqgdug gh pr|hqqh qxooh/ gh yduldqfh xqlwdluh1
Xq v|vwëph ruwkrqrupdo srxu o*hvsdfh gh Kloehuw ghv irqfwlrqv gh V gh fduuì lqwìjudeoh/
hw grqf gh } / sdu udssruw ã S / hvw doruv grqqì sdu ohv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh !s +}, srxu
s @ 3> ===> 46 1
Oh sul{ g*xq fdoo hxursìhq hvw grqqì sdu =
6
Oh sro|q÷ph g*Khuplwh g*ruguh
& hvw gìql frpph vxlw =
& c :'
]
E3& Y & ?E5 
c
&- Y5 & ?E5 & E5 ' I
n"
3"
& E5 E5 ?E5_5 '
464
' f li ' &
'  li ' &
] 4
FhKHU +w> Vw > N> W , @ huw +W ,
f+}> Vw > N> > W ,h
t KHU +}, g}
3
] 4
uw +W ,
f+}> Vw > N> > W ,h
t KHU +}, g}
@h
3
] 4
uw +W ,
f+}> Vw > N> > W , +},q+},g}>
@h
3
dyhf
.
s
4 5
f+}> Vw > N> > W , @ Vw h{s^+uw +W , gw +W , , . }` N
=
5
Wrxwhv ohv irqfwlrqv shxyhqw v*h{sulphu frpph frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh ghv whuphv gh od
edvh/ hq sduwlfxolhu oh sd|r gh o*rswlrq hw +}, =
f+}> Vw > N> > W , @
+}, @
.4
[
m
@3
.4
[
n
@3
dn !n +},
em !m +},>
doruv
FhKHU +w> Vw > N> W ,
@
@
huw +W ,
huw +W ,
]
.4
4[
3 n@3
.4
.4 [
[
@3 m@3
.4
[
dn !n +},
]
dn em
n
@ huw +W ,
n
rü sdu gìqlwlrq
]
dn @
.4
4
@3
3
4
.4
[
m
@3
em !m +},q+},g}
!n +},!m +},q+},g}
dn en =
f+}> Vw > N> > W ,!n +},q+},g}=
+7144,
Od ghqvlwì ulvtxh qhxwuh ghv sul{ hvw grqqìh sdu
thKHU +}, @ +},q+}, @ q+},
4
[
n
@3
!n +},en =
+7145,
G*xq srlqw gh yxh sudwltxh/ rq hvw dphqì ã wurqtxhu duelwudluhphqw od vrpph mxvtx*ã
xq ruguh Oe 1 Od ghqvlwì +7145, shxw doruv suhqguh ghv ydohxuv qìjdwlyhv srxu fhuwdlqhv
465
ydohxuv gh en / n @ 3> 4> ===Oe 1 Edolvwndld dqg ]rorwxklqd +4<;;, grqqhqw ohv frqwudlqwhv
gh srvlwlylwì txdqg Oe @ 9 hw Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333d, h{solflwhqw oh grpdlqh gh
gìqlwlrq gh od vnhzqhvv hw gh od nxuwrvlv srxu dvvxuhu od srvlwlylwì gh od ghqvlwì hw
grqqhqw xqh dvwxfh srxu phwwuh hq úxyuh ohv frqwudlqwhv gh srvlwlylwì txdqg Oe @ 71
Od ghqvlwì gx vrxv0mdfhqw/ t KHU +{,/ v*ìfulw =
t KHU +{, @ t EV +{> ,SOe +,
oq+{, oq+Vw , . uw +W , gw +W , 45 5 s
>
@
+7146,
+7147,
rü t EV +{, hvw grqqìh sdu +7153,1
Gdqv oh fdv rü Oe @ 77 / rq d
e5
6e6
e6 6
e7 7
6e7
e5
9e7 5
S7 +, @ e3 s . s . +e4 s , . + s s , . s . s >
5
57
9
5
57
9
57
+7148,
hw gdqv oh fdv rü Oe @ 9/ rq d
e5
6e6
e6
e7
6e7
e5
9e7
S9 +, @ e3 s . s . +e4 s , . + s s , 5 . s 6 . s 7 =
5
57
9
5
57
9
57
+7149,
Rq shxw fkrlvlu g*hvwlphu en / n @ 4> ===> 7 rü o*rq shxw surfìghu frpph Denhq/ Pdgdq
dqg Udpdpxuwlh +4<<9, hq lpsrvdqw e3 @ 4/ e4 @ 3/ e5 @ 3 hw q*hvwlphu txh / en / n @ 6> ===> Oe
+O*dqqh{h E sdjh 4:9 grqqh ohv uhvwulfwlrqv lpsrvìhv vxu e3 / e4 / e5 hw ohv frqwudlqwhv gh
srvlwlylwì vxu ohv dxwuhv sdudpëwuhv,1
Oh prphqwv gh od ghqvlwì g*Khuplwh
Vl IW vxlw xqh orl gh od iruph +7146,/ od ghqvlwì gx uhqghphqw mxvtx*ã pdwxulwì {W @
oq+IW @Iw , hvw grqqìh sdu =
4
e6 6
e7 7
|5
6e6
9e7 5
6e7
i +{, @
s | s | . s | . s | >
4. s
s s h{s 5
5 5
57
9
57
9
57
4 5
| @ {. 5
7
Rq grqqh hq dqqh{h E ohv fdofxov srxu gìulyhu ohv frqwudlqwhv gh srvlwlylwì oruvtxh
dssolfdeohv ã Kf / K hw K21
466
uK ' e/ dlqvl txh ohv uhvwulfwlrqv
hw ohv prphqwv gh {W mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 7 vrqw grqqìv sdu =
4
hvs+{W , @ 5 >
5
ydu+{W , @ 5 >
s
vnhz+{W , @
9e6 >
s
nxuw+{W , @ 6 . 57e7 =
Ohv ghqvlwìv rewhqxhv dyhf xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh vrqw ylvleohv vxu ohv
jxuhv +51471d, ã +51471g,1 Rq shxw idluh ohv uhpdutxhv txh gdqv oh fdv g*xq gìyhorsshphqw
g*Hgjhzruwk/ ã vdyrlu txh fh prgëoh shuphw ã od irlv od suìvhqfh g*dv|pìwulh hw gh nxuwrvlv
pdutxìhv1
467
46:
Fkdslwuh 8
Frpsdudlvrq ghv pìwkrghv
814
Pìwkrgh g*hvwlpdwlrq hw fulwëuhv gh txdolwì
Fkdtxh prgëoh hvw hvwlpì gh idêrq glìuhqwh1 Xqh píph surfìgxuh g*hvwlpdwlrq/
o*hvwlpdwlrq sdu plqlplvdwlrq ghv prlqguhv fduuìv qrq olqìdluhv +PFQO,/ hvw fhshqgdqw
xwlolvìh srxu ohv prgëohv sdudpìwultxhv1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh udvvhpeoh ohv prgëohv vxlydqwv = oh
prgëoh gh Eodfn rx Ehqfkpdun +EH,/ oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv +POQ,/ oh prgëoh
ã vdxwv gh Edwhv +MPS,/ ohv prgëohv gh gìyhorsshphqwv hq vìulh g*Khuplwh +KH, hw
fl
g*Hgjhzruwk +HG,/ hw srxu qlu oh prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh g*Khvwrq +VY,1 Vl F
gìvljqh oh sul{ dvvrflì dx l0ëph vwulnh srxu xqh gdwh g*ìfkìdqfh grqqìh hw Fl oh l0ëph sul{
wkìrultxh fdofxoì dyhf oh prgëoh txh o*rq fkhufkh ã hvwlphu/ rq grlw uìvrxguh oh sureoëph
g*rswlplvdwlrq vxlydqw =
p 5
[
e
fl >
Fl F
@ plq
+814,
5
l@4
rü p hvw oh qrpeuh gh sul{ g*rswlrqv revhuyìv hw oh grpdlqh gh gìqlwlrq gx yhfwhxu ghv sdudpëwuhv ã hvwlphu1 Od pìwkrgh qxpìultxh gh plqlplvdwlrq xwlolvìh hvw od pìwkrgh
gh txdvl0qhzwrq gh Eur|ghq/ Iohwfkhu/ Jrogidue hw Vkdqqr +EIJV,1 Oh gìyhorsshphqw
gh fhwwh pìwkrgh hvw grqqì hq Dqqh{h H1 Rq gìqlw sdu PVH +Phdq Vtxduuhg Huuruv,
hw DUH +Dyhudjh Uhodwlyh Huuruv, ohv txdqwlwìv vxlydqwhv =
5
435 [ el
Fl F
p q l@4
#
$5
p
el
437 [ Fl F
p
P VH
@
DUH
@
pq
l
46;
@4
Fl
+815,
+816,
rü q hvw oh qrpeuh gh sdudpëwuhv gh od pìwkrgh1 Fhv phvxuhv shuphwwhqw gh frpsduhu
od fdsdflwì ghv prgëohv sdudpìwultxhv ã vh fdohu dx{ grqqìhv gh pdufkì1
Ohv prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv whov txh ohv dueuhv lpsolflwhv gh Ghupdq hw Ndql +GN,
hw Uxelqvwhlq +UXE,/ oh sulqflsh gx pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh +SPH, hw od pìwkrgh gx qr|dx
+NHU, vrqw ghv pìwkrghv h{dfwhv1 Sdu frqvìtxhqw rq qh shxw sdv/ srxu fhv pìwkrghv/
fdofxohu ohv huuhxuv txl q*dssdudñwurqw sdv gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ gh uìvxowdwv1 Oh prgëoh gh
olvvdjh gx vploh gh Vklpnr +VK, hvw xq fdv ã sduw1 Hq hhw/ ohv frh!flhqwv gx sro|q÷phv
g*ruguh 5 vrqw rewhqxv sdu od uìjuhvvlrq +614, ã od sdjh <8/ fh prgëoh qh qìfhvvlwh grqf
sdv g*rswlplvdwlrq1
Srxu frpsduhu ohv glìuhqwv prgëohv/ qrxv ghyrqv suìflvhu ohv fulwëuhv gh shuirupdqfh
txl vrqw ohv soxv lpsruwdqwv srxu o*remhfwli txh qrxv dyrqv/ ã vdyrlu xwlolvhu fh prgëoh vxu
ghv grqqìhv g*rswlrqv hq vìulh klvwrultxh1 Ohv fulwëuhv gh shuirupdqfh gx prgëoh uhwhqx
vrqw =
xqh frqyhujhqfh udslgh hq whuphv gh whpsv gh fdofxo/
od sulvh hq frpswh g*ìyhqwxhoohv grqqìhv dehuudqwhv/
od vwdelolwì/ wudgxlwh sdu xqh frqyhujhqfh vdqv gl!fxowì yhuv oh píph h{wuhpxp
joredo/ txhov txh vrlhqw ohv sdudpëwuhv lqlwldx{ fkrlvlv srxu o*rswlplvdwlrq/
od frqvwuxfwlrq srvvleoh g*rswlrqv vwdqgduglvìhv shuphwwdqw o*hvwlpdwlrq idfloh gh od
ghqvlwì srxu xqh pdwxulwì fwlyh/
oh fdudfwëuh qìjoljhdeoh ghv huuhxuv vwdqgduglvìhv +PVH hw DUH,/ vljqldqw xq fdodjh
vdwlvidlvdqw gx prgëoh dx{ grqqìhv gxh pdufkì/
od idflolwì g*lqwhusuìwdwlrq ghv ìyhqwxhov sdudpëwuhv1
815
Frpsdudlvrq ghv prgëohv vxu xq ìyìqhphqw hpslultxh sdu0
wlfxolhu
Gdqv fhwwh vhfwlrq/ xqh dqdo|vh frpsdudwlyh ghv glìuhqwv prgëohv hvw plvh hq úxyuh1
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ rq surfëgh ã xqh ìwxgh frpsdudwlyh wkìrultxh ghv prgëohv vhorq
od fodvvlfdwlrq gìfulwh gdqv o*lqwurgxfwlrq gh od vhfrqgh sduwlh/ gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv
rq grqqh ohv frqfoxvlrqv srxu ohv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw SLERU sxlv ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh
FDF 731
Srxu fkdtxh w|sh gh grqqìhv/ xq ìyìqhphqw sduwlfxolhu d ìwì uhwhqx1 Frqfhuqdqw oh
SLERU/ lo v*djlw g*xq ìyìqhphqw srolwltxh/ ã vdyrlu ohv ìohfwlrqv dqwlflsìhv iudqêdlvhv
g*dyulo 4<<:1 Od frpsdudlvrq ghv pìwkrghv hvw ìwdeolh vxu 8 gdwhv vlwxìhv dxwrxu gh fhv
46<
ìohfwlrqv/ oh 47 dyulo/ xqh vhpdlqh dydqw o*dqqrqfh r!flhooh gh od glvvroxwlrq gh o*dvvhpeoìh/
oh 54 dyulo/ ohqghpdlq gh o*dqqrqfh gh od glvvroxwlrq/ oh 59 pdl/ mrxu vxlydqw oh suhplhu
wrxu ghv ìohfwlrqv oìjlvodwlyhv grqw ohv uìvxowdwv vxjjìudlhqw xqh wuëv suredeoh ylfwrluh gh
o*rssrvlwlrq/ oh 5 mxlq/ ohqghpdlq gx vhfrqg wrxu/ mrxu gh od ylfwrluh ghv sduwlv gh jdxfkh/
hw hqq oh < mxlq/ xqh vhpdlqh dsuëv oh vhfrqg wrxu1 Ohv uìvxowdwv gìfulwv lfl vrqw lvvxv gh
o*duwlfoh gh Frxwdqw/ Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333,1
Frqfhuqdqw oh FDF 73/ rq d suìiìuì v*dssx|hu vxu o*dqdo|vh g*xq ìyìqhphqw gh pdufkì
soxw÷w txh vxu fhooh g*xq ìyìqhphqw srolwltxh/ ã vdyrlu od fulvh uxvvh gh 4<<:1 Rq uhwlhqw
7 gdwhv uhodwlyhphqw ìorljqìhv txl hqjorehqw od fulvh/ oh 47 pduv 4<<:/ gdwh suìfìgdqw
gh txhotxhv prlv oh gìexw gh od fulvh txh o*rq vlwxh hq drþw 4<<:/ oh 47 drþw 4<<:/ mrxu
fruuhvsrqgdqw dx gìexw gh od fulvh/ oh 48 rfwreuh/ gdwh vh vlwxdqw hq sohlqh fulvh/ hw oh 46
mdqylhu 4<<; txh o*rq frqvlgìuhud frpph xq uhodwli uhwrxu dx fdoph1 Rq uhpdutxhud txh
oh fkrl{ gx mrxu hvw wrxmrxuv oh píph/ shuphwwdqw dlqvl xqh frpsdudlvrq ghv pdwxulwìv
txl vhurqw ohv píphv srxu ohv 7 mrxuv1
Qrxv frpsduhurqv ohv wdeohdx{ ghv huuhxuv srxu gìwhuplqhu frpphqw fkdtxh prgëoh
vh fdoh dx{ grqqìhv gh pdufkì/ qrxv ìwxglhurqv ohv wdeohdx{ ghv prphqwv lpsolflwhv srxu
revhuyhu txhoohv glvwulexwlrqv suhqqhqw oh plhx{ hq frpswh ohv hhwv g*dv|pìwulh rx gh
nxuwrvlv1 Hqq/ qrxv qrxv shqfkhurqv vxu od iruph gh od ghqvlwì hq wdqw tx*lqglfdwhxu
ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv1 Od Edqtxh g*Dqjohwhuuh ìwxglh uìjxolëuhphqw od iruph gh fhwwh ghqvlwì
lpsolflwh srxu hhfwxhu ghv rsìudwlrqv vxu oh pdufkì prqìwdluh hw mxjhu gh ohxu lpsdfw
hw gh ohxu h!fdflwì hq revhuydqw od prglfdwlrq ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv txh fhv rsìudwlrqv rqw
hqwudñqìh +Edkud +4<<9,,1 Dlqvl/ o*lqirupdwlrq gìolyuìh sdu od ghqvlwì gh suredelolwì shxw
íwuh xwlolvìh srxu dssuìflhu oh prphqw surslfh ã xqh lqwhuyhqwlrq gh od Edqtxh Fhqwudoh/
gëv oruv txh ghv whqvlrqv dqwlflsìhv dssdudlvvhqw gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hw frqgxlvhqw
ã ghv iruphv lqkdelwxhoohv gh ghqvlwìv gh suredelolwì1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ gdqv o*ìyhqwxdolwì
gh ghx{ vfhqdull wuëv glìuhqwv vxu oh pdufkì/ od frxueh gh ghqvlwì gh suredelolwì ihudlw
dssdudñwuh g*ìyhqwxhoohv elprgdolwìv1
81514
Uìvxowdwv ghv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv prgëohv sdudpìwultxhv
Rq prqwuh gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ +51414, ã +71514, o*hqvhpeoh ghv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv prgëohv
sdudpìwultxhv1 Fhv prgëohv vrqw hvwlpìv vrlw vxu ohv 7 gdwhv FDF 73 gìfulwhv gdqv od
vhfwlrq suìfìghqwh ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu FDF 73/ vrlw vxu ohv 8 gdwhv Sleru ã sduwlu
ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru1 Ohv prgëohv hvwlpìv srxu oh FDF 73 vrqw oh prgëoh
gh uìiìuhqfh gh Eodfn +xqh vhxoh orjqrupdoh,/ oh prgëoh ã vdxwv gh Edwhv/ oh prgëoh
473
ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh g*Khvwrq/ oh olvvdjh gh vploh gh Vklpnr hw oh gìyhorsshphqw
g*Hgjhzruwk gh Mduurz hw Uxgg1 Ohv prgëohv hvwlpìv vxu oh Sleru vrqw oh prgëoh gh
uìiìuhqfh/ oh prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh/ oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv gh Pholn hw
Wkrpdv/ oh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh1
Ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv rewhqxhv gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ +51414, hw +51415, irqw dssudñwuh
ghx{ fkrvhv1 Suhplëuhphqw ohv yrodwlolwìv rewhqxhv dyhf Eodfn qìjoljhdqw o*hhw dpìulfdlq
vrqw wuëv surfkhv gh fhoohv rewhqxhv dyhf od irupxoh dpìulfdlqh gh Zkdoh|1 Ghx{lëphphqw/
srxu fkdtxh mrxu hvwlpì rq yrlw fodluhphqw od suìvhqfh g*xqh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph gh
yrodwlolwì vrxyhqw lqyhuvìh hw soxv pdutxìh vxu oh FDF 73 txh vxu oh Sleru1
Frqfhuqdqw o*hvwlpdwlrq gx prgëoh ã vdxwv vxu oh FDF 73 gdqv oh wdeohdx +515,/ xqh
suhplëuh uhpdutxh hvw txh od suredelolwì gh vdxw grqqìh sdu od txdqwlwì W hvw vrxyhqw
ìjdoh ã 3 rx 41 Xqh vhfrqgh uhpdutxh hvw od wdlooh gx vdxw txl hvw oh soxv vrxyhqw qìjdwlyh1
Vl xq vdxw hvw suìyx doruv lo hvw soxv suredeoh tx*lo vrlw ã od edlvvh tx*ã od kdxvvh1 Oh
sdudpëwuh z4 txl fdudfwìulvh oh fdudfwëuh dpìulfdlq gh o*rswlrq q*hvw glìuhqw gh 3 hw 4
tx*ã wurlv uhsulvhv1
Gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ +51614, hw +51615,/ o*hhw dpìulfdlq dyhf xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwr0
fkdvwltxh srxu oh FDF 73 vhpeoh dyrlu soxv g*lq xhqfh txh srxu oh frqwudw Sleru1 Oh
sdudpëwuh gh yrodwlolwì gh orqj0whuph/ ã o*h{fhswlrq gh txhotxhv pdwxulwìv txl vhpeohqw
qh sdv dyrlu frqyhujì hvw wuëv ìorljqì gh od yrodwlolwì frxudqwh wuëv surfkh gh 31 Fhshqgdqw
oh sdudpëwuh gh ylwhvvh gh uhwrxu ã od pr|hqqh ìwdqw ìohyì wdqw srxu oh FDF 73 txh srxu
oh Sleru/ rq shxw frqfoxuh ã o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph gh yrodwlolwì wuëv ìwdoìh
gdqv oh whpsv1 Oh vljqh gx sdudpëwuh gh fruuìodwlrq lqgltxh txh ohv yduldwlrqv gx FDF
73 ìyroxhqw gh idêrq rssrvìh ã od yrodwlolwì1 Oh vljqh srvlwli hqwuh od yduldwlrq gx wdx{
Sleru hw od yrodwlolwì grlw vh oluh frpph xqh fruuìodwlrq srvlwlyh hqwuh ohv yduldwlrqv gx
wdx{ Sleru hw od yrodwlolwì gx wdx{1
Oh -2 gdqv oh wdeohdx +614, prqwuh oh srxufhqwdjh gh vploh h{soltxì sdu oh prgëoh gh
olvvdjh sdu xq sro|q÷ph txdgudwltxh ghv sul{ g*h{huflfh1 H{fhswì srxu ghx{ pdwxulwìv
fh sdudpëwuh hvw vxsìulhxu ã bSc DI1
Ohv uìvxowdwv gh o*hvwlpdwlrq gx pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv vxu oh Sleru vrqw prqwuìv
hq wdeohdx +714,1 Od uhpdutxh sulqflsdoh hvw od qxoolwì gx sdudpëwuh gh srlgv gh o*xqh
ghv ghx{ orjqrupdohv udphqdqw doruv oh prgëoh ã xqh vhxoh orjqrupdoh1 Rq shxw gëv
pdlqwhqdqw vh ghpdqghu vl fh prgëoh hvw elhq dgdswì ã ghv grqqìhv whoohv txh ohv frqwudwv
gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1
Vl o*rq uhjdugh ohv hvwlpdwlrqv gx gìyhorsshphqw g*Hgjhzruwk vxu oh FDF 73 hq wd0
474
eohdx +71514,/ rq frqvwdwh txh o*hhw dpìulfdlq shxw íwuh wrwdohphqw qìjoljì sxlvtxh oh
sdudpëwuh  hvw od soxsduw gx whpsv ìjdo 㠁1 Od qìjdwlylwì gx sdudpëwuh gh vnhzqhvv
gx sul{ gh o*lqglfh lqgltxh txh ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv vrqw soxw÷w ã od edlvvh tx*ã od kdxvvh gx
sul{ gx FDF 73 srxu xq krul}rq fruuhsrqgdqw ã od pdwxulwì gh o*rswlrq1
Od píph uhpdutxh v*dssoltxh srxu od vnhzqhvv gx wdx{ Sleru suìvhqwìh hq wdeohdx
+71515,1 Oh vljqh srvlwli gh fhooh0fl lqgltxh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv soxv ã od kdxvvh ghv wdx{ tx*ã
od edlvvh ghv wdx{1
475
Wdeohdx 51414 = Sdudpëwuh gh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvwlpì dyhf ohv w|shv hxursìhq hw dpìulfdlq +Zkdoh|
+4<;:,, vxu oh FDF
b.fe
W
j HXU
jDPH
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fc .D fc .D
e.
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.H
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ee
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.
fc 2e fc 2e
eD
fc D fc e
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fc fe fc f
SH fc D fc eb
476
Wdeohdx 51415 = Sdudpëwuh gh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvwlpì dyhf ohv w|shv hxursìhq hw dpìulfdlq +Zkdoh|
+4<;:,, vxu oh SLERU
b.fee
W
j HXU
jDPH
S
fc 2 fc 2
De fc D fc S
2eD fc .S fc .H
S fc 2f2 fc 2f
b.fe2
DS
fc e fc e2
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b.fD2S
2
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fc 2SS fc 2SS
bH
fc 2Sf fc 2Sf
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2Hf fc 2e fc 2S
477
Wdeohdx 515 = Sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh ã vdxwv hvwlpìv vxu oh FDF
b.fe
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W
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b
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e.
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fc fS fc DSH
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fc fff 2c D
fc 2
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478
bA
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Wdeohdx 51614 = sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh g*Khvwrq hvwlpìv vxu oh SLERU
@
VW
wW
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ec b.
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2c Sb2
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fc e.H fc fff fc b..
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S fc 2
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b.fSf2 e
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479
Wdeohdx 51615 = sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh g*Khvwrq hvwlpìv vxu oh FDF
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Wdeohdx 714 = Sdudpëwuh gx prgëoh gh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv vxu oh SLERU
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483
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Wdeohdx 71515 = Sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh ghv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh hvwlpìv vxu oh SLERU
b.fee
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484
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judqghv vl ohv sul{ vrqw soxv judqgv hw shuphwwhqw od frpsdudlvrq ghv glyhuvhv pìwkrghv
srxu xq w|sh g*rswlrq grqqì1 Ohv DUH shuphwwhqw od frpsdudlvrq srxu soxvlhxuv hq0
vhpeohv gh grqqìhv hq uholdqw o*huuhxu dx qlyhdx ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Oh wdeohdx +81514, qh
prqwuh sdv ohv huuhxuv srxu od pìwkrgh gx pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh hw fhooh gh Uxelqvwhlq/
sxlvtxh fhv pìwkrghv vrqw ghv pìwkrghv h{dfwhv sdu frqvwuxfwlrq hw ohv huuhxuv dvvrflìhv
vrqw grqf qxoohv1 Rq uhpdutxh txh ohv huuhxuv srxu oh prgëoh gh uìiìuhqfh +EH, vrqw
vxsìulhxuhv ã fhoohv ghv dxwuhv prgëohv hw o*rq shxw hq frqfoxuh txh fh prgëoh grqqh
xq dvvh} pdxydlv fdodjh srxu ohv rswlrqv gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1 Oh fdodjh dssdudñw phloohxu
srxu oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv wrxw hq uhvwdqw soxw÷w qrq vdvwlidlvdqw1 Hqq/ oh
fdodjh ghylhqw uìhoohphqw vdwlvidlvdqw srxu oh prgëoh gh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv
g*Khuplwh1
Wrxuqrqv0qrxv pdlqwhqdqw yhuv ohv wdeohdx{ +81516, ã +81518, txl prqwuhqw ohv yd0
uldqfhv/ vnhzqhvv hw h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv gx wdx{ ã whuph SLERU1 Vl ohv ydohxuv ghv prphqwv
g*ruguh 6 hw 7 ydulhqw g*xqh pìwkrgh ã o*dxwuh/ od idêrq grqw lov ìyroxhqw ã wudyhuv ohv
pdwxulwìv hvw od píph srxu ohv pìwkrghv g*Khuplwh hw g*Khvwrq/ pdlv glìuhqwh srxu od
pìwkrgh gx pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ lo vhpeoh | dyrlu xqh edlvvh v|vwìpdwltxh
gh od nxuwrvlv srxu ohv rswlrqv gh pdwxulwì dvvh} ìorljqìh1 Vl/ frpph rq o*d gìql gdqv
od suhplëuh sduwlh/ rq shxw dvvrflhu ã od yrodwlolwì xq lqfhuwdlq ìfrqrpltxh jìqìudo hw ã
od nxuwrvlv o*rffxuuhqfh g*xq ìyìqhphqw h{wuíph txdqw ã xqh yduldwlrq h{wuíph gx vrxv0
mdfhqw/ oh pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh vxjjëuh xqh whooh yduldwlrq gdqv oh frxuw whuph doruv txh
Khuplwh frqgxlw soxw÷w ã xqh iruwh yduldwlrq ã od vxlwh ghv ìohfwlrqv gdqv xq soxv orqj
whuph1
Xqh ìwxgh soxv srxvvìh prqwuh txh/ srxu oh mrxu fdoph gx 47 dyulo 4<<:/ od yrodwlolwì
lpsolflwh dxjphqwh dyhf od pdwxulwì/ doruv txh od vnhzqhvv hw od nxuwrvlv glplqxhqw1 Fhod
lpsoltxh tx*xqh yduldwlrq gx wdx{ g*lqwìuíw/ txl srxuudlw íwuh frqvlgìuìh frpph h{wuíph
vxu xq krul}rq gh whpsv frxuw/ ghylhqgudlw hq idlw qrupdoh vxu xq krul}rq soxv orqj1
Hqq rq qrwh/ srxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv mrxuv hw ghv pdwxulwìv/ txh o*dv|pìwulh hvw wrxmrxuv
srvlwlyh hw vxuwrxw qhwwhphqw vxsìulhxuh ã fhooh gh od orjqrupdoh/ lpsoltxdqw txh ohv
rsìudwlrqqhov gx pdufkì dqwlflshqw soxw÷w xqh kdxvvh gx wdx{ g*lqwìuíw tx*xqh edlvvh ã
q*lpsruwh txho krul}rq grqqì1
Rq frpsduh hqvxlwh ohv glìuhqwhv pìwkrghv hq wudêdqw vxu ohv jxuhv +51481d, ã
485
+51481g, ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh srxu ohv gdwhv gx 47 dyulo dx 59 pdl 4<<:1 Oh
uìvxowdw hvvhqwlho txl uhvvruw gh fhv judskltxhv hvw oh gìfdodjh hqwuh od ghqvlwì orjqru0
pdoh hw ohv dxwuhv ghqvlwìv1 Lo dssdudñw ìjdohphqw txh ohv glvwulexwlrqv lvvxhv ghv prgëohv
+dxwuhv txh oh prgëoh orjqrupdo, rqw ghv iruphv soxv vlplodluhv vxu ghv pdwxulwìv frxuwhv
txh orqjxhv/ ìyhqwxhoohphqw srxu ghv udlvrqv gh oltxlglwì1
Frqfhuqdqw oh pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh/ rq qrwh txh fhwwh pìwkrgh suìvhqwh ghv slfv/
frqvìtxhqfh gluhfwh gh vd idêrq g*íwuh frqvwuxlwh1
Srxu frqfoxuh dyhf od frpsdudlvrq hpslultxh ghv prgëohv srxu oh wdx{ SLERU/ rq
vhud vxusulv gh od suìiìuhqfh gh qrpeuhxvhv lqvwlwxwlrqv srxu oh pìodqjh gh orlv orjqru0
pdohv pdojuì ohv qrpeuhxvhv gl!fxowìv txh suìvhqwh fhwwh pìwkrgh gdqv od gìwhuplqdwlrq
g*xq rswlpxp joredo/ pìwkrgh gdqv odtxhooh hq hhw ohv uìvlgxv vrqw soxv ìohyìv txh srxu
ohv pìwkrghv g*Khuplwh hw g*Khvwrq1 Hq uìsrqvh dx{ uhtxíwhv idlwhv hq vhfwlrq +814,/
frqfhuqdqw ohv txdolwìv txh grlw suìvhqwhu xq erq prgëoh/ lo dssdudñw txh oh prgëoh
gh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh uìsrqg ã od soxsduw ghv srlqwv1 Hq hhw/ lo
frqyhujh udslghphqw hw fruuhfwhphqw yhuv xq plqlpxp joredo gh idêrq vwdeoh/ od suì0
vhqfh gh srlqwv dehuudqwv qh shuwxueh sdv oh prgëoh hw ohv ghqvlwìv srxu xqh pdwxulwì
lqfrqqxh vrqw idflohv ã frqvwuxluh sdu lqwhusrodwlrq ghv sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh txl rqw
xqh vljqlfdwlrq hw xqh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuphv1
81516
Lqglfhv
Rq v*lqwìuhvvh pdlqwhqdqw dx{ uìvxowdwv rewhqxv vxu oh FDF 731 Gh píph txh srxu oh
SLERU/ ohv PVH gdqv oh wdeohdx +81519, vrqw qhwwhphqw soxv ìohyìhv srxu od orjqrupdoh
+EH,1 Oruvtxh od PVH q*dssdudñw sdv/ f*hvw txh oh qrpeuh gh sul{ ã glvsrvlwlrq hvw
lqiìulhxu dx qrpeuh gh sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh ã hvwlphu1 Od pìwkrgh txl suìvhqwh ohv
soxv shwlwhv huuhxuv gh idêrq jìqìudoh hvw oh prgëoh ã vdxwv gh Edwhv1 Vl o*rq uhjdugh
soxv hq gìwdlov/ fh prgëoh hvw soxv shuirupdqw srxu ohv gdwhv gx 47 drþw 4<<: hw gx 46
mdqylhu 4<<;1 Od suhplëuh shxw v*h{soltxhu sdu oh gìexw gh od fulvh uxvvh1 Od vhfrqgh/
txh o*rq dydlw vìohfwlrqqìh frpph xq h{hpsoh gh gdwh h{hpswh gh wrxwh djlwdwlrq hw
gh uhwrxu dx fdoph/ odlvvh shqvhu txh ohv pdufkìv srxuudlhqw v*djlwhu gdqv ohv prlv txl
vxlyhqw/ shxw0íwuh dyhf oh gìexw gh od fulvh dvldwltxh1 Hq fh txl frqfhuqh od shuirupdqfh
ghv prgëohv xwlolvìv/ srxu od gdwh gx 47 pduv 4<<:/ rq uhvwh sduwdjì hqwuh oh surfhvvxv ã
vdxwv hw Hgjhzruwk hw srxu od gdwh gx 8 rfwreuh/ hqwuh oh surfhvvxv ã vdxwv hw Vklpnr1
Rq qrwh vxu fhwwh ghuqlëuh ghv PVH uhodwlyhphqw ìohyìhv gh idêrq jìqìudoh/ lqgltxdqw
tx*xq sro|q÷ph gx vhfrqg ghjuì hvw lqvx!vdqw srxu h{soltxhu oh frpsruwhphqw gx vploh
486
gh yrodwlolwì1 Eolvv +5333, sursrvh xq sro|q÷ph gx wurlvlëph ghjuì dyhf xqh frqwudlqwh
vxu od frxuexuh1
Oh wdeohdx +8151;, prqwuh ohv ìfduw0w|shv gx sul{1 Rq revhuyh od suìvhqfh g*xqh vwuxf0
wxuh sdu whuph ghv ìfduw0w|shv txl dxjphqwhqw dyhf od pdwxulwì1 Oh wdeohdx +8151<, ghv
vnhzqhvv ohv prqwuh wrxwhv qìjdwlyhv/ h{fhswìhv fhoohv gx ehqfkpdun1 Fhfl lqgltxh txh
ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv dqwlflshqw/ gdqv xq frqwh{wh qhxwuh dx ulvtxh xqh edlvvh/ txho txh vrlw
oh pdufkì/ txh fhoxl0fl vh wurxyh gdqv xqh sìulrgh fdoph rx gdqv xqh sìulrgh djlwìh1 Ohv
lqyhvwlvvhxuv vrqw shusìwxhoohphqw shvvlplvwhv vxu ohv yduldwlrqv ixwxuhv ghv frxuv1 Rq
q*revhuyh sdv gh qhwwh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph gx prphqw g*ruguh 6/ fh txl ghyudlw uhqguh
soxv gl!floh o*lqwhusrodwlrq gh fh prphqw srxu xqh pdwxulwì txhofrqtxh1 O*revhuydwlrq
gx wdeohdx +815143, ghv nxuwrvlv prqwuh txh oh prgëoh ã vdxwv hw oh prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì
vwrfkdvwltxh vrqw wrxv ohv ghx{ gh qdwxuh ã shuphwwuh xqh erqqh dqwlflsdwlrq gh iruwhv
yduldwlrqv ghv frxuv ixwxuv juåfh ã ghv nxuwrvlv ìohyìhv srxu ohv gdwhv ghv 47 pduv hw 47
drþw1 Rq frqvwdwh txh ohv frh!flhqwv g*dsodwlvvhphqw ohv prlqv ìohyìv vh vlwxhqw ã od gdwh
gx 48 rfwreuh 4<<: hq sohlqh fulvh/ lqglfdwhxu txh ohv dfwhxuv gx pdufkì furlhqw ã xq
uhwrxu dx fdoph dx prphqw rü od fulvh vh idlw oh soxv vhqwlu1
Rq frpsduh pdlqwhqdqw od fdsdflwì ghv glìuhqwhv pìwkrghv ã gìfuluh oh vrxv0mdfhqw gh
o*rswlrq hq dqdo|vdqw ohv judskltxhv ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh ghv jxuhv +51491d, ã
+51491g,1 Oh eldlv hqwuh od orl orjqrupdoh hw ohv dxwuhv ghqvlwìv dxjphqwh surjuhvvlyhphqw
hqwuh oh 47 pduv 4<<: hw oh 46 mdqylhu 4<<;1 Rq qrwh xqh glvfrqwlqxlwì gh od glvwulexwlrq
dyhf od pìwkrgh gh Vklpnr/ suredeohphqw gxh ã xqh glvfrqwlqxlwì gx vploh1 Rq shxw hq
frqfoxuh txh fhwwh pìwkrgh q*dxwrulvh sdv ohv ìyhqwxhov sul{ pdo frwìv1 Ohv 47 drþw
4<<: hw 46 mdqylhu 4<<; phwwhqw hq ìylghqfh xqh ghqvlwì oìjëuhphqw elprgdoh1 Vdqv dxfxq
fdofxo gh vnhzqhvv rx nxuwrvlv/ rq yrlw fodluhphqw lfl txh ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv phwwhqw soxv
gh srlgv vxu ghv frxuv soxv edv hw grqf dqwlflshqw xqh edlvvh ghv frxuv ã xq krul}rq
gh 78 mrxuv txl uhsuìvhqwh od pdwxulwì gh o*rswlrq1 Hqfruh xqh irlv/ juåfh ã od glìuhqfh
pdutxìh hqwuh od glvwulexwlrq orjqrupdoh hw ohv dxwuhv ghqvlwìv ã od gdwh vxssrvìh fdoph
gx 46 mdqylhu 4<<;/ rq frqvwdwh txh oh pdufkì hvw shvvlplvwh vxu xq krul}rq gh 78 mrxuv/
suredeohphqw hq udlvrq gh o*h{whqvlrq gh od fulvh dvldwltxh1
487
Wdeohdx{ gh uìvxowdwv srxu oh SLERU1 Ohv prgëohv uhsuìvhqwìv vrqw ohv vxlydqwv4 =
0 EH srxu xqh glxvlrq orjqrupdoh
0 POQ srxu oh pìodqjh gh orjqrupdohv
0 KH srxu oh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
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0 UXE srxu o*dueuh lpsolflwh gh Uxelqvwhlq
0 VY srxu oh prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh g*Khvwrq
Od suìvhqfh gh wurxv gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ v*h{soltxh sdu o*lpsrvvlelolwì g*hvwlphu ohv sdudpëwuhv gx prgëoh oruvtxh oh
qrpeuh gh sdudpëwuhv ã hvwlphu hvw vxsìulhxu dx qrpeuh gh sul{ revhuyìv glvsrqleohv1
4
488
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Dqqh{hv gh od sduwlh LL
Dqqh{h D = sul{ g*xq fdoo dpìulfdlq dyhf od pìwkrgh gh Edurqh0
Dghvl hw Zkdoh|
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_7 ' 7 Eo_| n j_`| +817,
rü j hvw od yrodwlolwì gx sul{ gh o*dfwli hw ` xq prxyhphqw eurzqlhq vwdqgdug1
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gh o*rswlrq hw gh vrq vrxv0mdfhqw/ o*ìtxdwlrq vwrfkdvwltxh glìuhqwlhooh vxlylh sdu oh sul{
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0 E7c A ' @ E|c 7c gc A e E|c 7c gc A 4:4
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4:;
Frqwudlqwhv gh srvlwlylwì gh od ghqvlwì
Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333d, gìyhorsshqw odujhphqw od ghvfulswlrq gx grpdlqh gh
srvlwlylwì oruvtxh od glvwulexwlrq hvw xqh frpelqdlvrq olqìdluh gh sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 71
Od ghqvlwì ^hKHU E5 shxw v*ìfuluh vrxv od iruph =
^hKHU ' ?E5e E5c
r
&
e E5 '  n M E5 n Me E5
S
2e
M E5 ' 5 5c
Me E5 ' 5 e S5 2 n c
r ' K hw & ' Ke c
rü r hw & uhsuìvhqwhqw od vnhzqhvv hw o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv gh ^hKHU E51
Srxu txh od ghqvlwì ^hKHU E5 vrlw srvlwlyh/ oh sro|q÷ph e E5 grlw íwuh srvlwli srxu wrxw
5=
r
&
 n M E5 n Me E5 f
S
2e
Rq shxw uhgìqlu fhwwh frqwudlqwh gh od idêrq vxlydqwh1 ^hKHU E5 hvw srvlwlyh vl xq srlqw
E&c r vh wurxyh gdqv o*hqyhorssh gìolplwìh sdu o*k|shusodq =
&
r
 n M E5 n Me E5 ' f/ 5 5 U
S
2e
Fhwwh hqyhorssh hvw grqqìh sdu =
r
&
 n M E5 n Me E5 ' fc
S
2e
r
&
M2 E5 n M E5 ' f
2
S
Od uìvroxwlrq gh fh v|vwëph grqqh o*h{suhvvlrq gh od vnhzqhvv hw gh o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv
4:<
hq irqfwlrq gh 5 =
M E5
c
_E5
M2 E5
&E5 ' .2
c
_E5
_E5 ' eM2 E5 M2 E5Me E5
rE5 ' 2e
+815<,
+8163,
Oh gìqrplqdwhxu _E5 hvw wrxmrxuv srvlwli1 Ohv pd{lpxp hw plqlpxp gh od vnhzqhvv vrqw
dwwhlqwv oruvtxh r E5 ' f/ f*hvw0ã0gluh oruvtxh =
5 H S5 S n S5 e H5 2 n b ' f
s
s
s
s
Fhwwh ìtxdwlrq dgphw 7 vroxwlrqv uìhoohv txl vrqw 5 '
n S/ 52 ' n S/
s
s
s
s
s
5 ' S/ hw 5e ' S1 Ohv ydohxuv gh o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv vrqw &E5 ' S/
s
s
s
&E52 ' S/ &E5 ' S hw &E5e ' S1 Srxu 5 hw 5e o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv hvw qìjdwli/
grqf vhxov 5 hw 52 qrxv lqwìuhvvhqw lfl1 Ohv ydohxuv gh od vnhzqhvv srxu 5 hw 52 vrqw
s s
s
s s
s
rE5 ' S* n S hw rE52 ' S* n S1 Oruvtxh 5 $ 4/ rE5 hw &E5 whqghqw
s
yhuv f hw oruvtxh 5 $ / rE5 hw &E5 whqghqw uhvshfwlyhphqw yhuv f hw e1
Grqf o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv & hw od vnhzqhvv r gìqlvvhqw xq grpdlqh ã o*lqwìulhxu ghv
s s s
s
s
s s
s
7 srlqwv vxlydqwv Efc f/ E Sc S* n S/ E Sc S* n S hw Eec f1 Od gurlwh
s
s s
+ ' e hvw xqh dv|pswrwh hw oh grpdlqh hvw wdqjhqw dx{ gurlwhv % ' S* n S hw
s s
s
% ' S* n S1 Od vnhzqhvv hvw v|pìwultxh sdu udssruw ã o*d{h ghv devflvvhv1 Rq
grqqh xq judskltxh qxpìultxh gx grpdlqh vxu od jxuh +,1 Oh v|vwëph +815<,0+8163, qh
fruuhvsrqg ã dxfxqh iruph irqfwlrqqhooh frqqxh1 Mrqghdx hw Urfnlqjhu +5333d, sursrvhqw
xqh pìwkrgh qxpìultxh srxu lpsrvhu ohv frquwdlqwhv gh srvlwlylwì1
^jxuh = grpdlqh gh gìqlwlrq ghv frqwudlqwhv gh srvlwlylwì gdqv Khuplwh`
Dqqh{h F = fdofxo gh od yduldqfh g*Khvwrq
Hq lqwìjudqw +5148,0+5149, hqwuh f hw | rq rewlhqw =
4;3
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
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o| EA Tr _r n
Tr _~r c
2
f
f
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+8164,
+8165,
f
Qrxv dxurqv ehvrlq gdqv od vxlwh ghv txdqwlwìv vxlydqwhv txh o*rq shxw wurxyhu gdqv
Fr{/ Lqjhuvroo dqg Urvv +4<;8e, =
k k
i TEVW |c
n
T
+8166,
f
VW
VW
2
k 2
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V
2V
HET| *Tf '
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
YduE%| *Tf ' Ydu
e
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f
Tr _r n Ydu
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
Tr _~r
f
Fry
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f
Tr _rc
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f

Tr _~r
+8168,
Rq qrwh fhv wurlv whuphv sdu )E|/ E| hw E| whov txh =
)E| ' Ydu
] |
Tr _r c
]f | s

Tr _~r c
] |
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
Tr _rc
Tr _~r E| ' Fry
E| ' Ydu
f
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k
k
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V
V
4;4
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Fdofxo ri E|1
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T _~ _r
f
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H
T _ _r
f
f
f
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Rq qrwh od irqfwlrq od vroxwlrq gh o*ìtxdwlrq vxlydqwh =
E| ' VW E| n 4E|c
Ef ' fc
+816;,
rü hvw grqqì sdu +8169,1
Rq fkhufkh xqh vroxwlrq gx w|sh =
'
;
4 ?
KW =
E| ' 4
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f
i T EVW Er | Er_r
k i TE3VW |
k|
V2Wk2 n TVWf
VW n 2
VW2
VW |
VW |
Tf i TE3
Tf | i TEVW | n k| i TE3
VW
VW
<
@
>
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Gh +8165,/ rq wluh =
W2
Ydu ET| *Tf ' V Ydu
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2
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2
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T _~
f
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W
2
T _c
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f
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4;5
f
+8173,
+8174,
+8175,
kU
l
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E| '
'
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'
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f
f
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f
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doruv hvw vroxwlrq gh o*ìtxdwlrq glìuhqwlhooh +816;, hw yìulh Ef ' f1 Rq revhuyh txh
E| ' 4E| 1
Srxu qlu )E| hvw grqqìh sdu =
Tf 2
Dk 2 2 2 k
k 2
W
W
)E| ' W i TE2V | n We i TEV | n W2 i TE2VW |
We
V
2V
V
2V
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2 k| 2 Tf 2 2 Tf |
2k
|
n W n W i TEVW | n W i TEVW |
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V
V
VW2
V
Od vrpph ghv wurlv whuphv gh +8168, grqqh od yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh gx uhqghphqw
gh o*dfwli =
k|
Tf
k
4k 4Tf
W
n 2 W W2
Ydu d%| *Tf o ' W n E i TEV |
V
VW VW2
V
V
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4k| 4Tf
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eV V
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2V
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V
4;6
+8177,
+8178,
+8179,
Dqqh{h G = rswlplvdwlrq gh o*hqwurslh
Rq xwlolvh od pìwkrgh gh Pholn hw Wkrpdv +4<<:, srxu oh fdofxo ghv sul{ dpìulfdlqv
g*rswlrqv1 Rq ìwxglh oh fdv gx fdoo1 Rq udsshooh txh fkdtxh sul{ hvw xqh frpelqdlvrq
olqìdluh g*xqh eruqh lqiìulhxuh hw vxsìulhxuh grqqìhv sdu =
E|c 7| c Ac g ' . d4@ Efc 7A go
, E|c 7| c Ac g ' 4@ .E7A gc e3o| EA . d4@ Efc 7A go
E|c 7| c Ac g ' / E|c 7| c Ac g n E / , E|c 7| c Ac g
Gdqv oh fdv gx sulqflsh gx pd{lpxp g*hqwurslh/ oh sul{ g*xq fdoo dpìulfdlq gh
vwulnh g v*ìfulw =
]
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f
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f
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3o| EA ]
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E%_% Hq lqwìjudqw oh whuph gh jdxfkh gdqv fhoxl gh gurlwh hw hq uhpsodêdqw R4@ E% sdu vd
ydohxu/ rq rewlhqw =
#
$
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
f ' /
ES E% i T
b S E% _%
>
f
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E% g i T
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S E% b S E% _%o
c
e
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f
'f
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E% ' % g c
E% ' S E% c
W E% ' e3o| EA S E% 4;7
+817:,
+817;,
S
Hq pxowlsoldqw +817;, sdu > hw sdu i T b
'f / rq rewlhqw =
]
f ' /
]
c
f
"
f
"
E% i T
W E% i T
#
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'f
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'f
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b E% _% n E / 4@ d
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b E% _%o
Rq xwlolvh xqh irupxoh g*lqwìjudwlrq udslgh gh Jdxvv gx w|sh =
] K
?
K@[
s E+_+ '
s E+ n U? c
2 '
@
K@
Kn@
+ '
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c
2
2
rü o*devflvvh % uhsuìvhqwh oh l0ëph }ìur g*xq sro|q÷ph ruwkrjrqdo ? E%/ ? E '
/ hw rü -? hw ohv srlgv vrqw grqqìv sdu =
2
d E% o2 c
 % ?
EK @2?n E?-e E2?
U? '
s E1
E2? n dE2?-o
'
4;8
Dqqh{h H = pìwkrgh g*rswlplvdwlrq gh Txdvl0Qhzwrq
Rq grqqh lfl oh sulqflsh jìqìudo gh od pìwkrgh1 Srxu soxv gh gìwdlov rq shxw vh uìiìuhu
dx olyuh gh Vwrhu hw Exoluvk +4<<6,1
Rq frqvlgëuh oh sureoëph gh plqlplvdwlrq vxlydqw srxu xqh irqfwlrq uìhooh G -? $ srxu ? yduldeohv =
4? E%
%MU?
Rq vxssrvh txh d ghv gìulyìhv sduwlhoohv frqwlqxhv sdu udssruw ã wrxwhv vhv yduldeohv/
5 2 E-? / hw rq qrwh oh judglhqw gh sdu =
}E% ' (E% '
Y
Y
c c ?

Y%
Y%
c
hw od pdwulfh ghv gìulyìhv vhfrqghv gh sdu =
ME% '
Y2
Y% Y%&
c c & ' c c ?
Suhvtxh wrxwhv ohv pìwkrghv gh plqlplvdwlrq frpphqfhqw dyhf xq srlqw %f 5 -? hw
hqjhqguhqw xqh vxlwh gh srlqwv %& / & f txl vrqw vxssrvìv dssurfkhu oh srlqw plqlpxp
gìvluì %1
D fkdtxh sdv g*lwìudwlrq/ %& $ %&n / srxu ohtxho }& ' }E%& 9' f/ xqh gluhfwlrq gh
uhfkhufkh r& hvw vsìfltxh ã od pìwkrgh fkrlvlh hvw gìwhuplqìh/ hw oh srlqw vxlydqw
%&n ' %& b& r&
hvw rewhqx sdu xqh uhfkhufkh olqìdluh/ l1h1 oh sdv gh uhfkhufkh b& hvw gìwhuplqì gh whooh
idêrq txh
E%&n 4?E)& Eb
)& Eb ' E%& br& vrlw ydodeoh dx prlqv gh idêrq dssur{lpdwlyh srxu %&n 1 Hq jìqìudo od gluhfwlrq r& hvw
gìwhuplqìh gh idêrq ghvfhqgdqwh srxu / l1h1 )& Ef ' }& r& f1
4;9
Rq hvw dlqvl dvvxuì txh vhxohv ohv ydohxuv srvlwlyhv gh b vhurqw sulvhv hq frpswh gdqv
od plqlplvdwlrq gh )& Eb1
Xq plqlpxp +orfdo, % gh hvw xq }ìur gh }E% > dlqvl rq shxw xwlolvhu q*lpsruwh txhooh
pìwkrgh gh gìwhuplqdwlrq gh }ìur vxu oh v|vwëph }E% ' f frpph dssurfkh gh gìfrxyhuwh
g*xq srlqw plqlpxp gh 1
Oh srlqw oh soxv lpsruwdqw frqfhuqh od pìwkrgh gh Qhzwrq5 1 D fkdtxh sdv %& $
%&n ' %& b& r& od gluhfwlrq gh Qhzwrq r& ' ME%& 3 }& hvw sulvh frpph gluhfwlrq gh
uhfkhufkh1 Xwlolvhu xq sdv frqvwdqw gh orqjxhxu b& '  d o*dydqwdjh gh gìqlu xqh pìwkrgh
frqyhujhqwh orfdohphqw txdgudwltxh/ pdlv d o*lqfrqyìqlhqw gh qìfhvvlwhu od fdofxo gh od
pdwulfh ME%& ã fkdtxh sdv g*lwìudwlrq1 Vl ? hvw odujh hw vl hvw frpsoltxìh/ oh fdofxo
gh M& E% shxw íwuh wuëv frþwhx{1 Doruv od pìwkrgh d ìwì prglìh sdu o*lqwhupìgldluh ghv
pdwulfhv ME%& txl vrqw uhpsodfìhv sdu ghv pdwulfhv dssursulìhv M& / r& ' M& }& / idflohv
ã fdofxohu1 Xqh pìwkrgh hvw glwh pìwkrgh gh txdvl0Qhzwrq vl srxu wrxw & f/ od
pdwulfh M&n vdwlvidlw o*ìtxdwlrq gh txdvl0Qhzwrq grqqìh sdu =
M&n E}&n }& ' %&n %& Fhwwh ìtxdwlrq idlw txh M&n vh frpsruwh frpph od pdwulfh gh Qhzwrq ME%&n 3 1 Gh
soxv/ od pdwulfh M& hvw gìqlh srvlwlyh srxu wrxw & f1
Xqh jìqìudolvdwlrq gh fhwwh pìwkrgh hvw grqqìh gdqv Gdylgrq +4<8<,/ Iohwfkhu hw
Srzhoo +4<96,/ Eur|ghq +4<98, hw Ruhq hw Oxhqehujhu +4<:7, txl grqqhqw xq fdofxo gh od
pdwulfh M&n ã sduwlu gh M& dyhf ohv sursulìwìv gìvluìhv1
Hq xwlolvdqw ohv qrwdwlrqv =
R& ' %&n %& / ^& ' }&n }&
5
Od pìwkrgh jìqìudolvìh gh Qhzwrq gdqv od uìvroxwlrq g*xq v|vwëph g*ìtxdwlrqv gh w|sh
hvw grqqìh sdu
6
5
s E% c c %? 8'f
s E% ' 7
s? E% c c %? %n ' % 3 E(s E% 3 s E% / ' fc c 2c 4;:
hw ohv sdudpëwuhv & : f hw w& f/ od pdwulfh uìfxuvlyh d od iruph =
M&n ' [E & c w& c M& c R& c ^& E w
^ M^ RR
w
M^^ M ER^ M n M^R [Ec wc Mc Rc ^ ' M n  n w R^
R^
^ M^
R^
Od irqfwlrq g*xsgdwh [ hvw gìqlh vhxohphqw srxu R ^ 9' f/ ^ M^ 9' f1 Rq revhuyh txh
M&n hvw rewhqxh srxu M& hq dmrxwdqw xqh fruuhfwlrq gh udqj5 ã od pdwulfh & M& =
h@?}EM&n & M& 21 Dlqvl [ hvw glwh gìqlh frpph xqh pìwkrgh gh udqj 51
Rq shxw flwhu ohv ghx{ fdv vxlydqwv srxu oh fdofxo gh [ sduwlfxolëuhphqw xwlolvìv gdqv
ohv surfìgxuhv g*rswlplvdwlrq =
41 & ' / w& ' f dsshoìh pìwkrgh GIS +Gdylgrq/ Iohwfkhu hw Srzhoo,
51 & ' / w& '  dsshoìh pìwkrgh EIJV +Eur|ghq/ Iohwfkhu/ Jrogidue hw Vkdqqr,/
fhwwh ghuqlëuh ìwdqw sdu h{sìulhqfh od soxv vrxyhqw frqvhlooìh srxu ohv sureoëphv gh
plqlplvdwlrq1
4;;
4;<
Wurlvlëph sduwlh
Dssolfdwlrqv ghv ghqvlwìv qhxwuhv dx
ulvtxh hq whuph gh frqwhqx hq
lqirupdwlrq
4<3
Fkdslwuh 4
Rxwlo ghvfulswli gh phvxuh gx ulvtxh
vxu ohv pdufkìv
Ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv vrqw vrxplvhv ã xq fhuwdlq qrpeuh gh ulvtxhv sdupl ohv0
txhov ohv ulvtxhv gh oltxlglwì/ ohv ulvtxhv rsìudwlrqqhov/ ohv ulvtxhv gh frqwuhsduwlh rx ohv
ulvtxhv gh pdufkì1 F*hvw fh ghuqlhu txl qrxv lqwìuhvvh gdqv fhwwh sduwlh1 Hq hhw/ hq
uìsrqvh ã xqh vìulh gh fdwdvwurskhv qdqflëuhv uìfhqwhv/ ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv frqvlgëuhqw dx0
mrxug*kxl od qrwlrq gh ulvn pdqdjhphqw frpph o*xqh ghv sulqflsdohv uhvsrqvdelolwìv g*xq
jhvwlrqqdluh g*hqwuhsulvh1 F*hvw srxutxrl xqh dwwhqwlrq sduwlfxolëuh/ uìfhqwh/ v*hvw sruwìh
vxu od txdqwlfdwlrq ghv xfwxdwlrqv gx pdufkì vrxv xq dqjoh vwdwlvwltxh1 Fhwwh phvxuh
gh od ydoxh0dw0ulvn +YdU, hvw dx fhqwuh gh qrpeuhx{ v|vwëphv gh jhvwlrq gx ulvtxh1 Od
gìqlwlrq grqqìh sdu MS Prujdq +4<<8, gh od YdU hvw od vxlydqwh =
Od Ydoxh0dw0Ulvn hvw xqh hvwlpdwlrq/ ìwdqw grqqì xq lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh/
gh od txdqwlwì txh txhotx*xq shxw shuguh dyhf od gìwhqwlrq g*xqh srvlwlrq vxu
xq fhuwdlq krul}rq1 Ohv krul}rqv srwhqwlhov shxyhqw w|sltxhphqw íwuh gh o*ruguh
g*xqh mrxuqìh srxu ghv dfwlylwìv gh wudglqj rx gh o*ruguh g*xq prlv rx soxv
srxu od jhvwlrq g*xq sruwhihxlooh1 Ohv pìwkrghv gìfulwhv gdqv qrwuh grfxphq0
wdwlrq xwlolvhqw ohv uhqghphqwv klvwrultxhv srxu suìyrlu ohv yrodwlolwìv hw ohv
fruuìodwlrqv txl vrqw hqvxlwh xwlolvìhv srxu hvwlphu oh ulvtxh gh pdufkì1 Fhv
vwdwlvwltxhv shxyhqw v*dssoltxhu ã xq hqvhpeoh gh fodvvhv g*dfwliv lqfrusrudqw
ghv surgxlwv xwlolvìv sdu ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv/ ohv frusrudwlrqv/ hw ohv lq0
yhvwlvvhxuv lqvwlwxwlrqqhov1
Od ydoxh0dw0ulvn hvw grqf xqh hvwlpdwlrq/ juåfh ã xq lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh suìgìql/
4<4
gx prqwdqw tx*xq lqyhvwlvvhxu shxw shuguh hq gìwhqdqw xqh srvlwlrq vxu xq fhuwdlq kr0
ul}rq1 Fhw krul}rq shxw íwuh gh txhotxhv mrxuv srxu o*dfwlylwì gh wudglqj hw gh soxvlhxuv
prlv rx soxv srxu od jhvwlrq gh sruwhihxlooh1
Xqh idêrq g*rewhqlu xqh phvxuh vwdwlvwltxh gh od YdU hvw gh prgìolvhu ohv xfwxdwlrqv
ghv dfwliv g*xq sruwhihxlooh hw g*hq gìulyhu xq lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh gh od shuwh srvvleoh
gx gìwhqwhxu gx sruwhihxlooh1 Xqh pìwkrgh dowhuqdwlyh srxu fdofxohu od YdU frqvlvwh ã
xwlolvhu ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv gh idêrq ã lqfrusruhu ghv dvshfwv vxssoìphqwdluhv gx ulvtxh gx
pdufkì/ lpsruwdqwv gdqv od sudwltxh gh od jhvwlrq gx ulvtxh1 Fhwwh pìwkrgh xwlolvh ohv
lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh fdofxoìv ã sduwlu gh od suredelolwì gh glvwulexwlrq qhxwuh dx ulvtxh
gx vrxv0mdfhqw gh o*rswlrq1 Rq rewlhqw dlqvl xqh phvxuh ìfrqrpltxh gh od YdU1
414
Lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh
Od glvwulexwlrq lpsolflwh rewhqxh juåfh ã o*xqh ghv whfkqltxhv sursrvìhv hq vhfwlrq LL
grqqh xqh ylvlrq lqwìuhvvdqwh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv gx pdufkì txdqw dx frpsruwhphqw gx
qlyhdx ghv wdx{ frxuwv rx ghv lqglfhv ã ghv prphqwv suìflv gdqv oh ixwxu1 Frpph qrxv
o*dyrqv yx/ hooh hvw sduwlfxolëuhphqw xwloh srxu ìwxglhu o*lpsdfw g*xq ìyìqhphqw sduwlfxolhu
rx g*xqh gìflvlrq srolwltxh vxvfhswleoh gh fkdqjhu od iruph gh od glvwulexwlrq g*xq mrxu ã
o*dxwuh1 Fhshqgdqw/ oh vxlyl gdqv oh whpsv gh od ghqvlwì gh suredelolwì hq wdqw tx*lqglfdwhxu
ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw ixwxuv vh uìyëoh frpsoh{h oruvtxh od sìulrgh dqdo|vìh
hvw uhodwlyhphqw orqjxh1 Od frqvwuxfwlrq gh pdujhv lpsolflwhv dqwlflsìhv sdu oh pdufkì
shuphw gh sdoolhu fhwwh gl!fxowì hq rudqw xqh ohfwxuh soxv dlvìh gh o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frxuv
dqwlflsìv1
Od frqqdlvvdqfh gh od glvwulexwlrq hqwlëuh g*xqh yduldeoh doìdwrluh f shuphw gh frqvwuxluh
ghv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh srxu xq vhxlo grqqì k hq uìvroydqw o*ìtxdwlrq =
Ef % ' k
+414,
Fhw lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh shuphw gh txdqwlhu/ srxu xqh suredelolwì grqqìh/ od shuwh
pd{lpdoh rx oh jdlq pd{lpdo txl uìvxowh gh od gìwhqwlrq gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Rq grlw
íwuh suxghqw lfl sxlvtxh ohv phvxuhv rewhqxhv vrqw sulvhv gdqv xq xqlyhuv qhxwuh ylv0ã0ylv
gx ulvtxh1 Fhshqgdqw/ frpph o*ìfulw Uxelqvwhlq +4<<7, = 111/ ghvslwh zduqlqjv wr wkh
frqwudu|/ zh fdq mxvwldeo| vxssrvh d urxjk vlploduo| ehwzhhq wkh ulvn0qhxwudo sured0
4<5
elolwlhv lpsolhg lq rswlrq sulfhv dqg vxemhfwlyh eholhiv1 hw lo oh mxvwlh sdu xq h{hpsoh
qxpìultxh1 D xq sdudpëwuh suëv txh o*rq shxw frqvlgìuhu frpph ìwdqw xqh phvxuh gh
od sulph gh ulvtxh/ ohv qrpeuhv rewhqxv vxu o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh vrqw fhx{ txh o*rq
dxudlw rewhqxv vrxv od suredelolwì vxemhfwlyh1 Gdqv wrxv ohv fdv/ lo qh sdudñw sdv devxugh
gh shqvhu txh/ g*xq srlqw gh yxh ghvfulswli/ ohv yduldwlrqv ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv yrqw gdqv oh
píph vhqv vrxv ohv ghx{ suredelolwìv1 Gdqv fhw hvsulw/ od Exqghvedqn idlw xqh dqdo|vh
gx pdufkì ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ ã wurlv prlv hw vxu reoljdwlrq1 Hooh
hvwlph txh ohv lqglfdwhxuv gìulyìv gh fhv pdufkìv vrqw ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv gh pdufkì vxu ohv
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw ã wurlv prlv gx pdufkì prqìwdluh hw ohv uhqghphqwv ghv wlwuhv gh od ghwwh
hq Doohpdjqh1
Oh judskltxh +614, prqwuh ohv uìvxowdwv gh o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh gx wdx{ Sleru
60prlv hq vxssrvdqw xqh glvwulexwlrq orjqrupdoh1 Srxu fkdtxh mrxu gh od sìulrgh/ ohv
txdqwlohv srxu 5 ydohxuv vhxlo kI hw ff kI vrqw fdofxoìv1 Od glìuhqfh hqwuh fhv 5
ydohxuv iruph xq lqwhuydooh txl/ hq dffrug dyhf ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì hw
hq h{foxdqw od sulph gh ulvtxh/ fdswxuh ohv wdx{ ixwxuv ã od gdwh g*ìfkìdqfh gh o*rswlrq
+lfl/ lqwhusroìh srxu 6 prlv, dyhf xqh suredelolwì gh Eff 2kI1 O*ìfduw gh fhw lqwhuydooh
gh frqdqfh gh qlyhdx k shxw íwuh frqvlgìuì frpph xqh phvxuh gh o*lqfhuwlwxgh1 Hq hhw/
soxv ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv furlhqw hq ohxuv dqwlflsdwlrqv/ soxv o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh hvw ìwurlw
hw vhv eruqhv uhvvhuuìhv dxwrxu gh od ydohxu hvsìuìh gx wdx{ ixwxu1
O*rewhqwlrq g*lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh ã wudyhuv oh whpsv vxu ghv rswlrqv gh píph pd0
wxulwì q*hvw sdv gluhfwh/ frqwudluhphqw dx{ rswlrqv gh fkdqjh sdu h{hpsoh srxu ohvtxhoohv
lo vx!w g*hvwlphu hq iuìtxhqfh txrwlglhqqh oh prgëoh vxu od pdwxulwì yrxoxh1 Gdqv oh fdv
ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw hw ghv rswlrqv vxu lqglfhv/ oh sureoëph
hvw soxv gìolfdw sxlvtxh f*hvw o*ìfkìdqfh hw qrq od pdwxulwì txl uhvwh {ìh1 Gdqv fh fdv/ vl
o*rq fkhufkh ã frpsduhu ohv glvwulexwlrqv ã ghx{ gdwhv vìsduìhv/ ohv glìuhqfhv rewhqxhv
hqwuh ohv ghx{ gdwhv qh uìvxowhurqw sdv gh o*dqwlflsdwlrq gx pdufkì/ pdlv vlpsohphqw gh
od glplqxwlrq gh od pdwxulwì txl lqwhuylhqw gdqv oh fdofxo ghv prphqwv1 O*rewhqwlrq gh vì0
ulhv whpsruhoohv ghv txdqwlohv qìfhvvlwh xqh suhplëuh ìwdsh txl hvw o*hvwlpdwlrq gx prgëoh
vxu o*hqvhpeoh ghv pdwxulwìv glvsrqleohv srxu xqh mrxuqìh > sxlv xqh vhfrqgh ìwdsh txl
frqvlvwh ã lqwhusrohu ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv srxu xqh pdwxulwì {h srxu rewhqlu ghv sdud0
pëwuhv v|qwkìwltxhv gh vnhzqhvv hw gh nxuwrvlv/ vrxv0uìvhuyh txh o*rq dlw dx suìdodeoh idlw
o*k|srwkëvh gh o*h{lvwhqfh g*xqh vwuxfwxuh sdu whuph ghv frh!flhqwv1 Lo h{lvwh soxvlhxuv
pìwkrghv g*lqwhusrodwlrq/ Exwohu hw Gdylhv +4<<;, sursrvhqw xqh vlpsoh lqwhusrodwlrq
4<6
olqìdluh1 Qrxv suìiìurqv uhwhqlu xqh pìwkrgh gh vsolqh fxeltxh4 txl sdudñw soxv vrxsoh
tx*xqh vlpsoh pìwkrgh olqìdluh1 Oh fkrl{ ghv pdwxulwìv srxu od frqvwuxfwlrq gh glvwulex0
wlrqv v|qwkìwltxhv v*hvw idlw orjltxhphqw hq irqfwlrq ghv pdwxulwìv h{lvwdqwhv1 Dlqvl/ ohv
rswlrqv Sleru vrqw wrxmrxuv frwìhv srxu 7 ìfkìdqfhv wulphvwulhoohv/ grqf ohv pdwxulwìv gh
6 prlv/ 9 prlv hw < prlv vrqw wrxmrxuv h{lvwdqwhv1 Frqfhuqdqw ohv rswlrqv vxu FDF 73 txl
vrqw frwìhv srxu 6 prlv frqvìfxwliv dx mrxu gh frwdwlrq soxv xqh ìfkìdqfh wulphvwulhooh/
lo h{lvwh wrxmrxuv ghv pdwxulwìv gh 4 prlv/ 78 mrxuv hw 6 prlv1 Fh vrqw grqf fhv pdwxulwìv
txl vhurqw uhwhqxhv srxu o*ìwxgh vxlydqwh1
41414
Wdx{ g*lqwìuíw
Ohv judskltxhv +615, hw +616, prqwuhqw ohv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh gx wdx{ Sleru 60prlv
hq vxssrvdqw uhvshfwlyhphqw xqh glvwulexwlrq gìulyìh g*xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv
g*Khuplwh hw xqh glvwulexwlrq lvvxh g*xq pìodqjh gh orlv orjqrupdohv1 Fhv lqwhuydoohv
gh frqdqfh dssruwhqw ghv suìflvlrqv vxu ohv ìyìqhphqwv txl rqw hqwrxuì ohv ìohfwlrqv
dqwlflsìhv gh 4<<:1 Rq uhpdutxh xq fdoph uhodwli dydqw od gdwh gx 47 dyulo 4<<:1 D
sduwlu gh fhwwh gdwh/ rq qrwh xqh euxvtxh kdxvvh gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh gh o*lqwhuydooh
gh frqdqfh dydqw od gdwh gh o*dqqrqfh r!flhooh gh od glvvroxwlrq gh o*Dvvhpeoìh oh 54
dyulo 4<<:1 Fhwwh revhuydwlrq qrxv olyuh xqh lqirupdwlrq lqwìuhvvdqwh vxu ohv pdufkìv =
ghv uxphxuv gh od glvvroxwlrq dydlhqw frxux gdqv od vhpdlqh txl suìfìgdlw o*dqqrqfh hooh0
píph/ d|dqw srxu frqvìtxhqfh xqh kdxvvh gh od fudlqwh ghv lqyhvwlvvhxuv txdqw ã xq ixwxu
uhodwlyhphqw surfkh1 Dsuëv od gdwh gx 54 dyulo/ o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh uhvwh ã xq qlyhdx
ìohyì/ vdqv wrxwhirlv v*djudqglu1 Dx ohqghpdlq gx 59 pdl/ suhplhu wrxu ghv ìohfwlrqv/
od eruqh vxsìulhxuh gh o*lqwhuydooh vxelw ã qrxyhdx xqh dxjphqwdwlrq gxh dx{ uìvxowdwv
gx suhplhu wrxu hw dx{ vrqgdjhv txl uhqghqw gìvrupdlv soxv txh suredeoh xq ìyhqwxho
fkdqjhphqw gh jrxyhuqhphqw hq idyhxu gx sduwl vrfldolvwh1 Od fudlqwh shuvlvwh mxvtx*dx
5 mxlq/ vhfrqg wrxu ghv ìohfwlrqv/ dx frxuv gxtxho od jdxfkh uhpsruwh od ylfwrluh1 Xqh
vhpdlqh dsuëv oh vhfrqg wrxu/ ohv fudlqwhv ghv lqyhvwlvvhxuv vh vrqw xq shx dsdlvìhv/ wrxw
hq uhvwdqw suìvhqwhv1 Hqq/ dsuëv oh 43 mxlq/ ã od vxlwh ghv glvfrxuv udvvxudqw gx qrxyhdx
jrxyhuqhphqw vxu ohxu srvlwlrq gdqv o*Xqlrq Prqìwdluh Hxursìhqqh hw ohxu srolwltxh
ìfrqrpltxh jìqìudoh/ o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh vh udssurfkh gh vrq ìwdw dqwìulhxu dx 47
dyulo/ wrxw hq uhvwdqw fhshqgdqw xq shx soxv odujh/ vljqh txh oh qrxyhdx jrxyhuqhphqw
q*d sdv frpsoëwhphqw uìxvvl ã udvvxuhu ohv pdufkìv vxu vd srolwltxh prqìwdluh ixwxuh1
4
Rq wurxyhud xqh h{solfdwlrq gìwdlooìh gh od pìwkrgh gdqv oh olyuh g*lqwurgxfwlrq ã o*dqdo|vh qxpìultxh gh Vwrhu hw
Exoluvfk +4<<6,1
4<7
Rq shxw qrwhu txh/ txhooh txh vrlw od sìulrgh g*revhuydwlrq/ oh udssruw gx wdx{ ã whuph
vxu od eruqh lqiìulhxuh hvw wrxmrxuv soxv shwlw txh oh udssruw gh od eruqh vxsìulhxuh vxu
oh wdx{ ã whuph/ h{fhswì gdqv oh fdv g*xqh ghqvlwì orjqrupdoh1 Srxu ohv dxwuhv prgëohv/
fhwwh revhuydwlrq hvw od frqvìtxhqfh g*xq frh!flhqw g*dv|pìwulh srvlwli1 Gh píph/ rq
uhpdutxhud txh od odujhxu gh o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh hvw wrxmrxuv soxv shwlwh gdqv oh
fdv gx prgëoh orjqrupdo txh srxu ohv dxwuhv prgëohv/ wudgxlvdqw lfl od suìvhqfh g*xq
frh!flhqw g*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv srvlwli1
4<8
41415
Lqglfhv
Gdqv od olwwìudwxuh/ rq qrwh txh ohv dqdo|vhv ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv gh pdufkì ã sduwlu
ghv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh vxu ohv pdufkìv g*dfwlrqv vrqw qhwwhphqw soxv uhvwuhlqwhv txh
fhoohv vxu ohv pdufkìv gh wdx{1 Pdlv lo dssdudñw fodluhphqw dyhf od pxowlsolfdwlrq ghv fulvhv
uìfhqwhv/ whoohv txh od fulvh uxvvh rx od fulvh dvldwltxh/ txh ohv edqtxhv frpphufldohv yrqw
gh soxv hq soxv dyrlu ehvrlq g*lqglfdwhxuv srxu whvwhu oh frpsruwhphqw ghv lqyhvwlvvhxuv1
Ohv jxuhv +618, hw +619, prqwuhqw oh frxuv gx FDF 73 hw ohv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh ã xq
qlyhdx gh 43( dyhf ohv pìwkrghv g*Khuplwh g*xqh sduw hw xq surfhvvxv ã vdxwv g*dxwuh
sduw1 Fhv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh vrqw rewhqxv hq lqwhusrodqw ohv txdqwlohv ã 43( srxu
ghv pdwxulwìv gh 4 prlv/ 78 mrxuv hw 6 prlv vxu xqh sìulrgh gh pdl 4<<: ã gìfhpeuh 4<<:1
G*xqh idêrq jìqìudoh/ rq revhuyh txh ohv eruqhv fdofxoìhv dyhf oh prgëoh orjqrupdo vrqw
dx0ghvvxv ghv eruqhv dyhf ohv prgëohv ã vdxwv +MPS, hw sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh +KHU,1
G*xqh fhuwdlqh idêrq/ rq shxw gluh txh o*lqvx!vdqfh g*lqirupdwlrq fdswxuìh sdu oh prgëoh
orjqrupdo uhqg wurs rswlplvwhv ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv vxu oh frxuv gh o*lqglfh1 Fhwwh uhpdutxh
hvw uhqirufìh sdu od suìvhqfh gh slfv rx gh vdxwv gdqv od vìulh ghv txdqwlohv dyhf ohv
prgëohv MPS hw KHU/ txh o*rq qh uhwurxyh sdv dyhf oh ehqfkpdun1 Fhv slfv vrqw oh uh hw
g*xq lqfhuwdlq orfdolvì hw srqfwxho1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ dx gìexw gx prlv gh mxloohw 4<<:/ rq
revhuyh xqh edlvvh ghv txdqwlohv lqiìulhxuv fdofxoìv dyhf KHU hw MPS/ txl suryrtxhqw
xq euxvtxh ìodujlvvhphqw gh od edqgh gh frqdqfh1 Od sìulrgh gh pdl ã mxlq 4<<: hvw
fdudfwìulvìh sdu xq lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh uhodwlyhphqw vwdeoh/ uh ìwdqw oh shx g*dq{lìwì
gx pdufkì ã fh prphqw vxu oh frpsruwhphqw gh o*lqglfh ã xq krul}rq gh 4 prlv ã 6 prlv1
Xqh fhuwdlqh djlwdwlrq vhpeoh dqlphu oh pdufkì gh q mxlq ã q mxloohw 4<<:/ uhqirufìh sdu
xq ìodujlvvhphqw gh o*lqwhuydooh gh frqdqfh/ vljqh txh o*lqfhuwdlq vxu ohv frxuv ixwxuv d
dxjphqwì1 Gh gìexw drþw ã pl0rfwreuh/ o*lqwhuydooh vhpeoh uìwuìflu wrxw hq uhvwdqw lqgìflv
dx gìexw gx prlv g*rfwreuh1 Oh 53 rfwreuh 4<<: od eruqh lqiìulhxuh gh o*lqwhuydooh fkxwh
gh 54<;/9 ã 4:5;/4 vljqh g*xqh wuëv iruwh fudlqwh ghv pdufkìv g*dfwlrqv/ olì ã o*lq xhqfh
gh od fulvh uxvvh vxu ohv pdufkìv gìyhorssìv1
4<<
536
Fkdslwuh 5
Yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hw h!flhqfh ghv
pdufkìv g*rswlrqv
Pdonlho +4<<5, grqqh od gìqlwlrq vxlydqwh gh o*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv = Xq pdufkì
hvw glw h!flhqw v*lo uh ëwh frpsoëwhphqw hw fruuhfwhphqw wrxwh o*lqirupdwlrq shuwlqhqwh
gdqv o*ìydoxdwlrq ghv sul{ g*dfwliv1 Iruphoohphqw oh pdufkì hvw glw h!flhqw sdu udssruw
ã xq hqvhpeoh g*lqirupdwlrq vl ohv sul{ g*dfwliv qh vrqw sdv dhfwìv sdu od uìyìodwlrq gh
fhwwh lqirupdwlrq ã o*hqvhpeoh ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì1 Gh soxv o*h!flhqfh sdu udssruw ã
xqh lqirupdwlrq lpsoltxh tx*lo hvw lpsrvvleoh gh frqvwlwxhu ghv surwv dyhf fhwwh edvh
g*lqirupdwlrq1
Od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh txh o*rq shxw wluhu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv hvw0hooh oh phloohxu hv0
wlpdwhxu gh od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh B Vl o*rq furlw ã o*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv/ od uìsrqvh ã
fhwwh txhvwlrq hvw rxl/ vlqrq lo vhudlw srvvleoh gh frqvwuxluh ghv vwudwìjlhv txl srxuudlhqw
hqjhqguhu ghv surwv hq lghqwldqw ohv rswlrqv pdo ìydoxìhv1 Fhx{ txl furlhqw txh ohv
lqyhvwlvvhxuv rqw ghv frpsruwhphqwv qrq udwlrqqhov hw txh ohv sul{ g*dfwliv qh vrqw sdv
h!flhqwv ã o*lqirupdwlrq uìsrqgurqw sdu qrq1
Od uìsrqvh ã fhwwh txhvwlrq d grqqì olhx ã xqh derqgdqwh olwwìudwxuh ghsxlv od q ghv
dqqìhv :3 hw ohv frqfoxvlrqv ghv glyhuvhv ìwxghv vxu oh vxmhw qh v*dffrughqw sdv wrxmrxuv1
Fhshqgdqw/ od pdmrulwì ghv frqfoxvlrqv whqg ã dffhswhu o*k|srwkëvh txh od yrodwlolwì lp0
solflwh frqwlhqw gh o*lqirupdwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh sdu udssruw dx{ yrodwlolwìv klvwrultxhv1
Dlqvl/ Fkludv hw Pdqdvwhu +4<:;, wurxyhqw txh ohv yduldqfhv lpsolflwhv rewhqxhv dyhf oh
prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv vxu ohv rswlrqv vrqw gh phloohxuv suìglfwhxuv ghv yduldqfhv ghv
uhqghphqwv ixwxuv ghv sul{ txh fhoohv rewhqxhv ã sduwlu ghv vìulhv klvwrultxhv ghv sul{1
537
Gd| hw Ohzlv +4<<5, rqw whqgdqfh ã dffhswhu o*k|srwkëvh srxu ohv rswlrqv vxu V)S433/
pdlv qxdqfhqw ohxu uìvxowdw vhorq oh mrxu gh wudglqj fkrlvl srxu oh whvw1 Kduyh| hw Zkdoh|
+4<<5, whvwhqw hw uhmhwwhqw o*k|srwkëvh txh ohv prxyhphqwv ixwxuv gh od yrodwlolwì vrqw
lpsuìylvleohv hw frqfoxhqw txh oh pdufkì ghv rswlrqv vxu V)S433 hvw orfdohphqw h!flhqw1
Gh píph/ [x hw Wd|oru +4<<8, h{dplqhqw o*h!flhqfh lqirupdwlrqhooh gx Sklodghoskld
Vwrfn H{fkdqjh +SKO[, hq xwlolvdqw xqh pìwkrgrorjlh DUFK hw wurxyhqw txh oh pdufkì
ghv fkdqjhv gh Sklodghoskld hvw h!flhqw dx vhqv rü ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv irxuqlvvhqw
gh phloohxuv suìglfwhxuv txh ohv yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv1 Mrulrq +4<<8, ìwxglh ã od irlv
oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq hw oh srxyrlu suìglfwli ghv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv vxu oh Fkl0
fdjr Phufdqwloh H{fkdqjh hw wurxyh txh ohv prgëohv gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv vrqw grplqìv
sdu ohv suìylvlrqv idlwhv dyhf ohv yrodwlolwìv ghv rswlrqv1 Jxr +4<<9, wurxyh vxu oh SKO[
txh od yduldqfh lpsolflwh hvw xq suìglfwhxu eldlvì gh od yduldqfh ixwxuh1 Soxv uìfhpphqw/
Dplq hw Qj +4<<:, frpsduhqw oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh wluìh
g*xq prgëoh gh w|sh Khdwk0Mduurz0Pruwrq +4<<5, dyhf fhoxl h{lvwdqw gdqv xqh yrodwlolwì
gh w|sh JDUFK hw frqfoxhqw txh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh grplqh qhwwhphqw od yrodwlolwì
JDUFK1 Fkulvwhqvhq hw Sudekdod +4<<;, frqfoxhqw txh od yrodwlolwì ghv rswlrqv hqjoreh
oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv od yrodwlolwì sdvvìh1 Eodlu/ Srrq hw Wd|oru +4<<<, frp0
sduhqw oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gh od vìulh g*lqglfhv gh yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv YL[ hw ghv
uhqghphqwv lqwud0gd| gh o*lqglfh V)S4331 Lov wurxyhqw txh wrxwh o*lqirupdwlrq hvw uìyìoìh
sdu od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh/ hw tx*lo q*| d grqf sdv g*dssruw lqirupdwlrqqho gdqv ohv grqqìhv
gh kdxwh iuìtxhqfh1
D o*lqyhuvh ghv frqfoxvlrqv gh fhv ìwxghv/ Ehfnhuv +4<;4, ìwxglh oh srxyrlu suìglfwli
gh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hq whqdqw frpswh gx sureoëph ghv glylghqghv hw wurxyh txh
wrxwh o*lqirupdwlrq glvsrqleoh q*hvw sdv uh ìwìh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv/ uhphwwdqw dlqvl
hq fdxvh o*h!flhqfh gx pdufkì ghv rswlrqv1 Hqq/ Fdqlqd hw Iljohzvnl +4<<6, wurxyhqw
txh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh ghv rswlrqv vxu V)S433 hvw xq idleoh suìglfwhxu gh od yrodwlolwì
ixwxuh1
Gdqv o*hqvhpeoh/ ohv ìwxghv vxu ohv pdufkìv ghv fkdqjhv whqghqw ã dffhswhu o*k|srwkëvh
g*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv/ doruv txh ohv pdufkìv g*dfwlrqv rqw soxw÷w whqgdqfh ã od uhmhwwhu1
Rq vh sursrvh gdqv fhwwh vhfwlrq gh whqwhu gh uìsrqguh ã od txhvwlrq srvìh/ ã vdyrlu
vl od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvw oh phloohxu suìglfwhxu gh od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh1 Rq frpsduh oh
srxyrlu suìglfwli txh o*rq shxw wluhu ghv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv rewhqx hq lqyhuvdqw oh prgëoh
gh Eodfn hw Vfkrohv +4<:6, dyhf fhoxl frqwhqx gdqv xqh yrodwlolwì hvwlpìh ã sduwlu g*xqh
h{whqvlrq g*xq prgëoh gh w|sh JDUFK hvwlpì vxu xqh vìulh whpsruhooh gx vrxv0mdfhqw
538
gh o*rswlrq1
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ rq gìfulw ohv glìuhqwhv iruphv gh yrodwlolwìv txl dssdudlvvhqw
gdqv ohv whvwv/ ã vdyrlu yrodwlolwì klvwrultxh/ yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hw yrodwlolwì frqglwlrqqhooh
hvwlpìh ã sduwlu g*xq prgëoh JDUFK1 Gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv/ rq h{soltxh ohv glìuhqwv
whvwv gh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv1 Hqq/ rq dqdo|vhud ohv
uìvxowdwv hpslultxhv1
514
Yrodwlolwìv klvwrultxhv/ lpsolflwhv hw JDUFK
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv lo v*djlw gh yìulhu oh frqwhqx lqirupdwlrqqho gh od yrodwlolwì
lpsolflwh1 Vl hhfwlyhphqw lo | d gh o*lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv/ rq shxw
gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv whvwhu o*k|srwkëvh mrlqwh gh vdyrlu vl oh prgëoh g*ìydoxdwlrq g*rswlrq
fkrlvl hvw elhq vsìflì hw vl od yrodwlolwì hvw elhq od phloohxuh suìylvlrq gh od yrodwlolwì
ixwxuh1
Ohv rswlrqv sruwhqw vxu xq vrxv0mdfhqw grqw oh sul{ ã o*lqvwdqw | vhud grqqì sdu 7| hw
rq qrwh -| ' *?E7|n *7| oh uhqghphqw vxu o*lqwhuydooh +w> w . 4,1 Rq glvwlqjxh wurlv w|shv
gh yrodwlolwìv = od yrodwlolwì klvwrultxh/ r| / od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh j | hw od yrodwlolwì JDUFK
| 1
51414
Yrodwlolwìv qrq frqglwlrqqhoohv
Yduldqfh ixwxuh uìdolvìh
Od yduldqfh uìdolvìh ixwxuh qrwìh r| hvw fdofxoìh frpph od pr|hqqh dulwkpìwltxh ghv
uhqghphqwv fduuìv ghv A surfkdlqv mrxuv gh wudglqj =
A
[ 2
r| '
A ' |n
2
+514,
Yduldqfh klvwrultxh
Rq shxw fdofxohu od yduldqfh klvwrultxh vrxv od iruph g*xqh pr|hqqh preloh1 Fhooh0fl
uhsuìvhqwh xqh vlpsoh suìylvlrq gh od yduldqfh gx vrxv0mdfhqw vxu xqh ihqíwuh gh mrxuv
539
hw v*ìfulw =
 [ 2
r| '
' |3n
2
51415
+515,
Yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv JDUFK
Oh u÷oh lpsruwdqw mrxì sdu oh ulvtxh gdqv od wkìrulh ìfrqrpltxh g*dxmrxug*kxl d qì0
fhvvlwì oh gìyhorsshphqw gh qrxyhoohv whfkqltxhv ìfrqrpìwultxhv gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv
shuphwwdqw od prgìolvdwlrq gh yduldqfhv hw fryduldqfhv gìshqgdqwhv gx whpsv1 Ohv pr0
gëohv DUFK +Dxwruhjuhvvlyh Frqglwlrqdo Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw|, lqwurgxlwv sdu Hqjoh +4<;5,
shuphwwhqw gh idluh xqh glvwlqfwlrq hqwuh ohv prphqwv frqglwlrqqhov hw qrq frqglwlrqqhov
gx vhfrqg ruguh1 Vl od pdwulfh gh yduldqfh0fryduldqfh ghv yduldeohv shxw íwuh lqyduldqwh ã
wudyhuv oh whpsv/ fhooh ghv yduldqfh0fryduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh gìshqg ghv ìwdwv sdvvìv gx
prqgh1 Rq udsshooh od gìqlwlrq g*xq prgëoh DUFK =4
Gìqlwlrq 9 Rq qrwh i0| j xq surfhvvxv vwrfkdvwltxh ã whpsv glvfuhw grqw od pr|hqqh hw
od yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhoohv vrqw ghv irqfwlrqv sdudpìwulvìhv sdu xq yhfwhxu gh glphqvlrq
qlh w 5 X -6 1
Rq glw txh oh surfhvvxv i0| j vxlw xq prgëoh DUFK vl o*hvsìudqfh frqglwlrqqhooh hvw
qxooh
. E0| *0|3 c 0|32 c ' fc | ' c 2c c
+516,
hw od yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh gìshqg gh od wulex hqjhqguìh sdu ohv revhuydwlrqv sdvvìhv
i0|3 c 0|32 c j
2| ' . 02| *0|3 c 0|32 c +517,
Udsshoorqv eulëyhphqw txhotxhv frpsruwhphqwv txh shxw vxlyuh oh uhqghphqw gh o*df0
wli =
od ohswrnxuwlflwì = ohv txhxhv gh glvwulexwlrq ghv uhqghphqwv whqghqw ã íwuh ìsdlvvhv/
oh uhjurxshphqw gh yrodwlolwì = gh iruwhv yduldwlrqv whqghqw ã íwuh vxlylhv sdu gh iruwhv
yduldwlrqv/ hw ghv idleohv yduldwlrqv sdu ghv idleohv +Pdqghoeurw +4<96,,/
4
Rq wurxyhud xqh erqqh uhyxh gh olwwìudwxuh vxu ohv prgëohv DUFK gdqv Eroohuvohy/ Hqjoh hw Qhovrq +4<<7,1
53:
ohv hhwv gh ohylhu = ohv yduldwlrqv gx sul{ gh o*dfwli vrqw hq jìqìudo fruuìoìhv qìjdwl0
yhphqw dyhf ohv yduldwlrqv gh od yrodwlolwì gh o*dfwli/
od sulvh hq frpswh ghv mrxuv gh ihuphwxuh gh pdufkì/ o*lqirupdwlrq dffxpxoìh oruvtxh
oh pdufkì hvw ihupì d whqgdqfh ã vh uìyìohu txdqg lo urxyuh/
ohv ìyìqhphqwv suìylvleohv = od glxvlrq g*xqh lpsruwdqwh lqirupdwlrq suìylvleoh hvw
dvvrflìh ã xqh kdxvvh gh yrodwlolwì1
Od prgìolvdwlrq ghv ghx{ suhplhuv frpsruwhphqwv hvw dvvh} elhq sulvh hq frpswh
sdu xq prgëoh gh w|sh JDUFK+s/t,/ jìqìudolvdwlrq ghv prgëohv DUFK lqwurgxlwh sdu
Eroohuvohy +4<;9, srxu ohtxho od yrodwlolwì v*ìfulw =
2
| ' kf n
^
[
'
k 02|3
n
R
[
'
q 2|3 +518,
Hq sduwlfxolhu oh prgëoh JDUFK+4/4, hvw grqqì sdu =
2| ' kf n k 02|3 n q2|3 c
+519,
vrxv ohv frqwudlqwhv kf : f/ k / q f txl lpsrvhqw od srvlwlylwì gh od yrodwlolwì1 Oh
surfhvvxv hvw vwdwlrqqdluh vl hw vhxohphqw vl k n q / dxtxho fdv od yduldqfh qrq
frqglwlrqqhooh hvw grqqìh sdu @hE0| ' kf *E k q1
Srxu suhqguh hq frpswh ohv hhwv gh ohylhu/ rq grlw idluh gìshqguh 2| qrq soxv xqltxh0
phqw gh od wdlooh ghv uìvlgxv sdvvìv/ pdlv ìjdohphqw gx vljqh1 F*hvw fh txh shuphwwhqw gh
idluh ohv JDUFK dv|pìwultxhv grqw rq shxw flwhu o*devroxwh JDUFK rx DJDUFK+4/4,
sursrvì sdu Hqjoh +4<<3,
2| ' kf n k02|3 n B0|3 n q2|3 c
+51:,
o*h{srqhqwlho JDUFK rx HJDUFK+4/4, gh Qhovrq +4<<4, =
#
*?E2| ' kf n
0|3
0|3
w
n Em
m
|3
|3
u
vdqv dxfxqh frqwudlqwh qìfhvvdluh vxu ohv sdudpëwuhv/
53;
2
Z
$
n q *?E2|3 c
+51;,
oh JMU+4/4, lqwurgxlw sdu Jorvwhq/ Mdjdqqdwkdq hw Uxqnoh +4<<6, =
2| ' kf n k02|3 n 02|3 t0|  f n q2|3 c
+51<,
3
dyhf kf : f/ k/ q f hw k n f1 Od yrodwlolwì hvw vwdwlrqqdluh oruvtxh k n q n *2 1
Fhwwh irupxodwlrq shuphw xqh uìsrqvh txdgudwltxh gh od yrodwlolwì dx{ qrxyhoohv dyhf ghv
frh!flhqwv glìuhqwv vhorq tx*hoohv vrqw erqqhv rx pdxydlvhv1
Rq fdudfwìulvhud oh uhqghphqw sdu o*ìtxdwlrq vxlydqwh lqfoxdqw xq hhw lq phdq =
-| ' bf n b 2| n 0| c
rü 0| vxlw xqh orl grqqìh gh yduldqfh 2| 1
G*dxwuhv prgëohv rqw ìwì sursrvìv gdqv od olwwìudwxuh1 Dlqvl/ ]dnròdq +4<<4, lqwurgxlw
ohv prgëohv kìwìurvfìgdvwltxhv ã vhxlo srxu prgìolvhu od suìvhqfh g*dv|pìwulh1
51416
Yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv hw yrodwlolwìv ã0od0prqqdlh
Rq qrwh j |cA od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh g*xqh rswlrq gh pdwxulwì A srxu xq hqvhpeoh gh
sul{ g*h{huflfh1 Vl oh sul{ wkìrultxh g*xqh rswlrq g*dfkdw hvw grqqì sdu E|c 8c g c A /
' c c 6 rü 6 hvw oh qrpeuh gh sul{ g*rswlrqv revhuyìv/ od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvw
fdofxoìh sdu plqlplvdwlrq ghv prlqguhv fduuìv qrq olqìdluhv frpph =
jlps
|cA ' @h} 4?
j
6 [
'
2
e E|c 8c g c A ( j
c
+5143,
e uhsuìvhqwh oh sul{ revhuyì gh o*rswlrq g*dfkdw gh sul{ g*h{huflfh g hw gh pdwxulwì
rü A 1 Od yrodwlolwì ã0od0prqqdlh fruuhvsrqg ã od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh gh o*rswlrq grqw oh sul{
g*h{huflfh hvw oh soxv surfkh gx sul{ ã whuph gx vrxv0mdfhqw1 Hooh hvw fdofxoìh dlqvl =
2
edwp E|c 8c gdwp c A ( j
j |cA ' @h} 4? j
dwp
c
+5144,
edwp hw gdwp uhsuìvhqwhqw uhvshfwlyhphqw oh sul{ revhuyì hw oh sul{ g*h{huflfh ã0od0
rü prqqdlh1
Srxu udphqhu fhv ghx{ phvxuhv gh yrodwlolwì g*krul}rq A ã xq krul}rq g*xq mrxu/ rq
53<
uhwlhqw frpph phvxuh gh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hw gh od yrodwlolwì ã0od0prqqdlh =
j|clps
j |cdwp
515
jlps
|cA
' s
c
SD
jdwp
|cA
' s
SD
Whvwv g*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv
Qrxv qrxv dwwdfkrqv lfl ã whvwhu ghx{ k|srwkëvhv = ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv rx ã0od0
prqqdlh frqwlhqqhqw0hoohv gh o*lqirupdwlrq qrq sulvh hq frpswh gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv lvvxhv
gh prgëohv gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv B hw ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv rx ã0od0prqqdlh vrqw0hoohv
gh erqv suìglfwhxuv ghv yrodwlolwìv ixwxuhv B1 Gdqv oh fdv g*xqh uìsrqvh srvlwlyh/ qrxv
whvwhurqv vl od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvw elhq oh phloohxu suìglfwhxu gh od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh/
frpph fh ghyudlw íwuh oh fdv gdqv xq pdufkì h!flhqw1
Srxu whvwhu o*k|srwkëvh ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv frqwlhqqhqw gh o*lqirupdwlrq txl shu0
phw gh suìyrlu ohv yrodwlolwìv ixwxuhv Mrulrq+4<<8, frqvhlooh gh whvwhu ohv ìtxdwlrqv vxl0
ydqwhv =
r2| ' @ n K j2|clps n K2 2|cVW n e| c
+5145,
r2| ' @ n K j2|cdwp n K2 2|cVW n e| c
+5146,
rü r2| hvw od yrodwlolwì uìdolvìh hq | grqqìh sdu +514,/ j2|clps +uhvs1 j 2|cdwp , hvw od yrodwlolwì
lpsolflwh +uhvs1 ã0od0prqqdlh, grqqìh sdu +5143, +uhvs1 +5144,, hw 2|cVW hvw od yrodwlolwì lvvxh
g*xq prgëoh gh vìulh whpsruhooh grqqìh sdu +519,/ +51;, rx +51<,1 Rq srxuud frqfoxuh txh
od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh dssruwh xq frqwhqx lqirupdwlrqqho vxssoìphqwdluh ã xqh yrodwlolwì
frqglwlrqqhooh vl oh frh!flhqw K2 hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqw gh 31
Gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv/ rq fkhufkh ã frpsduhu oh srxyrlu suìglfwli gh od yrodwlolwì
543
lpsolflwh vxu xqh dxwuh iruph gh yrodwlolwì hw o*rq shxw surfëghu dx{ uìjuhvvlrqv vxlydqwhv =
r2| ' @ n Kr2|3 n e| c
+5147,
r2| ' @ n K2|3cVW n e| c
+5148,
r2| ' @ n Kj2|3cdwp n e| c
+5149,
r2| ' @ n Kj2|3clps n e| c
+514:,
Vl od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh hvw xq phloohxu suìglfwhxu gh od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh/ doruv rq
v*dwwhqg ã fh txh oh frh!flhqw K vrlw surfkh gh / txh oh frh!flhqw @ vrlw surfkh gh f hw
txh oh -2 vrlw vxsìulhxu dx{ -2 ghv dxwuhv uìjuhvvlrqv1
Ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv yrqw gìshqguh iruwhphqw gh od suìvhqfh gh eldlv gdqv o*hvwlpd0
wlrq1 Oh suhplhu sureoëph ã vrxohyhu hvw o*h{lvwhqfh g*xq eldlv olì dx fkrl{ gx prgëoh
g*ìydoxdwlrq g*rswlrq xwlolvì srxu fdofxohu od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh1 Srxu uhpìglhu ã fh sur0
eoëph/ qrxv whvwhurqv o*ìtxdwlrq +514:, dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì lvvxh gx prgëoh hq sro|q÷phv
g*Khuplwh/ grqw qrxv dyrqv prqwuì gdqv od vhfrqgh sduwlh gh od wkëvh tx*lo ìwdlw plhx{
dgdswì dx{ rswlrqv vxu lqglfhv txh oh prgëoh gh Eodfn1 Xq vhfrqg sureoëph ylhqw gh od
sìulrgh gh o*ìfkdqwloorq fkrlvlh/ grqf gh od vwdelolwì ghv uìvxowdwv ã wudyhuv oh whpsv1 Srxu
glyhuvlhu ohv uìvxowdwv/ ohv uìjuhvvlrqv vhurqw idlwhv vxu wurlv sìulrghv glìuhqwhv/ grqw
xqh suhplëuh sìulrgh uhodwlyhphqw fdoph/ xqh vhfrqgh sìulrgh soxv djlwìh hw od wurlvlëph
sìulrgh txl hqjoreh ohv ghx{ suhplëuhv1
516
51614
Uìvxowdwv hpslultxhv
Pìwkrgh g*hvwlpdwlrq
Ohv prgëohv JDUFK/ HJDUFK hw JMU vrqw hvwlpìv sdu pd{lpxp gh yudlvhpeodqfh1
Od irqfwlrq gh orj0yudlvhpeodqfh u gh % ' E% c c % hvw grqqìh sdu =
uE%( q '
[
|'
544
u| E%| +514;,
rü u| hvw od irqfwlrq gh orj0yudlvhpeodqfh gh %| / whooh txh =
%
u| E% ' *?E| *? s E ( D
|
rü s hvw od irqfwlrq gh ghqvlwì ghv uìvlgxv vwdqgduglvìv/ 0| hw D xq sdudpëwuh txl fdudf0
wìulvh ìyhqwxhoohphqw fhwwh ghqvlwì1
Vl ohv prgëohv DUFK shuphwwhqw gh fdswxuhu od soxv judqgh sduwlh ghv uìjxodulwìv gh od
yrodwlolwì oh soxv vrxyhqw uhqfrqwuìhv/ o*k|srwkëvh gh glvwulexwlrqv ghv lqqrydwlrqv hvw vrx0
yhqw xqh k|srwkëvh jdxvvlhqqh1 Píph vl ohv prgëohv DUFK dyhf ghv huuhxuv jdxvvlhqqhv
uìvxowhqw gdqv xqh nxuwrvlv vxsìulhxuh ã fhooh gh od orl qrupdoh srxu ohv uhqghphqwv/ lov qh
fdswxuhqw sdv vx!vdpphqw oh ghjuì gh ohswrnxuwlflwì ghv uhqghphqwv hq iuìtxhqfh ìoh0
yìh1 Srxu sdoolhu fhw lqfrqyìqlhqw/ qrxv lqwurgxlvrqv xqh iruph gh glvwulexwlrq lqvsluìh
gh Eroohuvohy +4<;:,1
Eroohuvohy +4<;:, sursrvh g*lqwurgxluh xqh glvwulexwlrq gh Vwxghqw rx w0glvwulexwlrq
srxu ohv lqqrydwlrqv =
KE D n
2 s E5( D ' s
ZED 2KE D2 52
n
D2
3 Dn
2
c
+514<,
rü D : 2 hvw oh qrpeuh gh ghjuìv gh olehuwì1 KE uhsuìvhqwh od irqfwlrq Jdppd1 Od
w0ghqvlwì +514<, hvw gh pr|hqqh qxooh hw gh yduldqfh xqlwdluh1 Hooh frqyhujh yhuv od orl
qrupdoh txdqg D $ 41 Oruvtxh e D 4/ od nxuwrvlv frqglwlrqqhooh h{lvwh hw hvw
ìjdoh ã ED 2*ED e/ txl h{fëgh fhooh gh od orl qrupdoh1 Srxu dvvxuhu o*h{lvwhqfh gx
txdwulëph prphqw/ rq suìiëuh vrxyhqw prgìolvhu f *D *e5 1
eu. hvw od vroxwlrq gx sureoëph g*rs0
O*hvwlpdwhxu gx pd{lpxp gh yudlvhpeodqfh q
wlplvdwlrq vxlydqw =
eu. ' @h} 4@ duE%( qo q
q
5
Od orl hvw JHG hvw ìjdohphqw vrxyhqw xwlolvìh srxu fdudfwìulvhu od orl ghv lqqrydwlrqv1 Od orl JHG hvw grqqìh sdu =
rü s hvw od orl qrupdoh oruvtxh
qrupdoh1
D
s E%( D '
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KE*D KE*D D ' 21 Oruvtxh D 2/ od glvwulexwlrq hvw soxv ohswrnxuwltxh txh od glvwulexwlrq gh od orl
545
Rq wudydlooh dyhf ghv grqqìhv hq iuìtxhqfh txrwlglhqqh1 Ohv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv fkrl0
vlhv vrqw ghv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv srxu xqh pdwxulwì gh 6 prlv lqwhusroìh1 Ohv uhqghphqwv
vrqw grqqìv sdu -| ' *? E7|n *7| 1 Ohv grqqìhv vrqw ohv sul{ gh fo÷wxuh ghv rswlrqv vxu
FDF 73 hw ohv sul{ gh fo÷wxuh gh o*lqglfh gx 6 mdqylhu 4<<8 dx 5< gìfhpeuh 4<<; hq
grqqìhv txrwlglhqqhv rudqw xq ìfkdqwloorq gh 4373 revhuydwlrqv1
51615
Hvwlpdwlrq ghv prgëohv JDUFK
Rq suìvhqwh gdqv oh wdeohdx +51614, ohv uìvxowdwv ghv hvwlpdwlrqv gh od yrodwlolwì frqgl0
wlrqqhooh sdu ghv prgëohv JDUFK/ HJDUFK hw JMU dyhf xq hhw lq0phdq1 Ohv vwdwlv0
wltxhv gh Vwxghqw fdofxoìhv hq whqdqw frpswh gh o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì dssdudlvvhqw hqwuh
sduhqwkëvhv1 Od vljqlfdwlylwì ghv sdudpëwuhv hvw lqgltxìh sdu ohv h{srvdqwv @ +43(,/ K
+8(, hw S +4(,1 Ohv sdudpëwuhv gh od pr|hqqh bf hw b qh vrqw mdpdlv vljqlfdwliv/ pdlv
qrxv q*hq wlhqgurqv sdv frpswh gdqv od vxlwh sxlvtx*lov q*rqw dxfxq u÷oh gdqv o*remhfwli gh
fhwwh ìwxgh1 Ohv sdudpëwuhv k hw q ghv wurlv prgëohv vrqw vljqlfdwliv ã <3( +ã o*h{fhs0
wlrq gx prgëoh JMU, hw rq d wrxmrxuv od frqglwlrq k n q  txl dvvxuh od vwdwlrqqdulwì
gx surfhvvxv gh yrodwlolwì1 Lo q*| d sdv gh glìuhqfh vhqvleoh hqwuh ohv orj0yudlvhpeodqfhv
ghv prgëohv JMU hw HJDUFK txl vrqw vxsìulhxuhv ã fhooh gx JDUFK1 Srxu fkdfxq ghv
prgëohv/ rq qrwh txh oruvtx*rq vxssrvh xqh orl gh Vwxghqw/ od yudlvhpeodqfh hvw wrxmrxuv
vxsìulhxuh ã fhooh rewhqxh hq srvwxodqw xqh orl qrupdoh vxu ohv lqqrydwlrqv1 Rq shxw
frquphu fhwwh uhpdutxh sdu xq whvw gh udssruw ghv yudlvhpeodqfhv6 1 Od ydohxu gx txdq0
wloh ã xq qlyhdx gh 8( g*xqh yduldeoh nkl0ghx{ ã xq ghjuì gh olehuwì ìwdqw ìjdoh ã c He/
rq uhmhwwh od qxoolwì gx sdudpëwuh D ã <8( srxu ohv wurlv prgëohv1 Frqfhuqdqw o*dv|pìwulh/
gdqv oh JMU/ o*hhw g*xq fkrf srvlwli vxu oh uhqghphqw hvw fdudfwìulvì sdu k +fc f2 dyhf
od qrupdoh hw fc ff dyhf od Vwxghqw, hw o*hhw g*xq fkrf qìjdwli sdu k n +fc fHb dyhf
od qrupdoh hw fc fH. dyhf od Vwxghqw,1 Oh sdudpëwuh hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw srvlwli ã <<(
+uhvs1 <8(, srxu od orl qrupdoh +uhvs1 Vwxghqw,/ lpsoltxdqw o*dv|pìwulh gh od yrodwlolwì1
Gdqv o*HJDUFK/ od uìsrqvh ã xq fkrf srvlwli hvw grqqìh sdu k n +fc f2e dyhf od orl
qrupdoh hw fc f2 dyhf od Vwxghqw, hw od uìsrqvh ã xq fkrf qìjdwli sdu k n +fc fHe
dyhf od orl qrupdoh hw fc fH dyhf od Vwxghqw,1 Frqwudluhphqw dx JMU/ o*dv|pìwulh hvw
6
Oh whvw gx udssruw ghv yudlvhpeodqfhv hvw oh vxlydqw1 Rq fkhufkh ã whvwhu o*k|srwkëvh Mf = Eq ' f ã sduwlu ghv
yudlvhpeodqfhv lvvxhv g*xq prgëoh frqwudlqw/ uE%( k
fS c f hw g*xq prgëoh qrq frqwudlqw/ uE%( ke ?S c qe 1
O*lgìh hvw g*dffhswhu o*k|srwkëvh qxooh vl o*ìfduw hqwuh ohv pd{lpd frqwudlqw hw qrq frqwudlqw hvw dvvh} shwlw1 Od vwdwlvwltxh
gx whvw hvw =
k
l
1 ' 2 uE%( k
e ?S c qe 3 uE%( ke S c f
hw hvw ã ydohxuv srvlwlyhv1 Rq prqwuh txh vrxv Mf 1 3< 2 Eo rü o hvw od wdlooh gh q 1 Rq dffshwh Mf vl 1 2bDI Eo/ rü
2bDI Eo uhsuìvhqwh oh txdqwloh ã <8( g*xqh orl gx nkl0ghx{ ã o g1g1o1 hw rq uhixvh vlqrq1
546
dvvxuìh sdu od vljqlfdwlylwì gx sdudpëwuh k 1 Oh sdudpëwuh gh od Vwxghqw D hvw vxsìulhxu
ã e ã xq qlyhdx gh <<( gdqv wrxv ohv prgëohv hw ydxw bc SbS srxu oh JDUFK/ c e2 srxu
o*HJDUFK hw fc b2f srxu oh JMU lqgltxdqw xqh iruwh ohswrnxuwlflwì gh od glvwulexwlrq
klvwrultxh1 Rq dssoltxh oh fulwëuh g*Dndlnh +U ' 2,?Eu n 2Eqrpeuh gh sdudpëwuhv,
srxu frpsduhu ohv prgëohv hvwlpìv1 Soxv od ydohxu gx fulwëuh hvw idleoh/ phloohxu hvw oh
prgëoh srxu vh fdohu dx{ grqqìhv1 Qrxv doorqv xwlolvhu ohv sdudpëwuhv rewhqxv gdqv oh
wdeohdx +51614, srxu whvwhu oh srxyrlu suìglfwli ghv prgëohv JDUFK hw oh frpsduhu ã
fhoxl ghv yrodwlolwìv lpsolflwhv hw ã0od0prqqdlh1
51616
Hvwlpdwlrq gh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq
Oh wdeohdx +51615, prqwuh oh uìvxowdw ghv uìjuhvvlrqv olqìdluhv +5145,0+5146,1 Oh frqwhqx
lqirupdwlrqqho gdqv ohv yrodwlolwìv hvwlpìhv ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv hvw wrxmrxuv vxsìulhxu ã
fhoxl ghv yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv lvvxhv ghv prgëohv gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv1 Od yrodwlolwì
lpsolflwh h{soltxh soxv od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh txh od yrodwlolwì frqglwlrqqhooh1 Oh -2 hvw wrx0
mrxuv vxsìulhxu hw od frqvwdqwh q*hvw mdpdlv vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqwh gh 3 ã xq qlyhdx
gh 4(1 Gdqv od uìjuhvvlrq lqfoxdqw od yrodwlolwì ã0od0prqqdlh hw od yrodwlolwì HJDUFK
frpph yduldeoh h{solfdwlyh txl srvvëgh oh soxv judqg -2 / hooh hvw píph vljqlfdwlyhphqw
qxooh1 Gdqv wrxv ohv fdv fhshqgdqw oh -2 uhvwh uhodwlyhphqw idleoh hw fhv ghx{ phvxuhv gh
yrodwlolwìv uhvwhqw odujhphqw lqvx!vdqwhv srxu h{soltxhu od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh1
Oh wdeohdx +51616, prqwuh oh uìvxowdw ghv uìjuhvvlrqv olqìdluhv +5147,0+514:,1 Od yrodwl0
olwì ixwxuh uìdolvìh hvw fdofxoìh dyhf A ' 2f/ txl uhsuìvhqwh hqylurq xq krul}rq g*xq prlv1
Fh whvw ylvh ã ìydoxhu od fdsdflwì ghv glìuhqwhv iruphv gh yrodwlolwì ã suìyrlu od yrodwlolwì
ixwxuh1 Gh idêrq ã qxdqfhu ohv uìvxowdwv/ oh whvw hvw idlw vxu wurlv sìulrghv = od sìulrgh
frxyudqw ohv ghx{ dqqìhv 4<<8 hw 4<<9/ dyhf xq pdufkì dvvh} sodw/ od sìulrgh frxyudqw ohv
ghx{ dqqìhv 4<<: hw 4<<; txl rqw yx oh pdufkì ghv dfwlrqv hq sohlq hvvru/ pdlv lqfoxdqw
ghx{ fulvhv/ grqf xq pdufkì djlwì sdu rssrvlwlrq dx{ ghx{ suhplëuhv dqqìhv hw hqq xqh
wurlvlëph sìulrgh udvvhpeodqw ohv ghx{ dxwuhv gh 4<<8 ã 4<<;1 Oh frh!flhqw gh frxuexuh
K hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw srvlwli gdqv wrxwhv ohv uìjuhvvlrqv1 Od ydohxu gx frh!flhqw hvw
fhshqgdqw qhwwhphqw vxsìulhxu srxu ohv yrodwlolwìv klvwrultxhv sdvvìhv txh srxu ohv yrod0
wlolwìv wluìhv ghv rswlrqv hw ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv1 Fxulhxvhphqw/ rq qrwh txh oh srxyrlu
suìglfwli hvw vxsìulhxu dyhf ohv yrodwlolwìv ã0od0prqqdlh tx*lo qh o*hvw dyhf ohv yrodwlolwìv
lpsolflwhv vxu od sìulrgh djlwìh hw lqyhuvhphqw srxu od sìulrgh fdoph1 Fhwwh revhu0
ydwlrq hvw vxusuhqdqwh sxlvtxh gdqv xq pdufkì wuëv yrodwlo hw grqf ã iruwhv xfwxdwlrqv/
rq v*dwwhqg ã fh txh od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh txl lqfrusruh ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv h{wuíphv olìv ã
547
wrxv ohv sul{ g*h{huflfh | frpsulv fhx{ txl vrqw wuëv ìorljqìv gh od prqqdlh/ frqwlhqqh
soxv g*lqirupdwlrq vxu od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh txh od yrodwlolwì ã0od0prqqdlh1
Frqfhuqdqw ohv prgëohv gh vìulh whpsruhooh/ oh prgëoh JDUFK v*dyëuh íwuh xq phloohxu
suìglfwhxu txh ohv prgëohv HJDUFK hw JMU vxu od sìulrgh fdoph/ doruv txh vxu od
sìulrgh djlwìh/ fh vrqw fhv ghx{ ghuqlhuv txl shuphwwhqw gh plhx{ suìyrlu od yrodwlolwì
ixwxuh1
O*dqdo|vh gh fhv uìvxowdwv uhphw iruwhphqw hq fdxvh o*h!flhqfh gx pdufkì ghv rswlrqv
vxu dfwlrqv hq Iudqfh srxu od sìulrgh gh mdqylhu 4<<8 ã 4<<;1 Ohv yrodwlolwìv lvvxhv ghv
rswlrqv/ elhq txh uìylvìhv fkdtxh mrxu ã o*dqqrqfh gh qrxyhoohv lqirupdwlrqv/ h{soltxhqw
prlqv elhq od yrodwlolwì ixwxuh txh qh o*h{soltxhqw ohv yrodwlolwìv uìdolvìhv sdvvìhv1 Ohxu
srxyrlu suìglfwli uhvwh fhshqgdqw vxsìulhxu ã fhoxl g*xq prgëoh gh w|sh JDUFK1 Sox0
vlhxuv h{solfdwlrqv shxyhqw íwuh vrxohyìhv vxu fhv uìvxowdwv doodqw ã o*hqfrqwuh gh o*k|sr0
wkëvh g*h!flhqfh ghv pdufkìv1 Od suhplëuh hvw oh eldlv olì ã xqh pdxydlvh vsìflfdwlrq gx
prgëoh gh Eodfn srxu ohv rswlrqv = fhshqgdqw/ o*xwlolvdwlrq g*xqh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh lvvxh
g*xq prgëoh g*ìydoxdwlrq g*rswlrqv glìuhqw +ohv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh, q*dpìolruh sdv oh
srxyrlu suìglfwli1 Oh frh!flhqw gh -2 sdvvh gh fc eD dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh Eodfn ã
fc ee dyhf xqh yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh Khuplwh1 Rq shxw h{soltxhu fhwwh ghuqlëuh revhuydwlrq
gh od idêrq vxlydqwh = oh prgëoh ghv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh shuphw gh suhqguh hq frpswh
ohv hhwv g*dv|pìwulh hw gh frh!flhqw g*dssodwlvvhphqw/ grqf od yduldqfh g*xq who prgëoh
frqwlhqw dvvxuìphqw prlqv g*lqirupdwlrq txh fhooh g*xq prgëoh gh w|sh Eodfn0Vfkrohv1
Od vhfrqgh h{solfdwlrq surylhqw gh o*hqvhpeoh ghv euxlwv lqfoxv gdqv od yrodwlolwì lpsolflwh
whov txh ohv frþwv gh wudqvdfwlrqv/ od oltxlglwì ghv rswlrqv/ 111tx*lo vhudlw vrxkdlwdeoh gh
owuhu1
548
Wdeohdx 51614 = Hvwlpdwlrq ghv prgëoh JDUFK+4/4, hw JMU+4/4,1
Ohv vwdwlvwltxhv hqwuh sduhqwkëvhv prqwuhqw ohv vwdwlvwltxhv gh Vwxghqw fdofxoìhv hq whqdqw frpswh gh
o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì1
Srxu fkdtxh wdeohdx/ ohv h{srvdqwv d/ e hw f dvvxuhqw od vljqlfdwlylwì gx sdudpëwuh ã ghv qlyhdx{
uhvshfwliv gh 43(/ 8( hw 4(1
JDUFK
bf Ef b
kf
k
q
JMU
HJDUFK
Qrupdoh
Vxghqw
Qrupdoh
Vwxghqw
Qrupdoh
Vwxghqw
fc 2H
fc S
fc b
fc H.
fc 2b
fc bb
Efc eb
Efc 2Hf
Efc 2.
Efc 2S
Efc HS
Efc 2.f
ec bfD
ec bfH
2c eD
c fHe
ec SeS
Dc ffD
Ec fe
Efc D2e
Efc bH
Efc 2D
Efc Hb
Efc b
fc fe f3e
fc fD f3e
fc f2S f3e
fc f2H f3e
fc f.2@
fc f.D
Ec e..
Ec Sf
Ec f2f
Ec fS2
fc fDSS
fc fe.S
fc f2
fc ff
fc fDeS
fc fD2S
Ec f
E2c b2H
Efc bD2
Efc Sb
EDc SS
Eec HDf
fc bbS
fc beS
fc bfS
fc bS
fc bHeS
fc bHS
Ee.c bbe
Eec .Se
E2.c .
E2bc 2D
Efc ee
EHHc fH
fc f..S
fc f..K
fc ffS
fc f2bS
E2c efS
E2c 2.e
Ec HD E2c ..
*D
D
*? u
SSc D
1
ec bf
U
Sc 2
Ec .b Ec Df2
fc fS
fc fb2S
fc fHHS
Ec .De
Ec fD
Ec He
bc S.S
fc b2f
c e2
.c bS
.ec Hf
Hfc b
fc .H
ec 
ec 
549
.Dc Sf
Hfc e
bc SS
ec 
ec 
2c 
Wdeohdx 51615 = Hvwlpdwlrqv ghv prgëohv +5145,0+5146, hqwuh 4<<8 hw 4<<; =
+4, v5w @ d . e4 5w>lp s . e5 k5w>JDUFK . hw >
+5, v5w @ d . e4 5w>lp s . e5 k5w>HJ DUFK . hw >
+6, v5w @ d . e4 5w>lp s . e5 k5w>JMU . hw =
+7, v5w @ d . e4 5w>dwp . e5 k5w>J DUFK . hw >
+8, v5w @ d . e4 5w>dwp . e5 k5w>HJDUFK . hw >
+9, v5w @ d . e4 5w>dwp . e5 k5w>J MU . hw =
Frqvwdqwh lpsolflwh ã0od0prqqdlh JDUFK HJDUFK
+4,
+5,
+6,
+7,
+8,
+9,
JMU
fc H.K
fc SbSS
fc 2eeS
E2c DS
Efc H2
Eec 2H
fc 2H.
fc S2S
fc S2S
Efc .SS
Ec Hb
Ebc 2H
c fHeS
fc SeDS
fc 2.SS
E2c HH
Ec ffb
E.c .H
fc e..
fc Df
fc Sf2@
fc HSS
fc fS@
Ec SDD
Ec S
Ec HS.
fc H
fc .bS
fc 2.fS
Efc be.
Eec H2.
ESc D.
fc H.DK
fc .SfS
fc HHS
E2c ef
Eec H2
EDc f2.
54:
-2
fc ebH
fc DfH
fc D2.
fc Db
Wdeohdx 51616 = Hvwlpdwlrqv ghv prgëohv +5147,0+514:, =
+4, v5w @ d . ev5w4 . hw >
+5, v5w @ d . e 5w4>lp s . hw >
+6, v5w @ d . e 5w4>dwp . hw >
+7, v5w @ d . e 5w4>khu . hw >
+8, v5w @ d . ek5w4>JDUFK . hw >
+9, v5w @ d . ek5w4>HJ DUFK . hw >
+:, v5w @ d . ek5w4>JMU . hw =
4<<804<<9
+4,
+5,
+6,
+7,
+8,
+9,
+:,
4<<:04<<;
4<<804<<;
@ f
K
-2
@ f
K
-2
@ f
K
-2
fc 2SeK
fc b.S
fc be
fc 2DeK
fc bHS
fc b.f
fc eK
fc bHHS
fc bH
E2c D.b
EHHc Sf
E2c fH.
E2c eD
E2c .
E2fec eb
c DbK
c 2HS
ec eHeS
fc .feS
fc .bDK
fc b2S
E2c 2fe
Eec HHf
Eec e.
Efc H2H
E2c f.
E2Hc ..H
c 2K
fc HbS
c SDfS
fc .HfS
fc .2fK
fc bDSS
E2c fDe
Ec 2f.
Eec f
Ec 2
Ec bDf
Ec ff2
c bH@
fc ..fS
ec DSDS
fc S2HS
c 2.S
fc HS
Ec HSS
E2c DD
Eec SeS
Efc 2D
Ec 2bH
E2Hc H
c DS
fc SD.S
.c DDS
fc D2S
c 2HDS
fc .D.S
E.c .
Ec Sef
Ec 2e2
Efc beH
Ebc DSe
E2Dc bSe
ec 2.S
fc e.SS
Sc b.eS
fc DHfS
c 2HS
fc .S
Efc 2.
Ec Hf
Ec 222
EDc 22e
Ebc Se
E2Dc S2e
Dc 2DS
fc eDS
Hc .S
fc e.fS
ec HDSS
fc SbS
Ec S22
Efc 2H
E.c D2.
Ec b.D
ESc e2e
E2Dc 
fc 2
fc 2.
fc 2D
fc 2H
fc 2
fc H
54;
fc b.
fc 2SH
fc H
fc 2f
fc 2.
fc 2bf
fc eD
fc eb
fc ee
fc ef
fc ef
fc b
555
Fkdslwuh 6
Whvwv gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv
ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv
Od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv gdqv vd iruph ruljlqdoh frqvlvwh ã vxssrvhu txh o*h{fëv gh
uhqghphqw dqwlflsì lvvx gh ghx{ sodfhphqwv gh píph krul}rq hvw frqvwdqw ã wudyhuv oh
whpsv1 Soxv suìflvìphqw/ rq qrwh -|8 E6c ? oh uhqghphqw g*xq sodfhphqw ã whuph hq |
srxu od gdwh | n 6 hw gh pdwxulwì ? hw -|n6 E? oh uhqghphqw hqwuh | n 6 hw | n 6 n ?
g*xq sodfhphqw dx frpswdqw hq | n 6 g*xq wdx{ gh pdwxulwì ?1 Doruv/ od wkìrulh ghv
E6c?
dqwlflsdwlrqv srvwxoh txh od txdqwlwì Z |
E6c?
Z|
/ dsshoìh sulph gh whuph hw gìqlh sdu =
' -|8 E6c ? .| d-|n6 E?o c
+614,
hvw frqvwdqwh gdqv oh whpsv1
Ohv suhplhuv wudydx{ ylvdqw ã whvwhu o*ìtxdwlrq +614, sdu ghv pìwkrghv gh uìjuhvvlrq
vrqw phqìv sdu Kdpexujhu hw Sodww +4<:8, hw Idpd +4<:9, sxlv Vkloohu/ Fdpsehoo hw
Vfkrhqkrow} +4<;6,1 Lov vh vrqw lqwìuhvvìv ã whvwhu o*ìtxdwlrq +614, uììfulwh dyhf od yduldwlrq
gx wdx{ dx frpswdqw hw o*ìfduw hqwuh oh wdx{ ã whuph hw oh wdx{ dx frpswdqw hq uìjuhvvdqw
oh suhplhu vxu oh vhfrqg =
o|n6 E? o| E? ' k n q Es| E6c ? o| E? n 0|
556
+615,
rü o| E? hvw oh wdx{ frxuw whuph hq | g*krul}rq ? hw s| E6c ? hvw oh wdx{ iruzdug hq | g*xqh
rsìudwlrq ã whuph hqwuh | n 6 hw | n 6 n ?1 Sdu h{hpsoh/ s| E6c ? shxw íwuh oh wdx{ ã
whuph vrxv0mdfhqw g*xqh rswlrq vxu frqwudw SLERU 6 prlv gh pdwxulwì 61 Gdqv fh fdv/ rq
d ? ' fc 2D1 Fhwwh irupxodwlrq shuphw gh whvwhu gluhfwhphqw od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv
hq whvwdqw o*ìjdolwì 㠁 gx sdudpëwuh q1
Kdpexujhu hw Sodww +4<:8,/ Idpd +4<:9, hw Vkloohu/ Fdpsehoo hw Vfkrhqkrow} +4<;6,
xwlolvhqw ghv Wuhdvxu| Eloo dydqw 4<:7/ grqf ghv reoljdwlrqv gh pdwxulwìv lqiìulhxuhv ã 4
dq1 Lov wurxyhqw txh ohv wdx{ iruzdug qrq dmxvwìv ghv sulphv gh ulvtxh vrqw gh pdxydlv
suìglfwhxuv ghv wdx{ frxuwv ixwxuv hw frqfoxhqw txh ohv wdx{ iruzdug qh fdswhqw sdv dxvvl
elhq oh frpsruwhphqw ghv wdx{ ixwxuv txh ghv prgëohv qdòiv g*h{wudsrodwlrq ghv wdx{
frxuwv sdvvìv1 Idpd hw Eolvv +4<;:, xwlolvhqw ohv wdx{ iruzdug gh pdwxulwì orqjxh +X1V1
Wuhdvxu| Erqgv,1 Lov frqvwdwhqw txh ohv wdx{ iruzdug ã 4 dq shuphwwhqw gh suìyrlu ohv
yduldwlrqv ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw ã 4 dq gdqv 5 ã 7 dqv hw txh oh srxyrlu suìglfwli dxjphqwh
dyhf od pdwxulwì1 Lov dwwulexhqw fhwwh dpìolrudwlrq ã od sursulìwì gh uhwrxu ã od pr|hqqh ghv
wdx{ g*lqwìuíw ã 4 dq1 Plvknlq +4<;;, d!qh ohv uìvxowdwv gh Idpd +4<;7, hq xwlolvdqw ghv
whfkqltxhv ìfrqrpìwultxhv txl shuphwwhqw gh fruuljhu ohv ìfduw0w|shv srxu ghv grqqìhv
g*ryhuodsslqj hw srxu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì frqglwlrqqhooh1 Lov wurxyhqw txh od vwuxfwxuh sdu
whuphv dlgh ã suìgluh ohv prxyhphqwv ghv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw txhotxhv prlv soxv wdug hw/ hq
dfwxdolvdqw ohv uìvxowdwv gh Idpd/ lov frqvwdwhqw txh oh srxyrlu suìglfwli ghv wdx{ iruzdug
hvw jìqìudohphqw phloohxu g*rfwreuh 4<;5 ã mxlq 4<;9 txh gxudqw od sìulrgh dqwìulhxuh
ã 4<:7 uhwhqxh sdu Idpd1 Vwdpedxjk +4<;;, hw Mrulrq hw Plvknlq +4<<4, frquphqw
ìjdohphqw ohv uìvxowdwv gh Idpd +4<;7,1 Mrqghdx +4<<;, suìvhqwh xqh dqdo|vh wkìrultxh
hw xqh ìwxgh hpslultxh frpsoëwh gh wrxwhv ohv iruphv gh wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv1
614
Oh prgëoh
Lo h{lvwh xqh olwwìudwxuh ìwhqgxh vxu od txhvwlrq gh vdyrlu vl ohv sul{ iruzdug vrqw ghv
suìglfwhxuv qrq eldlvìv ghv sul{ vsrwv ixwxuv1 Jhuodfk hw Vphwv +4<<8, hq sursrvhqw xqh
euëyh uhyxh1 Elhq txh o*devhqfh gh eldlv sxlvvh íwuh uhmhwìh dx{ Hwdwv0Xqlv/ od frqfoxvlrq
jìqìudoh/ frqupìh sdu ohv wudydx{ gh Jhuodfk hw Vphwv/ hvw txh ohv frqfoxvlrqv ghv
glìuhqwhv ìwxghv vrqw prlqv fodluhv hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv dxwuhv sd|v1 Srxu oh Ur|dxph0
Xql/ ohv frqfoxvlrqv vrqw plwljìhv1 Kdugrxyholv +4<<7, hw Euhhgrq hw Eurrnhv +4<<7,
wurxyhqw txh o*devhqfh gh eldlv qh srxydlw sdv íwuh uhmhwìh/ doruv txh Fxwkehuwvrq +4<<5,
hw Kxuq/ Prrg| hw Pxvfdwhol +4<<7, rqw ìwì soxv uhodwliv1 Soxv uìfhpphqw/ Urvvl +4<<9, d
557
wurxyì txh ohv wdx{ ã whuph OLPHDQ ã wurlv hw vl{ prlv ìwdlhqw ghv suìglfwhxuv qrq eldlvìv
ghv wdx{ vsrwv ixwxuv vxu od sìulrgh gh 4<;5 ã 4<<81 Vl oh fkdslwuh suìfìghqw v*hvw dwwdfkì ã
yìulhu o*k|srwkëvh gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv vxu ohv yrodwlolwìv klvwrultxhv/ lpsolflwhv
hw frqglwlrqqhoohv vxu ohv lqglfhv/ qrxv qrxv dwwdfkhurqv/ gdqv oh suìvhqw fkdslwuh/ ã whvwhu
fhwwh k|srwkëvh vxu ohv wdx{1
Gdqv fhw hvsulw/ Exwohu hw Gdylhv +4<<;, vxjjëuhqw gh uìjuhvvhu ohv sul{ vsrwv vxu ohv
sul{ ã whuph dlqvl txh ohv prphqwv mxvtx*ã o*ruguh 71 Lov sursrvhqw gh whvwhu gdqv xq
suhplhu whpsv xqh vlpsoh uìjuhvvlrq ghv sul{ vsrwv vxu ohv sul{ iruzdug/ sxlv gdqv xq
vhfrqg whpsv g*dmrxwhu gdqv od uìjuhvvlrq ohv prphqwv g*ruguh 5/ 6 hw 7 gx sul{1 Qrxv
qrxv sursrvrqv gdqv fhwwh vhfwlrq gh vxlyuh o*lgìh gh Exwohu hw Gdylhv pdlv hq wudydloodqw
vxu ohv wdx{ hw qrq ohv sul{/ frpph oh vxjjëuhqw Kdpexujhu hw Sodww +4<:8,/ Idpd +4<:9,
sxlv Vkloohu/ Fdpsehoo hw Vfkrhqkrow} +4<;6, txl whvwhqw od uhodwlrq vxlydqwh vxu ohv wdx{
g*lqwìuíw =
{6 oE|c | n ? ' k n q{6 s E|c | n ? n 0| c
+616,
dyhf {6 oE|c |n? ' oE|n6c |n6n?oE|c |n?/ {6 sE|c |n? ' s6 E|c |n?oE|c |n?
rü oE|c |n? hvw xq wdx{ frxuw gh pdwxulwì ? +gdqv oh fdv gx SLERU 6 prlv/ ? ' fc 2D, hq
| hw s6 E|c | n ? hvw oh wdx{ vrxv0mdfhqw g*xqh rswlrq vxu frqwudw ã whuph gh wdx{ g*lqwìuíw
g*ìfkìdqfh | n 6 +gdqv oh fdv ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw SLERU 6 prlv/ s6 E|c | n ? '
ff 8|c|n6 ,1
Lqwxlwlyhphqw/ oruvtxh k ' f hw q ' / rq shxw gluh txh oh vsuhdg iruzdug hvw xq
suìglfwhxu vdqv eldlv gx vsuhdg ixwxu1
D od uhodwlrq +617,/ Wrelq +4<8;, hw Phuwrq +4<;3, dmrxwhqw od yrodwlolwì1 Qrxv doorqv
soxv orlq hq dmrxwdqw ohv prphqwv vxsìulhxuv gx wdx{ SLERU hvwlpìv ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv1
Rq grlw doruv hvwlphu ohv prgëohv vxlydqwv =
{6 oE|c | n ? ' k n q{6 s E|c | n ? n 7(|o n B7g|o n EgL|o n 0|
+617,
rü 7(|o / 7g|o hw gL|o uhsuìvhqwhqw ohv vìulhv ghv ìfduw0w|shv/ vnhzqhvv hw nxuwrvlv gx wdx{
SLERU vrxv od suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hvwlpìv sdu o*xqh ghv pìwkrghv yxhv gdqv od
vhfrqgh sduwlh vxu xqh sìulrgh gh whpsv grqqìh sdu xq ìfkdqwloorq gh sul{ g*rswlrqv1
O*hvwlpdwlrq ghv ìtxdwlrqv +616, hw +617, vrxoëyh xq sureoëph ìfrqrpìwultxh olì ã o*hhw
558
gh fkhydxfkhphqw +ryhuodsslqj,1 Oh vsuhdg iruzdug fkdtxh mrxu frqvwlwxh xqh suìylvlrq
gx vsuhdg lqvwdqwdqì ixwxu vxu ghv sìulrghv vh fkhydxfkdqw1 Ohv whuphv g*huuhxuv vrqw
vhulhoohphqw fruuìoìv/ fdu oh whuph g*huuhxu txl shxw íwuh frqvlgìuì frpph xqh huuhxu gh
suìylvlrq/ q*hvw uìdolvì tx*dsuëv ?  sìulrghv hw 0| yd vxlyuh xq PD+? 2,1 Ohv hvwlpd0
wlrqv ghv sdudpëwuhv uhvwhqw h!fdfhv pdlv oh fkhydxfkhphqw idlw dssdudñwuh xq eldlv ã od
edlvvh gdqv ohv ìfduw0w|shv lvvxv ghv prlqguhv fduuìv ruglqdluhv +PFR,1 Xqh vroxwlrq ã fh
sureoëph hvw dssruwìh sdu Kdqvhq hw Krgulfn +4<;3, txl grqqhqw o*hvwlpdwlrq vxlydqwh
gh od pdwulfh gh yduldqfh0fryduldqfh ghv sdudpëwuhv hvwlpìv =
T ' Ef f3 f lfEf f3 c
rü f uhsuìvhqwh od pdwulfh ghv yduldeohv h{solfdwlyhv ghv ìtxdwlrqv +616, hw +617, hw l
uhsuìvhqwh od pdwulfh gh yduldqfh0fryduldqfh ghv uìvlgxv .E0| 0| 1
Fhshqgdqw ohv ìoìphqwv gh od pdwulfh l qh shuphwwhqw sdv gh suhqguh hq frpswh
o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì frqglwlrqqhooh ghv whuphv g*huuhxuv1 Zklwh +4<;3, fruuljh od pdwulfh
gh Kdqvhq hw Krgulfn srxu o*kìwìurvfìgdvwlflwì1 Oh sureoëph gh fhv ghx{ pdwulfhv hvw
tx*hoohv qh vrqw sdv qìfhvvdluhphqw gìqlhv srvlwlyhv hw ohv ìfduw0w|shv ghv frh!flhqwv
ulvtxhqw g*íwuh qìjdwliv1 Qhzh| hw Zhvw +4<;8, rqw sursrvì xqh pdwulfh gh yduldqfh0
fryduldqfh txl jdudqwlw txh od pdwulfh hvw gìqlh srvlwlyh1 Ohv ìoìphqwv gh od pdwulfh
vrqw grqqìv sdu =
R
/Ec '  e
0e
0 / vl R ^
E^ n 
' f
/ dloohxuv1
615
Uìvxowdwv
Ohv judskltxhv +6143, ã +6144, prqwuhqw oh uìvxowdw ghv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv vnhzqhvv hw
nxuwrvlv gx wdx{ Sleru 60prlv/ -A Efc 2D vxu od sìulrgh gh mdqylhu 4<<6 ã gìfhpeuh 4<<:/
fdofxoìv dyhf ohv pìwkrghv gh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh hw gh Vklpnr1 Oh
wdeohdx +61514, prqwuh ohv uìvxowdwv ghv whvwv gh vwdwlrqqdulwì ghv vìulhv { oE|c | n ?/
559
{6 s E|c | n ? hw ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv ghv ìfduw0w|shv/ vnhzqhvv hw h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv gx
wdx{ SLERU hvwlpìv ã sduwlu ohv prgëohv gh gìyhorsshphqwv hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
+KHU, hw olvvdjh gh Vklpnr +VKL, lqwhusroìv srxu xqh pdwxulwì gh 6 prlv1 Rq d xwlolvì
xq whvw gh Glfnh| hw Ixoohu dxjphqwì +DGI,/ grqw rq grqqh od pìwkrgrorjlh hq dqqh{h
srxu yìulhu o*ìyhqwxhooh suìvhqfh gh udflqh xqlwdluh gdqv ohv grqqìhv1 RS hvw od ydohxu gx
qrpeuh gh uhwdugv qìfhvvdluhv srxu uhqguh ohv uìvlgxv euxlwv eodqfv hw hvw od ydohxu
gh od vwdwlvwltxh gh Er{0Slhufh dvvrflìh1 Frpph lo h{lvwh 6 whvwv DGI vhorq txh ohv vìulhv
whpsruhoohv lqfoxhqw rx qrq xqh frqvwdqwh hw2rx xqh whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh/ rq uhsruwh
gdqv oh wdeohdx ohv vwdwlvwltxhv gh Vwxghqw |E@ +ql frqvwdqwh ql whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh,/
|EK +frqvwdqwh vdqv whqgdqfh, rx |ES +frqvwdqwh hw whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh, dvvrflìh dx
sdudpëwuh ' 4 1 Od vhxoh vìulh qrq vwdwlrqqdluh hvw od vìulh ghv yrodwlolwìv lvvxhv gx
prgëoh VKL1 Ohv sdudpëwuhv hvwlpìv/ dvvrflìv ã fhwwh vìulh/ gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ gh uìvxowdwv
qh vrqw grqf sdv shuwlqhqwv1
Rq suìvhqwh gdqv ohv wdeohdx{ +61515, hw +61516,/ ohv uìvxowdwv ghv uìjuhvvlrqv +616, hw
+617,1 Oh prgëoh 3 fruuhvsrqg ã od uìjuhvvlrq +616, hw dx whvw ruljlqdo gh od wkìrulh ghv
dqwlflsdwlrqv dssoltxì dx{ wdx{ ã whuph 6 prlv gdqv 6 prlv1 Oh sdudpëwuh gh frxuexuh q
hvw ìjdo ã fc .D hw vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqw gh 3 ã xq qlyhdx gh DI hw o*k|srwkëvh mrlqwh
g*devhqfh gh eldlv +k ' f hw q ' , qh shxw sdv íwuh uhmhwìh1 Fhshqgdqw oh -2 lqgltxh
txh vhxohphqw Sc I gh od vìulh ghv vsuhdgv wdx{ ixwxuv prlqv wdx{ frpswdqw shxw íwuh
h{soltxìh sdu od vìulh ghv vsuhdgv wdx{ ã whuph prlqv wdx{ frpswdqw1
Gdqv oh prgëoh 4/ rq dmrxwh od yrodwlolwì ã od uìjuhvvlrq1 Oh frh!flhqw dvvrflì ã od
vìulh ghv ìfduwv srxu oh prgëoh KHU hvw gh fc b.b hw hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqw gh
31 Oh vljqh qìjdwli gx frh!flhqw lqgltxh txh oh wdx{ ixwxu hw od yduldqfh gx wdx{ ixwxuv
vrqw qìjdwlyhphqw fruuìoìv1 Oh -2 gx prgëoh 4 hvw gh S.I lqgltxdqw txh o*dmrxw gh od
yrodwlolwì gdqv od uìjuhvvlrq dpìolruh od txdqwlwì gh yduldeohv gìshqgdqwhv h{soltxìh1
Oh prgëoh 5 lqwëjuh hq soxv od sulph gh vnhzqhvv1 Ohv uìvxowdwv glëuhqw vhorq oh prgëoh
xwlolvì srxu oh fdofxo ghv vnhzqhvv lpsolflwhv1 Gdqv oh fdv gx prgëoh g*Khuplwh/ oh sdud0
pëwuh B dvvrflì ã od vnhzqhvv hvw qrq vljqlfdwli/ doruv tx*dyhf Vklpnr/ lo hvw gh fc Hf
hw vljqlfdwlyhphqw qrq qxo ã xq qlyhdx gh DI1 Gh soxv oh srxufhqwdjh ghv yduldeohv lq0
gìshqgdqwhv h{soltxìhv hvw qhwwhphqw dpìolruì sxlvtx*lo sdvvh gh Sc I srxu oh prgëoh
3 ã S2c eI srxu oh prgëoh 5 dyhf yrodwlolwì hw vnhzqhvv1 Fhshqgdqw/ od frqvwdqwh ghylhqw
hooh dxvvl vljqlfdwlyhphqw qrq qxooh1 Rq frqvwdwh ohv píphv uìvxowdwv oruvtx*rq dmrxwh
o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv ã od sodfh gh od vnhzqhvv1 Oh sdudpëwuh B dvvrflì hvw vljqlfdwlyhphqw
qrq qxo ã xq qlyhdx gh DI dyhf VKL hw q*hvw sdv vljqlfdwli dyhf KHU1
55:
Hqq/ oh prgëoh 7 rü o*rq lqwëjuh wrxv ohv prphqwv idlw dssdudñwuh ghv uìvxowdwv soxw÷w
vdwlvidlvdqwv1 Gdqv oh fdv gx prgëoh gh Vklpnr/ ohv sdudpëwuhv dvvrflìv ã od vnhzqhvv hw
ã o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv vrqw gh c eb hw fc e hw vrqw vljqlfdwlyhphqw qrq qxov ã DI1 Gh
soxv oh -2 hvw iruwhphqw dpìolruì sxlvtxh Sec HI gh o*ìfduw gh wdx{ ixwxu hvw h{soltxì1
Frqfhuqdqw Khuplwh/ ohv sdudpëwuhv B hw vrqw lqiìulhxuv hw prlqv vljqlfdwliv +fI hw
2DI,/ pdlv od yrodwlolwì hvw vljqlfdwlyh hw oh -2 gh S.c HI hvw vxsìulhxu ã fhoxl rewhqx
dyhf Vklpnr1
55;
Wdeohdx 61514 = whvwv gh vwdwlrqqdulwì ghv vìulhv lqwhuyhqdqw gdqv +616,0+617,
Khuplwh
Vklpnr
RS
{ oE|c | n ?

2c 2.
{6 s E|c | n ?

2fc eH2 2c He
7(|o
D
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fc bf
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
2fc .2
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fc fS
gL|o

fc ffb
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fc 2S
7(|o
S
2ec fe c e.
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Dc bbH
fc De.
gL|o

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fc SH
55<
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bc HH2
fc f
fc b.
fc bbS
Wdeohdx 61515 = uìvxowdwv gh o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv prgëohv +616,0+617, srxu xqh pdwxulwì lqwhusroìh gh 6
prlv dyhf Vklpnr
+Prgëoh 3, o|n6 E6 prlv o| E6 prlv ' k n q Es| E6c 6 prlv o| E6 prlv n 0|
+Prgëoh 4, o|n6 E6 prlvo| E6 prlv ' knq Es| E6c 6 prlv o| E6 prlvn7(|- n0|
+Prgëoh 5, o|n6 E6 prlv o| E6 prlv ' k n q Es| E6c 6 prlv o| E6 prlv n 7(|- n
B7g|- n 0|
+Prgëoh 6, o|n6 E6 prlv o| E6 prlv ' k n q Es| E6c 6 prlv o| E6 prlv n 7(|- n
EgL|- n 0|
+Prgëoh 7, o|n6 E6 prlv o| E6 prlv ' k n q Es| E6c 6 prlv o| E6 prlv n 7(|- n
B7g|- n EgL|- n 0|
Prgëoh 3
k
q
fc f2H
fc .Df@
B
-2
fc S
Efc SS EDc bDf
Prgëoh 4
Prgëoh 5
Prgëoh 6
Prgëoh 7
fc Db
fc .e2@
fc fH.
Efc HH
EDc eH
Efc 22
fc SHH@
fc .D.@
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Ec fD
EDc eb
fc fH
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fc f.
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EDc .b
Efc fHH
Ec f.
Dc e2.@
fc .D2@
fc fHb
E2c 2f.
EDc Sf
fc Se
fc Hf@
fc S2e
Efc fe Ec SDe
c eb@
fc eK
Efc 2b E2c Sf
E2c 2H
563
fc SH
fc SeH
Wdeohdx 61516 = uìvxowdwv gh o*hvwlpdwlrq ghv prgëohv +616,0+617, srxu xqh pdwxulwì lqwhusroìh gh 6
prlv dyhf Khuplwh
Prgëoh 3
k
q
fc f2H
fc .Df@
B
-2
fc S
Efc SS EDc bDf
Prgëoh 4
Prgëoh 5
Prgëoh 6
Prgëoh 7
fc b.b@
fc S.S@
fc b.b@
E2c .2S
EDc ..
E2c .2.
fc bHS@
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fc H.HK
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Ec bbe Efc He
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fc .ff@
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E2c be
EDc D
Ec bDe Ec Hf.
E2c fH
564
fc S.f
fc fS
fc S.
fc S.f
fc S.H
567
Fkdslwuh 7
Hvwlpdwlrq gh o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh
ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì
O*rswltxh gh fh fkdslwuh hvw o*hvwlpdwlrq gx ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx
pdufkì hq xwlolvdqw ghv rxwlov whov txh od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh hw xqh uhodwlrq
wkìrultxh hqwuh ohv ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hw vwdwlvwltxh hw od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx
ulvtxh1 O*lgìh g*xwlolvhu ohv rswlrqv srxu ìwxglhu ohv suìiìuhqfhv ghv djhqwv d ìwì uhodwlyh0
phqw shx ìwxglìh gdqv od olwwìudwxuh1 Uìfhpphqw/ ohv fkhufkhxuv rqw hvvd|ì g*dssoltxhu
od frqqdlvvdqfh gx ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh dx grpdlqh gh od jhvwlrq gh ulvtxh1 Hq
rxwuh/ Urvhqehuj hw Hqjoh +4<<:, hw Dòw0Vdkdold hw Or +5333, xwlolvhqw od uhodwlrq hqwuh
ohv ghqvlwìv hw o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh srxu gìulyhu ohv irqfwlrqv g*xwlolwì pdujlqdoh1 Jdufld
hw Uhqdxow +4<<;, prqwuhqw txh ohv frqglwlrqv g*ìtxloleuh ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv dssruwhqw
gh o*lqirupdwlrq vxu ohv sdudpëwuhv gh uìiìuhqfh1 Jxr +4<<;, hvwlph od sulph gh ulvtxh
lpsolflwh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hq xwlolvdqw xq prgëoh ã yrodwlolwì vwrfkdvwltxh oxl shu0
phwwdqw gh uìfxsìuhu xqh ydohxu lpsolflwh gx ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx
pdufkì1 Mdfnzhuwk +4<<<d, whqwh g*hvwlphu od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh1 D od vxlwh gh
fhv dxwhxuv/ qrxv doorqv whqwhu g*hvwlphu oh ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ã sduwlu gx gìfd0
odjh hqwuh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh lvvxh ghv rswlrqv hw od ghqvlwì vwdwlvwltxh rewhqxh ã
sduwlu ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv1 Sxlv qrxv hvvdlhurqv g*xwlolvhu fhwwh phvxuh gh od sulph gh
ulvtxh gdqv oh grpdlqh gh od jhvwlrq gh ulvtxh1 Frpph qrxv dyrqv suìvhqwì o*ìtxloleuh
sdu duelwudjh/ qrxv dyrqv pdlqwhqdqw ehvrlq g*lqwurgxluh od qrwlrq g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo1
568
714
Qrwlrq gh ulvtxh hw g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo
Gdqv xq frqwh{wh g*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo/ oh sul{ hvw gìql sdu o*ìjdolwì gh o*ruh hw gh
od ghpdqgh gh o*dfwli ìfkdqjì1 Oh sul{ g*ìtxloleuh gx ulvtxh gìshqg/ lfl/ gh o*dwwlwxgh
ghv djhqwv ylv0ã0ylv gh fh ulvtxh/ hw grqf/ yld ohxu irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì/ gh ohxu qlyhdx gh
frqvrppdwlrq hhfwli1 Gdqv o*rswltxh gh od wkìrulh vwdqgdug/ ohxu fkrl{ gh frqvrppdwlrq
hvw gìwhuplqì frqmrlqwhphqw ã ohxu fkrl{ g*ìsdujqh hw g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw/ f*hvw0ã0gluh ã ohxu
ruh hw ghpdqgh gh wlwuhv1
Hq suhplhu olhx qrxv suìvhqwrqv ohv k|srwkëvhv txl gìqlvvhqw o*hqylurqqhphqw ìfr0
qrpltxh hw ohv frpsruwhphqwv lqglylgxhov hw hq vhfrqg olhx qrxv h{srvrqv od wkìrulh gx
fkrl{ gh sruwhihxlooh1
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K|srwkëvhv olìhv ã o*ìtxloleuh jìqìudo
Od suhplëuh k|srwkëvh gìqlw o*xqltxh dfwli sk|vltxh +oh elhq, frqvlgìuì1
K|srwkëvh 44 Lo q*h{lvwh tx*xq vhxo elhq rx dfwli 71 Fhoxl0fl shxw íwuh vrlw frqvrppì/
vrlw xwlolvì frpph lqsxw gdqv od surgxfwlrq1 Wrxwhv ohv ydohxuv vrqw phvxuìhv hq xqlwìv
gh fh elhq1
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O*k|srwkëvh vxlydqwh frqiëuh ã fkdfxq g*hx{ xq frpsruwhphqw udwlrqqho vwdqgdug1
K|srwkëvh 45 D wrxw lqvwdqw/ fkdtxh lqglylgx fkhufkh ã pd{lplvhu o*hvsìudqfh g*xqh
irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì/ fxpxoìh mxvtx*ã od gdwh gh vd pruw +vxssrvìh frqqxh,1 O*xwlolwì/ txl
gìshqg gh vd frqvrppdwlrq hw gx qlyhdx ghv yduldeohv g*ìwdw ã o*lqvwdqw frqvlgìuì/ hvw
prqrwrqh furlvvdqwh hw vwulfwhphqw frqfdyh1
O*k|srwkëvh vxlydqwh shuphw g*krprjìqìlvhu od srsxodwlrq txdqw ã vhv fdudfwìulvwltxhv
ìfrqrpltxhv1
K|srwkëvh 46 Lo h{lvwh xq qrpeuh grqqì g*lqglylgxv1 Fhv lqglylgxv rqw ghv grwdwlrqv
hw ghv suìiìuhqfhv lghqwltxhv/ fkdfxq g*hx{ dgphw txh o*ìfrqrplh hvw whooh txh gìfulwh
suìfìghpphqw1
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ã ohxu glvsrvlwlrq/ dq gh srxyrlu jìuhu dx plhx{ ohv ulvtxhv ìfrqrpltxhv1
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K|srwkëvh 47 Lo h{lvwh ghv pdufkìv sduidlwv +fi1 k|srwkëvh +5,, gh wlwuhv qdqflhuv1 Fhv
wlwuhv/ fuììv hw dfkhwìv sdu ghv lqglylgxv/ vsìflhqw hq wrwdolwì ohv sdlhphqwv frqglwlrq0
qhov dx{txhov lov grqqhqw gurlw1 Fhv sdlhphqwv shxyhqw gìshqguh gh wrxwhv ohv yduldeohv
gìfulydqw o*ìwdw gh o*ìfrqrplh1
K|srwkëvh 48 Lo h{lvwh xq pdufkì srxu o*hpsuxqw hw oh suíw lqvwdqwdqì dx wdx{ o1
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Hydoxdwlrq g*dfwliv frqwlqjhqwv ã o*ìtxloleuh
Oh fkrl{ gh edvh g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw srxu xq lqglylgx hvw gh gìwhuplqhu o*doorfdwlrq rswl0
pdoh gh vd ulfkhvvh vhorq ohv rssruwxqlwìv g*lqyhvwlvvhphqw srvvleohv +fi1 Phuwrq +4<9<,,1
Srxu od vxlwh rq shxw vh uìiìuhu dx olyuh gh Kxdqj hw Olw}hqehujhu +4<<3,1 Udsshorqv
g*derug od gìqlwlrq g*xq dfwli frqwlqjhqw1
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txdqg xq ìwdw gx prqgh d olhx hw ulhq dloohxuv1
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frpph qxpìudluh1
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frqvrppdwlrq glvsrqleoh dx whpsv f/ hw / od frqvrppdwlrq glvsrqleoh gdqv o*ìwdw /1
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vl hooh hvw uìdolvdeoh hw v*lo q*h{lvwh sdv g*dxwuh doorfdwlrq uìdolvdeoh txl sxlvvh dxjphqwhu
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fur|dqfhv krprjëqhv Z/ Lo | d n  dfwliv qìjrflìv1 O*dfwli hvw uhsuìvhqwì sdu vd
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od ghqvlwì gh glvwulexwlrq gh 7A 1 G*dsuëv +71:, oh sul{ ã o*ìtxloleuh gh o*dfwli ulvtxì 7| hq
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suhqdqw ohv ydohxuv S dyhf suredelolwì > hw g*dsuëv o*lqìjdolwì gh Mhqvhq rq d =
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srxydlw od txdqwlhu h{dfwhphqw qxpìultxhphqw hq phwwdqw hq ìylghqfh fhwwh uhodwlrq
wkìrultxh1 Frqfuëwhphqw/ rq v*lqwìuhvvh pdlqwhqdqw ã o*hvwlpdwlrq gx sdudpëwuh b gdqv
+714:, txl qrxv grqqh gluhfwhphqw oh ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv vxu oh pdufkì1
Xqh irlv txh o*rq d vxssrvì xqh fodvvh gh irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì/ rq grlw vsìflhu xq prgëoh
srxu hvwlphu ohv ghqvlwìv qhxwuh dx ulvtxh ^ hw vxemhfwlyh R1 Gdqv oh exw g*ìwxglhu ohv
uìdfwlrqv ghv djhqwv ã wudyhuv oh whpsv/ rq lpsrvh dx ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh g*íwuh
yduldqw gdqv oh whpsv hw o*rq uhpsodfh wrxwhv ohv qrwdwlrqv gh +7149, sdu ohxu ìtxlydohqw
lqgh{ì sdu o*lqvwdqw suìvhqw | = R| / ^| / | hw @| 1 O*hvwlpdwlrq gh b shxw vh idluh gdqv xq fdguh
lpsolflwh rx h{solflwh1 Rq vh sursrvh gh o*hvwlphu gdqv fhv ghx{ frqwh{whv hw gh frpsduhu
ohv uìvxowdwv rewhqxv oruvtx*rq vxssrvh glìuhqwhv iruphv gh od irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì1
4
Sdu rssrvlwlrq ã wrxwhv ohv dxwuhv iruphv gh vrxufhv gh ulvtxh txh o*rq shxw uhqfrqwuhu hw gìfulwhv sdu Iljohzvnl hw
Juhhq +4<<;, gh od idêrq vxlydqwh =
Ulvtxh gh fuìglw = ulvtxh +dx vhqv odujh, txh od frqwuhsduwlh g*xq frqwudw vxu surgxlwv gìulyìv q*duulyh sdv ã uhpsolu
vhv reoljdwlrqv frqwudfwxhoohv1
Ulvtxh rsìudwlrqqho = ulvtxh gh shuwhv vxu gìulyìv suryhqdqw g*xqh gìflhqfh dx vhlq gh frqwu÷ohv lqwhuqhv rx gh
v|vwëphv g*lqirupdwlrq1
Ulvtxh gh oìjdolwì = ulvtxh tx*xq frqwudw gh gìulyìv qh vrlw sdv oìjdohphqw h{ìfxwrluh1
Ulvtxh gx prgëoh = ulvtxh txh oh prgëoh vsìflì vrlw pdo dgdswì dx{ grqqìhv dx frpsruwhphqw gh o*dfwli1
577
716
Hvwlpdwlrq lpsolflwh gh o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh
Gdqv xq suhplhu whpsv/ rq h{srvh frpphqw/ hq dssoltxdqw +7149,/ rq shxw h{wudluh
od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì/ hq vxssrvdqw ghx{ vwuxfwxuhv
glìuhqwhv srxu ohv ghqvlwìv uìhooh +vrxv od yudlh suredelolwì , hw qhxwuh dx ulvtxh +vrxv
od suredelolwì ulvtxh qhxwuh ", > gdqv xq vhfrqg whpsv/ rq ìwxglh od srvvlelolwì gh wluhu
ghv vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj ã sduwlu gx eldlv hqwuh fhv ghx{ ghqvlwìv1
71614
Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì dfwxhooh sdu xqh ghqvlwì Frqglwlrqqhoohphqw
Dxwruhjuhvvlyh
Lo h{lvwh gh qrpeuhx{ fdqglgdwv srxu hvwlphu od ghqvlwì frqglwlrqqhooh gx vrxv0mdfhqw
vrxv od yudlh suredelolwì 1 Ohv prgëohv DUFK gìfulwv gdqv od vhfwlrq suìfìghqwh vrqw ohv
prgëohv ohv soxv xwlolvìv gdqv od olwwìudwxuh srxu o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì frqglwlrqqhooh
g*xqh vìulh gh sul{1 Qrxv dyrqv yx hq vhfwlrq +515, txh o*rq srxydlw xwlolvhu od orl gh
Vwxghqw srxu h{klehu o*h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv gh od glvwulexwlrq ghv lqqrydwlrqv1
Gdqv xq exw gh frpsdudlvrq gh od ghqvlwì dfwxhooh ã od ghqvlwì ulvtxh0qhxwuh/ rq
yrxgudlw wudqviruphu od glvwulexwlrq gh Vwxghqw gh idêrq tx*hooh sxlvvh íwuh dv|pìwultxh
hw yduldqwh gdqv oh whpsv1 Kdqvhq +4<<7, vxjjëuh xqh jìqìudolvdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì +514<,
txl dxwrulvh od suìvhqfh g*dv|pìwulh gdqv od glvwulexwlrq1 Kduyh| hw Vlggltxh +4<<<, hw
Mrqghdx dqg Urfnlqjhu +5333e, xwlolvhqw ìjdohphqw fhwwh orl txh o*rq ìfulw =
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dqqh{h K sdjh +594, oh fdofxo ghv prphqwv g*ruguh 6 hw 7 gh }E1 Fhwwh ghqvlwì srvvëgh
xq vhxo pd{lpxp hq @*K1 Od glvwulexwlrq hvw dv|pìwultxh ã gurlwh txdqg r f hw ã
jdxfkh txdqg r : f1
Rq fkhufkh pdlqwhqdqw ã lqwurgxluh gh od yduldwlrq gdqv oh whpsv vxu ohv prphqwv
g*ruguh vxsìulhxu ã 5 hq idlvdqw gìshqguh oh qrpeuh gh ghjuìv gh olehuwì # hw o*dv|pìwulh
r ghv ydohxuv sdvvìhv ghv uìvlgxv1 Oh prgëoh frpsohw ã hvwlphu hvw oh vxlydqw =
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+519,/ +51:,/ +51;, rx +51<, gìfulwv gdqv od vhfwlrq suìfìghqwh1 O*lqqrydwlrq vwdqgduglvìh
5| vxlw od glvwulexwlrq }E5( r| c # | 1
Od ghqvlwì dfwxhooh frqglwlrqqhooh gh 7|n hvw doruv grqqìh sdu =
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Hvwlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh sdu xq gìyhorsshphqw hq
sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
Rq uhsuhqg lfl/ oh prgëoh gìyhorssì gdqv od vhfwlrq +71515, grqw qrxv qh udsshoohurqv
txh od vwuxfwxuh gh od ghqvlwì rewhqxh1
71616
Uìvxowdwv gh o*hvwlpdwlrq
Ohv jxuhv +7d, hw +7e, prqwuhqw ohv yduldwlrqv gh od ghqvlwì Khuplwh uhodwlyhphqw
dx{ sdudpëwuhv K hw Ke 1 Rq yrlw txh o*dv|pìwulh gh od ghqvlwì hvw vhqvleoh dx suhplhu
sdudpëwuh hw txh o*ìsdlvvhxu gh od txhxh gh glvwulexwlrq hvw uìdfwli dx ghx{lëph1 Rq d yx
hq vhfrqgh sduwlh txh od vnhzqhvv hw od nxuwrvlv g*xqh ghqvlwì hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh
vrqw gluhfwhphqw uholìv ã K hw Ke 1 Gdqv xq píph whpsv/ rq prqwuh hq jxuhv +8d, hw +8e,
ohv yduldwlrqv gh o*DUFG hq irqfwlrq ghv sdudpëwuhv r| hw # | 1 O*dv|pìwulh ydulh dyhf r|
doruv txh oh frpsruwhphqw gh od txhxh gh glvwulexwlrq ydulh dyhf oh sdudpëwuh # | 1
Oh wdeohdx +71614, uhsruwh ohv hvwlpdwlrqv ghv glìuhqwv prgëohv srxu ohv sdudpëwuhv
vrxv od suredelolwì dfwxhooh1 Od suhplëuh frorqqh fruuhvsrqg dx prgëoh JDUFK ruglqdluh
JDUFK dyhf xq frh!flhqw g*ìsdlvvhxu frqvwdqw # f hw xqh dv|pìwulh frqvwdqwh rf 1 Oh
sdudpëwuh dxwruhjuhvvli gdqv o*ìtxdwlrq gh od yduldqfh +715:, hvw vljqlfdwli ã xq qlyhdx
gh 8( Oh sdudpëwuh # f hvw vljqlfdwli dyhf xqh ydohxu gh f2f1 Od suìvhqfh g*dv|pìwulh
gdqv od glvwulexwlrq klvwrultxh q*duulyh sdv ã íwuh h{soltxìh sdu rf txl dssdudñw íwuh qrq
vljqlfdwlyhphqw glìuhqw gh 31 Oh vhfrqg +uhvs1 wurlvlëph, prgëoh fruuhvsrqg ã +7159,0
+7165, dyhf xqh nxuwrvlv +uhvs1 vnhzqhvv, frqvwdqwh hw xqh vnhzqhvv +uhvs1 nxuwrvlv, txl
ydulh dyhf oh whpsv1 Ohv sdudpëwuhv gh od yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh vrqw vlplodluhv ã fhx{
gx JDUFK1 Oh txdwulëph prgëoh fruuhvsrqg ã +7159,0+7165, dyhf ã od irlv od vnhzqhvv
hw od nxuwrvlv txl ydulhqw gdqv oh whpsv/ hw oh ghuqlhu prgëoh lqfoxw xqh hhw JMU gdqv od
yduldqfh frqglwlrqqhooh1 Oh sdudpëwuh g*dv|pìwulh gdqv od yduldqfh hvw vljqlfdwli hw oh
whvw gh udssruw ghv yudlvhpeodqfhv5 qrxv shuphw gh uhmhwhu o*k|srwkëvh qxooh Mf G ' f1
Ohv dxwuhv sdudpëwuhv gdqv +715<,0+7165, vrqw prlqv vljqlfdwliv1 O*hvwlpdwlrq gx prgëoh
DVNDUFK v*hvw dyìuìh dvvh} fulwltxh/ hw qrxv dyrqv gìflgì srxu od vxlwh g*xwlolvh ohv
sdudpëwuhv hvwlpìv gx prgëoh VNDUFK1
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whvw gh udssruw ghv yudlvhpeodqfhv vh frqvwlwxh frpph vxlw1
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fdofxoìhv dyhf ohv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh hw ohv yrodwlolwìv frqglwlrqqhoohv wluìhv gx pr0
gëoh VNDUFK1 Ohv ghx{ phvxuhv gh yrodwlolwì dssdudlvvhqw dvvh} surfkhv h{fhswì srxu
txhotxhv slfv/ pdlv qrxv uhqyr|rqv lfl ã od vhfwlrq +5,1
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+4, JDUFK = @ i3 > 4 > 3 > 3> 3> 3> 3> 3> 3> v3 > 3 j dyhf @ i3 > 4 > j
+5, VDUFK = @ i3 > 4 > 3 > 3> 3> 3> o3 > o4 > o5 > v3 > 3 j dyhf @ i3 > 4 > j
+6, NDUFK = @ i3 > 4 > 3 > q3 > q4 > q5 > 3> 3> 3> v3 > 3 j dyhf @ i3 > 4 > j
+7, VNDUFK = @ i3 > 4 > 3 > q3 > q4 > q5 > o3 > o4 > o5 > v3 > 3 j dyhf @ i3 > 4 > j
+8, DVNDUFK = @ i3 > 4 > 3 > q3 > q4 > q5 > o3 > o4 > o5 > v3 > 3 j dyhf @ i3 > 4 > > j
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Od jxuh +6145, uhsuìvhqwh ohv vnhzqhvv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh hw ohv vnhzqhvv dfwxhoohv hv0
wlpìhv uhvshfwlyhphqw ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv hw ghv vìulhv whpsruhoohv1 Ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv
dx ulvtxh vrqw fodluhphqw soxv ìohyìv txh ohv prphqwv dfwxhov1 Fh uìvxowdw frquph o*lgìh
txh ohv rswlrqv frqwlhqqhqw gh o*lqirupdwlrq qrq fdswxuìh gdqv ohv vìulhv whpsruhoohv gx
vrxv0mdfhqw1 Fhwwh revhuydwlrq hvw ìjdohphqw frqupìh sdu ohv jxuhv +6146, hw +6147, txl
prqwuhqw vxu xq píph judskltxh ohv ghqvlwìv dfwxhoohv hw qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh srxu xq mrxu
grqqì1 Dòw0Vdkdold +4<<;f, sursrvh g*h{sorlwhu oh eldlv hqwuh ohv ghx{ ghqvlwìv frpph ghv
phvxuhv gh surw gh wudglqj1 Ohv sulvhv gh srvlwlrq rqw olhx ã xqh gdwh |/ ã odtxhooh od
GQU ^E d ìwì hvwlpìh dyhf ohv grqqìhv gh fhwwh gdwh hw od ghqvlwì vxemhfwlyh RE d ìwì
hvwlpìh dyhf ohv grqqìhv g*xqh sìulrgh mxvtx*ã fhwwh gdwh |1
Rq frqvlgëuh xq wudghu txl suhqg ghv srvlwlrqv vxu ohv sxwv hw ohv fdoov kruv0od0prqqdlh
+RWP,/ sxlvtx*lov vrqw soxv frwìv txh ohv fdoov hw sxwv gdqv0od0prqqdlh1 Rq fkrlvlw od
phvxuh dfwxhooh frpph phvxuh gh uìiìuhqfh > od glìuhqfh hqwuh od GQU hw od GV shxw doruv
íwuh frqvlgìuìh frpph xqh lqirupdwlrq vxssoìphqwdluh frqwhqxh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv
frqfhuqdqw ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì vxu o*ìyroxwlrq ghv frxuv ixwxuv1 Rq
gìqlw sdu T0vnhz hw T0nxuw +uhvs1 S0vnhz hw S0nxuw, od vnhzqhvv hw od nxuwrvlv vrxv od
suredelolwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh " +uhvs1 vrxv od suredelolwì dfwxhooh ,1
Wrxuqrqv0qrxv hq suhplhu olhx yhuv oh wudglqj ghv rswlrqv RWP dyhf o*h{fëv gh nxuwr0
vlv1 Rq udsshooh txh od nxuwrvlv hvw xqh phvxuh ghv yduldwlrqv ixwxuhv lpsruwdqwhv gx sul{
gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw hq jìqìudo gdqv oh vhqv g*xqh fkxwh1 Vl od T0nxuw hvw soxv judqgh
txh od S0nxuw/ fhod vljqlh txh ohv lqyhvwlvvhxuv v*dwwhqghqw ã xqh ylrohqwh edlvvh gx sul{
gh o*lqglfh1 Gdqv fh fdv/ oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq g*dfkdw shxw ghyhqlu wuëv edv1 Frpph oh
sul{ g*h{huflfh hvw wuëv judqg srxu ohv fdoov wuëv hq ghkruv gh od prqqdlh/ oh sd|r ã
o*ìfkìdqfh vhud wuëv surfkh gh 3 > gdqv fh fdv/ oh wudghu grlw yhqguh ghv fdoov wuëv RWP1
Hq fh txl frqfhuqh ohv sxwv RWP/ ohv sul{ gx vrxv0mdfhqw 7A hw g*h{huflfh vhurqw idleohv
ã o*ìfkìdqfh1 Hqfruh xqh irlv/ oh sd|r hvw surfkh gh 3 hw oh wudghu grlw fkrlvlu gh yhqguh
ohv sxwv iruwhphqw kruv0gh0od0prqqdlh1 Oruvtxh od T0nxuw hvw lqiìulhxuh ã od S0nxuw/ rq
vxjjëuh gh vh wrxuqhu yhuv od sulph gh vnhzqhvv hw gh wudydloohu dyhf fhooh0fl1 Rq qrwh
txh/ oruvtxh od glvwulexwlrq hvw dv|pìwultxh ã jdxfkh/ od vnhzqhvv hvw qìjdwlyh/ vljqh txh
ohv rsìudwhxuv gh pdufkì dqwlflshqw soxv xqh edlvvh ghv sul{ tx*xqh kdxvvh1 Dlqvl/ txdqg
od T0vnhz hvw soxv qìjdwlyh txh od S0vnhz/ rq v*dwwhqg ã fh txh oh sd|r ghv sxwv RWP
vrlw srvlwli ã o*ìfkìdqfh hw rq vxjjëuh g*dfkhwhu fhv sxwv1 Oh sd|r ghv fdoov RWP vhud
surfkh gh 3/ lo idxw grqf ohv yhqguh1 Uìflsurtxhphqw/ vl od T0vnhz hvw soxv srvlwlyh txh
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yhqguh ohv sxwv RWP1
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48 pduv 4<<8 hw 48 mxloohw 4<<; txl shxyhqw íwuh frqvlgìuìhv frpph ghx{ gdwhv vlwxìhv
gdqv xqh sìulrgh uhodwlyhphqw fdoph vxu ohv pdufkìv1 Srxu fhv ghx{ gdwhv/ ohv ghqvlwìv qh
vrqw sdv whoohphqw ohswrnxuwltxhv hw lo vhudlw suìiìudeoh g*xwlolvhu od vnhzqhvv srxu ìwdeolu
ghv vwudwìjlhv gh wudglqj1 Gdqv ohv ghx{ fdv/ od T0vnhz hvw qìjdwlyh hw hq ghvvrxv gh
od S0vnhz1 Sdu frqvìtxhqw/ hq vxlydqw ohv uëjohv gìfulwhv gdqv oh sdudjudskh suìfìghqw/
rq grlw dfkhwhu ohv sxwv RWP hw yhqguh ohv fdoo RWP1 Ohv ghqvlwìv vxu od jxuh +6147,
vrqw hvwlpìhv ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv gx 48 dyulo 4<<: hw gx 48 rfwreuh 4<<;/ gdwhv
ã o*lqwìulhxu g*xqh sìulrgh txh o*rq shxw txdolhu g*djlwìhv1 Hq hhw/ od ghqvlwì gh od
suhplëuh gdwh suìfëgh gh txhotxhv mrxuv o*dqqrqfh ghv ìohfwlrqv oìjlvodwlyhv dqwlflsìhv
gh 4<<: hq Iudqfh1 Od ghqvlwì gh od vhfrqgh gdwh hvw od frqvìtxhqfh gh od fulvh uxvvh
dx gìexw gh o*dqqìh 4<<; txl d dhfwì ohv pdufkìv gìyhorssìv gh vhswhpeuh ã qryhpeuh
4<<;1 Gdqv fhv ghx{ fdv/ oh frqwhqx lqirupdwlrqqho vxssoìphqwdluh ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv vxu
ohv vìulhv whpsruhoohv hvw fodluhphqw uh ìwì vxu od GQU1 Fhwwh ghuqlëuh hvw elprgdoh/ hhw
fdudfwìulvì sdu xqh vhfrqgh ervvh vxu od jdxfkh gh od glvwulexwlrq1 Fhwwh vhfrqgh ervvh
hvw od suhxyh gh od suìvhqfh g*xq iruw h{fëv gh nxuwrvlv1 D fhv ghx{ gdwhv/ ohv sduwlflsdqwv
gx pdufkì fudljqhqw xqh fkxwh gh o*lqglfh1 Gdqv fhv ghx{ fdv/ rq sulyloìjlh ohv vwudwìjlhv
gh wudglqj dyhf od nxuwrvlv vxu od vwudwìjlh gh wudglqj dyhf od vnhzqhvv1
Hqq/ vxu ohv jxuhv +6148, vrqw ghvvlqìhv ohv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh lpsolflwhv
srxu ohv gdwhv ghv 48 pduv 4<<8 hw 48 rfwreuh 4<<;1 Od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh
devroxh hvw frpsduìv ã fhooh rewhqxh dyhf oh prgëoh gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv hq vxssrvdqw xqh
irqfwlrq g*xwlolwì FUUD hw hq xwlolvdqw o*h{suhvvlrq +7154,1 Frpph ohv ghqvlwìv vrqw vxs0
srvìhv fkdqjhu dx frxuv gx whpsv sdu frqvwuxfwlrq/ lo hvw fodlu txh ohv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq
dx ulvtxh gìshqghqw ìjdohphqw gx whpsv1 Rq uhpdutxh txh ohv irqfwlrqv g*dyhuvlrq dx
ulvtxh lpsolflwhv hvwlpìhv dyhf oh prgëoh ghv sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh rqw xqh iruph txl gli0
iëuh dvvh} gh fhoohv gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv1 Od ydohxu gh o*dyhuvlrq srxu oh ulvtxh hvw soxv judqgh
srxu ghv ydohxuv soxv edvvhv gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw1 Fhod vhpeoh lqgltxhu txh oh prgëoh
gh Eodfn0Vfkrohv qh uh ëwh sdv dvvh} o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh oruvtxh oh pdufkì dqwlflsh xqh
edlvvh ghv sul{1
585
58:
Dqqh{hv gh od sduwlh LLL
Dqqh{h I = whvw gh Glfnh| hw Ixoohu dxjphqwì
Oh whvw gh Glfnh| hw Ixoohu hvw xq whvw gh qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì ghv yduldeohv1 Ohv ìwdshv
gx whvw vrqw ohv vxlydqwhv1
Rq whvwh od uhsuìvhqwdwlrq jìqìudoh dyhf frqvwdqwh hw whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh =
{+| ' >S n S | n )S +|3 n | c
hw o*rq whvwh wrxw g*derug Mf G )S ' f1 Vrxv Mf / xqh whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh hvw suìvhqwh
pdlv rq ljqruh vl hooh hvw vljqlfdwlyh rx qrq1 Rq vxssrvh tx*hooh hvw qrq vljqlfdwlyh1
Gdqv fh fdv/ od vwdwlvwltxh gh Vwxghqw vxlw dv|pswrwltxhphqw xqh orl wdexoìh sdu Glfnh|
hw Ixoohu/ qrwìh kGI7 gdqv oh wdeohdx J1 Od uëjoh gh gìflvlrq hvw od vxlydqwh =
L, vl |E)S : kGI7 rq uhmhwwh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì1 Rq whvwh doruv od vljqlfd0
wlylwì gh od whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh +Mf G S ' f,1 Frpph + hvw vwdwlrqqdluh/ lo
q*| d sdv gh eldlv vxu od orl ghv sdudpëwuhv hw |E S vxlw elhq dv|pswrwltxhphqw
xqh orl qrupdoh1 Rq duuíwh oh whvw lfl1
LL, vl |E)S kGI7 rq dffhswh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì1 Rq shxw whvwhu od vljql0
fdwlylwì gh od whqgdqfh+Mf G S ' f,1 Frpph + hvw qrq0vwdwlrqqdluh/ od orl
gh |E S d ìwì wdexoìh sdu Glfnh| hw Ixoohu +qrwìh kGI< gdqv oh wdeohdx J,1 Od
uëjoh gh gìflvlrq hvw od vxlydqwh =
D, vl |E S : kGI< rq dffhswh od suìvhqfh g*xqh whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh1
Rq duuíwh oh whvw lfl1
E, vl |E S kGI< rq uhmhwwh od suìvhqfh g*xqh whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh1
Rq fkdqjh doruv oh prgëoh hw rq frqvlgëuh oh fdv g*xqh frqvwdqwh vhxoh vdqv
58;
whqgdqfh gìwhuplqlvwh =
{+| ' >K n )K +|3 n | c
hw o*rq whvwh ã qrxyhdx Mf G )K ' f1 Vrxv Mf / xqh frqvwdqwh hvw suìvhqwh pdlv
rq ljqruh vl hooh hvw vljqlfdwlyh rx qrq1 Od vwdwlvwltxh gh Vwxghqw |E)K vxlw
xqh orl wdexoìh sdu Glfnh| hw Ixoohu grqw ohv ydohxuv vrqw qrwìhv kGI5 gdqv oh
wdeohdx J hw od uëjoh gh gìflvlrq hvw od vxlydqwh =
4, vl |E)K : kGI5 rq uhmhwwh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì1 Rq shxw whvwhu
od vljqlfdwlylwì gh od frqvwdqwh+ Mf G >K ' f,1 Frpph + hvw vwdwlrqqdluh/ |E>K vxlw xqh orl qrupdoh1 Oh whvw v*duuíwh lfl1
5, vl |E)K kGI5 rq dffhswh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì1 Gdqv fh fdv/
rq shxw whvwhu od vljqlfdwlylwì gh od frqvwdqwh +Mf G >K ' f,1 Frpph + hvw
qrq0vwdwlrqqdluh/ od orl gh |E>K hvw wdexoìh sdu Glfnh| hw Ixoohu +qrwìh kGI6
gdqv oh wdeohdx J,1 Od uëjoh gh gìflvlrq hvw =
d, vl |E>K : kGI6 rq dffhswh od suìvhqfh g*xqh frqvwdqwh
gìwhuplqlvwh1 Oh whvw v*duuíwh lfl1
e, vl |E>K kGI6 rq uhmhwwh od suìvhqfh g*xqh frqvwdqwh gì0
whuplqlvwh1 Vl f*hvw oh fdv rq grlw fkdqjhu gh prgëoh hw frqvlgìuhu oh fdv vdqv
frqvwdqwh =
{+| ' )@ +|3 n | c
hw o*rq whvwh ã qrxyhdx Mf G )@ ' f1 Frpph lo q*| d sdv gh frqvwdqwh/ od
vwdwlvwltxh gh Vwxghqw qh vxlw sdv xq orl qrupdoh/ pdlv xqh orl wdexoìh sdu
Glfnh| hw Ixoohu grqw ohv ydohxuv fulwltxhv vrqw qrwìhv kGI4 1 Od uëjoh gh gìflvlrq
hvw =
l, vl |E)@ : kGI4 rq uhmhwwh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì hw rq
duuíwh oh whvw lfl1
ll, vl |E)@ kGI4 rq dffhswh od qrq0vwdwlrqqdulwì hw rq
duuíwh oh whvw lfl1
58<
Dqqh{h J = fdofxo ghv gìulyìhv RKHU3
E7 hw ^wKHU3 E7
w
%
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6
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s |
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n
he E# ' 7
7j | j| 7j |  2
W
6| ' *?E7| n o| _| j | c
2
rü e E hvw grqqì sdu +7148, hw
eKec| Kc| 'e E# ' s  n # 2 n s
# # S
2e
Srxu rewhqlu RKHU
E7rq uhpsodfh 6W| sdu =
|
 2
6| ' *?E7| n >| j| EA |
2
593
Dqqh{h K = Prphqwv gh od glvwulexwlrq w0vwxghqw gìfhqwuìh
Vrlw t xqh yduldeoh gh pr|hqqh @ hw gh yduldqfh K2 txl vxlw od glvwulexwlrq vxlydqwh =
; k
+ 2 l3 #n
2
A
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/+f
#32 3r
s E+( rc # '
#
n
l
k
3 2
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S ' s
KE #n
2 ZE# 2KE #2 +7168,
c
+7169,
doruv fodluhphqw od yduldeoh f ' Et @*K vxlw od glvwulexwlrq grqqìh sdu o*ìtxdwlrq
+7155, hw hvw gh pr|hqqh qxooh hw gh yduldqfh 41
Vrlw 6? od txdqwlwì =
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n"
f
3 #n
2
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% n
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Yìulrqv wrxw g*derugohv ydohxuv gh @ hw K gdqv ohv ìtxdwlrqv +7156, hw +7157,1
]
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594
rq d elhq doruv =
@ ' itTEt ' erS
#2
#
Yìulrqv pdlqwhqdqw txh K hvw grqqì sdu +7157, =
2 &3 #n
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txl fruuhvsrqg ã od prlwlì gh od yduldqfh g*xqh yduldeoh gh Vwxghqw gh pr|hqqh qxooh hw
gh yduldqfhwr 41 Doruv 62 ' *2 hw =
K2 ' @hEt ' itTEt 2 itTEt 2 '  n r2 @2 Wrxuqrqv0qrxv pdlqwhqdqw yhuv oh fdofxo gh od vnhzqhvv hw gh od nxuwrvlv gh f1
t!iEf ' itTEf '
'
itT dEt @ o
K
 itTEt @ itTEt 2 n 2@2 c
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Hq lqwìjudqw sdu sduwlhv/ rq rewlhqw =
3 # 2 
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E# 22
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c
E# E# 3
6
hw grqf
t!iEf ' SSrE n r2 E# 22
@E n r2 n 2@2 E# E# Od nxuwrvlv gh f hvw grqqìh sdu =
itT dEt @e o
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txl hvw fodluhphq od prlwlì gh od nxuwrvlv g*xqh yduldeoh txl vxlw xqh orl gh Vwxghqw gh
pr|hqqh 3 hw gh yduldqfh 41 Rq vdlw txh od ydohxu g*xqh whooh nxuwrvlv hvw E# 2*E# e
hw grqf =
itTEt e ' E n fr2 n Dre E# 2
c
E# e
hw o*rq frqqdlw dlqvl wrxv ohv whuphv gh oìtxdwlrq +716:,1
597
s
Dqqh{h L = Glvwulexwlrqv gh 1 {>w.k c 1 |>w.k hw
Tw _~w4c _~w5
Rq yd yìulhu txh 1 %c|n c 1 +c|3
qrupdoh elydulìh gh pr|hqqh qxooh hw gh
n vxlw xqh orl 4
s
T|
4 T|
D
pdwulfh gh yduldqfh0fryduldqfh C s
4 T| 
Rq d vxssrvì txh 1 %c|n ìwdlw xqh yduldeoh jdxvvlhqqh gh pr|hqqh qxooh hw gh yduldqfh
T| 1
Fdofxo gh itT 1 +c|n
#
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2
1 %c|n
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itT 4 s n
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598
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599
Frqfoxvlrq jìqìudoh
Oh frqwhqx hq lqirupdwlrq gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv hvw ghyhqx ghsxlv txhotxhv dqqìhv xq
hqmhx pdmhxu srxu ohv lqvwlwxwlrqv qdqflëuhv hw hq sduwlfxolhu srxu ohv edqtxhv fhqwudohv1
Fhv ghuqlëuhv | yrlhqw od srvvlelolwì gh srxyrlu whvwhu ohv uìdfwlrqv gx pdufkì ã ohxu
lqwhuyhqwlrq vxu ohv wdx{ g*lqwìuíw1 Ohv wudghuv gdqv ohv edqtxhv frpphufldohv txdqw ã hx{
shxyhqw wurxyhu oã xq rxwlo srxu whvwhu ohv dqwlflsdwlrqv gh pdufkì vxu oh frpsruwhphqw
ixwxu ghv frxuv ghv dfwliv hw v*hq vhuylu gdqv od jhvwlrq gh ohxu sruwhihxlooh1
Od vhfrqgh sduwlh gh od wkëvh suìvhqwh od frpsdudlvrq gh soxvlhxuv pìwkrghv g*hv0
wlpdwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh1 Soxvlhxuv uhpdutxhv vrqw ã suìflvhu vxu fhwwh
ìwxgh1
Suhplëuhphqw ohv grqqìhv xwlolvìhv/ ã vdyrlu ohv rswlrqv vxu lqglfh FDF 73 hw vxu
frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 6 prlv vrqw ghv surgxlwv wuëv uduhphqw xwlolvìv gdqv ohv dssolfdwlrqv
g*ìwxghv qdqflëuhv gx idlw hqwuh dxwuhv gh ohxu pdqtxh gh oltxlglwì1
Ghx{lëphphqw/ oh qrpeuh gh pìwkrghv g*h{wudfwlrq gh od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh
uhwhqxhv hvw qhwwhphqw vxsìulhxu ã fhoxl revhuyì gdqv o*hqvhpeoh ghv dssolfdwlrqv sruwdqw
vxu oh vxmhw1 Rq d glvwlqjxì wurlv judqghv idploohv gh glvwulexwlrqv txl vrqw ohv prgëohv
gh glxvlrq/ ohv prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv hw ohv pìwkrghv vwuxfwxuhoohv1
O*ìwxgh idlw uhvvruwlu ohv uìvxowdwv vxlydqwv1 Oruvtx*lo v*djlw g*hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh
dx ulvtxh gx sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw ghv rswlrqv/ qrxv gìfrqvhloorqv o*xwlolvdwlrq ghv
prgëohv qrq sdudpìwultxhv1 Fhv prgëohv hq hhw/ v*lov shxyhqw v*dyìuhu wuëv suìflv hw elhq
dgdswìv ã od uìdolwì gx pdufkì/ suìvhqwh oh gìvdydqwdjh pdmhxu gh qìfhvvlwhu xq judqg
qrpeuh gh sul{ revhuyìv1 Lov vrqw grqf wuëv lpsuìflv srxu o*hvwlpdwlrq g*xqh ghqvlwì txr0
wlglhqqh sdu pdwxulwì txl q*lqwëjuh tx*xq idleoh qrpeuh gh sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Ohv prgëohv
gh glxvlrq suìvhqwhqw o*dydqwdjh g*íwuh irqgìv vxu ghv qrwlrqv lqwxlwlyhv gh o*ìyroxwlrq
gx surfhvvxv gx sul{ hw oh prgëoh ã vdxwv vxu ohv sul{ grqqhqw ghv uìvxowdwv soxw÷w vd0
wlvidlvdqwv1 Hq frqfoxvlrq ghv uìvxowdwv gh fhwwh vhfrqgh sduwlh/ qrxv suìfrqlvrqv gdqv
fhwwh ìwxgh g*hvwlphu od ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hq dssoltxdqw ghv pìwkrghv vwuxfwx0
59:
uhoohv hw qrxv uhwhqrqv hq sduwlfxolhu xqh ghqvlwì lvvxh g*xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv
g*Khuplwh1
Oh prgëoh ã vdxwv hw oh gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh vrqw xwlolvìv gdqv
soxvlhxuv dssolfdwlrqv gh od wurlvlëph sduwlh1 Od suhplëuh dssolfdwlrq hvw o*dqdo|vh hq
whuphv g*dqwlflsdwlrqv ghv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh gx Sleru 6 prlv hw gx FDF 731
Ohv lqwhuydoohv gh frqdqfh v*dyëuhqw íwuh xq rxwlo lqirupdwlrqqho h!fdfh srxu ìwxglhu
ohv uìdfwlrqv gx pdufkì ã xqh phvxuh rx xq ìyìqhphqw g*ruguh srolwltxh rx ìfrqrpltxh1
Qrxv dyrqv fkrlvl o*h{hpsoh ghv ìohfwlrqv dqwlflsìhv hq Iudqfh hq 4<<:1 Qrxv dyrqv prq0
wuì txh ohv lqwhuyhqdqwv gx pdufkì frqqdlvvdlhqw od gìflvlrq gx Fkhi gh o*Ìwdw vxu od
glvvroxwlrq gh o*Dvvhpeoìh soxvlhxuv mrxuv dydqw vrq dqqrqfh r!flhooh1
Od vhfrqgh dssolfdwlrq sruwh vxu oh whvw gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv vxu oh wdx{
Sleru 6 prlv1 O*k|srwkëvh gh od wkìrulh ghv dqwlflsdwlrqv hvw uhylvlwìh gdqv xq fdguh
glìuhqw gx fdguh wudglwlrqqho1 Hq hhw/ lo v*djlw gh whvwhu vl ohv prphqwv lpsolflwhv gdqv
ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv vrqw dswhv ã h{soltxhu od sulph gh ulvtxh oldqw oh vsuhdg wdx{ frxuw
ixwxu prlqv wdx{ dx frpswdqw dx vsuhdg wdx{ ã whuph prlqv wdx{ frxuw1 Ohv uìvxowdwv gh
fhv whvw qh vh vrqw sdv dyìuìv wuëv frqydlqfdqwv hw gdqv o*hqvhpeoh rq qh shxw sdv uhwhqlu
ohv prphqwv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxhv lvvxv ghv rswlrqv srxu h{soltxhu od sulph gh ulvtxh1 Rq
shxw fhshqgdqw qxdqfhu fh uìvxowdw hq qrwdqw xqh oìjëuh dpìolrudwlrq gh o*h{solfdwlrq gh
od sulph gh ulvtxh oruvtx*rq xwlolvh oh prgëoh gh olvvdjh gh vploh srxu hvwlphu od vnhzqhvv
hw od nxuwrvlv qhxwuhv dx ulvtxh ã sduwlu ghv rswlrqv vxu frqwudw ã whuph Sleru 6 prlv1
Hqq gdqv xqh wurlvlëph dssolfdwlrq rq v*dwwdfkh ã o*hvwlpdwlrq gh od irqfwlrq g*dyhu0
vlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv gx pdufkì lpsolflwh gdqv ohv sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Rq fkhufkh ã
gìwhuplqhu gdqv fhwwh sduwlh ghx{ fkrvhv1 G*xqh sduw vl o*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv
gx pdufkì hvw yduldqwh ã wudyhuv oh whpsv/ g*dxwuh sduw vl hooh shxw v*dyìuhu xwloh srxu xq
wudghu srxu vh srvlwlrqqhu vxu oh pdufkì1
D sduwlu g*xqh uhodwlrq wkìrultxh hqwuh od irqfwlrq g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh/ od ghqvlwì
qhxwuh dx ulvtxh hvwlpìh ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv hw od ghqvlwì vwdwlvwltxh hvwlpìh
ã sduwlu gh vìulhv whpsruhoohv ghv uhqghphqwv gx sul{ gh o*dfwli vrxv0mdfhqw/ rq shxw
txdqwlhu oh ghjuì g*dyhuvlrq dx ulvtxh ghv djhqwv1 Fhwwh ìwxgh hvw h{ìfxwìh gh ghx{
idêrqv glìuhqwhv1 G*xqh idêrq lpsolflwh g*xqh sduw hq xwlolvdqw xqh ghqvlwì qhxwuh dx
ulvtxh lvvxh g*xq gìyhorsshphqw hq sro|q÷phv g*Khuplwh hw xqh ghqvlwì vwdwlvwltxh lvvxh
g*xqh orl gh Vwxghqw dv|pìwultxh1 Ohv uìvxowdwv hq whuphv g*dfwlylwì gh wudglqj vrqw
frqydlqfdqwv1
Xqh vxlwh qdwxuhooh gh fhv wudydx{ vhudlw gh v*lqwìuhvvhu ã od glvwulexwlrq mrlqwh gh sox0
59;
vlhxuv dfwliv ã sduwlu ghv sul{ g*rswlrqv1 Xqh idêrq gh idluh hvw g*hvwlphu ohv orlv pdujlqdohv
gh fkdtxh vrxv0mdfhqw dyhf o*xqh ghv pìwkrghv ìwxglìhv gdqv fhwwh wkëvh hw gh uìfxsìuhu
od irqfwlrq gh gìshqgdqfh hq uhfkhufkdqw oh erq frsxod6 ã sduwlu ghv grqqìhv klvwrultxhv1
Xqh dxwuh pìwkrgh frqvlvwhudlw ã wudydloohu gluhfwhphqw ã sduwlu gh grqqìhv g*rswlrqv vxu
pxowl vrxv0mdfhqwv hw gh fdofxohu oh sul{ gh o*rswlrq sdu lqwìjudwlrq hq hvwlpdqw oh erq
frsxod1
Srxu rewhqlu xqh uhyxh frpsoëwh gh od pìwkrgrorjlh vxu ohv frsxodv/ rq srxuud vh uìihuuhu ã Gxuuohpdq/ Qlnhjkedol hw
Urqfdool +5333,/ Erx|ì/ Gxuuohpdq/ Qlnhjkedol/ Ulerxohw hw Urqfdool +5333,1
6
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Eleolrjudsklh
^4` Dedglu/ N1 hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +4<<:,/ Ghqvlw|0Hpehgglqj Ixqfwlrqv/ KHF Zrunlqj
Sdshu1
^5` Denhq/ S1D1 +4<<8,/ Xvlqj Hxurgroodu Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv = Jdxjlqj wkh Pdunhw*v
Ylhz ri Lqwhuhvw Udwh Pryhphqwv/ Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 430631
^6` Denhq/ S1/ G1E1 Pdgdq hw V1 Udpdpxuwlh +4<<9,/ Hvwlpdwlrq ri Ulvn0Qhxwudo dqg
Vwdwlvwlfdo Ghqvlwlhv e| Khuplwh Sro|qrpldo Dssur{lpdwlrq = Zlwk dq Dssolfdwlrq
wr Hxurgroodu Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv/ Ihghudo Uhvhuyh Edqn ri Dwodqwd/ Grfxphqw gh
wudydlo1
^7` Deudprzlw}/ P1 hw L1D1 Vwhjxq +4<:5,/ Kdqgerrn ri Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ixqfwlrq/
Qdwlrqdo Exuhdx ri Vwdqgdugv/ Dssolhg Pdwkhpdwlfdo Vhulhv/ 88/ Zdvklqjwrq/ G1F1
^8` Diwdolrq/ I1 hw S1 Srqfhw +4<<4,/ Ohv Ixwxuhv vxu Wdx{ g*Lqwìuíw = oh Pdwli/ Sxi1
^9` Djprq/ Q1/ \1 Dokdvvlg hw U1G1 Ohylqh +4<:<,/ Dq Dojrulwkp iru Ilqglqj wkh
Glvwulexwlrq ri Pd{lpdo Hqwurs|/ Mrxuqdo ri Frpsxwdwlrqdo Dqdo|vlv/ 63/ 583058<1
^:` Dòw0Vdkdold/ \1+4<<9,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Sulflqj ri Lqwhuhvw Udwh Ghulydwlyh Vhfxul0
wlhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 97/ 85:08931
^;` Dòw0Vdkdold/ \1 hw D1Z1 Or +4<<;d,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Hvwlpdwlrq ri Vwdwh0Sulfh Ghq0
vlwlhv Lpsolflw lq Ilqdqfldo Dvvhw Sulfhv/ Wkh Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 86/ 7<<087:1
^<` Dòw0Vdkdold/ \1/ \1 Zdqj hw I1 \duhg +4<<;e,/ Gr Rswlrqv Pdunhwv Fruuhfwo| Sulfh
wkh Suredelolwlhv ri Pryhphqw ri wkh Xqghuo|lqj Dvvhw B/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^43` Dòw0Vdkdold/ \1 hw D1Z1 Or +5333,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Ulvn Pdqdjhphqw dqg Lpsolhg
Ulvn Dyhuvlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ <7/ <0841
^44` Dplq/ N1 L1 hw Y1 N1 Qj +4<<:,/ Lqihuulqj Ixwxuh Yrodwlolw| iurp wkh Lqirupdwlrq
lq Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| lq Hxurgroodu Rswlrqv = D Qhz Dssurdfk/ Wkh Uhylhz ri
Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 43+5,/ 666069:1
5:3
^45` Dqghuvhq/ O +4<<8,/ Wkh Htxlw| Rswlrq Yrodwlolw| Vploh = Dq Lpsolflw Ilqlwh Gli0
ihuhqfh Dssurdfk/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Jhqhudo Uh Ilqdqfldo Surgxfwv Frus1
^46` Dqguhdvhq/ M1 +4<<9,/ Lpsolhg Prghoolqj = Vwdeoh Lpsohphqwdwlrq/ Khgjlqj dqg
Gxdolw|/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^47` Dyhoodqhgd/ P1/ F1 Iulhgpdq/ U1 Krophv dqg G1 Vdpshul +4<<:,/ Fdoleudwlqj Yrod0
wlolw| Vxuidfhv yld Uhodwlyh0Hqwurs| Plqlpl}dwlrq/ Dssolhg Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh/
7/ 6:0971
^48` Edffkxv/ G1/ V1 Iruhvl/ N1 Ol hw O1 Zx +4<<:,/ Dffrxqwlqj iru Eldvhv lq Eodfn0
Vfkrohv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^49` Edkud/ E1/ +4<<9,/ Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv ri Ixwxuhv Dvvhw Sulfhv Lpsolhg e|
Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Edqn ri Hqjodqg Txduwhuo| Exoohwlq/ 5<<06441
^4:` Ednvkl/ J1/ F1 Fdr hw ]1 Fkhq +4<<:,/ Hpslulfdo Shuirupdqfhv ri Dowhuqdwlyh Rs0
wlrq Sulflqj Prghov/ Wkh Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 85+8,/ 53360537<1
^4;` Edolwvndld/ H1R1 hw O1D1 ]rorwxklqd +4<;;,/ Rq wkh Uhsuhvhqwdwlrq ri d Ghqvlw| e|
dq Hgjhzruwk Vhulhv/ Elrphwulnd/ :8+4,/ 4;804;:1
^4<` Edoo/ F1D1 hw Z1Q1 Wrurxv +4<;6,/ D Vlpsolhg Mxps Surfhvv iru Frpprq Vwrfn
Uhwxuqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 4;+4,/ 860981
^53` Edoo/ F1D1 hw Z1Q1 Wrurxv +4<;8,/ Rq Mxpsv lq Frpprq Vwrfn Sulfhv dqg Wkhlu
Lpsdfw rq Fdoo Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 93+4,/ 48804:61
^54` Edoo/ F1D1 hw Z1Q1 Wrurxv +4<;9,/ Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv dqg wkh Yrodwlolw| ri Ixwxuhv
Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 74 +7,/ ;8:0;:31
^55` Edoo/ F1D1 hw Z1Q1 Wrurxv +4<<<,/ Wkh Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwlolw| ri Vkruw0Whup Lqwhuhvw
Udwhv = Vrph Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Hylghqfh/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 87+9,/ 566<0568<1
^56` Eduoh/ V1 hw Q1 Fdnlfl +4<<8,/ Jurzlqj d Vplolqj Wuhh/ ULVN/ ;+43,/ ::0;51
^57` Edurqh0Dghvl/ J1 hw U1H1 Zkdoh| +4<;:,/ H!flhqw Dqdo|wlf Dssur{lpdwlrq ri Dph0
ulfdq Rswlrq Ydoxhv1/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 95/ 63406531
^58` Edwhv/ G1 V1 +4<<4,/ Wkh Fudvk ri *;: = Zdv0lw H{shfwhg B Wkh Hylghqfh iurp
Rswlrqv Pdunhwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 79+6,/ 433<043771
^59` Edwhv/ G1 V1 +4<<9d,/ Groodu Mxps Ihduv/ 4<;704<<5/ Glvwulexwlrqdo Deqrupdolwlhv
Lpsolflw lq Fxuuhqf| Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh| dqg Ilqdqfh/
48+4,/ 980<61
5:4
^5:` Edwhv/ G1 V1 +4<<9e,/ Mxpsv dqg Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwlolw| = H{fkdqjh Udwh Surfhvvhv
Lpsolflw lq Ghxwvfkh Pdun Rswlrqv/ Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ <+4,/ 9<043:1
^5;` Edwhv/ G1 +5333,/ Srvw0*;: Fudvk Ihduv lq V)S833 Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Hfrqrphwulfv/ <7+405,/ 4;4056;1
^5<` Ehfnhuv V1 +4<;4,/ Vwdqgdug Ghyldwlrqv Lpsolhg lq Rswlrq Sulfhv dv Suhglfwruv ri
Ixwxuh Vwrfn Sulfh Yduldelolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Edqnlqj dqg Ilqdqfh/ 8/ 69606;41
^63` Ehondfhp/ O1 +4<<9,/ Surfhvvxv Vwdeohv hw Dssolfdwlrqv hq Ilqdqfh/ Wkëvh gh
Grfwrudw/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Sdulv L[ Gdxsklqh1
^64` Ehun/ M1P1 +4<<<,/ Glg Pdunhwv H{shfw Lwdo| wr Mrlq HPX B Hylghqfh iurp Rswlrqv
Pdunhwv/ Dssolhg Hfrqrplfv Ohwwhuv/ 9/ 7;407;71
^65` Elvlëuh/ F +4<<7,/ Wkìrulh gh od Vwuxfwxuh sdu Whuph ghv Wdx{ g*Lqwìuíw/ Wkëvh
gh Grfwrudw/ Xqlyhuvlwì g*Dl{0Pduvhlooh LL1
^66` Eodfn/ I1 +4<:9,/ Wkh Sulflqj ri Frpprglw| Frqwudfwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo
Hfrqrplfv/ 6/ 49:04:<1
^67` Eodfn/ I1/ H1 Ghupdq hw Z1 Wr| +4<<3,/ D Rqh0Idfwru Prgho ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv dqg
Lwv Dssolfdwlrq wr Wuhdvxu| Erqg Rswlrqv/ Ilqdqfldo Dqdo|vw Mrxuqdo/ 79/ 6606<1
^68` Eodfn/ I/ hw S1 Ndud}lqvnl +4<<4,/ Erqg dqg Rswlrq Sulflqj zkhq Vkruw Udwhv duh
Orjqrupdo/ Ilqdqfldo Dqdo|vlv Mrxuqdo/ 7:/ 8508<1
^69` Eodfn/ I1 hw P1 Vfkrohv +4<:6,/ Wkh Sulflqj ri Rswlrqv dqg Frusrudwh Oldelolwlhv/
Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ ;4+6,/ 96:09871
^6:` Eodlu/ E1/ V0K1 Srrq hw V1M1 Wd|oru +4<<;,/ Prghoolqj V)S433 Yrodwlolw| = Wkh
Lqirupdwlrq Frqwhqw ri Vwrfn Uhwxuqv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^6;` Eolvv/ U1U1 hw Q1 Sdqljluw}rjorx +4<<<,/ Whvwlqj wkh Vwdelolw| ri Lpsolhg Suredelolw|
Ghqvlw| Ixqfwlrqv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^6<` Ergxuwkd/ M1 hw P1 Mhupdn|dq +4<<9d,/ Qrq Sdudphwulf Hvwlpdwlrq ri dq Lpsolhg
Yrodwlolw| Vxuidfh1/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Jhrujhwrzq1
^73` Ergxuwkd/ M1 hw P1 Mhupdn|dq +4<<9e,/ Uhjxodu Vplohv/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/
Xqlyhuvlwì gh Jhrujhwrzq1
^74` Eroohq/ Q1S1E1/ V1I1 Jud| hw U1 Zkdoh| +5333,/ Uhjlph Vzlwfklqj lq Iruhljq H{0
fkdqjh Udwhv = Hylghqfh iurp Fxuuhqf| Rswlrq sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/
<7/ 56<05:91
5:5
^75` Eroohuvohy/ W1 +4<;9,/ Jhqhudol}hg DxwruhjuhvvlyhFrqglwlrqdo Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw|/
Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ 64/ 63:065:1
^76` Eroohuvohy/ W1/ U1I1 Hqjoh hw G1E1 Qhovrq +4<<7,/ DUFK Prghov/ Kdqgerrn ri
Hfrqrphwulfv/ 7/ 5<8<0636:/ Hovhylhu Vflhqfh1
^77` Eruhqv}whlq/ H1U1 hw P1S1 Grroh| +4<;;,/ Rswlrqv rq Iruhljq H{fkdqjh Udwh H{0
shfwdwlrqv/ Plphr1
^78` Eruzhlq/ M1P1/ D1V1 Ohzlv hw G1 Qroo +4<<9,/ Pd{lpxp Hqwurs| Uhfrqvwuxfwlrq
Xvlqj Ghulydwlyh Lqirupdwlrq/ sduw 4 = Ilvkhu Lqirupdwlrq dqg Frqyh{ Gxdolw|/
Pdwkhpdwlfv ri Rshudwlrq Uhvhdufk/ 54+5,/ 775079;1
^79` Erxfkrxhy/ L1 hw Y1 Lvdnry +4<<:,/ Wkh Lqyhuvh Sureohp ri Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Lqyhuvh
Sureohp/ 46/ 4404:1
^7:` Erx|ì/ H1/ Y1 Gxuuohpdq/ D1 Qlnhjkedol/ J1 Ulerxohw hw W1 Urqfdool +5333,/ Frsxod
iru Ilqdqfh1 D Uhdglqj Jxlgh dqg Vrph Dssolfdwlrq/ Vxuyh|/ Jurxsh gh Uhfkhufkh
Rsìudwlrqqhooh/ Fuìglw O|rqqdlv1
^7;` Eudfh/ D1/ G1 Jdwduhn hw P1 Pxvlhod +4<<:,/ Wkh Pdunhw Prgho ri Lqwhuhvw Udwh
G|qdplfv/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh/ :+5,/ 45:04881
^7<` Euhhghq/ G1W1/ hw U1K1 Olw}hqehujhu +4<:;,/ Sulfhv ri Vwdwh0Frqwlqjhqw Fodlpv
Lpsolflw lq Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Exvlqhvv/ 84+7,/ 95409841
^83` Euhqqdq/ P1M1 hw H1V1 Vfkzduw} +4<::,/ Wkh Ydoxdwlrq ri Dphulfdq Sxw Rswlrqv1/
Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 65/ 77<07951
^84` Euhqqdq/ P1M1 hw H1V1 Vfkzduw} +4<;5,/ Dq Htxloleulxp Prgho ri Erqg Sulflqj
dqg d Whvw ri Pdunhw H!flhqf|/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/
4:+6,/ 63406631
^85` Euhqqhu/ P1/ J1U1 Frxuwdgrq hw P1 Vxeudkpdq|dp +4<;8,/ Rswlrqv rq wkh Vsrw
dqg Rswlrqv rq Ixwxuhv1/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 73/ 46360464:1
^86` Euhqqhu/ P1 hw \1 Hrp +4<<:,/ Qr0Duelwudjh Rswlrq Sulflqj = Qhz Hylghqfh rq
wkh Ydolglw| ri wkh Pduwlqjdoh Surshuw|1/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Qhz0
\run1
^87` Eulwwhq0Mrqhv/ P1 hw D1 Qhxehujhu +5333,/ Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Lpsolhg Sulfh Surfhvvhv
dqg Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwlolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 88+5,/ ;6<0;991
^88` Exfkhq/ S1Z1 hw P1 Nhoo| +4<<9,/ Wkh Pd{lpxp Hqwurs| Glvwulexwlrq ri dq Dvvhw
Lqihuuhg iurp Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 64+4,/
476048<1
5:6
^89` Exudvkl/ D1 hw M1 Mdfnzhuwk +4<<<,/ Lv yrodwlolw| Ulvn Sulfhg lq wkh Rswlrq Pdu0
nhw B/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^8:` Exujd|udq/ H1 hw V1 Gduroohv +4<<:,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Hvwlpdwlrq ri Udqgrp Wlph
Revhuyhg Glxvlrq Htxdwlrqv xvlqj Vfdoh Wudqvirupdwlrq/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^8;` Exwohu/ F1 hw K1 Gdylhv +4<<;,/ Dvvhvvlqj Pdunhwv Ylhzv rq Prqhwdu| Srolf| = wkh
Xvh ri Lpsolhg Ulvn Qhxwudo Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv/ Edqn ri Hqjodqg/ Grfxphqw
gh wudydlo1
^8<` Fdpsd/ M1P1 hw S1K1N1 Fkdqj +4<<9,/ Duelwudjh Edvhg Whvwv ri Wdujhw ]rqh Fuh0
glelolw| = Hylghqfh iurp HUP Furvv0Udwh Rswlrqv/ Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/
;9/ :590:731
^93` Fdpsd/ M1P1 hw S1K1N1 Fkdqj +4<<;,/ HUP Uhdoljqphqw Ulvn dqg lwv Hfrqrplf
Ghwhuplqdqwv dv Uh hfwhg lq Furvv0Udwh Rswlrqv/ Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo/ 43;+77<,/
4379043991
^94` Fdpsd/ M1P1/ S1K1N1 Fkdqj hw M1I1 Uhidor +4<<<,/ Dq Rswlrqv0Edvhg Dqdo|vlv ri
Hphujlqj Pdunhw H{fkdqjh Udwh H{shfwdwlrqv = Eud}lo*v Uhdo Sodq/ 4<<704<<:/
Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ QEHU q Sb2b1
^95` Fdpsd/ M1P1/ S1K1N1 Fkdqj hw U1O1 Uhlghu +4<<:,/ HUP Edqgzlgwkv iru HPX
dqg diwhu = Hylghqfh iurp Iruhljq H{fkdqjh Rswlrqv/ Hfrqrplf Srolf|/ 57/ 880;<1
^96` Fdpsd/ M1P1/ S1K1N1 Fkdqj hw U1O1 Uhlghu +4<<;,/ Lpsolhg H{fkdqjh Udwh Glv0
wulexwlrqv = Hylghqfh iurp RWF Rswlrqv Pdunhwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh|
dqg Ilqdqfh/ 4:+4,/ 44:04931
^97` Fdqlqd/ O1 hw V1 Iljohzvnl +4<<6,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq Frqwhqw ri Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw|/
Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 9+6,/ 98<09;41
^98` Fduu/ S1 hw G1 Pdgdq +4<<;,/ Ghwhuplqlqj Yrodwlolw| Vxuidfhv dqg Rswlrq Ydoxhv
iurp dq Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| Vploh/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gx Pdu|odqg1
^99` Fkdq/ N1/ \1S1 Fkxqj hw Z0P1 Irqj +4<<<,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrqdo Uroh ri Vwrfn dqg
Rswlrq Yroxph/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^9:` Fkdq/ N1F1/ J1D1 Nduro|l/ I1D1 Orqjvwd hw D1E1 Vdqghuv +4<<5,/ Dq Hpslulfdo
Frpsdudlvrq ri Dowhuqdwlyh Prghov ri wkh Vkruw0Whup Lqwhuhvw Udwh/ Mrxuqdo ri
Ilqdqfh/ 7:+6,/ 453<0455:1
^9;` Fkhq/ U0U hw O1 Vfrww +4<<6,/ Sulflqj Lqwhuhvw Udwh Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv zlwk Ixwxuhv0
Vw|oh Pdujlqlqj/ Mrxuqdo ri Ixwxuhv Pdunhwv/ 46+4,/ 480551
5:7
^9<` Fkhvqh|/ P1 hw O1 Vfrww +4<;<,/ Sulflqj Hxurshdq Fxuuhqf| Rswlrqv = d Frpsdulvrq
ri wkh Prglhg Eodfn0Vfkrohv Prgho dqg d Udqgrp Yduldqfh Prgho/ Mrxuqdo ri
Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 57/ 59:05;71
^:3` Fklduhood/ F1/ Q1 Ho0Kdvvdq hw D1 Nxfhud +4<<;,/ Hydoxdwlrq ri Ghulydwlyh Vhfxulw|
Sulfhv lq d Sdwk Lqwhjudo Iudphzrun Xvlqj Irxulhu0Khuplwh Vhulhv H{sdqvlrqv/
Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ V|gqh| Xqlyhuvlw| ri Whfkqrorj|1
^:4` Fkludv/ G1S1 hw V1 Pdqdvwhu +4<:;,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq Frqwhqw ri Rswlrqv Sulfhv
dqg d whvw ri Pdunhw H!flhqf|/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 9/ 54605671
^:5` Fkulvwhqvhq/ E1M1 hw Q1U1 Sudekdod +4<<;,/ Wkh Uhodwlrq Ehwzhhq Lpsolhg dqg
Uhdol}hg Yrodwlolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 83/ 45804831
^:6` Fohphqw/ H1/ F1 Jrxulhurx{ hw D1 Prqiruw +5333,/ Hfrqrphwulf Vshflfdwlrq ri wkh
Ulvn Qhxwudo Ydoxdwlrq Prgho/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ <7/ 44:04761
^:7` Frohpdq/ W1/ \1 Ol hw D1 Yhupd +4<<;,/ Uhfrqvwuxfwlqj wkh Xqnqrzq Yrodwlolw|
Ixqfwlrq/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Fruqhoo1
^:8` Frqw/ U1 +4<<:,/ Eh|rqg Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw|/ HfrqrSk|vlfv/ iruwkfrplqj1
^:9` Fruudgr/ F1M1 hw W1 Vx +4<<9d,/ Vnhzqhvv dqg Nxuwrvlv lq V)S833 Lqgh{ Uhwxuqv
Lpsolhg e| Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Uhvhdufk/ 4<+5,/ 4:804<51
^::` Fruudgr/ F1M1 hw W1 Vx +4<<9e,/ V)S 833 Lqgh{ Rswlrq Whvwv ri Mduurz dqg Uxgg*v
Dssur{lpdwh Rswlrq Ydoxdwlrq Irupxod/ Mrxuqdo ri Ixwxuhv Pdunhwv/ 49+9,/ 9440
95<1
^:;` Fruudgr/ F1M1 hw W1 Vx +4<<:,/ Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| Vnhzv dqg Vwrfn Lqgh{ Vnhzqhvv
dqg Nxuwrvlv Lpsolhg e| V)S833 lqgh{ Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ghulydwlyhv/ 7+7,/
;04<1
^:<` Frxwdqw/ V1 +4<<<,/ Lpsolhg Ulvn Dyhuvlrq Ixqfwlrqv Xvlqj Khuplwh Sro|qrpldov/
Edqn ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Vhwwohphqw lvvxh1
^;3` Frxwdqw/ V1/ H1 Mrqghdx hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +5333,/ Uhdglqj Lqwhuhvw Udwh dqg Erqg
Ixwxuh Rswlrqv* Vplohv durxqg wkh 4<<: Iuhqfk Vqds Hohfwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Edqnlqj
dqg Ilqdqfh/ iruwkfrplqj1
^;4` Fr{/ M1F1/ M1H1 Lqjhuvroo hw V1D1 Urvv +4<;4,/ Wkh Uhodwlrq ehwzhhq Iruzdug Sulfhv
dqg Ixwxuhv Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ </ 65406791
^;5` Fr{/ M1F1/ M1L1 Lqjhuvroo hw V1D1 Urvv +4<;8d,/ Dq Lqwhuwhpsrudo Jhqhudo Htxlol0
eulxp Prgho ri Dvvhw Sulfhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 86+5,/ 69606;71
5:8
^;6` Fr{/ M1F1/ M1L1 Lqjhuvroo hw V1D1 Urvv +4<;8e,/ D Wkhru| ri wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh ri
Lqwhuhvw Udwhv/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 86+5,/ 6;8073:1
^;7` Fr{/ M1/ V1 Urvv hw P Uxelqvwhlq +4<:<,/ Rswlrq Sulflqj = D Vlpsolhg Dssurdfk/
Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ :/ 55<05961
^;8` Fxwkehuwvrq/ N1 +4<<9,/ Wkh H{shfwdwlrqv K|srwkhvlv ri wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh = Wkh
XN Lqwhuedqn Pdunhw/ Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo/ 439+769,/ 8:;08<51
^;9` Gdqd/ U1D1 hw P1 Mhdqeodqf0Slftxì +4<<7,/ Pdufkìv Ilqdqflhuv ã Whpsv Frqwlqx/
Hfrqrplfd1
^;:` Gdv/ V1 U1 hw U1 N Vxqgdudp +4<<<,/ Ri Vplohv dqg Vplunv = D Whup Vwuxfwxuh
Shuvshfwlyh/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 67+5,/ 544056<1
^;;` Gd|/ W1H1 hw F1P1 Ohzlv +4<<5,/ Vwrfn Pdunhw Yrodwlolw| dqg wkh Lqirupdwlrq
Frqwhqw ri Vwrfn Lqgh{ Rswlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ 85/ 59:05;:1
^;<` Ghupdq/ H1/ hw L1 Ndql +4<<7,/ Ulglqj rq d Vploh/ ULVN/ :/ 6506<1
^<3` Glherog/ I1[1 +4<;;,/ Hpslulfdo Prgholqj ri H{fkdqjh Udwh G|qdplfv/ Vsulqjhu0
Yhuodj/ Qhz0\run1
^<4` Grwkdq/ X1O1 +4<:;,/ Rq wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdq0
fldo Hfrqrplfv/ 9/ 8<09<1
^<5` Gurvw/ I1F1 hw W1H1 Qlmpdq +4<<6,/ Whpsrudo Djjuhjdwlrq ri JDUFK Surfhvvhv/
Hfrqrphwulfd/ 94+7,/ <3<0<5:1
^<6` Gxpdv/ E1/ M1 Iohplqj hw U1H1 Zkdoh| +4<<;,/ Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| Ixqfwlrqv = Hp0
slulfdo Whvwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 86+9,/ :0551
^<7` Gxsluh/ E1 +4<<7,/ Sulflqj zlwk d Vploh/ ULVN/ :/ 4;0531
^<8` Gxuuohpdq/ Y/ D1 Qlnhjkedol hw W1 Urqfdool +5333,/ Zklfk Frsxod lv wkh Uljkw
Rqh/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo/ Jurxsh gh Uhfkhufkh Rsìudwlrqqhooh/ Fuìglw O|rqqdlv1
^<9` Hghulqjwrq/ O1 hw Z1 Jxdq +4<<<,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq Iurzq lq Rswlrq Sulfhv/
Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^<:` Ho Ndurxl/ Q1 +4<<9,/ Surfhvvxv Vwrfkdvwltxh hw Dqdo|vh Ilqdqflëuh/ Frxuv gh
GHD1
^<;` Ho Ndurxl/ Q1 hw K1 Jhpdq +4<<7,/ D Suredelolvwlf Dssurdfk wr wkh Ydoxdwlrq
ri Jhqhudo Iordwlqj Udwh Qrwhv zlwk dq Dssolfdwlrq wr Lqwhuhvw Udwh Vzdsv = /
Dgydqfhv lq Ixwxuhv dqg Rswlrqv Uhvhdufk/ :/ 7:0971
5:9
^<<` Ho Ndurxl/ Q1 hw M1F1 Urfkhw +4<;<,/ D Sulflqj Irupxod iru Rswlrqv rq Frxsrq
Erqgv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^433` Hqjoh/ U1I1 +4<;5,/ Dxwruhjuhvvlyh Frqglwlrqdo Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| zlwk Hvwlpdwhv
ri wkh Yduldqfh ri wkh Xqlwhg Nlqjgrp Lq dwlrq/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 83/ <;:0433;1
^434` Hqjoh/ U1I1 +4<<3,/ Glvfxvvlrq = Vwrfn Pdunhw Yrodwlolw| dqg wkh Fudvk ri ;:/
Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 6/ 43604391
^435` Hqjoh/ U1I1 hw F1 Pxvwdid +4<<5,/ Lpsolhg DUFK Prghov iurp Rswlrqv Sulfhv/
Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ 85/ 5;<06441
^436` Idpd +4<:9,/ Iruzdug Udwhv dv Suhglfwruv ri Ixwxuhv Vsrw Udwhv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 6/ 69406::1
^437` Idpd +4<;7,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq lq wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfr0
qrplfv/ 46/ 83<085;1
^438` Idpd/ H1I1 hw U1U1 Eolvv +4<;:,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq lq Orqj0Pdwxulw| Iruzdug Ud0
whv/ Dphulfdq Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ ::+7,/ 9;309<51
^439` Iljohzvnl/ V1 hw W1F1 Juhhq +4<<;,/ Pdunhw Ulvn dqg Prgho Ulvn iru Ilqdqfldo
Lqvwlwxwlrq Zulwlqj Rswlrqv/ Iruwkfrplqj lq Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh1
^43:` Iudfkrw/ D1/ M1S1 Odxuhqw hw R1 Slfkrw +4<<<,/ Glvwulexwlrqv Lpsolflwhv Dqrupdohv
ghv Wdx{ gh Fkdqjh/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ LQVHH
^43;` Iulwhool/ P1 +4<<8,/ Wkh Plqlpdo Hqwurs| Pduwlqjdoh Phdvxuh dqg wkh Ydoxdwlrq
Sureohp lq Lqfrpsohwh Pdunhwv/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh Frqihuhqfh ri Prqwuhdo/
Iruwkfrplqj gdqv Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh1
^43<` Jdodwl/ J1 hw Z1 Pholfn +4<<<,/ Shufhlyhg Fhqwudo Edqn Lqwhuyhqwlrq dqg Pdunhw
H{shfwdwlrqv = dq Hpslulfdo Vwxg| ri wkh \hq2Groodu H{fkdqjh Udwh/ 4<<60<9/
Grfxphqw gh wudydlo gh od EUL q ..1
^443` Jdoodqw/ D1U1 hw J1 Wdxfkhq +4<<9,/ Zklfk Prphqwv wr Pdwfk B/ Hfrqrphwulf
Wkhru|/ 45+7,/ 98:09;41
^444` Jdufld/ U1 hw H1 Uhqdxow +4<<;,/ Ulvn Dyhuvlrq/ Lqwhuwhpsrudo Vxevwlwxwlrq/ dqg
Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^445` Jdupdq/ P/ hw V1 Nrkodjhq +4<;6,/ Iruhljq Fxuuhqf| Rswlrq Ydoxhv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh| dqg Ilqdqfh/ 5/ 564056:1
^446` Jhpdq/ K +4<;<,/ Wkh Lpsruwdqfh ri wkh Iruzdug Qhxwudo Suredelolw| lq d Vwr0
fkdvwlf Dssurdfk ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ HVVHF +Xqly1 Sdulv L/
SkG,
5::
^447` Jhpdq/ K1 hw W1 Dqì +5333,/ Rughu Iorz/ Wudqvdfwlrqv Forfn dqg Qrupdolw| ri
Dvvhw Uhwxuqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 88 +8,/ 558<055;71
^448` Jhpdq/ K1/ Q1 Ho Ndurxl hw M1F1 Urfkhw/ +4<<8, Fkdqjhv ri Qxpìudluh/ Fkdqjhv
ri Suredelolw| Phdvxuh dqg Rswlrq Sulflqj Mrxuqdo ri Dssolhg Suredelolw|1
^449` Jhpdq/ K1/ G1E1 Pdgdq hw P1 \ru +4<<;,/ Dvvhw Sulfhv duh Eurzqldq Prwlrq =
Rqo| lq Exvlqhvv Wlph/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^44:` Jhpploo/ J1 +4<<5,/ Srolf| Ulvn dqg Pdunhw H!flhqf| = Whvwv edvhg lq Eulwlvk
Vwrfn dqg Rswlrqv pdunhwv lq wkh 4<;: Hohfwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Edqnlqj dqg Ilqdqfh/
49+4,/ 54405641
^44;` Jhuodfk/ V1 hw I1 Vphwv +4<<8,/ Wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh ri Hxur0Udwhv = Vrph Hylghqfh
lq Vxssruw ri wkh H{shfwdwlrqv K|srwkhvlv/ Mrxuqdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh| dqg
Ilqdqfh/ 49+5,/ 63806541
^44<` Jhvnh/ U1 +4<:<,/ Wkh Ydoxdwlrq ri Frpsrxqg Rswlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo
Hfrqrplfv/ :/ 960;41
^453` Jhvnh/ U1 hw K1H1 Mrkqvrq +4<;7,/ Wkh Dphulfdq Sxw Ydoxhg Dqdo|wlfdoo|1/ Mrxu0
qdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 6</ 4844048571
^454` Jorvwhq/ O1U1/ U1 Mdjdqqdwkdq hw G1 Uxqnoh +4<<6,/ Rq wkh Uhodwlrqvkls Ehwzhhq
wkh H{shfwhg Ydoxh dqg wkh Yrodwlolw| ri wkh Qrplqdo H{fhvv Uhwxuq rq Vwrfnv/
Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 7;+8,/ 4::<04;341
^455` Jrxulhurx{/ F1/ D1 Prqiruw hw H1 Uhqdxow +4<<5,/ Lqgluhfw Lqihuhqfh/ Mrxuqdo ri
Dssolhg Hfrqrphwulfv/ ;+3,/ V;80V44;1
^456` Jrxuodrxhq/ M1S1 +4<<:,/ Od Vwuxfwxuh sdu Whuph ghv Wdx{ g*Lqwìuíw/ Hfrqrplfd1
^457` Juxqg|/ E1G1 +4<<4,/ Rswlrqv Sulfhv dqg wkh Xqghuo|lqj Dvvhw*v Uhwxuq Glvwulex0
wlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 79+6,/ 4378439<1
^458` Jxr/ G1 +4<<9,/ Wkh Suhglfwlyh Srzhu ri Lpsolhg Vwrfkdvwlf Yduldqfh iurp Fxu0
uhqf| Rswlrqv/ Wkh Mrxuqdo ri Ixwxuhv Pdunhwv/ 49+;,/ <480<751
^459` Jxr/ G1 +4<<;,/ Wkh Ulvn Suhplxp ri Yrodwlolw| Lpsolflw lq Fxuuhqf| Rswlrqv/
Mrxuqdo ri Exvlqhvv ) Hfrqrplf Vwdwlvwlf/ 49+7,/ 7<;083:1
^45:` Kdpexujhu/ P1M1 hw H1Q1 Sodww +4<:8,/ Wkh H{shfwdwlrqv K|srwkhvlv dqg wkh Hi0
flhqf| ri wkh Wuhdvxu| Eloo Pdunhw/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplf dqg Vwdwlvwlfv/ 8:+5,/
4<304<<1
^45;` Kdprq/ M1 hw E1 Mdftxloodw +4<<5,/ Oh Pdufkì Iudqêdlv ghv Dfwlrqv/ Sxi1
5:;
^45<` Kdqvhq/ E1H1 +4<<7,/ Dxwruhjuhvvlyh Frqglwlrqdo Ghqvlw| Hvwlpdwlrq/ Lqwhuqdwlr0
qdo Hfrqrplf Uhylhz/ 68+6,/ :380:631
^463` Kdqvhq/ O1 hw U1 Krgulfn +4<;3,/ Iruzdug H{fkdqjh Udwhv dv Rswlpdo Suhglfwruv
ri Ixwxuhv Vsrw Udwhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ ;;/ ;5<0;861
^464` Kdugrxyholv/ J1D1 +4<<7,/ Wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh Vsuhdg dqg Ixwxuh Fkdqjhv lq Orqj
dqg Vkruw Udwhv lq wkh J: Frxqwulhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Prqhwdu| Hfrqrplfv/ 66+5,/ 5880
5;61
^465` Kduulvrq/ M1P1 hw G1 Nuhsv +4<:<,/ Pduwlqjdohv dqg Duelwudjh lq Pxowlshulrg Vh0
fxulwlhv Pdunhwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 53/ 6;4073;1
^466` Kduulvrq/ M1P1/ hw V1 Solvnd +4<;4,/ Pduwlqjdohv dqg Vwrfkdvwlf Lqwhjudov lq wkh
Wkhru| ri Frqwlqxrxv Wudglqj/ Vwrfkdvwlf Surfhvvhv dqg wkhlu Dssolfdwlrqv/ 44/
54805931
^467` Kduyh|/ F1U1 hw U1H1 Zkdoh| +4<<4,/ V)S433 Lqgh{ Rswlrq Yrodwlolw|/ Wkh Mrxu0
qdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 79+7,/ 4884048941
^468` Kduyh|/ F1U1 hw D1 Vlggltxh +4<<<,/ Dxwruhjuhvvlyh Frqglwlrqdo Vnhzqhvv/ Mrxuqdo
ri Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 67+7,/ 79804;:1
^469` Kduyh|/ F1U1 hw U1H1 Zkdoh| +4<<5,/ Pdunhw Yrodwlolw| Suhglfwlrq dqg wkh H!0
flhqf| ri wkh V)S433 Lqgh{ Rswlrq Pdunhw/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 64/
740:61
^46:` Khdwk/ G1F1/ U1D1 Mduurz hw D1 Pruwrq +4<<5,/ Erqg Sulflqj dqg wkh Whup Vwuxf0
wxuh ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv = D Qhz Phwkrgrorj| iru Frqwlqjhqw Fodlpv Ydoxdwlrq/
Hfrqrphwulfd/ 93/ ::04381
^46;` Khqnhu/ W1 hw K1E1 Nd}hpl +4<<;,/ Wkh Lpsdfw ri Ghyldwlrqv iurp Udqgrp Zdon
lq Vhfxulw| Sulfhv rq Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^46<` Khuupdqq/ U1 hw D1 Qduu +4<<:,/ Ulvn Qhxwudolw|/ ULVN/ 43/ 5605<1
^473` Khvwrq/ V1O1 +4<<6,/ D Forvhg0Irup Vroxwlrq iru Rswlrqv rq Dvvhwv zlwk Vwrfkdvwlf
Yrodwlolw| zlwk Dssolfdwlrq wr Erqg dqg Fxuuhqf| Rswlrqv/ Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo
Vwxglhv/ 9+5,/ 65:06761
^474` Kùugkdo/ S1 +4<<<,/ Hvwlpdwlqj wkh Lpsolhg Glvwulexwlrq ri wkh Ixwxuh Vkruw Whup
Lqwhuhvw Udwh Xvlqj wkh Orqjvwd0Vfkzduw} Prgho/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^475` Kxdq F1 hw U1 K1 Olw}hqehujhu +4<<3,/ Irxqgdwlrqv iru Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ Qruwk0
Kroodqg1
5:<
^476` Kxoo/ M1F1/ hw D1G1 Zklwh +4<;:,/ Wkh Sulflqj ri Rswlrqv rq Dvvhwv zlwk Vwrfkdvwlf
Yrodwlolwlhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 75+5,/ 5;406331
^477` Kxoo/ M1 hw D1 Zklwh +4<<3,/ Sulflqj Lqwhuhvw0udwh Ghulydwlyhv Vhfxulwlhv/ Uhylhz
ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 6/ 8:608<51
^478` Kxuq/ D1V1/ W1 Prrg| hw Y1D1 Pxvfdwhool +4<<8,/ Wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh ri Lqwhuhvw
Udwhv lq wkh Orqgrq Lqwhuedqn Pdunhw/ R{irug Hfrqrplf Sdshuv/ 7:+6,/ 74;04691
^479` Kxwfklqvrq/ M/ D1 Or hw W1 Srjjlr +4<<7,/ D Qrqsdudphwulf Dssurdfk wr Sul0
flqj dqg Khgjlqj Ghulydwlyh Vhfxulwlhv yld Ohduqlqj Qhwzrunv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/
7<+6,/ ;840;;<1
^47:` Mdfnzhuwk/ M1F1 +4<<<d,/ Uhfryhulqj Ulvn Dyhuvlrq iurp Rswlrq Sulfhv dqg Uhdol0
}hg Uhwxuqv/ Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ Iruwkfrplqj1
^47;` Mdfnzhuwk/ M1F1 +4<<<e,/ Rswlrq Lpsolhg Ulvn0Qhxwudo Glvwulexwlrqv dqg Lpsolhg
Elqrpldo Wuhhv = D Olwwhudwxuh Uhylhz/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^47<` Mdfnzhuwk/ M1F1/ hw P1 Uxelqvwhlq +4<<9,/ Uhfryhulqj Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrqv
iurp Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 84+8,/ 4944049651
^483` Mdpvklgldq/ I1 +4<;<,/ Dq H{dfw Erqg Rswlrq Irupxod/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 77/
538053<1
^484` Mdutxh/ F1P1 hw D1N1 Ehud +4<;3,/ H!flhqw Whvw ri Qrupdolw|/ Krprvnhgdvwlflw|
dqg Vhuldo Lqghshqghqfh ri Uhjuhvvlrq Uhvlgxdov/ Hfrqrplf Ohwwhuv/ 9/ 588058<1
^485` Mduurz/ U1 hw D1 Uxgg +4<;5,/ Dssur{lpdwh Ydoxdwlrq iru Duelwudu| Vwrfkdvwlf
Surfhvvhv / Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 43+6,/ 67<069<1
^486` Mrqghdx/ H1 +4<<;,/ Od Wkìrulh ghv Dqwlflsdwlrqv gh od Vwuxfwxuh sdu Whuph hw od
Phvxuh gh od sulph gh Ulvtxh/ Wkëvh gh Grfwrudw/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Sdulv L[ Gdxsklqh1
^487` Mrqghdx/ H1 hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +4<<<,/ Wlph Ydu|lqj Vnhzqhvv dqg Nxuwrvlv = Wdlov
dqg Prphqwv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^488` Mrqghdx/ H1 hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +5333d,/ Hvwlpdwlqj Judp0Fkduolhu H{sdqvlrqv
zlwk Srvlwlylw| Frqvwudlqwv/ Iruwkfrplqj gdqv Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf G|qdplf dqg
Frqwuro1
^489` Mrqghdx/ H1 hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +5333e,/ Hqwurs| Ghqvlwlhv/ zlwk dq Dssolfdwlrq wr
Dxwruhjuhvvlyh Frqglwlrqdo Vnhzqhvv dqg Nxuwrvlv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^48:` Mrqghdx/ H1 hw P1 Urfnlqjhu +5333f,/ Uhdglqj wkh Vploh = Wkh Phvvdjh Frqyh|hg
e| Phwkrgv zklfk Lqihu Ulvn Qhxwudo Ghqvlwlhv1/ Iruwkfrplqj gdqv Mrxuqdo ri
Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh| dqg Ilqdqfh1
5;3
^48;` Mrulrq/ S1 +4<;;,/ Rq Mxps Surfhvvhv lq wkh Iruhljq H{fkdqjh dqg Vwrfn Pdunhwv/
Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ +4,/ 76407781
^48<` Mrulrq/ S1 +4<<8,/ Suhglfwlqj Yrodwlolw| lq wkh Iruhljq H{fkdqjh Pdunhw/ Mrxuqdo
ri Ilqdqfh/ 83+5,/ 83:085;1
^493` Mrulrq/ S1/ hw I1V1 Plvknlq +4<<4,/ D Pxowlfrxqwu| Frpsdulvrq ri Whup0Vwuxfwxuh
Iruhfdvwv dw Orqj Krul}rqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 5<+4,/ 8<0;31
^494` Odjqdgr/ U1 hw V1 Rvkhu +4<<:,/ Uhfrqflolqj Glhuhqfh/ ULVN/ 43+7,/ :<0;61
^495` Odpehuwrq/ G1 hw E1 Odsh|uh +4<<4,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq dx Fdofxo Vwrfkdvwltxh dssoltxì
ã od Ilqdqfh/ Pdwkìpdwltxhv hw Dssolfdwlrqv/ Hg1 Hoolsvhv1
^496` Odprxuhx{/ G1 hw Z1 Odvwudshv +4<<6,/ Iruhfdvwlqj Vwrfn0Uhwxuq Yduldqfh = Wr0
zdugv dq Xqghuvwdqglqj ri Vwrfkdvwlf Lpsolhg Yrodwlolwlhv/ Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo
Vwxglhv/ 9/ 5<606591
^497` Ohdk|/ P1 hw F1 Wkrpdv +4<<9,/ Wkh Vryhuhljqw| Rswlrq = Wkh Txhehf Uhihuhqgxp
dqg Pdunhw Ylhzv rq wkh Fdqdgldq Groodu/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Ihghudo Uhvhuyh
Erdug/ Zdvklqjwrq1
^498` Ohh/ V1Z1 hw E1H1 Kdqvhq +4<<7,/ Dv|pswrwlf Wkhru| iru wkh JDUFK+4/4, Txdvl0
Pd{lpxp Olnholkrrg Hvwlpdwru/ Hfrqrphwulf Wkhru|/ 43+4,/ 5<0851
^499` Olq/ \0Q1/ Q1 Vwurqj hw [1 [x +4<<<,/ Sulflqj IWVH Lqgh{ Rswlrqv xqghu Vwrfkdvwlf
Yrodwlolw|/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^49:` Omxqj/ J1 hw J1 Er{ +4<:;,/ Rq d Phdvxuh ri Odfn ri Ilw lq Wlph Vhulhv Prghov/
Elrphwulnd/ 99/ 9:0:51
^49;` Orqjvwd/ I1D1 +4<;<,/ D Qrqolqhdu Jhqhudo Htxloleulxp Prgho ri wkh Whup Vwuxf0
wxuh ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv/Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 56/ 4<805571
^49<` Orqjvwd/ I1D1 hw H1V1Vfkzduw} +4<<5,/ Lqwhuhvw Udwh Yrodwlolw| dqg wkh Whup
Vwuxfwxuh = D Wzr0Idfwru Jhqhudo Htxloleulxp Prgho/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 7:+7,/
458<45;51
^4:3` Oxfdv/ U1 +4<:;,/ Dvvhw Sulfhv lq H{fkdqjh Hfrqrp|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 79/ 475<0
47791
^4:4` Oxpvgdlqh/ U1O1 +4<<9,/ Frqvlvwhqf| dqg Dv|pswrwlf Qrupdolw| ri wkh Txdvl0
pd{lpxp Olnholkrrg Hvwlpdwru lq LJDUFK+4/4, dqg Fryduldqfh Vwdwlrqdu|
JDUFK+4/4, prghov/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 97+6,/ 8:808<91
5;4
^4:5` O|rqv/ U1N1 +4<;;,/ Whvwv ri wkh Iruhljq H{fkdqjh Ulvn Suhplxp Xvlqj wkh H{shf0
whg Vhfrqg Prphqwv Lpsolhg e| Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Mrxuqdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh|
dqg Ilqdqfh/ :/ <4043;1
^4:6` PfFdxoh|/ U1 hw Z1 Pholfn +4<<9,/ Ulvn Uhyhuvdo Ulvn/ ULVN/ <+44,/ 8708:1
^4:7` PfFxoorfk/ M1K1 +4<;8,/ Wkh Ydoxh ri Hxurshdq Rswlrqv zlwk Orj0Vwdeoh Xqfhu0
wdlqw|/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh o*Rklr1
^4:8` PdfPloodq/ O1Z1 +4<;9,/ Dqdo|wlf Dssur{lpdwlrq iru wkh Dphulfdq Sxw Rswlrq1/
Dgydqfhv lq Ixwxuhv dqg Rswlrqv Uhvhdufk/ 4/ 44<046<1
^4:9` Pdgdq/ G1E1/ hw I1 Ploqh +4<<7,/ Frqwlqjhqw Fodlpv Ydoxhg dqg Khgjhg e| Sulflqj
dqg Lqyhvwlqj lq d edvlv/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh/ 7/ 55605781
^4::` Pdgdq/ G1E1/ S1 Fduu hw H1F1 Fkdqj +4<<;,/ Wkh Yduldqfh Jdppd Surfhvv dqg
Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Iruwkfrplqj gdqv Hxurshdq Ilqdqfh Uhylhz1
^4:;` Pdo}/ D1P1/ +4<<9d,/ Xvlqj Rswlrqv Sulfhv wr Hvwlpdwh Uhdoljqphqw Suredelolwlhv
lq wkh Hxurshdq Prqhwdu| V|vwhp/ Mrxuqdo ri Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqh| dqg Ilqdqfh/
48+8,/ :4:0:7;1
^4:<` Pdo}/ D1P1 +4<<9e,/ Rswlrq0edvhg Hvwlpdwhv ri wkh Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrq ri
H{fkdqjh Udwhv dqg Fxuuhqf| H{fhvv Uhwxuqv/ Ihghudo Uhvhuyh Edqn ri Qhz \run/
grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^4;3` Pdo}/ D1 +4<<:,/ Hvwlpdwlqj wkh Suredelolw| Glvwulexwlrq ri wkh Ixwxuh H{fkdqjh
Udwh iurp Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ghulydwlyhv/ 8+5,/ 4;0691
^4;4` Pdqghoeurw/ E1 +4<96,/ Wkh Yduldwlrq ri Fhuwdlq Vshfxodwlyh Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Exvlqhvv/ 69/ 6<7074<1
^4;5` Pduvk/ W1D1 hw H1U1 Urvhqhog +4<;6,/ Vwrfkdvwlf Surfhvvhv iru Lqwhuhvw Udwhv dqg
Htxloleulxp Erqg Sulfhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 6;+5,/ 968097;1
^4;6` Pholn/ Z1U1 hw F1S1 Wkrpdv +4<<:,/ Uhfryhulqj dq Dvvhw*v Lpsolhg SGI iurp
Rswlrqv Sulfhv = dq Dssolfdwlrq wr Fuxgh Rlo Gxulqj wkh Jxoi Fulvlv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Ilqdqfldo dqg Txdqwlwdwlyh Dqdo|vlv/ 65/ <404491
^4;7` Pholqr/ D1 hw V1P1 Wxuqexoo +4<<3,/ Sulflqj Iruhljq Fxuuhqf| Rswlrqv zlwk Vwr0
fkdvwlf Yrodwlolw|/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ 78/ 56<05981
^4;8` Phuwrq/ U1 +4<9<,/ Olihwlph Sruwirolr Vhohfwlrq Xqghu Xqfhuwdlqw| = wkh
Frqwlqxrxv0Wlph Fdvh/ Uhylhz ri Hfrqrplfv dqg Vwdwlvwlfv/ 84/ ;7:0;8:1
^4;9` Phuwrq/ U1 +4<:4,/ Rswlpxp Frqvxpswlrq dqg Sruwirolr Uxohv lq d Frqwlqxrxv
Wlph Prgho/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 6/ 6:607461
5;5
^4;:` Phuwrq/ U1F1 +4<:6,/ Wkhru| ri Udwlrqdo Rswlrq Sulflqj/ Ehoo Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqr0
plfv dqg Pdqdjhphqw Vflhqfh/ 7+4,/ 47404;61
^4;;` Phuwrq/ U1F1 +4<:9,/ Rswlrq Sulflqj Zkhq Xqghuo|lqj Vwrfn Uhwxuq Duh Glvfrq0
wlqxrxv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 6/ 45804771
^4;<` Phuwrq/ U1F1 +4<;3,/ Rq Hvwlpdwlqj wkh H{shfwhg Uhwxuq rq wkh Pdunhw/ Mrxuqdo
ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ ;/ 65606941
^4<3` Plvknlq/ I1V1 +4<;;,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq lq wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh = vrph Ixuwkhu Uh0
vxowv/ Mrxuqdo ri Dssolhg Hfrqrphwulfv/ 6/ 63:06471
^4<4` Pl}udfk/ E1 +4<<9,/ Glg Rswlrqv Sulfhv Suhglfw wkh HUP Fulvlv B/ Grfxphqw gh
Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Uxwjhuv1
^4<5` Prudx{/ I1/ S1 Qdydwwh hw F1 Ylood +4<<;,/ Pdunhw Yrodwlolw| Lqgh{ dqg Lpsolflw
Pd{lpxp Olnholkrrg Hvwlpdwlrq ri Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwlolw| Prghov/ Grfxphqw gh
Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Uhqqh1
^4<6` P oohu/ V1 +4<;:,/ Duelwudjh Sulflqj ri Frqwlqjhqw Fodlpv/ Ohfwxuh Qrwhv lq Hfr0
qrplfv dqg Pdwkhpdwlfdo V|vwhpv q 587/ Vsulqjhu Yhuodj1
^4<7` Pxvlhod/ P1 hw P1 Uxwnrzvnl +4<<;,/ Pduwlqjdoh Phwkrgv lq Ilqdqfldo Prghoolqj/
Vsulqjhu Yhuodj/ Qhz \run1
^4<8` Qdndpxud/ K1 hw V1 Vkludwvxnd +4<<<,/ H{wudfwlqj Pdunhw H{shfwdwlrqv iurp Rs0
wlrq Sulfhv = Fdvh Vwxglhv lq Mdsdqhvh Rswlrq Pdunhwv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^4<9` Qhovrq/ G1E1 +4<<4,/ Frqglwlrqdo Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| lq Dvvhw Uhwxuqv = D Qhz
Dssurdfk/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 8</ 67:06:31
^4<:` Qhovrq/ E1 hw G1S1 Irvwhu +4<<9,/ Dv|pswrwlf Ilowhulqj Wkhru| iru Pxowlyduldwh
DUFK Prghov/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ :4+405,/ 407:1
^4<;` Qhxkdxv/ K1 +4<<8,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq Frqwhqw ri Ghulydwlyhv iru Prqhwdu| Srolf|/
Ghxwvfkh Exqghvedqn/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^4<<` Qhzh|/ Z1N1 hw N1G1 Zhvw +4<;:,/ D Vlpsoh/ Srvlwlyh Vhpl0ghqlwh/ Khwhurvnh0
gdvwlflw| dqg Dxwrfruuhodwlrq Frqvlvwhqw Fryduldqfh Pdwul{/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 88+6,/
:360:3;1
^533` Qlmpdq/ V1 hw H1 Vhqwdqd +4<<9,/ Pdujlqdol}dwlrq dqg Frqwhpsrudqhrxv Djjuhjd0
wlrq lq Pxowlyduldwh JDUFK Surfhvvhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ :4/ :40;:1
^534` Skdp/ K1 hw Q1 Wrx}l +4<<9,/ Htxloleulxp Vwdwh Sulfhv lq d Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwlolw|
Prgho/ Pdwkhpdwlfdo Ilqdqfh/ 9+5,/ 54805691
5;6
^535` Srwwhuv/ P1/ U1 Frqw hw M1 Erxfkdxg +4<<;,/ Ilqdqfldo Pdunhwv Dv Dgdswlyh V|v0
whpv/ Hxursk|vlfv Ohwwhuv/ 74+6,/ 56<05771
^536` Sudww/ M1Z1 +4<97,/ Ulvn Dyhuvlrq lq wkh Vpdoo dqg lq wkh Odujh/ Hfrqrphwulfd/
65/ 45504691
^537` Sulwvnhu/ P1 +4<<;,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Ghqvlw| Hvwlpdwlrq dqg Whvwv ri Frqwlqxrxv
Wlph Lqwhuhvw Udwh Prghov/ Wkh Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 44+6,/ 77<07;:1
^538` Udpdzdvp|/ N hw V1P1 Vxqgduhvdq +4<;8,/ Wkh Ydoxdwlrq ri Rswlrqv rq Ixwxuhv
Frqwudfwv1/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 73/ 464<046731
^539` Ulfkdugvrq/ P hw W1 Vplwk +4<<4,/ Whvwv ri Ilqdqfldo Prghov lq wkh Suhvhqfh ri
Ryhuodsslqj Revhuydwlrqv/ Wkh Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 7+5,/ 55:05871
^53:` Uroo/ U1 +4<::,/ Dq Dqdo|wlfdo Ydoxdwlrq Irupxod iru Xqsurwhfwhg Dphulfdq Fdoo
rswlrqv rq Vwrfnv zlwk Nqrzq Glylghqgv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 8/ 5840
58;1
^53;` Urrq/ I1/ F1 Yhog +4<<8,/ D Vwxg| rq wkh H!flhqf| ri wkh Pdunhw iru Gxwfk Orqj
Whup Fdoo Rswlrqv/ Grfxphqw gh wudydlo1
^53<` Urvhqehuj/ M1Y1 hw U1I1 Hqjoh +4<<:,/ Rswlrq Khgjlqj Xvlqj Hpslulfdo Sulflqj
Nhuqho/ QEHU q S2221
^543` Uxelqvwhlq P1+4<;8,/ Qrqsdudphwulf Whvwv ri Dowhuqdwlyh Rswlrq Sulflqj Prghov
Xvlqj Doo Uhsruwhg Wudghv dqg Txrwhv rq wkh 63 Prvw Dfwlyh FERH Rswlrq Fodvvhv
iurp Dxjxvw 56/ 4<:9 wkurxjk Dxjxvw 64/ 4<:;1/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 73+5,/ 7880
7;31
^544` Uxelqvwhlq/ P1 +4<<7,/ Lpsolhg Elqrpldo Wuhhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 9</ ::40;4;1
^545` Uxelqvwhlq/ P1 +4<<;,/ Hgjhzruwk Elqrpldo Wuhhv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 8+6,/ 530
5:1
^546` U|x/ K1N1 +4<<6,/ Pd{lpxp Hqwurs| Hvwlpdwlrq ri Ghqvlw| dqg Uhjuhvvlrq Ixqf0
wlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrphwulfv/ 89/ 6<:07731
^547` Vdeedwlql/ P1 hw R1 Olqwrq +4<<;,/ D JDUFK Prgho ri wkh Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| ri
wkh Vzlvv Pdunhw Lqgh{ iurp Rswlrq Sulfhv/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Mrxuqdo ri Iruhfdvwlqj/
47/ 4<<05461
^548` Vfkzduw}/ H1V1 +4<::,/ Wkh Ydoxdwlrq ri Zduudqwv = Lpsohphqwlqj d Qhz Ds0
surdfk1/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 7/ :<0<61
^549` Vfrww/ O1R1 +4<<5,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq Frqwhqw ri Sulfhv lq Ghulydwlyh Vhfxulw| Pdu0
nhwv/ Lqwhuqdwlrqdo Prqhwdu| Ixqg/ 6<+6,/ 8<909581
5;7
^54:` Vfrww/ O1R1 +4<<:,/ Sulflqj Vwrfn Rswlrqv lq d Mxps0glxvlrq Prgho zlwk Vwrfkdvwlf
Yrodwlolw| dqg Lqwhuhvw Udwhv = Dssolfdwlrqv ri Irxulhu Lqyhuvlrq Phwkrgv/ Pdwkh0
pdwlfdo Ilqdqfh/ :+7,/ 7467591
^54;` Vkdqqrq/ F1H1 +4<7;,/ Wkh Pdwkhpdwlfdo Wkhru| ri Frppxqlfdwlrq/ Ehoo V|vwhp
Whfkqlfdo Mrxuqdo/ 5:/ 6:<07561
^54<` Vkhuulfn E1M1/ S1 Jdufld hw Y1 Wluxsdwwxu +4<<9,/ Uhfryhulqj Suredelolvwlf Lqiru0
pdwlrq iurp Rswlrq Pdunhwv = Whvwv ri Glvwulexwlrqdo Dvvxpswlrqv/ Mrxuqdo ri
Ixwxuhv Pdunhwv/ 49+8,/ 87808931
^553` Vkloohu/ U1M1/ M1\1 Fdpsehoo dqg N1O1 Vfkrhqkrow} +4<;6,/ Iruzdug Udwhv dqg Ix0
wxuhv Srolf| = Lqwhusuhwlqj wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh ri Lqwhuhvw Udwhv/ Eurrnlqjv Sdshuv
rq Hfrqrplf Dfwlylw|/ 4/4:6054:1
^554` Vklpnr/ G1 +4<<6,/ Erxqgv ri Suredelolw|/ ULVN/ 9/ 6607:1
^555` Vwhlq/ H1P1 hw M1F1 Vwhlq +4<<4,/ Vwrfn Sulfh Glvwulexwlrqv zlwk Vwrfkdvwlf Yrodwl0
olw| = Dq Dqdo|wlf Dssurdfk/ Wkh Uhylhz ri Ilqdqfldo Vwxglhv/ 7+7,/ :5:0:851
^556` Vwrhu/ M1 hw U1 Exoluvk +4<<6,/ Lqwurgxfwlrq wr Qxphulfdo Dqdo|vlv/ Vsulqjhu0Yhuodj
+Vhfrqg Hglwlrq,/ Qhz0\run1
^557` Vloyhupdq/ E1 Z1 +4<;9,/ Ghqvlw| Hvwlpdwlrq iru Vwdwlvwlfv dqg Gdwd Dqdo|vlv/ Fkds0
pdq dqg Kdoo = Orqgrq1
^558` Vlprq/ \1 +4<<:,/ O*Hqf|forsìglh ghv Pdufkìv Ilqdqflhuv1/ Hfrqrplfd1
^559` Vùghuolqg/ S1 +4<<;,/ H{wudfwlqj H{shfwdwlrqv derxw 4<<5 XN Prqhwdu| Srolf|
iurp Rswlrq sulfhv/ FHSU q H21
^55:` Vùghuolqg S1/ hw O1H1R1 Vyhqvvrq +4<<:,/ Qhz Whfkqltxhv wr H{wudfw Pdunhw H{0
shfwdwlrqv iurp Ilqdqfldo Lqvwuxphqwv/ Mrxuqdo ri Prqhwdu| Hfrqrplfv/ 73+5,/
6;6075<1
^55;` Vwdpedxjk/ U1I1 +4<;;,/ Wkh Lqirupdwlrq lq Iruzdug Udwhv = Lpsolfdwlrqv iru
Prghov ri wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 54+4,/ 740:31
^55<` Vwhlq/ M1 +4<;<,/ Ryhuuhdfwlrqv lq wkh Rswlrqv Pdunhw/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 85+7,/
4344043561
^563` Vwxw}hu/ P1 +4<<9,/ D Vlpsoh Qrqsdudphwulf Dssurdfk wr Ghulydwlyh Vhfxulw| Yd0
oxdwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 84+8,/ 4966049851
^564` Wd|oru/ V1 +4<;9,/ Prghoolqj Ilqdqfldo Wlph Vhulhv/ Zloh|/ Qhz0\run/ Q\1
5;8
^565` Wrpnlqv/ U1 +4<<;,/ Lpsolhg Yrodwlolw| Vxuidfhv = Xqfryhulqj wkh Uhjxodulwlhv iru
Rswlrqv rq Ilqdqfldo Ixwxuhv1/ Grfxphqw gh Wudydlo/ Xqlyhuvlwì gh Whfkqrorjlh gh
Ylhqqh hw Xqlyhuvlwì gh Zduzlfn1
^566` Ydvlfhn/ R1 +4<::,/ Dq Htxloleulxp Fkdudfwhul}dwlrq ri wkh Whup Vwuxfwxuh/ Mrxu0
qdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 8/ 4::04;;1
^567` Zkdoh|/ U1H1 +4<;4,/ Rq wkh Ydoxdwlrq ri Dphulfdq Fdoo Rswlrqv rq Vwrfnv zlwk
Nqrzq Glylghqgv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ </ 53:05441
^568` Zkdoh|/ U1H +4<;5,/ Ydoxdwlrq ri Dphulfdq Fdoo Rswlrqv rq Glylghqg0Sd|lqj
Vwrfnv/ Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfldo Hfrqrplfv/ 43/ 5<08;1
^569` Zkdoh|/ U1H1 +4<;9,/ Ydoxdwlrq ri Dphulfdq Ixwxuhv Rswlrqv = Wkhru| dqg Hpsl0
ulfdo Whvwv/ Wkh Mrxuqdo ri Ilqdqfh/ 74+4,/ 45:04831
^56:` Zklwh/ K1 +4<;3,/ D Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw|0Frqvlvwhqw Fryduldqfh Pdwul{ Hvwlpdwru
dqg Gluhfw Whvwv iru Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw|/ Hfrqrphwulfd/ 7;/ ;4:0;6;1
^56;` [x/ [1 hw V1M1 Wd|oru +4<<8,/ Frqglwlrqdo Yrodwlolw| dqg wkh Lqirupdwlrqdo H!flhqf|
ri wkh SKO[ fxuuhqf| pdunhw/ Mrxuqdo ri Edqnlqj dqg Ilqdqfh/ 4</ ;360;541
^56<` ]dnròdq/ M1P1 +4<<4,/ Wkuhvkrog Khwhurvnhgdvwlflw| Prghov/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf
G|qdplfv dqg Frqwuro/ 4;+8,/ <640<881
5;9
Contenu en information dans les prix d’options : estimation de la densité
neutre au risque du sous-jacent et applications
L'objectif général de la thèse est l'étude du processus implicite du prix de l'actif sousjacent et son apport en terme de contenu en information dans les prix d'options. A cette fin,
deux outils seront utilisés : les options sur contrat à terme de taux d'intérêt et les options sur
indice. Dans une première partie, nous décrivons les marchés sur lesquels nous travaillons
ensuite et analysons le problème posé par cet objectif. Dans une seconde partie, nous faisons
une étude descriptive et empirique de différents modèles d'estimation de la densité neutre au
risque du sous-jacent. Nous comparons la capacité de ces modèles à dégager les sentiments du
marché sur un événement économique ou politique particulier et essayons de retenir le ou les
meilleurs de ces modèles d'après plusieurs critères bien précis de comparaison. Enfin, dans
une troisième partie, nous passons en revue les différentes applications que l'on peut tirer de
l'estimation de la densité neutre au risque du sous-jacent. Nous constatons qu'il existe
plusieurs applications parmi lesquelles l'étude descriptive temporelle des réactions du marché
à un événement, les tests d'efficience du marché des options à travers les volatilités, l'apport
de l'information extraite des options dans l'amélioration des tests traditionnels de théorie des
anticipations, l'estimation de la fonction d'aversion au risque ou du coefficient d'aversion au
risque et enfin la possibilité de stratégies de trading que l'on peut déduire du biais entre les
densités statistique et neutre au risque.
Information content in option prices : underlyint asset risk neutral density
estimation and applications
The goal of this thesis is to study the option’s underlying asset implied process and
what its contribution in terms of information content i option prices. In order to achieve this,
we use two main tools: interest rates future options and index options. In the first part, we
describe capital markets from which data is extracted and clarify the objective puzzle. In a
second part, we make a descriptive and empirical study of the different models for estimating
the risk neutral density. We compare the ability of all these models to derive markets opinion
on a particular economic or political event and try to extract one or more best models
according to several criteria. Finally, in the last part, we describe several applications than can
be performed with the knowledge of the risk neutral density. We verify that there exist many
of them among which the descriptive study of market reactions using confidence intervals,
tests for market efficiency using implied volatilities, expectation hypothesis tests, the risk
aversion function estimation and the possibility of constructing trading strategies using the
bias between the risk neutral and the historical density.
Mots-clés :
Densité neutre au risque
Option sur contrat à terme
Smile de volatilités
Fonction d’aversion au risque
Vu : le Président
Vu : les suffrageants
Vu et permis d’imprimer : le Vice-Président du Conseil Scientifique chargé de la Recherche
de l’Université de Paris IX Dauphine