ı - naba ballygunge mahavidyalaya

¸•xœøÓ¬
2012
Úı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛
√õ∂fl¬±˙fl¬ -
’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ά. ¸≈fl¬˜˘ M
’Ò…é¬, Úı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛
¸•Û±fl¬ -
’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬± qflv¬± øıù´±¸
˜≈^fl¬ -
¸Àı˛±Ê Úø˘Úœ ø√õ∂øKȬ— ŒÈ¬fl¬ÀÚ±˘øÊ
23ì1, ı±ø˘·? Œà¬˙Ú Œı˛±Î¬, Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬± ñ 700 019, ”ı˛ˆ¬±¯± ñ 2440 6852
¸”‰¬œ√õ∂S
øı¯∏˚˛
Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ Ú±˜
¬Û‘ᬱ
’Ò…Àé¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ
ø˙鬱ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ ........
’g¬fl¬±˘
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± – Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ±˙«øÚfl ........
ά. ¸≈fl¬˜˘ M
¶§¬ÛÚ ‰¬SêıÓ«¬œ
’±øÓ¬Ù¬ ‡±Ú ’±¸Ù¬±˝±øÚ
øÀı…j≈ ı˛±˚˛
√õ∂ıœı˛ ıh¬±˘
¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ±¸
’˜ı˛Ú±Ô ’±Ï¬…
¸c fl¬˚˛±˘
√õ∂˙±ôL√ Ú¶®ı˛
¸±cÚ≈ Œ‚±¯∏
’øÚı«±Ì ı˛l±Ú
Œfl¬Ãø˙fl¬ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬
Új Œ·±¬Û±˘ ˜G¬˘
’øˆ¬À¯∏fl¬ ı…±Ú±Ê«œ
’Ê«≈Ú ı˛±˚˛
√õ∂˙±ôL√ Õı…
ø√õ∂˚˛?ø˘ Œı
œ¬Û ʱ˘±Úœ
øÚ˜«À˘j≈ ˜G¬˘
ά. ˘Ñœ|œ Œ‚±¯∏
ά. ’±ı≈¸ ¸±M±ı˛
Ó¬˜±˘ Ó¬è ı˛±˚˛
Œı fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ı¸±fl¬
‹øf˘± Œ‚±¯∏
¸≈ø˜Ó¬fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ŒıÚ±Ô
˜±˘± ¸±˝±
ºÉÒ, ®úɹ]õ´Å ÉÉnùÒ +ÉÆnùɱä ÉxÉ +Éè®ú .......
b÷Éì . ¨ÉxÉÒ¹ÉÉ ºÉÉ´É
The American Dream and ..........
Beethoven and Romanticism
Hushed Stories of Adivasi .......
’Ài§¯∏± Œ¸Ú&l
ŒıÀÊ…±øÓ¬ “±
˜Ò≈¬ÛÌ«± ‰¬SêıÓ«¬œ
¸≈ø˙Ó¬± ‰¬SêıÓ«¬œ
qflv¬± øıù´±¸
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From the Desk of the General .....
ıÒ≈ - ‰¬øı˛S
fl¬øıÓ¬±&BÂ
ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛, ¸≈Ú±ø˜
˜Ú≈¯∏… ÊœıÚ
’±˙±, ’À¬Û鬱
˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚ ’±˜±ı˛ w˜ÀÌı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±
≈Ú«œøÓ¬
¤fl¬øȬ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ w˜Ì
øı±˚˛ ’±˜±ı˛ ø√õ∂˚˛±
w˜Ì ¤ı— Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…
ı˝◊À˜˘±
College Excursion
’±Ê› fl“¬±À Œfl¬±øfl¬˘
A day out in the winter ......
˙±øôL√¬Û≈ı˛
ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘… ’±˚˛≈ÀÓ¬ Ú˚˛, ......
Role of Banks as an .......
Œ˚ÃÔ ı¸ı±À¸ı˛ ø˙鬱 ..........
¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ........
’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬
Thomas Hardy : ........
¶ú‘øÓ¬øıÊøh¬Ó¬ ¸≈jı˛ıÚ
ÊiúøZ˙Ó¬ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ |œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛
ï2ó
’Ò…Àé¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÚ
Úı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ 2011-12 ø˙鬱ıÀ¯«ı˛ fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± 븕xœøÓ¬íı˛ õ∂fl¬±˙˜≈˝”ÀÓ¬« fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ øfl¬Â≈ fl¬Ô±
±S±SœÀı˛ fl¬±À Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛øÂ/ fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± ±S±SœÀı˛ øÚʶ§ Œ˘‡± õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ Î◊¬M√˜ ˜±Ò…˜/ ’ÀÚÀfl¬˝◊
˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ‡≈ı Œ˜Ò±ıœ ±S±Sœ Ú˚˛ øfl¬c ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ’Ú≈ı˛±·œ/ ŒÂ±ÀȬ±Àı˘± ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ·ä, fl¬øıÓ¬±, w˜Ì fl¬±ø˝Úœ ı± ı˛˜…ı˛‰¬Ú±
Œ˘‡±ı˛ ’ˆ¬…±¸ ’±ÀÂ/ fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± Ó¬±Àı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ˜≈Mê ø‰¬ôL± õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ õ∂±ºÚ/ ’ÀÚÀfl¬˝◊ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ‡≈ı Œ˜Ò±ıœ
±S±Sœ Ú˚˛ øfl¬c ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ’Ú≈ı˛±·œ/ ŒÂ±ÀȬ±Àı˘± ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ·ä, fl¬øıÓ¬±, w˜Ì fl¬±ø˝Úœ ı± ı˛˜…ı˛‰¬Ú± Œ˘‡±ı˛ ’ˆ¬…±¸ ’±±ÀÂ.
fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± Ó¬±Àı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ˜≈Mê ø‰¬ôL± õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ õ∂±ºÚ/ ’ÀÚfl¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Œ˘‡fl¬, fl¬øıı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… õ∂fl¬±˙ øfl¬c
¶≈®˘ ı± fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬±ÀÓ¬˝◊ qı˛n ˝˚˛. õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ±S±Sœı˛˝◊ Î◊¬ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú±ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Ûø˙ Œ‡˘±Ò”˘± › ¸±ø˝Ó¬… ‰¬‰¬«± fl¬ı˛±/
Œ‡˘±Ò”˘±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fl¬ø˘fl¬±Ó¬± øıù´øı…±˘˚˛ › ¬Ûø}¬˜ıº ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ’±ôL– fl¬À˘Ê õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±ı˛ ı…ı¶ö√± fl¬Àı˛ øfl¬c ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛
Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊ ʱӬœ˚˛ ’±ôL–fl¬À˘Ê õ∂fl¬±˙Ú±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ±, ı…ı¶ö√± ŒÚ˝◊/ øıÀ˙¯ fl¬Àı˛ ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¸±ø˝Ó¬… øı˜≈‡, Œˆ¬±·¸ı«¶§,
˚±øLafl¬˚≈À· ¸±ø˝Ó¬…‰¬‰¬«±ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Sê˜˙˝◊ 鬜ÌÓ¬ı˛ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ/ øfl¬c ¸±ø˝Ó¬…˝◊ ŒÓ¬± ¬Û±Àı˛ ˚±ıÓ¬œ˚˛ ’g¬fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ’ı¸±
ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤fl¬ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ øıÀù´ ˜±Ú≈¯Àfl¬ Œ¬Û“ÃÀ øÀÓ¬/ flv¬±ôL, øı¯iß, ˜≈˝…˜±Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ˝+À˚˛ ¸±ôLÚ±ı˛ õ∂À˘¬Û, Œı“À‰¬ ›Í¬±ı˛
˜La ¸?œøıÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ øfl¬c ø˙ä ¸±ø˝Ó¬…˝◊/ ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ±S±SœÀı˛ Œ˘‡±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’±ôLøı˛fl¬ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Ó¬±˝◊
’ı˙…˝◊ õ∂˙—¸Úœ˚˛/
øı·Ó¬ ıÂÀı˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬±ë¸•xœøÓ¬íı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ı˛ÊÓ¬ Ê˚˛ôLœ ı¯« ï1985-2010ó õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/
·Ó¬ ıÂÀı˛ øıù´øı…±˘˚˛ ˜?ı˛œ ’±À˚˛±À·ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¬ ’±Ú≈fl”¬À˘… ı±—˘±, ø˝øK, ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ › ı±øÌÊ… øıˆ¬±· ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ˆ¬±Àı
‰¬±ı˛øȬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¸ˆ¬± ¸±Ù¬À˘…ı˛ ¸Àº ’±À˚˛±ÊÚ fl¬Àı˛ø¢/ ‰¬±ı˛øȬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¸ˆ¬±ı˛ ·Àı¯Ì±¬ÛS&ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬±ı˛øȬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬
¢∂Lö√ I.S.B.N. Ú•§ı˛ ¸•§ø˘Ó¬ ˙œ‚Ë˝◊ õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝Àı/ fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± 븕xœøÓ¬í› ISSN Ú•§ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤˝◊ ıÂı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚±S±
qı˛n fl¬ı˛Àı/ ·Ó¬ ıÂı˛˝◊ øıù´øı…±˘˚˛ ˜?ı˛œ ’±À˚˛±À·ı˛ ¸˝À˚±ø·Ó¬±˚˛ ±S±SœÀı˛ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ w˜Ì- ˝À˚˛À ˙±øôLøÚÀfl¬Ó¬Ú,
¸≈Kı˛ıÚ, fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ õ∂ø¸X¬ ¶ö√±Ú ˝◊Ó¬…±øÀÓ¬/ fl¬À˘Ê ±S¸—‡…± Î◊¬M√Àı˛±M√ı˛ ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±›˚˛±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ|Ìœfl¬Àé¬ı˛
’ˆ¬±ı ¬Û”ı˛ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… 5˜ Ó¬˘ øÚ˜«±ÀÌı˛ fl¬±Ê ‰¬˘ÀÂ/ NAAC Z±ı˛± fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¬Û≈Ú˜«”˘…±˚˛ÀÚı˛ fl¬±Ê ’ı…±˝Ó¬/ ø˙é¬fl¬
ø˙øé¬fl¬±Àı˛ ¬Ûh¬±ÀÚ±ı˛ ˜±Ú õ∂˙ƱӬœÓ¬/ õ∂±˚˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ø˙é¬fl¬ ·Àı¯Ì±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊ ˚≈Mê/ ¤˝◊ ø˙鬱ıÀ¯« ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬± ˜Úœ¯± ı±
¸±Ù¬À˘…ı˛ ¸Àº Ph.D øάø¢∂ ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ ’ÀÚÀfl¬˝◊ øıøˆ¬iß ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¸ˆ¬± ·Àı¯Ì± ¬ÛS› Î◊¬¬Û¶ö√±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÂÚ/
±S±Sœ › ø˙é¬fl¬ø˙øé¬fl¬±ı˛± ñ ¸fl¬À˘ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú± ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ Œ·À˘ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ˜±Ú Î◊¬M√Àı˛±M√ı˛ ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±Àı/
øıù´øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ¬Ûı˛œé¬±˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ±S±SœÀı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ Î◊¬M√Àı˛±M√ı˛ ˆ¬±˘ ˝ÀBÂ√/ flv¬±À¸ ±S±SœÀı˛ Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ Î◊¬M√Àı˛±M√ı˛
ˆ¬±˘ ˝ÀBÂ√/ flv¬±À¸ ±S±SœÀı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûø¶ö√øÓ¬ı˛ ˝±ı˛ ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¸±øı«fl¬ ˜±Ú ’±Àı˛± ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±Àı/ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛
ø˙鬱fl¬˜«œı˛±› ±S±SœÀı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øȬ øı¯À˚˛ ’±ôLøı˛fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ¸˝À˚±ø·Ó¬± fl¬Àı˛Ú/
fl¬À˘Ê ¬ÛøSfl¬± 븕xœøÓ¬íı˛ &Ì·Ó¬˜±Ú Î◊¬M√Àı˛±M√ı˛ ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±Àıñ ¤˝◊ ’±˙± ı˛±ø‡/ ø˙ä-¸±ø˝Ó¬… ‰¬‰¬«±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ ¸fl¬À˘
ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘ ‡“≈ÀÊ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛À Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ˜La, Œ¸˝◊ ’˜ı˛ÀQı˛ ’±¶§±Ú˝◊ øfl¬ 븕xœøÓ¬í ¸fl¬˘Àfl¬/
ï3ó
ø˙鬱ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ ˝›˚˛±˝◊ ˘é¬…
ñ ¶§¬ÛÚ ‰¬SêıÓ¬œ«
ά◊iß˚˛Ú-˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ ’·Ë·øÓ¬ı˛ ˜±¬Ûfl¬±øͬ/ ø˙鬱ı˛ ’·Ë·øÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˘é¬…/ fl¬¸ı± ëÚı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛í
’±˜±Àı˛ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ·ı«/ ¤˝◊ ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛ ¸≈jı˛ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì« ı˛+¬Û ¬Û±fl¬ñ Ó¬± ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛˝◊ √õ∂Ó¬…±˙±/
ëÚı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛í ˝Í¬±» ’±fl¬ø¶úfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ·Àh¬ ›ÀͬøÚ ı± fl¬¸ı±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ’±R√õ∂fl¬±˙ ¤˜øÚ-˝◊ ¸ı˛˘ˆ¬±Àı
‚ÀȬÀÂ-Ó¬± Ú˚˛/ ¤ı˛ ø¬ÛÂÀÚ ı˛À˚˛À œ‚« ˘h¬±˝◊À˚˛ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸/ Úı √õ∂ÊÀiúı˛ fl¬±À øı¯∏˚˛øȬ Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛± ¬√õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤˝◊
˜˝±øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ¸≈jı˛ ı˛+¬Û Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ı± ø˙鬱ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ·Àh¬ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ¸±øı«fl¬ ¸˝À˚±ø·Ó¬± › ¸±˝±˚…/
fl¬¸ı±ı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬ › ¤fl¬øȬ fl¬À˘Ê ·Àh¬ ά◊Àͬø¢/ fl¬¸ı± ˝±˘Ó≈¬, øÓ¬˘Ê˘±, Ϭ±fl≈¬øı˛˚˛± ¸˝ øıøˆ¬iß √õ∂±ôL√ ŒÔÀfl¬
±Sı˛± ø‰¬Mı˛?Ú fl¬À˘ÀÊ ëø˙鬱 ŒÚı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±¸Ó¬/ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ø¸øX¬ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ øıfl¬±˙
‚Ȭ±ÀÚ±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÀÓ«¬ Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ˝À˘± ’Ú…S/ ıU √õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ¸ÀMW› fl¬¸ı± ıø=¡Ó¬ ˝À˘±- ıø=¡Ó¬ ˝À˘± øıô¶‘Ì« ’=¡À˘ı˛
±S¸˜±Ê/ ≈–‡, ŒıÚ± › Ê;±˘±˚LaÚ± ı≈Àfl¬ Œ‰¬À¬Û Œı˛À‡ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛À fl¬¸ı±ı±¸œı˛/
’±˜ı˛± ʱøÚ ‰¬˘±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ Œ˚˜Ú ≈–‡, ŒıÚ± Œˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ’±ı±ı˛ ’±ÚÀjı˛ ı±Ó«¬±› ’±À¸- ¬Û≈˘øfl¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛
˜Ú/ ˆ¬±ı˛±Sê±ôL√ ˝+˚˛ ’±ÚÀj ά◊æ±ø¸Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øˆ¬øM fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚı˛ øÀfl¬ ¤ø·À˚˛ ‰¬˘±/
øͬfl¬, ¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ ı±Ó«¬± ¤À¸ø¢ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ/ ¤fl¬È≈¬ ¸≈jı˛ ¶ö±Ú Œ¬ÛÀ˘ fl¬¸ı±˚˛ ¤fl¬øȬ fl¬À˘Ê ·Àh¬ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬
¬Û±Àı˛/ 뉬±è‰¬f ¸±g¬… fl¬À˘Êí ¶ö±Ú±ôL√øı˛Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ/ √õ∂˚˛±Ó¬ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ¸ÀôL√±¯∏ ø˜S › ’øÚ˘ ı¸±Àfl¬ı˛ ¸˝À˚±·œÓ¬±˚˛
fl¬¸ı±˚˛ ά◊Mê fl¬À˘Ê ¶ö±Ú±ôL√øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ fl¬¸ı± ŒÔÀfl¬ ‰¬À˘ ˚±›˚˛± ëø‰¬Mı˛?Ú fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ˙”Ú…¶ö±Ú ’±ı±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬
fl¬ı˛À˘±í/ √õ∂øÓ¬øÚ Â±SÀı˛ ’±¸± ˚±›˚˛±˚˛ ¤˘±fl¬± ¸ı˛·ı˛˜ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀ˘±/
qè ˝À˘± øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ’Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ˘h¬±˝◊/ øÚʶ§ ¶ö±Ú Ú± Œ¬ÛÀ˘ fl¬À˘Ê ¬Ûøı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛Àı Ú±/ ¤fl¬È¬± øÚø«©Ü ¶ö±Ú
¬Û±ı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ï’Ó¬œÀÓ¬ı˛ ø¸.’±˝◊.øȬó ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚı˛ Œfl¬.’±˝◊.øȬ -ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬±ı˛ Œfl¬.’±˝◊.øȬ-ı˛ ¶®œ˜ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ı˛±¸øı˝±ı˛œ
¸—À˚±·fl¬±ı˛œ ı˛±ô¶∏± ˝ı±ı˛ ¸≈ı±À ıU Êø˜ ’øÒ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˜±ÀÚ qÒ≈ ı˛±ô¶∏±ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Ú˚˛ñ ‰¬±˝◊ ¸±øı«fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú/
øÚø«©Ü ˝˚˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ Êø˜/ ’҅鬅 “¸Àı˛±Ê ı…±Ú±Êœ«ı˛ ’flv¬±ôL√ √õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ fl¬À˘Ê Œfl¬ ’±˝◊.øȬ-ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ Êø˜ Sê˚˛ fl¬Àı˛
¤ı— ·Àı«ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øÚʶ§ Êø˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ô± ά◊“‰≈¬ fl¬Àı˛ “±øh¬À˚˛ÀÂ/
¤˝◊ œ‚«¬ÛÔ ‰¬˘± ¸˝Ê, ¸ı˛˘ ø¢ Ó¬± ˆ¬±ı±ı˛ Œfl¬Ú fl¬±ı˛Ì ŒÚ˝◊/ ’ÀÚfl¬ ‰¬h¬±˝◊, ά◊Ó¬ı˛±˝◊ Œ¬Ûøı˛À˚˛ ı± ’ÀÚfl¬ ‚±Ó¬√õ∂Ó¬…±‚±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ±ø˚˛Q˙œ˘ ı…øMêÀı˛ ‰¬ı˛˜ øıÀı˛±ÒœÓ¬±, fl¬È≈¬øMê, ’ı˜±ÚÚ± ¸˝◊ÀÓ¬
˝À˚ÀÂ/ ’±ı±ı˛ 鬘Ӭ±ı˛ ŒÊ±Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛± fl¬À˘ÀÊ √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬Àı˛ ’±¸Ú ’˘Ç‘¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÀÓ«¬ ı±
ø˙鬱ı˛ øıfl¬±À˙ı˛ fl¬±Ê Ú± fl¬Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÊÀfl¬ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/
’±Ê ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸fl¬˘Àfl¬ ‹fl¬…ıX¬ ˝À˚˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ øıfl¬±˙-¸˝ fl¬À˘ÊÀfl¬ ¸≈jı˛ˆ¬±Àı ·Àh¬
Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ı˛±Ê… ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸˝±˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤À·±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¸•ú≈‡¬Û±ÀÚ/
’±¸≈Ú, ’±˜ı˛± ø˙é¬fl¬, ø˙øé¬fl¬±, ±S-±Sœ √õ∂˙±¸fl¬ı˛±, ø˙鬱fl¬˜œ« › ¤˘±fl¬±ı˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı ëÚı ı±ø˘·?
˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ ’±˙« fl¬À˘Ê ø˝¸±Àı ·Àh¬ Ó≈¬ø˘/
Œ˚ ıœÊ Œı˛±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘±- ˘±˘Ú ¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛ ˜Ò… øÀ˚˛ ˜˝œı˛+Ϭˇ ı˛+¬Û Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬èfl¬- ¤È¬±˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ √õ∂Ó¬…±˙±/
ï4ó
From the Desk of the
Genaral Secretary of Students’ Union
- Aatif Khan Asfahani
B. Com. 2nd year (Accounts & Finance)
General Secretary
Our Institution Naba Ballygunge Mahavidyalaya, an eminent educational Institution
of South Kolkata District, was established as evening section of its parent institution
Charuchandra Evening College on 15th July, 1995 for employed and employment-seeking
students. Our Institution has I been through many ups and downs in its initial stages but
now the institution running well and growing year by year. Our institution has one of
the best libraries which houses books by every important write, which help the students
a lot with their studies. Naba Ballygunge Mahavidyalaya has the best teachers in their
respective fields and our respected Principal to guide us all. Our ct Institution teaches
various subjects such as B.Com.(Hons.)/ (Genaral), Hons. in Marketing & Accounting &
Finance, B.A.(Hons.)/ (General), Hons. in Bengali, English & History. Our Institution
has been accredited by the Peat team of National Assessment and Accreditation Council
(NAAC) at C++ grade with 67.3% and to ensure continuous improvement of the institution
and accountability of the stakeholders of the Institution, our institution has set up as
Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC).The facilities offered by our institution are students
counselling desk, students career guidance, common room, complaint box, canteen,
Academic Calendar, Anti Ragging Cell, First Aid, Book Bank & more. The organizational
activities of our Institution are teacher’s Council, Non teaching staff council, National
Service Scheme (NSS) and the Students’ Union.
The present Students’ Union united for the development of our Institution. After our
students’ union come into action a water cooler was introduced, Table Tennis Board was
purchased, Common Room was renovated and enlarged, Canteen was renovated.
Discipline is implemented and maintained and our Union treats the students supportively
as juniors and as friends, so that we can have a better, friendly and healthy atmosphere in
our Institution. Due to the presence of our students’ union in the Institution, students do
not face any problems and we hope they will not the near future too. Just as with passing
of years our institution is growing and developing so also are the students and so also is
the students’ union.
ï5ó
ı”Ò - ‰¬øı˛Ó¬
ñ øÀı…j≈ ı˛±˚˛
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı¯«
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 92
ëë’±˜±ı˛ ¤˝◊ fl¬ø˝ÚœøȬ fl¬±Î¬◊Àfl¬˝◊ øıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Ò˜« ŒÚ›˚˛±ı˛ÊÚ… ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛øÚ/
’±˜±ı˛ ø‰¬ôL√± ˆ¬±ıÚ± ¤˝◊ fl¬±ø˝Úœı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛øÂ/íí
fl¬±ø˝ÚœøȬ Ú±˜ › ‰¬øı˛S ¸•Û”Ì« ’±˜±ı˛/ fl¬±Î¬◊Àfl¬ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ά◊ÀV˙… fl¬Àı˛ Œ˘‡± ˝˚˛øÚ/íí
”Ó¬
†
õ∂̱˜ ŒÚÀıÚ ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
ı˘ ”Ó¬, fl¬œ ‡ıı˛ ’±ÀÂ∑
”Ó¬
†
¤fl¬øȬ ≈–¸—ı±Ø ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ı˛±ÀÊ… Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈ÀX¬ı˛ Ò˜« √õ∂‰¬±ı˛ ˝ÀBÂ/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
¤Ó¬ ıh¬ ¸±˝¸Ø ’±ø˜ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¶§˚˛— Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ ˜øjı˛ › ˜”øÓ«¬ Œˆ¬À„ øÀ˚˛øÂ, Ó¬±ı˛
ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ·ËLö&À˘±Àfl¬ ’±ø˜ ¬¬Û±À˚˛ı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘øÂÄ ¤Ó¬ øfl¬Â≈ ¸ÀN› ’±˜±ı˛˝◊ ı˛±ÀÊ… ı≈X¬ı˛ Ò˜«
õ∂‰¬±ı˛ ˝ÀBÂ/
Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬
†
’±À˙ fl¬èÚ ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ’±ø˜ Ó¬±Àı˛ ø˙Àı˛±ÀBÂ fl¬øı˛/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
Ú± Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬Ø ¤˝◊ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛Àı ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û≈S ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô/ - Œfl¬ ’±À±∑ ¬Û≈S ı˛Ê…fÚ±ÔÀfl¬ ı˘ Ó¬±ı˛
ø¬ÛÓ¬± ά±fl¬ÀÂ/
ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô
†
ı˘≈Ú ˜˝±ı˛±Ê øfl¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛∑
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
¬Û≈SØ ’±ø˜ ’±À˙ fl¬ı˛øÂ, ˚±› Ó≈¬ø˜ ¤‡Ú˝◊ ›˝◊ ¬Û±¯∏G¬œ Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈ÀX¬ı˛ ˜”øÓ«¬ Œˆ¬À„ ±› ¤ı— √õ∂Ò±Ú
ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬Àfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û±Ó¬À˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸±/
ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô
†
鬘± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ √õ∂‰≈¬ı˛ ¸—‡…fl¬ ø˙q, Úı˛-Ú±ı˛œ , ı‘X¬ ÊÚ·Úı˛± Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈ÀX¬ı˛
¸ºœÓ¬ qÚÀÓ¬ ˚±˚˛....
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
‰≈¬¬Û fl¬ı˛Ø ‰≈¬¬Û fl¬ı˛Ø øfl¬ ı˘Â Ó≈¬ø˜∑
’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û≈S ˝À˚˛ ¤ı˛fl¬˜ fl¬Ô±∑ Ó≈¬ø˜ ʱÀÚ± Ú±, ’±ø˜ ı˱pÌ Ò˜« ±h¬± ’Ú… Ò˜« ¬ÛÂj fl¬øı˛ Ú±/ ’±Ê
Œ¸ ’±˜±ı˛ ı˛±ÀÊ… ¤À¸ ˜Í¬ ΔÓ¬ı˛œ fl¬ı˛À ˚±ÀÓ¬ ŒıÃX¬ Ò˜« ’±ı±ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛Ø
¤Ó¬ ıh¬ ›ı˛ ¸±˝¸Ø ›Àfl¬ ’±ø˜ ˙”À˘ ‰¬h¬±Àı±/
Œ˚ ¸ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏ı˛± ›˝◊ Ò˜«ı˛ ¸ºœÓ¬ qÚÀÓ¬ ˚±ÀB Ӭ±Àı˛ ’±ø˜ ¤fl¬À˙± ‚± ŒıÀÓ¬ı˛ ‰¬±ı≈fl¬ ˜±ı˛ı/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
¬Û≈S ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô Œ˙±ÚÄ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ’±À˙ ˜±Ú… fl¬ı˛± ¬Û≈Sı˛ √õ∂Ô˜ fl¬Ó«¬ı…/ Ó≈¬ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¬Û±˘Ú
fl¬ı˛Àı Ú±∑
ï6ó
ı˛ÀÊ…fÚ±Ô
√
†
’±ø˜ øÚè¬Û±˚˛/ øfl¬c ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ ’±À˙ ˜±Ú… fl¬ı˛± ¬’±˜±ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ fl¬Ó«¬ı…/ ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ’±ø˜ ’±·±˜œfl¬±˘
õ∂Ô˜ ÿ¯∏±ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ Œı±Àı˛±ı/
ñ ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ øÚ Œˆ¬±ı˛Àı˘±˚˛, ñ
√õ∂Ô˜ ı˛±ÀÊfı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¸ôL√±Ú ˚≈ıı˛±Ê ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô ¤fl¬˘ Õ¸Ú…ı±ø˝Úœ øÚÀ˚˛ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬Ú ı˛±Ê√õ∂±¸±
ŒÔÀfl¬/ ά◊ÀV˙ † Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈ÀX¬ı˛ øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˜Í¬ ÒT—¸ fl¬ı˛±/
ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô
†
Œˆ¬±Àı˛ı˛ ’±fl¬±˙Ȭ± ’øÓ¬ ’¬Û”ı«/ ¸±ı˛± ’±fl¬±À˙ ¸±Ó¬ ı˛À„ı˛ øıø‰S ’±¬˘¬ÛÚ± ’“±fl¬± ’±ÀÂ/ ›˝◊ ¸±±
¸±ı˛˙ Û±ø‡&À˘± Úœ˘ ’±fl¬±À˙ Œıøı˛À˚˛ Œıı˛±ÀBÂ/ ø˙q ¸”˚«Àfl¬ ŒÀ‡ ˜ÀÚ ˝ÀB Œ˚Ú ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛
’±h¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ά◊“øfl¬ ˜±ı˛À Á¬fl¬Á¬Àfl¬ ¤fl¬È¬± Œ¸±Ú±ı˛ fl¬˘¸/ ı±Ó¬±À¸ Œˆ¬À¸ ’±À ø˙ά◊ø˘ › Œ±˘Ú
‰¬“±¬Û±ı˛ ø˜Àͬ ·g¬/
-’Ú…˜Ú¶® ˚≈ıı˛±Ê ı˛Ê…fÚ±Ô, ’¬¬Û”ı« √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ ø˜À˙ ’±ÀÂ/ ˚≈ıı˛±Ê ˚≈X¬ı˛ ÊÚ… øıÀ˙¯∏
ΔÓ¬ı˛œ ŒÓ¬Êœ Œ‚±h¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÀͬ ıÀ¸ ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛ ‰”¬h¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ √õ∂fl¬‘øÓ¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ’¬Ûı˛+¬Û ‘˙… Œ‡ÀÂ/ ¤fl¬ ‘À©Ü
õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛ Ó¬iú˚˛ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂÚ øÓ¬øÚ/ ’±À˙¬Û±À˙ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ :±Ú ø¢ Ú±/
√
ñ ˝Í¬±» ñ
¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛ Ϭ±˘≈ ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¬±˚˛ ŒıÃX¬ øı˝±Àı˛ ŒıÀÊ Î¬◊ͬÀ˘± √õ∂ˆ¬±Ó¬œ Œˆ¬ı˛œ ’±ı˛ Ó”¬˚«/ ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛ ·±À˚˛
·±À˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ Œˆ¬ı˛œ- Ó”¬˚«ÒTøÚ √õ∂øÓ¬ÒTøÚ Ó≈¬À˘ øÙ¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/
ñ ’±ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊ ñ
Œ¸˝◊ Ó¬œıË Œˆ¬ı˛œ - Ó”¬˚«ÒTøÚ ’±›˚˛±Ê ‰¬˜Àfl¬ ά◊ͬÀ˘± ˚≈ıı˛±ÀÊı˛ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬Êœ Œ‚±h¬±/ ˆ¬˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛
Œ‚±h¬±È¬± ˘±øÙ¬À˚˛ ά◊Àͬ ’Ú…˜Ú¶® ˚≈ıı˛±ÊÀfl¬ ø¬Ûͬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÙ¬À˘ Ó¬œı˛ÀıÀ· Â≈¬ÀȬ ¬Û±˘±À˘±/ ˚≈ıı˛±ÀÊı˛
Œ˝ ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛ Ϭ±À˘ ·øh¬À˚˛ ·øh¬À˚˛ ÚœÀ‰¬ ¬Ûh¬˘/ Δ¸Ú…˘ fl≈¬øh¬À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤À˘± ¬Û±˝±Àh¬ı˛ Ó¬˘± ŒÔÀfl¬
˚≈ıı˛±ÀÊı˛ ı˛Mê ˜±‡± Œ˝/ Œ¸˝◊ Œ˝ ı˛ÀMê ˆ¬øÓ«¬, √õ∂±Ì ŒÚ˝◊/
˚≈ıı˛±Ê ı˛Ê…fÚ±ÀÔı˛ øÚÔı˛ ı˛M꘱‡± Œ˝ Δ¸Ú…ı±ø˝Úœı˛± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸˘ ı˛±Êı˛ı±Àı˛ ı˛±Ê±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ/
ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ øÚÔı˛ ı˛M꘱‡± ¬Û≈ÀSı˛ Œ˝ ¬ÛÀh¬ ’±ÀÂ/ ı˛±Êı˛ı±Àı˛ Œ˙±Àfl¬ı˛ ±˚˛± ŒÚÀ˜
’±À¸/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
’±˜±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¬Û≈S ˚≈ıı˛±ÊÀfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛À ›˝◊ √õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬/ ˜Laœ, Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬, ŒÓ¬±˜ı˛±
˚±› ›˝◊ √õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬Àfl¬ ıøj fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸ ¤‡±ÀÚ/ ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û≈Sı˛ ˝Ó¬…±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±ø˜ ¶§˚˛—
Ó¬±ı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ı ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ’±À˙ ŒÀı±/
ñ øfl¬Â≈é¬Ì ¬Ûh¬ ñ
˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ¤˝◊ ˝À˘± Œ¸˝◊ ¬Û±¯∏G¬œ Œ˚ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ¬Û≈SÀfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
¤˝◊ ¬Û±¯∏`¬œÀfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±À &“øh¬ fl¬Àı˛ ı¸±›/ ˜±Ô± øÚ‰≈¬ fl¬ı˛±›/ ¤ı˛ ≈˝◊ ˝±Ó¬ › ¬Û± ø˙fl¬˘
øÀ˚˛ Œı“ÀÒ ±›/ ’±ø˜ øÚÀÊı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ ¤‡Ú˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ø˙Àı˛±ÀBÂ fl¬ı˛ı/
ï7ó
√õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
˙±ôL√ ˝Î¬◊Ú ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ¬Û≈S ’±˜±ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ıı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛øÚ/ øÓ¬øÚ ’Ú…˜Ú©® øÂÀ˘Ú Ó¬±˝◊
Òı˛Sœ ˜±Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±À˘ Œ·ÀÂÚ/ ˚≈ıı˛±ÀÊı˛ ’fl¬±˘ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ Œ˙±fl¬ ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬ı˛øÂ/
ô¶∏t ˝›/ ·ÀÊ« ά◊ͬÀ˘Ú ˜˝±ı˛±Ê/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
’±˜±ı˛ øı‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘ Ú±/ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ ’±ø˜ fl¬ı˛˘±˜/ ŒÓ¬±˜±˚˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…`¬ ø˘±˜/
√õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
’±ø˜ øÚˆ¬œ«fl¬ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê/ fl¬±ı˛Ì, ’±ø˜ ¤˜Ú øfl¬Â≈ fl¬Àı˛øÚ ˚±ı˛¬ ÊÚ… ’±ø˜ øÚÀÊÀfl¬ Œ±¯∏œ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛ı/
’±˜±ı˛ ŒÀ˝ ’±R±ı˛ ı±¸¶ö±Ú/ ¤˝◊ ’±R± Œıøı˛À˚˛ ˜˝±˙”ÀÌ… ø˜˘Ú ˝Àı/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬ .... Ó¬±Àı˛±˚˛±˘ ±›/ ’±ø˜ ı˛±Êı˛ı±Àı˛ ›ı˛ ø˙Àı˛±ÀBÂ fl¬ı˛ı/
√õ∂Ò±Ú ˜Laœ
†
˙±ôL√ ˝Î¬◊Ú ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ˙±ôL ˝Î¬◊Ú ...
ı˛±ÀÊf
√
†
øfl¬ ı˘À˘ √õ∂Ò±Ú ˜LaœÄ ˙±ôL√ ˝ÀÓ¬ ∑ ’±˜±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¬Û≈ÀSı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¬Ûh¬ ’±ø˜ ˙±ôL ˝Àı± ∑ ’±ø˜
õ∂±ÀÌı˛ ıÀ˘ √õ∂±Ì ‰¬±˝◊/
√õ∂Ò±Ú ˜Laœ
Ó”¬ı˛ıT±¸”
†
˜˝±ı˛±ÊÄ ¤È¬± ˚Ô±˚Ô ı˘± Ú˚˛/ › ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ¬Û≈SÀfl¬ Œ˜Àı˛À ’±¬ÛøÚ ›ı˛ ¬Û≈SÀfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬èÚ/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
øfl¬ ı˘À˘ Ó≈¬ø˜ Ø ›ı˛ ¬Û≈S∑
√õ∂Ò±Ú ˜Laœ
Ó”¬ı˛ıT±¸”
†
˝“…± ˜˝±ı˛±Ê Ø ›ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¬Û≈S |œ øZÀı…j≈/ √õ∂±ÀÌı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ø√õ∂˚˛ ›ı˛ ¬Û≈SÀfl¬ ›ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ
˝Ó¬…± fl¬èÚ/
√õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
Ú± - ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ¤˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ ’Ú…±˚˛ fl¬‡Ú› fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ Ú±/ ¤È¬± ÒÀ˜«ı˛ øıèÀX¬/ ¤È¬± ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ ˚Ô±˚Ô
øı‰¬±ı˛ Ú˚˛/ ’±˜±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜±S ¸ôL√±ÚÀfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ Ú±/ ˚˛± fl¬èÚ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê/
˚˛±Ø ŒÓ¬±˜±˚˛ ˚˛±∑ ˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ... ¤È¬±˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ ˚Ô±˚Ô øı‰¬±ı˛/ √õ∂±ÀÌı˛ ıÀ˘ √õ∂±Ì
øÚÀ˘˝◊ ‰¬˘Àı Ú±/ ‰¬±˝◊ ¸ôL√±ÀÚı˛ øıøÚ˜À˚˛ ¸ôL√±ÀÚı˛ √õ∂±Ì/
Œfl¬ ’±Â ∑ ˚±› ¤‡øÚ Ø ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é¬≈Àfl¬ı˛ ¬Û≈S |œøZÀı…j≈Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸±/
õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬Àfl¬ ı˛ı±Àı˛ Œı“ÀÒ ±›/ ›ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ›ı˛ ¬Û≈SÀfl¬ ˝Ó¬…± fl¬ı˛ı/
Œ¸Ú±¬ÛøÓ¬
†
˜˝±ı˛±Ê - ¤˝◊ ˝À˘± |œøZÀı…j≈/ øˆ¬é≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¸ôL√±Ú/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ... ˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...
|œøZÀı…j≈
†
ø¬ÛÓ¬± 鬘± fl¬ı˛ ’±˜±Àfl¬/ ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜ı˛± Œ¸ı± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛øÚ ¤ ÊÀiú/
õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
¬Û≈S |œøZÀı…j≈Ä Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±ı˛ ø˜ÀÔ… fl¬˘Ç¬ øÚÀ˚˛À±/ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±Àfl¬ 鬘± fl¬ı˛ÀıÄ ’±˜±ı˛ ø˜Ô…±
Œ±À¯∏ ŒÓ¬±˜±˚˛ √õ∂±Ì øÀÓ¬ ˝ÀBÂ/
ï8ó
|œøZÀı…j≈
†
¤È¬± ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛˜ Œ¸Ãˆ¬±·…/ ¬Û≈S ˝À˚˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ Œ¸ı± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬Û˘±˜/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
˜±Ô± øÚ‰≈¬ fl¬ı˛/
|œøZÀı…j≈
†
ı≈X¬Ú±— ˙ı˛Ì— ·B±ø˜........
.... ’…“±.... ’…“±.... ’…“±.... ’…“±.... ’…“±.... ’…“±.... ’…“±....
- √õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬ øˆ¬é¬≈fl¬ Œ‰¬±‡ ıg¬ fl¬Àı˛ ’±ÀÂ/ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ¬Û≈S |œøZÀı…j≈
˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛Àfl¬±À˘ ŒÏ¬±À˘ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ/
Ó¬±ı˛ ıøj ˝±Ó¬ ¬Û± &À˘± ÂȬ٬Ȭ fl¬ı˛ÀÂ/
’±Àô¶∏ ’±Àô¶∏ ˝±Ó¬ ¬Û±ı˛ ÂȬ٬Ȭ±øÚ ıg¬ ˝ÀBÂ/ ˜≈`¬øȬ ·«±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˘±± ˝À˚˛ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê±ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ı˛
fl¬±À ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ/ ˜≈`¬øȬı˛ ˙±ôL√ Œ‰¬±‡ ≈øȬ ø¬ÛÓ¬±ı˛ øÀfl¬ ¤fl¬ ‘À©Ü Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±Àfl¬ Úœı˛Àı Œ˙¯∏ √õ∂̱˜
ʱڱÀBÂ/
ı˛±ÀÊf
†
¬Û≈S ˝Ó¬…±ı˛ ıÀ˘ ¬Û≈S ˝Ó¬…±/ ˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…± ...˝“…±......................
√õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
ÒÚ…ı± ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ
ı˛±ÀÊf
Ó≈¬ø˜ øfl¬ ¬Û≈S– Œ˙±Àfl¬ ¬Û±·˘ ˝À˘ ∑
†
√õ∂Ò±Ú ŒıÃX¬
øˆ¬é≈¬fl¬
†
Ú±- ˜˝±ı˛±ÊØ ¸øÓ¬…˝◊ ’±¬ÛøÚ ’±˜±ı˛ ıh¬ ά◊¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ ’±˜±ı˛ øˆ¬é≈¬ ÊœıÀÚ ‡≈“Ó¬ ø¢ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê/
˜Àͬı˛ ’Ò…À鬅ı˛ ’±¸Ú Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛› ’±ø˜ ˜Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸ôL√±Ú Œ¶ß˝ › ¸ôL√±ÀÚı˛ ˜±˚˛± ˜≈À ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬
¬Û±øı˛øÚ/ ˜Àͬı˛ √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬øȬ øˆ¬é≈¬Àfl¬ ’±ø˜ øÚÀÊı˛ ¸ôL√±Ú ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛øÚ/ ’±¬ÛøÚ ’±Ê
’±˜±Àfl¬ Œ¸˝◊ ¢≠±øÚ ’±ı˛ Œ±¯∏ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈Mê fl¬ı˛À˘Ú ˜˝±ı˛±ÊÄ ’±˜±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ˜±S ¸ôL√±ÚÀfl¬ Œfl¬Àh¬
øÚÀ˚˛ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ¸ôL√±Ú fl¬Àı˛ øÀ˘Ú/ ’±ø˜ ˜ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤Ó¬øÚ ’¸≈¶ö ø¢±˜Ä
’±¬ÛøÚ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ’±‚±Ó¬ Œ˝ÀÚ ¸≈¶ö fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘À˘Ú/ ’±¬Û±Ú±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤Ó¬ ά◊¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ ’±˜±ı˛ Œfl¬Î¬◊
fl¬Àı˛øÚ/ ’±¬ÛÚ±Àfl¬ Ó¬±˝◊ Œfl¬±øȬ Ú˜¶®±ı˛/
-øı¶ú˚˛±˝Ó¬ ı˛±Ê± ı˛±ÀÊf ¬Û±ÔÀı˛ı˛ ˜Ó¬Ú ’Úh¬ ˝À˚˛ ø¸—˝±¸ÀÚ ıÀ¸ ı˛˝◊À˘Ú/
- ı˛±øS Œ˙¯∏ ˝À˘± › ¬√õ∂ˆ¬±Ó¬ ¤À˘±/
- ı˛±ÊÒ±Úœı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ’±ı±ı˛ ÒTøÚÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬÀ˘± Œ¸˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ ά◊±› ı˛ı ëı≈X¬— ˙ı˛Ì— ·B±ø˜/
¸—‚— ˙ı˛Ì— ·B±ø˜/íí
- ı˛±Ê…ı±¸œı˛± Œ¸øÚ Œˆ¬±Àı˛ ˜Í¬±Ò…é¬ øˆ¬é≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¸Àº ’±ı˛› ¤fl¬øȬ ά◊±«› fl¬_¶§ı˛ qÚÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘/
- Z±ı˛ ‡≈À˘ ı˛±Ê…ı±¸œı˛± ’ı±fl¬ ˝À˚˛ Œ‡À˘±, ˜Àͬı˛ √õ∂Ò±Ú øˆ¬é≈¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¸Àº ·˘± ø˜ø˘À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬ÛÀÔ
ŒıÃX¬ Ò˜« √õ∂‰¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Œıh¬±ÀBÂÚ Õ·øı˛fl¬Ò±ı˛œ ˜≈ø`¬Ó¬˜ô¶∏fl¬ ˙øMê¬Û”ʱı˛œ ˜˝±ı˛±Ê ı˛±ÀÊf ¤ı— √
õ∂Ò±Ú˜Laœ Ó”¬ı˛ıT±¸”/
ï9ó
fl¬øıÓ¬±&BÂ√
ñ õ∂ıœı˛ ıh¬±˘
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Œı˛±˘ Ú—- 121
˜Ò…±À˝êı˛ ·±Ú
Œfl¬±Ú ¤fl¬ ˜Ò…±˝ê fl¬±À˘, ıø¸˚˛± ʱڱ˘± Ò±Àı˛
ˆ¬±øıÀÓ¬ø |±ôL ˜ÀÚ, ı±ø˝Àı˛ ‰¬±ø˝˚˛±/
”Àı˛ Ú±øı˛Àfl¬˘ Œ|Ìœı˛, ˙œÌ«¬ÛS ά·±&ø˘ ˘±ø·˚˛± ı±Ó¬±¸
Ó¬±˝± Î◊¬øͬÀÂ, fl¬“±ø¬Û˚˛± fl¬“±ø¬Û˚˛±/
˜±Àͬ Œ˘±fl¬ÊÚ Ú±˝◊, fl¬±fl¬-˙±ø˘fl¬-‰¬h¬≈˝◊ Ó¬±˝◊
’±ÚÀK ‡±˝◊À ˜±Àͬ øfl¬ Œ˚Ú ‡“≈øȬ˚˛±∑
”Àı˛ ’±fl¬±À˙ÀÓ¬ ø‰¬˘, Î◊¬øh¬À ’±ÚÀK, ˜±øȬÀÓ¬
Œ˙…Ú ‘ø©Ü é¬øÌfl¬ øÚÀé¬¬Û fl¬øı˛˚˛±/
¬ÛÀÔ ¬ÛøÔfl¬ ‰¬À˘ Ú±˝◊, Œfl¬ı˘ ·ı˛n&ø˘ Ó¬±˝◊
‰¬ø˘À øÚÀô¶Ê øÚ–˙Às Œ˘º≈ı˛ Ú±øh¬˚˛±/
Ó¬±˝±ı˛˝◊ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜±ÀÁ¬, øı˛'±›˚˛±˘± Â≈øȬÀ õ∂±Ì¬ÛÀÚ,
øı˛'± ˘À˚˛ Í≈¬—-ͬ±— ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ˙s fl¬øı˛˚˛±/
¤˜Ó¬ ˜Ò…±˝êfl¬±À˘, ¤fl¬˜ÀÚ, ¤fl¬õ∂±ÀÌ ı˛ø‰¬ÀÓ¬øÂ
˜Ò…±˝ê·±Ú, ·‘˝ õ∂±ÀôL Ê±Ú˘± Ò±Àı˛ÀÓ¬ ıø¸˚˛±/
¬ÛÔí¬ÛÀı˛ Œ˝øı˛Ú≈ ÊÚ fl¬À˚˛fl¬, ‰¬±¯± ‰¬±¯œ ‰¬ø˘˚˛±ÀÂ
ŒÍ¬À˘ ŒÍ¬˘±·±øh¬ ˘À˚˛, ·À? ˝ÀÓ¬ fl≈¬øȬı˛ øÀfl¬
|±ôL Œ˝› ˜Ú ˘˝◊˚˛±/
˝˚˛Ó¬, ‰¬±¯œ ŒÂÀ˘ ø¢ ø¬ÛÀÂ, Â≈øȬ˚˛± Òøı˛˘ Ó¬±˝±Àı˛˝◊ ¤fl¬ÊÚÀfl¬
ı±ı±Ø ı±ı±Ø Î◊¬B‰¬¶§Àı˛ ø‰¬»fl¬±ı˛ fl¬øı˛˚˛±/
ø¬ÛÓ¬± Ó≈¬ø˘ ˘À˚˛ Œfl¬±À˘, Œ·˘ ‰¬À˘ ’ôLı˛±À˘Ä
ά±Ú˝±ÀÓ¬ ŒÍ¬˘±øȬÀfl¬ ˘˝◊˚˛± ŒÍ¬ø˘˚˛±/
ï10ó
ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛
ñ ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ±¸
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 34
ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ı±øh¬ Êiú ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛
Ú±˜ ˝À˚˛À ı˛øı/
·œÓ¬±?ø˘ fl¬±ı… ø˘À‡
˝À˘ Œ˚ øıù´ fl¬øı/
25À˙ Δı˙±‡ ʱڱ˝◊ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛
ÊiúøÀÚı˛ õ∂̱˜/
ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ı±¸œı˛ ˜ÀÚı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬
Ô±fl¬Àı ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ Ú±˜/
¸≈Ú±ø˜
ñ ¸≈ø˜Ó¬± ±¸
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 34
¸≈Ú±ø˜ ¸≈Ú±ø˜
Ó≈¬ø˜ ŒÓ¬± Ú˚˛ ¸≈Ú±ø˜
Ó≈¬ø˜ ≈Ú±«˜œ/
Ó≈¬ø˜ Œˆ¬À„√ fl¬Ó¬ ‚ı˛ı±øh¬/
Œ˜Àı˛Â fl¬Ó¬ Úı˛Ú±ı˛œ/
Ó≈¬ø˜ ˆ¬±ø¸À˚˛Â fl¬Ó¬ ˙˝ı˛ ¢∂±˜,
Œfl¬Àh¬ øÚÀ˚˛Â ˘é¬±øÒfl¬ õ∂±Ì/
ˆ¬±ø¸À˚˛Â fl¬Ó¬ ·±Âñ
¤øfl¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ õ∂˘˚˛ Ú±‰¬∑
ˆ¬±ø¸À˚˛Â ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ Ê˘ı˛±ø˙,
¤ Œ˚Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˝±ø¸.
Ó≈¬ø˜ fl¬‡Ú› ’±ı˛ ¤¸ Ú±,
¤˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤fl¬±ôL ı±¸Ú±//
ï11ó
˜Ú≈¯∏… ÊœıÚ
ñ ’˜ı˛Ú±Ô ’±Ï¬…
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 3
˚ø √õ∂ùü fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛ ëÊœıÚí øfl¬, Ó¬±˝À˘ ¤fl¬ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¤fl¬-¤fl¬ı˛fl¬˜ ˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¬ı˛Àı/ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ’Ô«, ÊœıÀÚı˛
&èQ, ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘…, øˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ fl¬±À øˆ¬iß ı˛fl¬˜/ øfl¬c ¤fl¬ fl¬Ô±˚˛ ˚ø ı˘± ˝˚˛, Ó¬±˝À˘ ëÊœıÚí fl¬Ô±øȬı˛ ’Ô« ¸≈‡
≈–À‡ı˛ ¸˜i§À˚˛ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ¸≈jı˛ √õ∂À‰¬©Ü±/ ïŒı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±È¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬È¬±˝◊ Challengeó √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ˝◊
¸≈‡-≈–‡ ’ı˙…y¬±ıœ/ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œfl¬Î¬◊ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ¸≈À‡ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±ÌȬ± fl¬˜, ≈–‡È¬±˝◊ Œı˙œ/ øfl¬c ¤ ¸ı˝◊
’±À¬Ûøé¬fl¬/ ¸≈‡ ≈–À‡ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì øÚˆ«¬ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¬Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛/ fl¬±ı˛Ì ’±˜ı˛± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛± ≈–‡Àfl¬˝◊ ıÀh¬± fl¬Àı˛
Œø‡ ’±ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊ ‰¬À˘ ’±À¸ ˝Ó¬±˙±, øÚı˛±˙±, ˚±ı˛ Ù¬˘|nøÓ¬ ø˙±˝œÚ ÊœıÚ/ øfl¬c ˚ø ’±˜ı˛± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÚÀfl¬ ¤fl¬È≈¬
ά◊±ı˛ fl¬øı˛, ˚ø fl¬©ÜȬ±Àfl¬ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚ˝◊, ˚ø ˆ¬±øı ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± ’±˜±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬› ’Ú… Œfl¬Î¬◊ ’±Àı˛± fl¬À©Ü ı˛À˚˛À Ӭ‡Ú˝◊ ’±˜ı˛±
’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬©ÜȬ±Àfl¬ ˆ¬≈À˘ ø·À˚˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ fl¬©ÜȬ±Àfl¬ ıÀh¬± fl¬Àı˛ Ú± ŒÀ‡ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ fl¬©ÜȬ±Àfl¬ ˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ı/ øfl¬c
≈–À‡ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¤˝◊ Ù¬±à«¬˘±˝◊ÀÙ¬ı˛ ¸Àº Ó¬±˘ Œ˜˘±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜Ú ˝À˚˛ Œ·À ¸—fl¬œÌ«/ ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¸—fl¬œÌ«Ó¬±ı˛
Ù¬À˘˝◊ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ëÊœıÚí ˝À˚ Œ·À ÊøȬ˘/ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘À ʜıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘…Àı±Ò/
Ó¬±˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±Àı˛± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ fl¬±ı˛Ì ÊœıÀÚ ˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛ &èQ ’¬Ûøı˛¸œ˜/ ˜ÀÚ ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬
˝Àı ’±˜ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ ¤fl¬± ı±¸ fl¬øı˛ Ú± ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Êøh¬Ó¬ ’±À ’±Àı˛± ’ÀÚÀfl¬/ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘… ’ÀÚfl¬/ ëë’±˜±ı˛
ÊœıÚ ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ÊÀÚı˛ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ Œ√õ∂ı˛Ì± ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/íí ¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˝◊B±˚˛ ’±ø¸øÚ øfl¬c ˜±Ú≈¯∏
ø˝¸±Àı Êiú·Ë˝ÀÌı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ¤È¬± ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬Ó«¬ı…, √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˝À˚˛ Œı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¬±/ ÊœıÀÚ ‰¬˘±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ fl¬‡Ú› fl¬‡Ú› Á“¬≈øfl¬
øÚÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛/ Á¬“≈øfl¬ ŒÚ›˚˛±È¬± ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ’º/ ÊœıÀÚı˛ Á“¬≈øfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ¬¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ ıU ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ’¸±Ò… ¸±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛ øıù´ı…±¬Ûœ
¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/ Œfl¬Î¬◊ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ ¤ˆ¬±Àı˛©Ü øıÊ˚˛, Œfl¬Î¬◊ ’±ı±ı˛ ≈øȬ ¬Û± ˝±øı˛À˚˛› ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬Àı˛Ú ˝◊—ø˘˙ ‰¬…±ÀÚ˘/
√õ∂øÓ¬ıg¬fl¬Ó¬± Ó¬“±Àı˛¬ fl¬±À ˝±ı˛ ˜±ÀÚ/
¤˜Ú Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œfl¬Î¬◊ ’±À ˚±ı˛± ’ÚÔ«fl¬ Á“¬≈øfl¬ ŒÚ˚˛, ˚± ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ˜˜±«øôL√fl¬ ‚Ȭڱ/ ¤‡Ú ¸ıøfl¬Â≈˝◊ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘/ Ó¬±˝◊
˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ‡≈ı fl¬˜/ ¸ıøfl¬Â≈ÀÓ¬˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ıh¬ Ó¬±h¬±/ ı˛±ô¶∏± ¬Û±ı˛±¬Û±Àı˛ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ Ó¬±h¬± ’±ı±ı˛ øZ&Ì ŒıÀh¬ ˚±˚˛/
Ó¬±˝◊ ø¸·Ú…±À˘ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˚˛±!¬± Ú± fl¬Àı˛˝◊ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ’ÚÔ«fl¬ Á¬“≈øfl¬ ŒÚ˚˛, Ù¬À˘ ‚ÀȬ ˚±˚˛ ≈«‚Ȭڱ/ Ó¬±ı˛± ˆ≈¬À˘ ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛
√õ∂Ó¬œé¬±˚˛ ı˛À˚˛À Ӭ±Àı˛ ’±¬ÛÚÊÚ, ø√õ∂˚˛ÊÚ/
Ó¬±˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ’±Àı˛± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘…Àfl¬ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ¤fl¬Ô± ¸Ó¬… ëÊœıÀÚı˛ ’±˚˛≈©®±À˘ı˛í
›¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± 똱Ú≈À¯∏ı˛±í ’¸˝±˚˛/ øfl¬c Ó¬ı≈› ÊœıÚ ˚Ó¬È≈¬fl≈¬ ı± ˚Ó¬ ıh¬˝◊ Œ˝±fl¬ Ú± Œfl¬Ú Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸≈jı˛ › ¸≈á≈¬ˆ¬±Àı
√õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±˘ÀÚı˛ ±˚˛ øfl¬c ’±˜±Àı˛˝◊/
ï12ó
’±˙±
ñ ¸c fl¬˚˛±˘
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú—- 14
’±˙± ø¢ ¬Û±ø‡ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±Ú ”ı˛ ’±fl¬±À˙ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛
’±˙± ø¢ ¬Û±˝±h¬ Œfl¬±ÀÚ
¸”À˚«ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î◊¬˚˛ ˝›˚˛±ı˛
’±˙± ø¢ ˆ”¬ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¬
˝±Ó¬ ı±øh¬À˚˛ ··Ú Òı˛±ı˛
’±˙± ø¢ ˝±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜≈Àͬ±˚˛
øıù´˜±Ú± ÒÀı˛ ı˛±‡±ı˛
À‰¬±‡ ‡≈˘ÀÓ¬ ˝Í¬±» Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛
Ò≈À˘±ı˛˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ø˜À˙ Œ·˘
¸fl¬˘ ’±˙±
Ò≈À˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¶§√ÛÆ&À˘±
Œfl¬±Ú øıÀù´ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Œ·˘
’±˙± ø¢ ’ÀÚfl¬
Ó¬±˝◊ ’±˙±ı˛ ·±Àº
ˆ¬±Àº ’±˜±ı˛ ˝+˚˛//
’À¬Û鬱
¢∂œÀ©úı˛ Œı˛±À Î◊¬M√l ≈¬Û≈Àı˛
˚‡Ú ˘±À· ˜Ú ‡±ı˛±¬Û,
˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬Ô±,
˙œÀÓ¬ı˛ ≈¬Û≈Àı˛ fl¬•§À˘ı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛
˜≈‡ ˘≈øfl¬À˚˛ ˚‡Ú
’±ÚK ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬øı˛,
˚‡Ú ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬Ô±/
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ˜ÀÚ ¬Ûh¬À˘
ÀÃÀh¬ ˚±˝◊ ±À
’±fl¬±À˙ı˛ Î◊¬#;˘ ‰¬“±À
Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˝◊ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬.
Ó≈¬ø˜ ˚‡Ú Œ˝À¸ ›Àͬ±
’±˜±Àfl¬ ŒÀ‡
ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ŒÚ˝◊
’±˜±˚˛ ŒÂÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ ø·À˚˛À±
’ÀÚfl¬ ”Àı˛//
ï13ó
˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚ ’±˜±ı˛ w˜ÀÌı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±
ñ √õ∂˙±ôL√ Ú¶®ı˛
ı±—˘± ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬…ı˛ Ê·ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬ ’¬Û”ı« ø˙äœ øıù´fl¬øı ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬ı˛/ qÒ≈ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ Ú˚˛ ¬Û‘øÔıœ Ê≈Àh¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú± ¸±˜·Ëœ
ά◊Ê;˘ ˝À˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/
’±ø˜ Úıı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Â±S/ ’±ø˜ ¤˝◊ fl¬À˘ÀÊ ı±—˘± øÚÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú± fl¬øı˛/ ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛
’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±ı˛± ‡≈ı˝◊ ˜ÀÚ±À˚±À·ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú± fl¬ı˛±Ú/ ı±—˘± ¬Ûh¬± ˜±ÀÚ˝◊ øıù´fl¬øıı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú± ¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛±/
fl¬±ı˛Ì, øÓ¬øÚ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ›ÀÓ¬±–√õ∂Ó¬ˆ¬±Àı Êøh¬Ó¬/ ¤fl¬øÚ øͬfl¬ ˝˘ ¤˝◊ øıù´fl¬øıı˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜ ˙«Ú fl¬ı˛± ˝Àı/ Ó¬±˝◊
fl¬À˘Ê fl¬Ó‘¬«¬Ûé¬ ¤ı— ’Ò…é¬ ˜˝±˙À˚˛ı˛ ¸˝À˚±ø·Ó¬±˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚı˛ w˜ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ά◊·Ëœı ˝˘±˜/ ’±˜±ı˛ ’±ı˛
’±˜±ı˛ ıg≈¬Àı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ±ø˚˛Q ¬Ûh¬˘ ı˛±Êˆ¬ıÀÚ ø·À˚˛ ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı…ı¶ö± fl¬ı˛±/ ø¶öı˛ ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘ Ó¬±øı˛‡
’Ô±«» 25ì3ì12 Ó¬±øı˛À‡ ’±˜ı˛± ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı˛›Ú± Œı/ ’±ı˛ øÙ¬ı˛ı ¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ øÚ ’Ô«±» Œ¸±˜ı±ı˛
26ì03ì12 Ó¬±øı˛À‡ ı˛±øSÀı˘±/
øÚøȬ ø¢ ı˛øıı±ı˛/ ’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ Œˆ¬±ı˛Àı˘±˚˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊ ¤fl¬S ˝˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ¤ı— ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±Àı˛
øÚÀ«À˙ ’±˜ı˛± ı˛›Ú± Œ›˚˛±ı˛ ’±À· ˚± øfl¬Â≈ fl¬±Ê ø¢ Œ¸&ø˘ ¸±ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬˘±˜/ ’Ô±«» E±À˜ Ê˘ ˆ¬ı˛±, øȬøÙ¬ÀÚı˛
‡±ı±ı˛ ¤ı— √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ˜±˘¬ÛS &øÂÀ˚˛ ŒÚ›˚˛±/ w˜ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ı±¸ƒ øͬfl¬ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘±/ ’øÚı±˚« fl¬±ı˛Ìı˙Ó¬ ı±¸ƒ ±h¬ÀÓ¬
¸±˜±Ú… øı˘•§ ˝À˚˛øÂÀ˘±/
√õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¬±˘ 7.10 Ú±·± ı±¸ƒ ı˛›Ú± ŒÀı/ Ó¬±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈é¬Ì ’±À· ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ά◊¬Û±‰¬±˚« ¤À¸ ’±˜±Àı˛ øfl¬Â≈
’±À˙ ø˘/ ¤ı— Œ˚&ø˘ ’±˜ı˛± ˜Ú øÀ˚˛ qÚ˘±˜/
ά◊¬Ûøı˛Î¬◊Mê ¸˜˚˛ ı±¸ ı˛›Ú± ˝˘/ ¸ı±˝◊ ’±ÚÀj ˜±ÀÓ¬±˚˛±ı˛±/ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œ˜±ı±˝◊˘ ŒÙ¬±ÀÚ ·±Ú qÚÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/ Œfl¬Î¬◊
Œfl¬Î¬◊ ‰≈¬¬Û fl¬Àı˛ ıÀ¸ ı±˝◊Àı˛ı˛ ‘˙… ’ıÀ˘±fl¬Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/ ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘±˜ ı±¸øȬ fl¬‡Ú ø·À˚˛ Œ¸˝◊ øı‡…±Ó¬
˜±Ú≈¯∏øȬı˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œ¬¬Û“ÃÂÀı ¤ı— øÚÀÊÀfl¬ ¤fl¬ ’¬Û”ı« ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ˜”UÀÓ«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó≈¬À˘ Òı˛ı/ ’ıÀ˙À¯∏ øͬfl¬ Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ
Œ·˘±˜ ≈¬Û≈ı˛Àı˘± √õ∂±˚˛ 12†45 Ú±·±/ ¤Ó¬é¬Ì ÒÀı˛ ı±À¸ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸ı±˝◊ Œ˚Ú ¤fl¬È≈¬ flv¬±ôL√ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬øÂÀ˘±/ ’±˜ı˛± ı±¸
ŒÔÀfl¬ ŒÚÀ˜ ‘Youth Hostel’ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘±˜/ √õ∂Ô˜ ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ‚ı˛ ’±˘±± fl¬ı˛± ø¢/ ’±˜ı˛± fl¬À˚˛fl¬øȬ Œ|ÌœÀÓ¬ øıˆ¬Mê
˝À˚˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ øÊøÚ¸¬ÛS øÚÀ˚˛ ’±|˚˛ ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛˘±˜/ øfl¬c ’±˜±Àı˛ ø√õ∂˚˛ ¸…±ı˛ ¬˜…±Î¬±˜Àı˛ øÚÀ«˙ ø¢ Œ˚ 30
ø˜øÚÀȬı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ΔÓ¬ı˛œ ˝À˚˛ Œˆ¬±ÊÀÚı˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê ¶ö±ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ ’±¸±/ ˚Ô±¸˜À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ ’±˝±ı˛ Œ˙¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛›Ú±
ø˘±˜ ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚı˛ ’±|À˜ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙…/ ’±|˜øȬÀfl¬ ˙«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘±˜/ ¤ı˛ Œı˛˙ Ú± fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬
fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬ øıù´ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬œ Œfl¬Àf Œ¬ÛÓ±˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ‰¬À˘ Œ·˘±˜ ë’±•⁄fl≈¬À?í/ ‰¬±øı˛øÀfl¬ ’±˜·±Â Œıø©ÜÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ’±•⁄fl≈¬? ’¬Û”ı«
¸≈jı˛/ ’±˜ı˛± Œ˚ ˚±ı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬È¬± ŒÚ±È¬ ‡±Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ¸…±ı˛Àı˛ ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±Àı˛ ¸Àº ŒÔÀfl¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¸•Ûiß øfl¬Â≈
Ó¬Ô… ø˘‡ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ‰¬À˘ Œ·˘±˜ ë¬Û±Í¬ˆ¬ıÀÚí, ¬Û±Í¬ˆ¬ıÚ ¬Ûøı˛w˜Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬‡Ú Œ˚Ú ¸”˚« ¬Ûø}¬À˜
ϬÀ˘ ¬ÛÀh¬ÀÂ/ Ó¬±h¬±Ó¬±øh¬ fl¬Àı˛ ’±˜ı˛± øÚfl¬ÀȬı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ˜”øÓ«¬ Œ˚˜Úñ Œ·ÃÓ¬˜ ı≈X¬, ˜˝±R± ·±g¬œ, ¸“±›Ó¬±˘ •ÛøÓ¬ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬
ŒÀ‡ Œ˝±Àà¬À˘ øÙ¬ı˛˘±˜/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ı˛±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ‡±ı±ı˛ Œ‡À˚˛ ¸±ı˛±ı˛±Ó¬ ÒÀı˛ ‰¬˘˘ ’±Új-¶£”¬øÓ«¬, ·ä &Êı/ fl¬±ı˛› Œ‰¬±À‡ ‚≈˜
’±¸À˘± Ú±/ ’±ø˜ ¤ı— ’±˜±ı˛ ıg≈¬ı˛± ¸±ı˛±ı˛±Ó¬ qÀ˚˛ qÀ˚˛ ·ä fl¬ı˛˘±˜/ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Œ˝±Àà¬À˘ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ Ù“¬±fl¬± ʱ˚˛·±˚˛
ï14ó
Ù≈¬È¬ı˘ Œ‡˘ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/ ±SÀı˛ ¸Àº ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ı˛±› Œ˚±· ø˘/ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ › ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±Àı˛ øÚÀ«˙ ø¢ Œ˚ Œ¸øÚ
¸fl¬±˘ 6.00 Ȭ±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ı˛›Ú± Œ›˚˛± ˝Àı ¤fl¬øȬ ‡≈ı ¸≈jı˛ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ ¤ı— ˚±ı˛ Ú±˜ ø¢ ëfl¬—fl¬±˘œ ˜øjı˛í/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±—,
’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ Œıøh¬À˚˛› ¬Ûh¬˘±˜ Œ¸˝◊ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ øÀfl¬/ ˚Ô±¸˜À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ¸˝◊ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ Œ¬ÛÓÀ Œ·˘±˜/ ˜øjı˛øȬÀfl¬
ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬Àı ¬Ûøı˛˙«Ú fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ‰¬˘˘˜ ëÀfl¬±¬Û±˝◊í Úœı˛ øÀfl¬/ ˚±ı˛ ά◊À{°‡ ’±˜ı˛± ’±À·˝◊ ¬Û±Í¬…øı¯∏À˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ/
ı±ô¶∏ı Œ‰¬±À‡ ŒÀ‡ ¤ı— ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬, ’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±Àı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ Ú±Ú±ı˛fl¬˜ Ó¬Ô…¸—Sê±ôL√ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ¬ÛÓÀÂ
Œ·˘±˜ fl¬äÚ±ı˛ ·ˆ¬œÀı˛/ Ó¬±ı˛±˙Ǭı˛ ıÀj…±¬Û±Ò…±À˚˛ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú±ı˘œÀÓ¬ ά◊ø{°ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊ Œfl¬±¬Û±˝◊ Úœı˛ Ê˘ ’±ø˜ øÚÀÊı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬
¶Û˙« fl¬ı˛˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ øÙ¬ı˛˘±˜ ’±ı±ı˛ Œ˝±Àà¬À˘/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ øȬøÙ¬Ú ¤ı— ≈¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ ‡±ı±ı˛ Œ‡À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œıøh¬À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬˘±˜
’±ı±ı˛ w˜ÀÌ/
¤ı±ı˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ¸˝◊ ˜˝±Ú ı…øMêøȬı˛ ı±øh¬&ø˘ ¬Ûøı˛˙«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬˘±˜/ ëά◊øø‰¬í, ëŒfl¬±Ú±ı˛fl¬í, ë¬Û≈Ú}¬í, ë˙…±˜ø˘í,
ëά◊˚˛Úí ¤˝◊&ø˘ ¬Ûøı˛˙«Ú fl¬ı˛˘±˜/ √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬øȬ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸—‡… Ó¬Ô… Œ›˚˛± ’±ÀÂ/ ˜≈* ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘±˜ ’±˜ı˛± ¤˝◊
‚ı˛&ø˘ ¬Ûøı˛˙«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬/ ’¬Û”ı« ά◊#;˘Ó¬±˚˛ √õ∂¶£≈¬øȬӬ øıù´fl¬øıı˛ ¤˝◊ ı±øh¬&ø˘, øıù´fl¬øıı˛ øı|±À˜ı˛ ‡±È¬, ¬Ûh¬±ı˛
ŒÈ¬øı˘, ˘FÚ, ·ËLö±·±ı˛ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸≈jı˛ˆ¬±Àı ¸≈¸ø#Ó¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ Ó¬Àı ≈–À‡ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛ ¤˝◊ Œ˚ ø˜Î¬◊øÊ˚˛±˜ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ‡± ˝˚˛
øÚ/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚı˛ √õ∂Ô˜ ı±øh¬øȬÀfl¬ Œ‡˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ˝±Àà¬À˘ øÙ¬Àı˛ ¤À¸ Œ˚ ˚±ı˛ ı…±· &øÂÀ˚˛ ı±øh¬
ÀÙ¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… √õ∂dÓ¬ ˝˘±˜/ ’±˜±Àı˛ ’±Ò‚∞I◊± ¸˜˚˛ ø˘ ı±Ê±Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ øfl¬Â≈ øÊøÚ¸ Sê˚˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…/ Œ˚ ˚±ı˛ øÚÀÊı˛
¬ÛÂj ˜ÀÓ¬± øÊøÚ¸ øfl¬ÀÚ ı±À¸ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊Àͬ Œ·˘/ ı±¸ ŒÂÀh¬ ø˘/ ’±˜ı˛± Œ˚ ˚±ı˛ ø¸ÀȬ ıÀ¸ ¬Ûh¬˘±˜/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ı±¸
Ô±˜˘ ˙øMê·Àh¬/ Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬ ø˜©Ü±iß ˘…±—‰¬± ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸≈¶§±≈/ ¸ı±˝◊ ˘…±—‰¬± øfl¬Ú˘ fl¬±ı˛Ì ø˜ø©Ü ¸ı±ı˛˝◊ ø√õ∂˚˛/ ’±ø˜›
øfl¬Ú˘±˜/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ’±ı±ı˛ ı±À¸ ά◊Àͬ ı±øh¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ı˛›Ú± ˝˘±˜/ ı±¸ Ô±˜˘ 9†30 √õ∂±˚˛/ flv¬±ôL√ ˙ı˛œÀı˛ ’±˜ı˛±
’±Àô¶∏ ’±Àô¶∏ &øȬ &øȬ ¬Û±À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ı±øh¬ ’±¸˘±˜/
Ó‘¬øl ¤È¬±˝◊ Œ˚ ¸≈jı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ˝˘/ ˙±øôL√øÚÀfl¬Ó¬ÀÚı˛ w˜Ì ˚± ’±˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ø‰¬ı˛¶úı˛Ìœ˚˛ ˝À˚˛ Ô±fl¬Àı/
ï15ó
≈Ú«œøÓ¬
ñ ¸±cÚ≈ Œ‚±¯
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.fl¬˜.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 34
‰¬˘À ʜıÚ ˜La˜≈*, ı˘±ÀÓ¬ ˚±› ˘±·Àı ˚≈X¬,
˜±ÚıÓ¬La ≈-À‰¬±‡ ıg¬, ı≈Á¬Àı Ú± Óı≈ Œı±Á¬±ÀÓ¬ Ze/
ı˛±©Üò±˚˛Q øıı˛±È¬ ·ä, ·˘± Ù¬±È¬±Ù¬±øȬ øı…± ’ä,
’±Ò≈øÚfl¬Ó¬±˚˛ ¸±ÒÚ± Ó¬La ˜±Ú≈¯ ŒÓ¬± Ú˚˛ ‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˚La/
¸ˆ¬± ¸˜±Àı˙ ø˜Â± ʱø˘˚˛±øÓ¬, ı˛Ê± ıg¬ ¬Û±À ’±øh¬¬Û±øÓ¬,
Òøı˛ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ˙Ó¬ ‡“≈øȬڱøȬ øÚÀÊ øı˙ ı±› ÊÀ˘/
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ øıù´, øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øıù´ õ∂Ô˜ ˝Àı fl¬Àı∑
Ú±øfl¬ ÊÚ¸—‡…±˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ ’±˜±ı˛ Œ|ᬠ’±¸Ú ˘Àı∑
¤À¸± ”¯Ì ˜≈Mê ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ·øh¬, ¤˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ fl¬Ó¬
Ó¬±øh¬‚øh¬, ≈øÀÚ˝◊ Œ˙¯ ¸ı ʱøı˛ Ê≈øı˛,
Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú ‡±ÀÓ¬ ˚± ˜±˘ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ, ¸ı ˆ¬±˝◊ ø˜À˘
¤À¸± ˆ¬±· fl¬øı˛/
¸La±¸ı±› ˝À˚˛À flv¬±ôL,
˜Ú≈¯…Q ˜Àı˛› Ê…±ôL,
¸ı ŒÊÀÚ Ó¬ı≈ ı˛À˚˛ø ˙±ôL/
±ø˚˛Q ¢∂˝ÀÌ Ú±ı˛±Ê/
ø‰¬S&l › ˝±ı˛ Œ˜ÀÚ ˚±˚˛, õ∂˙±¸Ú ’±ı˛ ’±˝◊Úœ ‡±Ó¬±˚˛,
À˚Ú Â“≈‰¬ ‡≈“øÊ ‡Àh¬ı˛ ·±±˚˛ Œ˙˘±˝◊ fl¬±øͬ ŒÊ;À˘/
’¬Ûı˛±Ò ŒÊÀÚ ’¬Ûı˛±Ò fl¬øı˛, øıÚ± ø˝¸±ÀıÀÓ¬
’±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ ˆ¬øı˛,
˝±ÀÓ¬ Ȭ±fl¬± &ÀÊ ¸±Ó¬ ‡≈Ú ˜±Ù¬,
Ó¬ı≈ ÊÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ ıø˘ ‚≈¯ ŒÚ›˚˛± ¬Û±¬Û/
˘Ç¬±˚˛ ø·À˚˛ ı˛±ıÌ ˝À˚˛øÂ,
ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ Ù¬±È¬fl¬± Œ‡À˘øÂ,
’±˜ ÊÚÓ¬±Àfl¬ ˆ¬ı˛¸± øÀ˚˛øÂ
Ú”Ó¬Ú ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ ·h¬±ı˛/
ı±ô¶Àıı˛ ¤˝◊ *ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ fl¬±Î◊¬Àfl¬ Œ‰¬Ú±È¬± ’øıù´±¸…
¤fl¬¸±ÀÔ ‰¬ø˘, ¤fl¬¸±ÀÔ ·øh¬, ¸•ú≈À‡ ˝±ø¸
ÀÓ¬±Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±ø¸, ¶§±Ô« Ù≈¬Àı˛±À˘
’±À‡ı˛ &øÂÀ˚˛ Œ˝ ˜≈Ú¯…Q ‚Ȭ±Ú ¬Û}¬±˜≈‡œ/
ï16ó
¤fl¬øȬ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ w˜Ì
ñ ’øÚı«±Ì ı˛l±Ú
’±ø˜, ’øÚı±«Ì ı˛l±Ú, Úı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ øı.¤. √õ∂Ô˜ ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ’Ú±À¸«ı˛ ±S, Œı˛±˘ Ú— 29/
’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘Ê ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ w˜ÀÌı˛ ’±À˚˛±ÊÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ¤˝◊ w˜ÀÌ ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ √õ∂Ô˜ › øZÓ¬œ˚˛
ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ ±S±Sœı˛± ŒÙ¬ıËn˚˛±ı˛œ ˜±À¸ı˛ 7Ó¬±øı˛À‡ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ø˜ø˘Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ø¢/ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ ±S±SœÀı˛ ¬Ûı˛œé¬±
Ô±fl¬±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛± ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸Àº, Œ˚±·±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ øıı˛Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ’±˜±Àı˛ √õ∂Ô˜ ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ 22 ÊÚ ¤ı— øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ 10ÊÚ
¤ı— ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ ’Ú±À¸«ı˛ Œı˙ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ÊÚ Â±S-±Sœ ¤ı— ø˙é¬fl¬-ø˙øé¬fl¬±ı˛± ¤˝◊ w˜ÀÌ Œ˚±·±Ú fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú/
’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ w˜Ì ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ı±¸øȬ øͬfl¬ 9Ȭ±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ±Àh¬/ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¬√õ∂Ô˜
·ôL√ı… ¶ö±Ú ø¢ ¶§±˜œ øıÀıfl¬±ÚÀjı˛ Êiú¶ö±Ú/ ¶ö±ÚøȬ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸≈jı˛ ¤ı— ˜ÀÚ±ı˛˜/ ¶§±˜œøÊı˛ Êiú·Ë˝ÀÌı˛ øÚø«©Ü ¶ö±Ú
’Ô«±» ’“±Ó≈¬h¬ ‚ı˛øȬ ø‚Àı˛ Œ›˚˛± ’±ÀÂ/ ¤Â±h¬±› ’±ı˛› øıøˆ¬iß øÊøÚ¯∏¬ÛS±ø ’±ÀÂ/
¤ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ·ôL√ı…¶ö±Ú ø¢ øıù´fl¬øı fl¬øı&è ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô Í¬±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ı±˘…¶ú‘øÓ¬ øıÊøh¬Ó¬ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬
‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Û˚«È¬Ú Œfl¬f ŒÊ±h¬±¸“±Àfl¬ı˛ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ı±øh¬/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ’ıÚœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ˝±ÀÓ¬ ’“±fl¬± øfl¬Â≈ Âøı, Ó“¬±ı˛ ı¸±ı˛ ÊÚ…
ı…ı˝+Ó¬ Œ¸Ãø‡Ú ’±ı˛±˜ Œfl¬±ı˛±, ø˙äœ ı˛±˜øfl¬—fl¬ı˛ Δı˝◊Ê Œ‡±øÓ¬ ˆ¬±¶®˚« ø˙Àä ’ıÚœfÚ±ÀÔı˛ ˜≈‡˜G¬À˘ı˛ ˜”øÓ«¬ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬
øÊøÚ¸¬ÛS ’±Ê› ¸˚ÀP ¸—ı˛øé¬Ó¬/ ¤Â±h¬± Ó“¬±ı˛ ’Ô±«» &èÊœı˛ ’“±Ó≈¬h¬ ‚ı˛, Ó“¬±ı˛ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏±fl¬, ¤˝◊ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬›
ά◊À{°‡…À˚±·…/
¤Â±h¬±› Ó“¬±ı˛ ˆ¬±Ó‘¬Ê±˚˛± fl¬±•§ı˛œÀıœı˛ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˜±øȬı˛ ά◊Ú≈Ú ı± ά◊Ú±ÚøȬ ø¸À˜KȬ øÀ˚˛ ¸—ı˛øé¬Ó¬/ ʱ¬Û±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬
√õ∂±l øıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û˝±ı˛ ¸±˜·Ëœ› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ øı…˜±Ú ¤ı— ¸—ı˛øé¬Ó¬/ fl¬øı&èı˛ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ·±h¬œøȬ› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸˚ÀP ¸—ı˛øé¬Ó¬/
&èÊœı˛ Êiú¶ö±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± øˆ¬À"±øı˛˚˛± Œ˜À˜±øı˛˚˛±˘ ˝À˘ı˛ øÀfl¬ ’·Ë¸ı˛ ˝À˚˛ø¢±˜/ ¤ı˛˝◊ ˜ÀÒ… ’±˜±Àı˛
≈¬Û≈Àı˛ı˛ ‡±ı±ı˛ Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛/ ‡±ı±ı˛&ø˘ ‡≈ı˝◊ ¸≈¶§±≈ ø¢/
øˆ¬À"±øı˛˚˛±ÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ¤fl¬¸Àº √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬Àı˛ø¢±˜/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸ı˝◊ ¸l˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ øÊøÚ¸ ¸˚ÀP
¸—ı˛øé¬Ó¬/ ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊À{°‡À˚±·… øÊøÚ¸&ø˘ ˝˘ Ú±Ú± ¸±À˝Àıı˛ Œ¬Û±˙±fl¬, øıøˆ¬iß ¬Û≈ı˛ÀÚ± ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ·ËLö, ¬¸l˙
˙Ó¬Àfl¬ ı…ı˝+Ó¬ øıøˆ¬iß fl¬±˜±Ú, ·±± ıj≈fl¬, ŒÂ±ı˛±, Ó¬À˘±˚˛±ı˛ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬› ’±ÀÂ/ ıj≈fl¬&À˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚ø› ¸ı ıj≈fl¬ ·±±
ıj≈fl¬ Ú˚˛, Ó¬Àı Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±·˝◊ ·±± ıj≈fl¬/
øˆ¬À"±øı˛˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝À˘ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı˛›Ú± øÀ˚˛ø¢±˜/ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± ˝±˝◊Àfl¬±ÀÈ«¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ øÀ˚˛
’±˜ı˛± Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝À˘ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı˛›Ú± øÀ˚˛ø¢±˜/ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± ˝±˝◊Àfl¬±ÀÈ«¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ øÀ˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝À˘ ¤À¸ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬
˝À˚˛ø¢±˜/
Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝À˘ ’±˜ı˛± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ øÚø˜«Ó¬ ¤fl¬øȬ Ó¬Ô…ø‰¬S ŒÀ‡ø¢±˜/ ¤Â±h¬±› ¤fl¬øȬ ¸ı±fl¬ ı˛ıœf˜”øÓ«¬›
ŒÀ‡ø¢±˜ ˚± ˜±øȬ øÚø˜«Ó¬ ø¢/ ŒÀ‡ ’±˜±ı˛ ÊœıôL√ ˜ÀÚ ˝À˚˛ø¢/ ¤ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ·Ë±˜… ’ı¶ö±, øıøˆ¬iß
¬Û≈ı˛±ÀÚ± ¤ı— øıı˛˘ ·Ë±À˜±ÀÙ¬±Ú, ŒÈ¬ø˘ÀÙ¬±Ú, Œı˛øά› √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬› ŒÀ‡ø¢±˜/ ¬Û˘±˙œı˛ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ‡G¬±—˙ ˜±øȬ øÚø˜«Ó¬
ø¢, Œ¸È¬±› ŒÀ‡ø¢±˜/ ¸ı«À˙¯∏ ¤˝◊ ·ôL√ı…¶öÀ˘ı˛ ¸ı«À˙¯∏ Ó¬Ô…ø‰¬S ø¢ øıøˆ¬iß øı‡…±Ó¬ ڱȬ…ı…øMêÀQı˛ ïø·øı˛˙‰¬f
ï17ó
Œ‚±¯∏, ά◊»¬Û˘ M, ˜±˝◊Àfl¬˘ ˜Ò≈¸”Ú M √õ∂˜≈‡/ó ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ڱȬÀfl¬ı˛ ‡G¬±—˙ Ó¬Ô…ø‰¬S/ ¤Â±h¬±› √õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ øı‡…±Ó¬
‰¬±ı˛Ì fl¬øı ı˛+¬Û‰“¬± ¬Û鬜ı˛ ¬Û鬜Àı˙ ¬Ûøı˛ø˝Ó¬ ŒÍ¬˘±·±h¬œÀÓ¬ ı¸± ¤fl¬øȬ ˜”øÓ«¬ ’±ÀÂ/
Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ı±À¸ ά◊ͬ˘±˜/ ¸ı±˝◊Àfl¬ øıfl¬±À˘ı˛ øȬøÙ¬Ú Œ›˚˛± ˝˘/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ı±¸ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ øÀfl¬
øÙ¬Àı˛ ‰¬˘˘/ fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ı±¸ “±h¬±À˘±/ ’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ı±øh¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ øÙ¬Àı˛ ‰¬˘˘±˜/
›˝◊ øÚ ’±˜ı˛± ‡≈ı ˜Ê± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ø¢±˜/ ıg≈¬ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ¤fl¬¸Àº Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ ‚≈ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ ˜Ê±È¬±˝◊ ’±˘±±/ ¤È¬±
qÒ≈ ˜±S ¤fl¬øȬ w˜Ì˝◊ Ú˚˛, ¤ı˛ ¸±˝±À˚… ’±˜ı˛± Œ˚˜Ú ı˝◊À˚˛ı˛ ¬Û±Ó¬±˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸Àfl¬ ¶§‰¬Àé¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˝◊ ŒÓ¬˜Ú˝◊
ø˙é¬fl¬-ø˙øé¬fl¬±Àı˛ ¸Àº ±SÀı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ·±Ï¬ˇ ŒÔÀfl¬ ·±Ï¬ˇÓ¬ı˛ ˝˚˛ ¤ı— ıg≈¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ıg≈¬Q ’±ı˛› ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±˚˛, øÚÀÊÀı˛
˜ÀÒ… ˝+…Ó¬±› ı‘øX¬ ¬Û±˚˛/
øı±˚˛ ’±˜±ı˛ øõ∂˚˛±
ñ Œfl¬Ãø˙fl¬ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬
õ∂Ô˜ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú—- 107
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ¸Àº ’±˜±ı˛ Œ˜˘±À˜˙± ˚Ó¬˝◊ ŒıÀh¬ ‰¬À˘À ӬӬ˝◊ Œ˚Ú ˝±øı˛À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ ˆ¬˚˛/ øfl¬c ¤Ó¬ Œ˜˘±À˜˙±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…›
qÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øBÂ√ øıÀBÂ√Àı˛ ¸≈ı˛, ʱÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ø ŒÂ±ÀȬ±Àı˛ ’±·˜Ì/ Ó¬ı≈› ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ’±˜±ı˛ øıÀBÂ√ ’¸y¬ı Ú˚˛/ øfl¬c Ó≈¬ø˜
’±˜±˚˛ Œı“ÀÒ Œı˛À‡À± ¤fl¬ ’‘À˙…ı˛ ıg¬ÀÚ/ ʱøÚ, Œfl¬Ú Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ¤˝◊ ŒÂ±ÀȬ± øÀÚı˛ ı…ıÒ±ÀÚ Œı“ÀÒ ı˛±À‡±/ ¤˝◊
ŒÂ±ÀȬ± øÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ˜≈øMê øÀÓ¬ ‰¬±›/ ¤ı˛ ÊÚ…˝◊ ’±ø˜ ¢∂±À˜ı˛ ¸ºœÀı˛ ˝±øı˛À˚˛ Â≈ÀȬ ¤À¸ø¢±˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛
fl¬±ÀÂ/ Ó¬‡Ú Œø‡ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’¬Ûı˛+¬Û ¸±ÀÊ “±øh¬À˚˛ ’±À±/ ¤‡Ú Œ‡ø Ó≈¬ø˜ qÒ≈ ı˛n¬ÛıÓ¬œ Ú›/ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ
’˜‘ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±G¬±ı˛/ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˝+˚˛ ˜Lö√Ú fl¬ı˛À˘ Œ˚Ú ’˜‘Ó¬ Î◊¬Àͬ ’±À¸/ Ó¬±˝◊ ’±ø˜ Â≈ÀȬ ˚±˝◊ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ/ ’±ı˛ Œ˚øÚ
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬±À Â≈ÀȬ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Ú±, Œ¸˝◊ øÚ fl¬Ó¬˝◊ Ú± ˜ÚȬ± ‡±ı˛±¬Û ˝˚˛/ ˝˚˛ÀÓ¬± Ó≈¬ø˜ Œ¸ fl¬Ô± ’Ú≈ˆ¬ı fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛Àı
Ú±/ ’±ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ fl¬±À Â≈ÀȬ ˚±˝◊ øfl¬Â≈ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬, ˚±ÀÓ¬ ÊœıÚȬ± ’±ÚÀK ˆ¬Àı˛ ˚±˚˛/ ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ fl¬Ó¬È¬± ˆ¬±À˘±ı±ø¸ Ó≈¬ø˜
øÚ}¬˚˛ ʱÀÚ±∑ ’±ø˜› ʱøÚ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ‡≈ı ˆ¬±À˘±ı±À¸±/ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± fl¬Ó¬ ˜Ò≈ı˛/ ’±˜±ı˛ ˆ¬˚˛ Œ˚ ¤Ó¬
˜Ò≈ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± › ø˜˘ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ŒÂÀh¬ ¤fl¬øÚ ‰¬À˘ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ’ÀÚfl¬ ”Àı˛/ ≈–À‡ı˛ øfl¬ ’±À ıÀ˘±∑ øÚÓ¬…
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤ı˛ ’±øıˆ¬«±ı ‚ȬÀı ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ/ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ’±˙œı±« fl¬Àı˛± Œ˚ Œ˚øÚ ŒÂÀh¬ ‰¬À˘ ˚±Àı±, Œ¸øÚ Œ˚Ú
ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±ı˛ ˜”˘… øÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛/ øfl¬c ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±ÔœÀı˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Œ˚Ú ’±˜±˚˛ ˆ≈¬À˘ Œ˚› Ú±/ Œ˚ ¸ºœ
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ˝±Ú± øÀÓ¬ ’±¸ÀÂ, Ó¬±Àı˛ Ó≈¬ø˜ ¢∂˝Ì fl¬Àı˛±/ Œ˚˜Ú ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˝+À˚˛ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ’±˜±Àfl¬ ¶ö√±Ú øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘/
’±˜±ı˛ ˜Ó¬˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛± Œ˚Ú ˜Ò≈ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± ¬Û±˚˛/ Ó¬Àı Œ˙¯ı±Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¬È¬± ’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ñ ’±ø˜ Œ˚Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ±øÚ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛
ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸± ŒÔÀfl¬ øÂiß Ú± ˝À˚˛ ˚±˝◊/ ¤Ó¬ øfl¬Â≈ Œ˘‡± ˝˘ øfl¬c ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ’±˜±ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl¬«ı˛ fl¬Ô±È¬± ı˘± ˝À˘± Ú±/ Ó≈¬ø˜
’±˜±ı˛ Œfl¬∑ Ó≈¬ø˜ Œ˚ ’±˜±ı˛ øõ∂˚˛ ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱÚñ
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w˜Ì ¤ı— Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…
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w˜Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¤fl¬ ø‰¬ı˛ôL√Ú ’±fl¬±„鬱, √õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ w˜ÀÌı˛ ŒÚ˙±˚˛ Œ˙ Œ˙±ôL√Àı˛ ˚±S± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, ’±Ê›
Ó¬±ı˛ øıı˛±˜ ŒÚ˝◊, ’ʱڱÀfl¬ ʱڱı˛ ’±˝W±ÀÚ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬±ı˛ ÊÚ…, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’ôL√Àı˛ ʱÀ· ’±fl≈¬˘Ó¬±, √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ı˛˝¸…
Œ¸Ãj˚« ˜±˚˛±ı˛ ’±fl¬¯∏«Ì, ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬ ø‰¬ı˛fl¬±˘˝◊ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ·G¬œ Œfl¬ÀȬ ı±˝◊Àı˛ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ’±¸±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˝±Ó¬Â±øÚ øÀ˚˛ÀÂ/
’±˜±ı˛ ˜Ú› ¸ı«± w˜ÀÌı˛ Ó‘¬¯û±Ô«/ ’±˜±ı˛ ı±¸¶ö±ÀÚı˛ øÚfl¬È¬ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ¶ö±Ú w˜Ì fl¬Àı˛øÂ/ øfl¬c ¤‡Ú› ıU
’À‡± ¶ö±Ú ı˛À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ/ Ó¬Àı ¤fl¬± ¤fl¬± w˜Ì fl¬ı˛±, ’±ı˛ ıg≈¬ ı±g¬ıÀı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ¤fl¬¸Àº w˜Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
˜Ê±È¬±˝◊ ’±˘±±/
’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬À˘Ê Úıı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤fl¬øÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ w˜ÀÌı˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛ ¤ı—
fl¬À˘ÀÊı˛ ø˙é¬fl¬-ø˙øé¬fl¬± ˜G¬˘œ › ˜±ÚÚœ˚˛ ’Ò…é¬ ˜˝±˙À˚˛ı˛ ¸˝À˚±·œÓ¬±˚˛ øıøˆ¬iß øıˆ¬±À·ı˛ ˝◊BÂ≈fl¬ ±S-±SœÀı˛ ÚÀ˚˛
Œı±È¬±øÚfl¬…±˘ ·±ÀΫ¬Ú, Œı˘≈h¬˜Í¬ › Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬± ø˜Î¬◊øÊ˚˛±˜ Œ¸±¸±˝◊øȬ w˜ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛ ¤ı— ’±ø˜› ¤˝◊
w˜ÀÌı˛ ¸Àº Œ˚±·±Ú fl¬øı˛/ ¤ı— øÚøȬ øÚX«¬±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˝˘ 10˝◊ ˜±‰«¬, 2012 ˙øÚı±ı˛/
’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ ˙øÚı±ı˛ ¸fl¬±˘ 9.00Ȭ±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¬À˘ÀÊ Ê˜±À˚˛Ó¬ ˝˘±˜/ ø˙é¬fl¬ ø˙øé¬fl¬±·Ì ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸Àº øÚÀ˚˛
¸fl¬±˘ 9.00 Ȭ±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ı±À¸ fl¬Àı˛ Œı˘≈h¬ ˜Àͬı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı˛›Ú± ø˘±˜/ ı±À¸ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ Œfl¬fl¬ ›
‰¬fl¬À˘È¬ Œ‡˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ·ºı˛ fl¬±À Œ¬ÛÓÀ øıÀıfl¬±Új Œ¸Ó≈¬ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ øÀ˚˛ ·º± Œ¬Ûøı˛À˚˛ ı±ø˘ ¤˘±fl¬±ı˛ øÊ.øȬ. Œı˛±Î¬
øÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘±˜/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ Œı˘≈h¬˜Í¬ ¶≈®˘› fl¬À˘Ê ±øh¬À˚˛ Œı˘≈h¬˜Í¬ ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ øÚfl¬È¬ Œ¬ÛÃ“Â˘±˜, ¤øȬ ˝˘ ¬ÛøıS
¶ö±Ú/ ¤‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ‡±ø˘¬Û±À˚˛ øÚô¶∏tˆ¬±Àı ‚≈ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Ó¬±˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ Ê≈ÀÓ¬± ı˛±‡±ı˛ ‚Àı˛ Ê≈ÀÓ¬± Œı˛À‡ ˜øjÀı˛
√õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛˘±˜ ¤ı— ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ˙«Ú fl¬Àı˛ øfl¬Â≈é¬Ì ˜øjÀı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı¸˘±˜/ ¤‡±ÀÚ ıU ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ô±fl¬± ¸ÀMW› ¸fl¬À˘ øÚ}≈¬¬Û
ø¢/ Œ¸‡±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ·º±ı˛ ¬Û±Àh¬ øfl¬Â≈ é¬Ì ˜ÀÚ±ı˛˜ ¸≈jı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ά◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛- ø˜Î¬◊øÊ˚˛±À˜ √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛˘±˜
¤ı— Œı˘≈h¬ ˜Í¬ ¸•Û«Àfl¬ ʱÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛˘±˜/ ¶§±˜œ øıÀıfl¬±Új ıı˛±˝Ú·ı˛˜Í¬¬√õ∂øӬᬱ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú 1868 ¸±À˘ ¤ı—
Œı˘≈h¬ ˜Í¬ √õ∂øӬᬱ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ı˛±˜fl‘¬¯û ¬Ûı˛˜˝—¸ ŒÀıı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ’Ô±«» ¸fl¬˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¬ÛøıS ·º±ı˛ ¬Û±Àh¬
ı˛±˜fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ ˆ¬øMê › ’±Ò…±øRfl¬ ø‰¬ôL√± ˆ¬±ıÚ±Àfl¬ ¸fl¬˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ¸•x¸±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ…/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ 1968 ¸±À˘ı˛
24Œ˙ øάÀ¸•⁄ Ú˚˛ÊÚ ¸¸… øÚÀ˚˛ ’ø¢üı˛ ¸•ú≈À‡ ¸—¸±ı˛ Ó¬…±À·ı˛ ¸—fl¬ä fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤ı— ¶§±˜œ Œ√õ∂˜±Új › ¶§±˜œ ’æ”Ó¬±Új
ı˛±˜fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ ø˙¯∏…Q ·Ë˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú ï1861-1918ó ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ıU ı…øMê ı˛±˜fl‘¬À¯ûı˛ ø˙¯∏Q ·Ë˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛±
’±‰¬±˚« Ê·œ˙‰¬f ı¸≈ı˛ Œı±È¬±øÚfl¬…±˘ ·±ÀΫ¬Ú ¤ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı˛›Ú± ø˘±˜/
’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ øfl¬Â≈é¬ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¬ÛÓÀ Œ·˘±˜ ¤ı— ’”Àı˛ ıÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛˘±˜ Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ Œ¸ ¬ÛÔ ıÀÚı˛ ˜Ò…
øÀ˚˛ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ, ˜ÀÒ… ˜ÀÒ… Œ¸˝◊ ıÚ Œˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œı˛ÃÀ^ı˛ øfl¬ı˛Ì ¬ÛÀÔ ¬ÛÀh¬À Ӭ±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ıÀÚı˛ Œ˙±ˆ¬± ’±Àı˛± œl ¬Û±ÀBÂ/
Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Œø‡À˚˛ ıÀÚı˛ ¶ö±ÀÚ ¶ö±ÀÚ ıUfl¬±À˘ı˛ ıh¬ıh¬ ı‘é¬-˜”˘ ˝ÀÓ¬ ά◊»¬Û±øȬӬ ˝À˚ ˜±øȬÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÀh¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬
¤fl¬øȬ› Ù¬˘ Ú±˝◊/ øıøˆ¬iß ·±ÂÀfl¬ Êøh¬À˚˛ ı˛À˚˛À øıøˆ¬iß Ó‘¬Ì˘Ó¬± &BÂ/ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ fl¬Ó¬ ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ - fl¬Ó¬ ʱøÓ¬ı˛ Ù≈¬˘ Ù≈¬ÀȬ
ı˛À˚˛À Ӭ± ¸˝ÀÊ ·ÌÚ± fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±/ ¸±±ıÀÌ«ı˛, ı˛MêıÀÌ«ı˛, ¬ÛœÓ¬ıÀÌ«ı˛, Úœ˘ıÀÌ«ı˛, Œ¸±Ú±ı˛ ıÀÌ«ı˛, ¸fl¬˘ıÀÌ«ı˛˝◊ Ù≈¬˘
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ëı±øh¬ı˛ ·±Â± › Œfl¬±À˘ı˛ ı±B± ≈˝◊-˝◊ ¸˜±Úíñ ‡Ú±/
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øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ ıȬ ı‘é¬ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¶ö±ÀÚ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ 2005 ¸±À˘ı˛¬ 2ı˛± ÚÀˆ¬•§ı˛ ¤fl¬ ·ÌÚ±˚˛ ı˘± ˝À˚˛À 1864 ›
1867 ¸±À˘ ≈ı±ı˛ ‚”øÌ«Á¬Àh¬ ¤ı˛ ˜”˘ ·±ÂøȬ Ú©Ü ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ ¤ı— ¤ı˛ ˙±‡± √õ∂˙±‡± › ô¶∏y¬˜”˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ·±ÀÂı˛ øfl¬Â≈ ’—˙
Œı“À‰¬ Ô±Àfl¬ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ øıô¶∏±ı˛ ‚ÀȬ/ ¤˝◊ ·±ÀÂı˛ ı˚˛¸ √õ∂±˚˛ 250 ıÂÀı˛ı˛ Œıø˙/ ¤˝◊ ıȬı‘Àé¬ı˛ øı:±Ú¸•úÓ¬ Ú±˜øÙ¬fl¬±¸ Œı˛—∫± Œ˘Ú ø¸¸À˘Ú ¤ı— Œ·±S Œ˜±Àı˛ø¸/ ˜”˘ ı‘é¬øȬ Ú©Ü ˝À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±˚˛ Œ¸øȬÀfl¬ 1925 ¸±À˘ Œfl¬ÀȬ ŒÙ¬˘± ˝˚˛/
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ά◊»¬ÛøM¶ö˘ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬˝◊/
¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± ıÀÚı˛ ¬ÛÔ ÒÀı˛ ‚≈ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ’±¸˘±˜ ¤ı— Œ¸‡±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú˝À˘ı˛ ά◊ÀVÀ˙… ı±¸ Œ‰¬À¬Û
ı˛›Ú± ø˘±˜/ ¤ı— ˚Ô± ¶ö±ÀÚ Œ¬ÛÃ“Â˘±˜/ Œfl¬±˘fl¬±Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Üı˛ ’±ø¬Ûı«, ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ ˚‡Ú ¬Ûı˛±ÒœÚ, Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ qè ˝˘ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±
’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ √õ∂døÓ¬ ¬Ûı«/ ˝◊ά◊Àı˛±À¬Ûı˛ √õ∂ˆ¬±Àı ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬ Úıʱ·ı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝˘/ ¤˘ ı±—˘±˚˛ ¸”ıÌ« ˚≈· 1856-1861
‡Ëœ©Ü±Às/ Ó¬‡Ú ’ø˙鬱 › fl≈¬¸—¶®±Àı˛ı˛ ˜”ϬˇÓ¬± ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬ ’±BÂiß fl¬Àı˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ øı…±˘˚˛ √õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝˘ ¤ı—
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¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ¤˘ ı±—˘±˚˛ Úıʱ·ı˛Ì, Œ˘‡± ˝˘ UÓ≈¬˜¬ ¬Û“…±‰¬±ı˛ Ú'± › ’±˘±À˘ı˛ ‚Àı˛ ≈˘±˘/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ¬Û±}¬±Ó¬… ø˙鬱˚˛
ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˜±˝◊Àfl¬˘ ˜Ò”¸”Ú M ڱȬ… Ê·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬Û«Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤ı— Œ˘À‡Ú ˙ø˜«á¬± ڱȬfl¬ ¤ı— Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±Ê ı…ı¶ö±ı˛
ø‰¬S ’Ç¬Ú fl¬ı˛À˘Ú- ≈øȬ √õ∂˝¸Ú øÀ˚˛- ë¤Àfl¬˝◊ øfl¬ ıÀ˘ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±í › ëı≈Àh¬± ˙±ø˘Àfl¬ı˛ ‚±Àh¬ Œı˛“±í/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ı…±ı˛±fl¬¬Û≈Àı˛
qè ˝˘ ø¸¬Û±˝œ øıÀ^±˝ ˜º˘ ¬Û±À`¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ/
ëø¬Ûø¬Ûø˘fl¬± Òøı˛˘ ά±Ú± ˜øı˛ı±ı˛ Ó¬Àı˛/í
ı±—˘±˚˛ qè ˝˘ Úœ˘ øıÀ^±˝/ ¤˝◊ øıÀ^±À˝ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛À√õ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ œÚıg≈¬ ø˜S ø˘‡À˘Ú ëÚœ˘¬Û«Ìí ڱȬfl¬/ Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜˚˛ ø˝j≈
¬ÛøSfl¬± √õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ø¢ ¸•Û±fl¬ øÂÀ˘Ú ˝øı˛˙‰¬f ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛/ 1860 ‡Ëœ©Ü±Às ˜±˝◊Àfl¬˘ ˜Ò≈¸”Ú M ˝◊—Àı˛Ê
Œı˛ˆ¬±Àı˛`¬ ˘—-¤ı˛ Ú±˜ øÀ˚˛ Úœ˘¬Û«Ì ڱȬÀfl¬ı˛ ˝◊—Àı˛øÊ ’Ú≈ı± fl¬ı˛À˘Ú Ù¬À˘ Œı˛ˆ¬±Àı˛`¬ ˘—-¤ı˛ fl¬±ı˛±ı±¸ ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘/
fl¬±˘œ√õ∂¸iß øı…±¸±·ı˛ Œfl¬ ı˘À˘Ú,
ëı±—˘± ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ˜ÀÚ ı˛±‡Àıí
ı±„±˘œ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ˜ÀÚ ı˛±‡Àı/í
¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ‰¬±˘≈ ˝˘ √õ∂Ô˜ Ó¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ŒÈ¬ø˘ÀÙ¬±Ú ı…ı¶ö±, ›—¸±ı˛ ŒÚøÊı˛ ¸˝À˚±ø·Ó¬±˚˛, ø˙ı‰¬f ˙±¶aœ √õ∂±˚˛ 11˝±Ê±ı˛
˜±˝◊˘ ŒÈ¬ø˘ÀÙ¬±ÀÚı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÈ¬ÀÚ ŒÈ¬ø˘ÀÙ¬±Ú ˘±˝◊Ú ‰¬±˘≈ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ ‰¬±˘≈ ˝˘ ŒÈ¬™Ú ˚± ˚±Ó¬±˚˛±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬ ά◊ißÓ¬
ı…ı¶ö±/ ¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ øé¬ÀÌù´Àı˛ ¤À˘Ú ·±Òı˛ ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛¬ ¬Ûı˛ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô qè fl¬ı˛À˘Úñ
ë Œ˝ Ú”Ó¬Ú Œ‡± øfl¬ ’±ı˛ ı±ı˛,
ÊÀiúı˛› √õ∂Ô˜ ˙≈ˆ¬é¬Ì/í
ï20ó
¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ ’±˜ı˛± Ȭ±Î¬◊Ú ˝˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ Œıøı˛À˚˛ ı±À¸ fl¬Àı˛ ı±øh¬ øÙ¬ı˛˘±˜/
w˜ÀÌı˛ ’±Új ¤˜Ú˝◊ Œfl¬±Ú ø¬ÛÂÚ øÙ¬Àı˛ Ó¬±fl¬±ÀÚ± Ú˚˛ Œ¸±Ê± ˜≈øMêı˛ ’±ÚÀj Â≈ÀȬ ‰¬˘±/ ’±Új ˘±ˆ¬ ±h¬± ’ʱڱÀfl¬
ʱڱı˛ ’±·ËÀ˝, ·±Â-¬Û±˘±, Úœ-¬Û±˝±h¬-ά◊¬ÛÓ¬…fl¬±, ıÚıÚ±Úœı˛ ’±fl¬¯∏«ÀÌ, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¸Àº ≈-À`¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛
øÚÀÓ¬ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÔ ‰¬˘±ı˛ ’±ÚÀj Œ˚ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ w˜Ì fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸˝◊ w˜ÀÌı˛ ¸±Ô«fl¬Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/
ı˝◊À˜˘±
ñ ’øˆ¬À¯fl¬ ı…±Ú±Ê«œ
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.fl¬˜.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú—- 58
Œ˚Ú Œ˘‡±˚˛ ˆ¬ı˛± ¤fl¬ ¬Û‘øÔıœ/
Œ˚Ú ¬Û±Ó¬±˚˛ ˆ¬ı˛± ¤fl¬ Œ˙//
¸±ı˛± øıÀù´ı˛ Œ‡“±Ê ¬Û±Ó¬±˚˛ ¬Û±Ó¬±˚˛/
Œ˚Ú ŒÂ±È¬ ˙˝Àı˛ ’é¬Àı˛ı˛ ΔÓ¬ı˛œ ı±øh¬/
ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±˚˛ ˆ¬ı˛± ¤fl¬ ŒÂ±ÀȬ± ¬Û‘øÔıœ//
À˚Ú ø˙qÀı˛ õ∂±Ì øÙ¬Àı˛ ¬Û±›˚˛±/
Ó¬±˝◊ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±Ê ¸ı±ı˛ Œ¸ı˛±//
Ó¬±˝◊ Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±Ê ¸ı±ı˛ Î◊¬ÀX¬«/
Œ˚Ú ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±˚˛ ˆ¬ı˛± ¤fl¬ ŒÂ±ÀȬ± õ∂±Ì/
Œ¸˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œõ∂˜, ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±,
’±˜±Àı˛ øõ∂˚˛ ı˝◊À˜˘±//
ï21ó
College Excursion
- Arjun Roy
BA 1st Year History (H)
It was 7th February the day was Tuesday. It was my At first I was offered such
excursions at my school for some reasons I did not turn up. At last on 7th of February I
went for educational excursion from my college ‘Naba Ballygunge Mahavidyalaya’. The
excursion was the one day tour of kolkata.
At first we the students reached our college campus at 9:00 AM. It should be mentioned
the tour was only for the English and History departments of the College. After reaching
the campus our tour manager called our names and we were asked to take the seats in the
bus. At last the bus started at 9:30 AM. We visited several places of kolkata. At first we
visited the home of Swami Vivekananda. We took one hour to watch the home of
Vivekananda where we were shown a movie on the life of Swamiji. Then we went to the
other portions of the home of Swamiji. There I felt thrilled and I felt thrilled and I felt I
had gone to another spiritual world where there was no rat race, no human aspirations,
It was a world of peace, we also saw a Shiva temple which Swamiji’s mother established
for a divine boy’s birth (Swamiji). There I felt a mystic atmosphere of calm and quietness
for a moment I felt that I was practically in front of lord Shiva. After that we had started
for the Jorashanko Thakurburi. We took just forty five minutes to reach there. Reaching
there we saw the different parts of Thakurbari. There our guide explained about the
three segments of Thakurbari namely Rambhavan, Maharshibhavan and lastly
Bichikrabhavan. There we had enjoyed and we saw the car in which Kabiguru traveled
various parts of the city and outside also. From there we started for Victoria Memorial on
the way we took our delicious lunch!
After reaching Victoria Memorial we took many photographs. Then we entered Victoria
Memorial where our tour manager total that the Victoria Memorial was the attempt of
British architects to recreate Taj Mahal in Kolkata, the Victoria Memorial realy look
awesome from outside. When we enterd we saw the archives and the museum of the
British Raj were several texts cloaths weapons arms and ammunitions preserued and
displayed. There our teachers explained about the works of that era. Our English teacher
explained about the Victoriam age because of its relevance to the artifacts of the Victoria
Memorial.
After we visited Victoria Memorial we started for our last destination Town Hall.
There we saw several sights and artifacts of old Kolkata and two short films. The thing
which I personally enjoyed was the talking doll of Rabindranath Tagore. Thare we heard
the song ‘Tobu Mone Rekho’ sung by the doll. After that we visited the Town Hall there
we took our group photos and returned to our homes.
In the conclusion it can be said that the tour was a memorable one in my life as specially
enjoyed because it was my first tour with my friends. Where I was not bound by the strict
rules and regulations of my elders.
ï22ó
’±Ê› fl¬“±À Œfl¬±øfl¬˘...
ñ õ∂˙±ôL Õı…
Ó¬‘Ó¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
≈øȬ ‡“±‰¬±˚˛ ≈øȬ ’À‰¬Ú± ¬Û±ø‡
¤fl¬øȬ ŒÓ¬±Ó¬± ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ Œfl¬±øfl¬˘
õ∂Ô˜ ÊÚ ëÚı˛í, øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ÊÚ ëÚ±ı˛œí
ıøK Ó¬±ı˛± ’ÀÚfl¬ øÚ
fl¬À©Ü ’±À ˆ¬±øı˛/
Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ ø¢ ≈ÊÀÚı˛ ‡“±‰¬± ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙
Ó¬±˝◊ ıg≈¬Q ø¢ ˜ÀÚı˛ fl¬±Â±fl¬±øÂ
‡“±‰¬±ı˛ ıg¬ fl¬À©Üı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¤fl¬È≈¬ ø¢ ‡≈ø˙/
¤fl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ÀıÀ¸ ŒÙ¬À˘
ŒÓ¬±Ó¬± ’±ı˛ Œfl¬±øfl¬˘
¤Àfl¬ ’¬Ûı˛Àfl¬...
øfl¬c Œ¸˝◊ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸±› ‡“±‰¬±˚˛ ıøK/
¤fl¬øÚ ¤fl¬È¬± ¸±± ¬Û±˚˛ı˛±
Î◊¬Àh¬ ¤À¸ ı¸˘› ¬Û±À˙ı˛ øÚ˜ ·±ÀÂ
¬Û±˚˛ı˛± Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘› ‡±‰¬±˚˛ ıøK Œfl¬±øfl¬˘
’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ŒÓ¬±Ó¬±Àfl¬›.../
¬Û±˚˛ı˛± Î◊¬Àh¬ ø·À˚˛ ı¸˘
› ‡“±‰¬±ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ...
ıg≈¬Q ˝˘ Œfl¬±øfl¬À˘ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ
¤ı˛¬Ûı˛ Œı˛±Ê ’±¸ÀÓ¬± ¬Û±˚˛ı˛±,
Œfl¬±øfl¬À˘ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Œ‡± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬...
¬Û±˚˛ı˛± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ¤fl¬øÚ,
Œ¸ Œfl¬±øfl¬˘Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ÀıÀ¸ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ/
Œfl¬±øfl¬˘ ˚‡Ú qÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛
¬Û±˚˛ı˛±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ¤˝◊ fl¬Ô±...
Œfl¬±øfl¬˘ ı˘˘ëë˚ø ˆ¬±˘ı±À¸±
‡±“‰¬± ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈øMê ±›,
ŒÓ¬±Ó¬± ’±ı˛ ’±˜±˚˛íí
ï23ó
¬Û±˚˛ı˛±øȬ õ∂ÔÀ˜ ˜≈Mê fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±Ó¬±Àfl¬
Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛ Œfl¬±øfl¬˘Àfl¬
¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±À¸ ‡“±‰¬±ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¬
¬Û±˚˛ı˛±ı˛ ¬Û± ’±È¬Àfl¬ ˚±˚˛
‡“±‰¬±ı˛ ʱÀ˘...
Œfl¬±øfl¬˘ ’±ı˛ ŒÓ¬±Ó¬± Î◊¬Àh¬ Ó¬‡Ú
¬Û±À˙ı˛ øÚ˜ ·±À ıÀ¸.../
ŒÓ¬±Ó¬± ıÀ˘ëë ’±ø˜ ˚±˝◊, øÚÀÊı˛ ʱøÓ¬ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ, ıøK ø¢±˜
’ÀÚfl¬ øÚíí/
¤˝◊ ıÀ˘ Î◊¬Àh¬ Œ·À˘± ŒÓ¬±Ó¬±.../
¬Û±˚˛ı˛±Àfl¬ Òı˛˘ ˜±ø˘fl¬
fl¬ı˛˘ ‡±“‰¬±˚˛ ıKœ/
øÚá¬≈ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¬ ı˛±À·, ŒÓ¬˘ øÀ˚˛
’±&Ú Ê;±ø˘À˚˛ ø˘›
‡“±‰¬± ¸À˜Ó¬ ¬Û±˚˛ı˛±Àfl¬.../
”Àı˛ ıÀ¸ øÚ˜ ·±ÀÂ
Œfl¬±øfl¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±iß±ı˛ ø‰¬»fl¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl¬ ıÀ˘ øfl¬
¸≈Kı˛ Œfl¬±øfl¬À˘ı˛ ά±fl¬.../
’±&ÀÚ Âȃ¬ ٬ȃ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
˜‘Ó≈¬… ˝˘ ¬Û±˚˛ı˛±ı˛.../
Œfl¬±øfl¬˘ ŒÀ‡ ¸±± ¬Û±˚˛ı˛±
Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ ıÀ¸ øÚ˜ ·±ÀÂı˛ ά±À˘
¬Û±˚˛ı˛± ı˘˘, 눬·ı±ÚÀfl¬ ÒÚ…ı±
ëŒ˚ ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ÊÚ… øfl¬Â≈
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛˘±˜
ÊœıÚ ˚‡Ú Œ˙À¯ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ
˚LaÚ±˚˛ Âȃ¬ ٬ȃ¬
ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ’±˜±ı˛
Ú±˜ qÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛˘±˜...
Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛, ‡±‰¬“±ı˛ ’±&Ú øÚÀˆ¬
Œ˚Ú ŒÒ“±˚˛± Œıh¬±ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±
Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ø˜ø˘À˚˛ Œ·˘ ¸±± ¬Û±À˚˛ı˛±
Œfl¬±øfl¬˘ ’±Ê›, øÚÀ˜ı˛ ά±À˘
‰¬œ»fl¬±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ fl¬“±À.../
’±ı˛ Œı˛±Ê Œˆ¬±Àı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl¬ ıÀ˘
øfl¬ ¸≈Kı˛ Œfl¬±øfl¬À˘ı˛ ά±fl¬.../
ï24ó
A DAY OUT IN THE WINTER SUNSHINE...
ENGLISH DEPARTMENTAL EXCURSION: A REPORT
- Priyanjali Dev
Second Year
(English Honours)
On 7th February 2012 our college had organized an educational trip for the students
of the History and English departments, with the faculty members too. All of us had to
reach the college grounds within 9 a.m. from whence our trip would commence in a
luxury bus. We boarded the bus with the help of our teachers and the tour organizers. A
guide had been hired for us, a very joyful middle aged man who entertained us throughout
the entire trip with little riddles and informative snippets from the history of Kolkata.
After all we were all set to explore the heritage of our very own city that morning!
Our first halt was at the ancestral house of Swami Vivekananda, at Simla Street, which
has been turned into a Heritage site and a museum with the help of restoration art and
adjacent to it have come up a philanthropic home and an educational centre. It is a huge
place and one of the oldest houses of Kolkata and the atmosphere of the house is very
quiet. We saw several rooms which Swamiji's ancestors used, the corridors where the
babies were delivered, the lingum of lord Siva worshipped by Swamiji's mother and we
were also shown a documentary on Swamiji from his childhood to his adulthood. Since
cameras were not allowed inside the museum we had to be satisfied with clicking a few
pictures of the building facade only!
Our second halt was at Jorashako Thakur Bari which is now turned into the
Rabindrabharati University College campus but it was originally Rabindranath Tagore's
house in Kolkata. Rabindranath was brought up in this house. We saw there the desk
and chair which he used when composing many of his famous poems and songs, the
handmade decors used by him and his son and wife, many of the manuscripts of his
poems, his own wedding card which he had written with his own hand, his letters to his
wife, the family pictures and a few artifacts and the gifts from several countries like
Japan and England for him. Here also camera was not allowed inside. When we were
returning to our bus we saw many students of the college doing classes en the huge
veranda; enviable Rabindrik way of teaching students in the lap of nature!
When we settled in our bus we were given lunch boxes and our guide was enthusiastic
to entertain us with funny jocularities and riddles. After having the lunch in our mobile
bus we reached the Victoria memorial. The guide said that the British wanted to build a
Tajmahal but instead of Tajmahal what emerged was the memorial for Queen Victoria the then ruler of England as well as the Empress of the British Colonies, including India.
We saw the huge statue of the Queen in the middle of the hall, many types of armours
which the Indian and the British army used in those days like swords, cannons, pistols,
ï25ó
daggers and many pictures. In the second floor we saw several artifacts from
Dakkhineshwar, Belur and other parts of Bengal.
Our next destination was Town Hall of Kolkata. There at first we were given a projection
of the historical events which occurred around Kolkata like the battle of Plassey, the
Alipore bomb case, Banga-vanga, andolon, Quit India movement, Gandhijis Satyagraha,
the punishment of Khudiram and Bhagat Singh.
Of the culture and heritage of the state, its literature and art, popular personalities like
Utpal Dutta (dramatist), Rabindranth Tagore, Satyajit Roy (writer and film maker), and
occupations of the general people; we saw the model of Rabindranth Tagore which sings
the original version sung by Rabindranth himself the song 'mone rekho', the models of
our state football teams and finally an act of shadow art about the great personalities like
Vidyasagar, Desbondhu, Jagdischandra who contributed to the educational system of
Kolkata and the five logos of the Calcutta university till now. The camera was allowed
inside and we took many pictures to our heart's content!
At last we got into the bus with along our teachers, guide, driver, the care taker of our
college. The educational trip was a fun trip which left us enriched and enthusiastic too!
ï26ó
˙±øôL√¬Û≈ı˛
ñ œ¬Û ʱ˘±Úœ
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤.ó
Sêø˜fl¬ Ú— - 112
ŒÂ±È¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ·Ë±˜ Ú±˜ ø¢ Ó¬±ı˛ ˙±øôL√¬Û”≈ı˛/ Œ¸˝◊ ·Ë±À˜ Ô±fl¬Ó¬ ’øÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤fl¬ ˜±©Ü±ı˛ ˜˝±˙˚˛, Ú±˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝Àı˛Ì
˜Ê≈˜±ı˛/ øfl¬c ·Ë±À˜ı˛ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ fl¬±À øÓ¬øÚ ˝±è ˜±©Ü±ı˛ Ú±À˜ Œıø˙ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂÀ˘Ú/ ˝±è ˜±©Ü±Àı˛ı˛ ‚Àı˛ ø¢ Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬
˜±S ŒÂÀ˘ › Ó¬±ı˛ ¶aœ ¤˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—¸±ı˛/ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—¸±ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘± ˆ¬±Àı fl¬±È¬ø¢/ Œ¸˝◊·Ë±˜ ŒÔÀfl¬ øfl¬Â≈Ȭ± ”Àı˛
˜±Àͬı˛ ˜±Á¬‡±ÀÚ ŒÂ±È¬ ¤fl¬øȬ fl”¬“Àh¬ ‚Àı˛ Ô±fl¬Ó¬ ı˛À˜˙ › Ó¬±ı˛ øıÒı± ˜±/ Œ¸˝◊ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ’ı¶ö± Œ‡À˘ ≈–À‡ı˛ ¸œ˜± ı˛˚˛ Ú±/
Œ¸˝◊ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜ô¶∏ ŸÓ≈¬ı˛ ’±·˜Ú ˘é¬… fl¬ı˛± Œ˚Ó¬/ ı¯∏«±fl¬±À˘ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ‰¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ Ȭ¬ÛȬ¬Û fl¬Àı˛ Ê˘ ¬ÛÀı˛/ Œ¸˝◊ ¸ı
ı˛±Ó¬&ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˜± › ŒÂÀ˘ı˛ ≈ÊÀÚı˛ fl¬±ı˛nı˛ ‚≈˜ ˝˚˛ Ú±/ ¢∂œÀ©úı˛ õ∂‡ı˛ Œı˛Ã^ › ¬Û”øÌ«˜±˚˛˛ ‰¬±“Àı˛ ŒÊ…±»¶ß±ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶∏
‚ı˛ ά◊#;˘ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛhÓ¬/ ’˜±ı¸…±ı˛ fl¬±À˘± ’g¬fl¬±ı˛ ı˛±øSÀÓ¬ ŒÂ±È¬ ¤fl¬øȬ øȬ˜øȬÀ˜ı˛ ’±˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÀ˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ
fl¬±È¬Ó¬/ ˙œÓ¬fl¬±À˘ı˛ ͬ±`¬±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸•§˘ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜±S ŒÂ“h¬± fl“¬±Ô±,Ó¬±› ¤fl¬ÊÚ ·±À˚˛ øÀ˘ ’Ú… ÊÀÚı˛ ·±À˚˛ øͬfl¬
˜Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±/ ‚Àı˛ı˛ øÊøÚ¸ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ¤fl¬Àʱh¬± Ò≈øÓ¬ › ≈ ŒÊ±h¬± ʱ˜± › ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ≈Àʱh¬± ˙±øh¬ › ¤fl¬øȬ ˝±“øh¬/ ¤˝◊
ˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ Œfl¬ÀȬ ˚±øB¢/
ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜± Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ Êø˜±ı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ ≈ÊÀÚı˛ Œ¬ÛÀȬ ‰¬±˘±Ó¬ ¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ ·Ë±À˜ı˛ ŒÂ±È¬ øı…±˘À˚˛˛
ı˛À˜˙ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú± fl¬ı˛Ó¬/ ı˛À˜˙ ‡≈ı˝◊ ˆ¬±À˘± ±S ø¢ Ó¬±˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ ˜±©Ü±ı˛ ˜˝±˙˚˛ › Ó¬±ı˛ ıg≈¬ı˛± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸Ó¬/
Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¬Ûh¬±À˙±Ú±ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸fl¬˘ √õ∂fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¸±˝±˚… fl¬ı˛Ó¬/ ˝Í¬±» ¤fl¬øÚ øı…±˘˚˛ ‰¬±˘fl¬±˘œÚ ‡ıı˛ S˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ‡≈ı
˙ı˛œı˛ ‡±ı˛±¬Û/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬é¬øÚ ı˝◊¬ÛS Œ¬Ù¬À˘ Â≈Ȭ˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ Œ‡À˘± Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ‡≈ı ˙ı˛œı˛
‡±ı˛±¬Û, øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬±ı˛ Œ˙¯∏ ˚±S±ı˛ ’øôL√˜ ˜≈˝”ÀÓ«¬ “±øh¬À˚˛ ’±ÀÂÚ/ ˜‘Ó≈¬…› ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Á¬‡±ÀÚ ø¢ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ ı˛À˜˙/
ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Ô±ı˛ fl¬±À ıÀ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±Ô±˚˛ ˝±Ó¬ ı≈À˘±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜± ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ˜±˚˛± ˜˜Ó¬± Œ¶ß˝ Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛
¬Ûı˛À˘±fl¬ ·˜Ú fl¬ı˛À˘±/ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ’˜±ı¸…±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ fl¬±À˘± ’g¬fl¬±ı˛ ŒÚÀ˜ ¤˘/ Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸˝◊ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˝±Ó¬ Òı˛˘
Œ¸˝◊ ˝±è ˜±à¬±ı˛/ øÓ¬øÚ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ ¸Àº øÚÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ¤À˘Ú øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ ¶aœ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ ¬ÛÂj fl¬ı˛À˘± Ú±/ ˝±è
˜±à¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¶aœ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ Œfl¬ ‡≈ı ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸Ó¬ øfl¬c ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ øÓ¬øÚ ≈À‰¬±Àé¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú±/ ¸ı ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬±À˘±
‡±ı±ı˛ ı˛±iß± fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘Àfl¬ ’±À· Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ŒÚ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ øÓ¬øÚ › ˝±è ˜±à¬±ı˛ ‡±›˚˛±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ ˝“±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ˚± ¬ÛÀı˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬±
Ó¬± ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ øÀÓ¬Ú, ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬± ’±Új ¸˝fl¬±Àı˛ ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛Ó¬/ ¤ı— ‚Àı˛ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ Œfl¬±ÀÌ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬
¬ÛÀı˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Ó¬/Ó“¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ı˛ ¬Ûı˛± ʱ˜± fl¬±¬Ûh¬ ø“Àh¬ Œ·À˘, øÓ¬øÚ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ Ó¬± ¬Ûh¬ÀÓ¬ øÀÓ¬Ú/ ‚Àı˛ı˛ ¸ı ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛
fl¬±Ê Ó¬±Àfl¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Ó¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øı…±˘À˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛/ ¤ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ øı…±˘À˚˛ ’ÀÒ«fl¬ øÚ ˚±›˚˛± ˝Ó¬ Ú± ı± Œøı˛
˝À˚˛ Œ˚Ó¬/ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÚ Œfl¬ÀȬ ˚±øB¢/
˝Í¬±» ¤fl¬øÚ ˝±è ˜±à¬±ı˛ ·Ë±À˜ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ÒÀı˛ ¸±˝◊Àfl¬˘ fl¬Àı˛ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ øÙ¬ı˛ø¢/ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ ’±¸ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ¸±˝◊Àfl¬˘
ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬ÛÀh¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û± Œˆ¬À„ ˚±˚˛/ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Ù¬À˘ Ó¬“±Àfl¬ ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ øı|±˜ ŒÚ›˚˛± ±h¬± Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ά◊¬Û±˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬ Ú±/ Ó¬‡Ú
øÓ¬øÚ Ó¬“±ı˛ ¸ø=¡Ó¬ Ȭ±fl¬± øÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—¸±ı˛ ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬Ú/ Ó¬±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ øÚÀfl¬ øÚ ŒıÀh¬ ‰¬À˘/
øfl¬c ˝±è ˜±à¬±ı˛ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ ‡≈ı Œ¶ßÀ˝ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ‡ÀÓ¬Ú › Ó¬±Àfl¬ ‡≈ı ˆ¬±À˘±ı±¸ÀÓ¬Ú/ ˝±è ˜±à¬±Àı˛ı˛ ¶aœı˛ ’Ó¬…±‰¬±ı˛ ¸˝…
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Ú± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ Œ¸ ¤fl¬øÚ øͬfl¬ fl¬ı˛˘ Œ˚ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛¤˝◊ ø√õ∂˚˛ ·Ë±˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ø√õ∂˚˛ ˝±è ˜±à¬±ı˛Àfl¬ ŒÂÀh¬ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±˚˛ ˚±Àı/
Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ Œ¸ Œ˚ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛Àı/¤˝◊ Œˆ¬Àı Œ¸ ·Ë±˜ Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛ øÀfl¬ ı˛›Ú± Œ˚˛/
fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±˚˛ ¤À¸ ı˛À˜˙ ¸ı ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ fl¬±Ê ‡“≈ÊÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ øfl¬c Œfl¬±ÀÚ± fl¬±Ê Ú± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛, é≈¬Ò±ı˛ Ê;±˘± ¸˝… Ú± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
Œ¬ÛÀı˛ Œ¸ ‰≈¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛± qè fl¬ı˛˘/ ·Ë±À˜ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ˆ¬±À˘± ±S ı˛À˜˙ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛ ˆ¬œÀh¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ Œ˚Ú ˝±øı˛À˚ Œ·˘/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ
Ó¬±ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ ‡±ı˛±¬Û ıg≈¬ ˝˘ Ó¬±ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ ø˜À˘ ¤fl¬ ¸Àº ‰≈¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/ ·Ë±À˜ı˛ ŒÂ±È¬ ı˛À˜˙ ’±Ê ¤fl¬øȬ ıh¬
˙˝Àı˛ı˛ Ú±˜ fl¬ı˛± Œ‰¬±Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝˘/ ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÚ fl¬±È¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ¤fl¬øÚ ı˛À˜˙ ‰≈¬øı˛¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ıh¬
ı±øh¬ÀÓ¬ √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬Àı˛/ Œ¸ ‰≈¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛ø¢ ˝Í¬±» fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬Û≈ø˘À˙ı˛ ·±øh¬ Œ¬ÛÓ±˚˛/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ Œ¸‡±Ú
ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Û±˝◊¬Û ŒıÀ˚˛ ¬Û±˘±ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±/
¬Û±˘±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±˘±ÀÓ¬ Œ¸ ¤fl¬øȬ ¬Û±Àfl«¬ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝˘/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ Œ¸ ¤fl¬øȬ ı±B± ŒÂÀ˘ı˛ fl¬±iß± qÚÀÓ¬ Œ¬Û˘/ Œfl¬ Œ˚Ú
Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˆ≈¬À˘ ŒÙ¬À˘ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ/ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ŒÀ‡ ‡≈ı ˚˛± ˝˘/ Œ¸ ı±B‰¬± ŒÂÀ˘È¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ø·À˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÊ:±¸± fl¬ı˛˘
Ó¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ øfl¬, Ó¬±ı˛ ı±øh¬ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ øfl¬c Œ¸ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ Œ¸ ı±B±Ȭ±Àfl¬ Œfl¬±À˘ Ó≈¬À˘ øÚÀ˚˛ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘±, ˚ø
Œ¸ ı±B±Ȭ±Àfl¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ŒÙ¬À˘ øÀ˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝À˘ ¤fl¬øÚ Œ¸› Ó¬±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ¤fl¬È¬± Œ‰¬±ı˛ ı± &G¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Ó¬±Àfl¬
Œfl¬±À˘ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ıøh¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ı˛›Ú± ˝˘/ ¬ÛÀÔ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û≈ı˛ÀÚ± øÀÚı˛ fl¬Ô± ˜ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬/ Ó¬±ı˛ ·Ë±À˜ı˛ fl¬Ô±
Ó¬±ı˛ ø√õ∂˚˛ ˝±è ˜±à¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô±, Ó¬±ı˛ øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± › Ó¬±ı˛ ˜±À˚˛ı˛ fl¬Ô±/ Ó¬‡Ú Œ¸ øͬfl¬ fl¬Àı˛ ’Ú…±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ fl¬±Ê ŒÂÀh¬
Œ¸ ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬±Àı ı±B‰¬±øȬÀfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘± ˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘Àı/ Ó¬‡Ú Œ˚Ú Ó¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ô± ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQı˛ Œ¶ßÀ˝ı˛ ’±øıˆ«¬±ı
‚Ȭ˘/ Œ¸ ¸ı ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ ‡±ı˛±¬Û fl¬±Ê ŒÂÀh¬ ø˘ ¤ı— Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛ fl¬±À fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ ˚± Ȭ±fl¬± Œ¬ÛÓ¬ Ó¬±˝◊ øÀ˚˛ ≈ÊÀÚı˛ Œ¬ÛȬ
‰¬˘Ó¬/ Œ¸ ı≈Á¬˘ Œ¸˝◊ ı±B‰¬±È¬±ı˛ ÊœıÚ ˚±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ Ú± ˝À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… Œ¸ ŒÂÀ˘øȬÀfl¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ¶≈®À˘ ˆ¬øÓ«¬ fl¬Àı˛ ø˘/
˚±ÀÓ¬ Œ¸ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ÛÀh¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ¤ı— ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’±ı˛ ¬Û“±‰¬ÊÀÚı˛ ˜Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬±ı˛
ø√õ∂˚˛ ˜±à¬±Àı˛ı˛ Ú±À˜ Ó¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ ı˛±À‡ ˝Àı˛Ú ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛/ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı±ı± › ŒÂÀ˘ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ·Àh¬ ›Í¬À˘±/ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı
Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ ˆ¬±À˘±˝◊ fl¬±È¬ø¢ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛ ’±ı˛ ¬Û“±‰¬ÊÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±/
¤fl¬øÚ ˝Í¬±» ‡ıÀı˛ı˛ fl¬±·ÀÊ Œ¸˝◊ ı±B‰¬± ŒÂÀ˘È¬±ı˛ Âøı ŒÀ‡ ı˛À˜˙/ Ó¬±ı˛ ı±ı±-˜± Œ¸˝◊ ŒÂÀ˘øȬÀfl¬ ‡“≈ÊÀÂ/ Ó¬±ı˛
ı±ı± ˜± ıh¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ŒÂ±È¬ ŒÂÀ˘øȬı˛ Âøı øÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ øÚÀ‰¬ Œ˘‡± ø¢ ëŒfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸»ı…øMê, Œ˚ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘Àfl¬ øÙ¬øı˛À˚˛ ŒÀı
ı± Ó¬±ı˛ ‡ıı˛ ŒÀı, Ó¬±Àfl¬ Ú· fl≈¬øh¬ ˝±Ê±ı˛ Ȭ±fl¬± ŒÀıÚ ¤ı— Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ø‰¬ı˛ fl‘¬Ó¬: Ô±fl¬ÀıÚ/ í ı˛À˜˙ ¤˝◊ ‡ıı˛ Œ‡±
˜±S Ó¬±ı˛ ˜Ú Œ˚Ú Œ¶ß˝ ˜˜Ó¬±˚˛ ˆ¬±ı˛±Sê±ôL√ ˝À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬˘/ Œ¸˝◊ øÚ ı˛±ÀÓ¬ øͬfl¬ ı˛±Ó¬ ˙Ȭ±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ˝Í¬±» fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬±ÚȬ± ŒıÀÊ
ά◊ͬÀ˘±, øȬøı˛—Ø øȬøı˛—Ø ¤fl¬ÊÚ ˆ¬^À˘±fl¬ ŒÙ¬±Ú Òı˛À˘±, ˝…±À˘± Œfl¬, fl¬±Àfl¬ ‰¬±˝◊∑ ı˛À˜˙ ı˘˘ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛± ˚±Àfl¬ ‡“≈ÊÀÂÚ,
Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ’±ÀÂ/ Ó¬‡Ú ŒÂÀ˘øȬı˛ ˜± fl¬±iß±ı˛ ¶§Àı˛ ŒÙ¬±Ú ÒÀı˛ ı˘˘/ ’±ø˜ ’±˜±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘Àfl¬ ¬Û±›˚˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛
fl¬±À ˜±Ó‘¬ÀQı˛ øˆ¬é¬± ‰¬±˝◊øÂ/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬±Àı˛Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ı±øh¬ı˛ øͬfl¬±Ú± ø˘/ Œ¸˝◊ øÚ ı˛±ÀÓ¬ ı˛À˜˙ ˜Ú ˜ı˛± ’ı¶ö±˚˛ ı±øh¬
øÙ¬ı˛˘/ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ ˝Àı˛Ú Ó¬±Àfl¬ øÊ:¸± fl¬Àı˛ ı±ı± ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ øfl¬ ˙ı˛œı˛ ‡±ı˛±¬Û ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ ŒÀ‡ Ó¬±˝◊ ˜ÀÚ ˝ÀBÂ,
ı˛À˜˙ ıÀ˘ Ú±/ ˝Àı˛Ú ı˘˘, ı±ı± ’±ø˜ ˆ¬±Ó¬ ŒıÀh¬ø Ó≈¬ø˜ ‡±Àı ¤À¸±/ ı˛À˜˙ ıÀ˘ ’±ø˜ ‡±ı Ú±, ’±˜±ı˛ øé¬À ŒÚ˝◊,
Ó≈¬˝◊ Œ‡À˚˛ qÀ˚˛ ¬Ûı˛/ ˝Àı˛Ú ‡±›˚˛± ±›˚˛± Œ˙¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ fl¬èÌ ¶§Àı˛ øÊ:±¸± fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ øfl¬ ˝À˚˛À ı±ı±∑ ı˛À˜˙
Ó¬±Àfl¬ ı≈Àfl¬ Êøh¬À˚˛ ÒÀı˛ ’±ı˛ ıÀ˘ ’±Ê ı˛±øSÀÓ¬ Œ¸ Œ˚Ú ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı ‚≈˜±˚˛/ fl¬±ı˛Ì fl¬±˘ ı˛±øSÀÓ¬ Œ˚ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ fl¬±˘
ı˛±Ó¬ ‚øÚÀ˚˛ ’±¸Àı/ ¤˝◊ √õ∂ùü qÀÚ ˝Àı˛Ú fl¬èÚ Ú˚˛ÀÚ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜≈À‡ı˛ øÀfl¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ı˛˝◊˘/ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Ó¬ Ú± √õ∂ùü
ʱÀ·/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ‚≈À˜±ÀÓ¬ ıÀ˘/ ¸±ı˛± ı˛±Ó¬ ’±ı˛ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ‚≈˜ ¤À˘± Ú±/ Œ¸ ŒÊÀ· ŒÊÀ· fl¬Ó¬˝◊ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ú±
ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œˆ¬±ı˛ ˝˘, Œˆ¬±Àı˛ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ ‰¬±øı˛øÀfl¬ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘À˘± øfl¬c ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Œ˚Ú
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ø‰¬ı˛ ’g¬fl¬±ı˛ ‚øÚÀ˚˛ ¤˘/ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ › Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂÀ˘ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˚ ı±ı± › ŒÂÀ˘ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬ ·Àh¬ ά◊Àͬø¢, Ó¬±ı˛ Ù¬À˘
ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Œ˚ ı…±fl≈¬˘Ó¬±ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝À˚˛ø¢ Ó¬± ıÀ˘ Œı±Á±ÀÚ± ˚±˚˛ Ú/ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¸fl¬±˘ ˝À˚˛ Œ·˘/ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ‚≈˜
Œˆ¬À„ Œ·À˘ Œ¸ øı±ڱ ŒÔÀfl¬ ά◊Àͬ ¬ÛÀı˛/ ˝Àı˛Ú ıÀ˘ ı±ı± Ó≈¬ø˜ fl¬±ÀÊ ˚±Àı Ú±/ ı˛À˜˙ ά◊Mı˛ Œ˚˛ Ú±, ˚±ı Ú±/ ŒÓ¬±Àfl¬
› ’±ÊÀfl¬ ¶≈®À˘ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı Ú±/ ˝Àı˛Ú øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘± Ú±/ ˝Àı˛Ú øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı˘˘ Ú±/
Ó¬‡Ú ˝Í¬±» fl¬Àı˛ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ’±¸˘ ı±ı± ˜± ¤À˘± ¤ı— ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ˜± ˝Àı˛ÚÀfl¬ Êøh¬À˚˛ ÒÀı˛ fl“¬±ÀÓ¬ fl“¬±ÀÓ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬
Ô±Àfl¬, Ó≈¬˝◊ ’±˜±ı˛ øı©Ü≈, Ó≈¬˝◊ ¤Ó¬øÚ Àfl¬±Ô±˚˛ øÂø˘¸Ø ˝Àı˛Ú øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ ˝Àı˛Ú ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˜≈À‡ı˛ øÀfl¬ Ó¬±øfl¬À˚˛
ı˘˘ ı±ı±, ¤ı˛± øfl¬ ¸ı ı˘À Œ‡∑ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˚ Œ¶ß˝ ˜˜Ó¬± ø¢ Ó¬± Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ Œ˚Ú ˝±øı˛À˚˛ À·˘/ Œ¸
ˆ¬±øı˛ ·˘± Œ‰“¬ø‰¬À˚˛ ıÀ˘ ˝Àı˛Ì ›ı˛± ¸øÓ¬… fl¬Ô± ı˘ÀÂ/ ›ı˛± ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ’±¸˘ ı±ı± ˜±, ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ fl≈¬øh¬À˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ/
Ó≈¬ø˜ ›Àı˛ ¸Àº ‰¬À˘ ˚±›/ ›ı˛± ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ øÚÀÓ¬ ¤À¸ÀÂ/ ¤˝◊ fl¬Ô± qÀÚ ˝Àı˛Ú Â≈ÀȬ ¤À¸ ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ Êøh¬À˚˛ ÒÀı˛ fl“¬±ÀÓ¬
fl“¬±ÀÓ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘ ›ı˛± ’±˜±ı˛ ı±ı±-˜± Ú˚˛, Ó≈¬ø˜ ’±˜±ı˛ ı±ı±-˜±/ ı˛À˜˙ ŒÊ±Àı˛ Œ‰“¬ø‰¬À˚˛ ά◊ͬ˘ ’±ı˛ ı˘À˘±, ’±ø˜
øfl¬ ı˘ø Ó≈¬ø˜ qÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±B ڱ, ›ı˛± ŒÓ¬±˜±ı˛ ’±¸˘ ı±ı±-˜±, ’±ø˜ ŒÓ¬±˜±Àfl¬ fl≈¬øh¬À˚˛ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂ/ Ó≈¬ø˜ ›Àı˛ ŒÂÀ˘/
’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛± ›Àfl¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±Ú/ ˝Àı˛Ú ı˛À˜˙Àfl¬ Êøh¬À˚˛ fl“¬±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬, ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ˜± ˝Àı˛ÚÀfl¬ ŒÊ±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ·±øh¬ÀÓ¬
Ó≈¬˘À˘±/ ˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ ı±ı± ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ fl¬±À ø·À˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ Ȭ±fl¬± øÀÓ¬ Œ·˘/ ı˛À˜˙ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ıÀ˘ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ Ȭ±fl¬± ’±˜±ı˛ ı˛fl¬±ı˛
ŒÚ˝◊, ’±¬ÛøÚ Œ¸˝◊ Ȭ±fl¬± øÀ˚˛ ˝Àı˛ÚÀfl¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀıÚ/ ’±˜±ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± ’Ú≈Àı˛±Ò ı˛±‡ÀıÚ ’±¬ÛøÚ
˝Àı˛ÀÚı˛ Ú±˜È¬± Ú± ı˘ fl¬Àı˛ ˚ø ˝Àı˛Ú ı˛±À‡Ú Ó¬± ˝À˘ ’±ø˜ ’±¬ÛÚ±ı˛ fl¬±À ø‰¬ı˛fl‘¬Ó¬: Ô±fl¬ı/ ¤˝◊ ıÀ˘ Œ¸ ‚ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬
Œıøh¬À˚˛ ø·À˚˛ õ≠…±È¬Ù¬À˜«ı˛ øÀfl¬ ¤ø·À˚˛ ‰¬˘˘/ Œ¸ øͬfl¬ fl¬ı˛˘ Œ˚ Œ¸ Ó¬±ı˛ ·Ë±À˜ øÙ¬Àı˛ ˚±Àı/ õ≠…±È¬Ù¬À˜« ŒÈ¬™ÀÚı˛ ’À¬Û鬱
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ¸ õ≠…±È¬Ù¬À˜«ı˛ ŒıÀ=¡ ‚≈ø˜À˚˛ ¬ÛÀı˛/ ’±ı˛ Œ¸ ¶§õü ŒÀ‡ Œ˚ Œ¸ ˙±øôL√¬Û≈Àı˛ Œ¬ÛÓÀ Œ·À Ӭ±ı˛¬ ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ŒÂ±A
·Ë±À˜ Ó¬±ı˛ ˝Àı˛Ú ˜±à¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ, Ó¬±ı˛ ı±ı±-˜±ı˛ fl¬±ÀÂ, Ó¬±ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ŒÂ±A fl“¬≈Àh¬ ‚Àı˛/ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ Œ¸ ¸≈À‡-≈–À‡ fl¬À©Üı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
˙±øôL√ÀÓ¬ ÊœıÚ fl¬±È¬±Ó¬/
’±ı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ŒÂ±A ·Ë±˜øȬ ı˛À˜À˙ı˛ ’À¬Û鬱˚˛ Ô±Àfl¬/
ï29ó
ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜”˘… ’±˚˛À≈ Ó¬ Ú˚˛, fl¬˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¬ fl¬À˜«
ñ øÚ˜«À˘j≈ ˜G¬˘
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ı¯« ïøı.¤. - ¬Û±˙ó
¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˚±S±-¬ÛÔ ˝˘ ’ÚôL√ øıô¶∏‘Ó¬/ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl¬-˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ ¬ÛÔ-Œı˛‡± ’ı˘•§Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ò±øıÓ¬ ˝˚˛/
’ÚôL√ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˜±Úı-ÊœÚ ˚ø ’ôL√˝œÚ ˝ÀÓ¬±, Ó¬Àı ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ≈–‡˝◊ Ô±fl¬Ó¬ Ú±/ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ øıô¶∏‘øÓ¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ ’±ı˛
˜±Úı ÊœıÚ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸—øé¬l/ ¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¬…/ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸fl¬˘ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—øé¬l ÊœıÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ıU
fl¬±Ê ¸˜±l fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬, øfl¬c ¸˜˚˛ Ó¬± 鬘± fl¬Àı˛ Ú±, fl¬˜« Œ˙¯∏ Ú± ˝ÀÓ¬˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ øı±À˚˛ı˛ ά±fl¬ ¤À¸ ¬ÛÀh¬/ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ fl¬±À ¸˜˚˛
Ó¬±˝◊ ¤fl¬ ’˜”˘… ¸•Û/
¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ‰¬˘˜±ÚÓ¬±ı˛ ÊÀÚ…˝◊ ÊœıÚ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ fl¬±À ¬Ûı˛˜ ˜”˘…ı±Ú/ Ó¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬ √õ∂±ÀôL√ Êiú ’Ú…√õ∂±ÀôL√ ˜‘Ó≈¬…/ ’Ô±«» Êiú
ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ¬Û˚«ôL√ Œ˚ ¸—øél ¸˜˚˛, Ó¬±˝◊ ˝˘ ÊœıÚ/ Œ˚˜Ú ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜≈À‡ ά◊B‰¬±øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ñ 뤬۱Àı˛ ·º ›¬Û±Àı˛ ·º±
˜±Á¬‡±ÀÚ ‰¬ı˛íñ ’Ô±«» ¤¬Û±Àı˛ Êiú ’±ı˛ ›¬Û±Àı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ¤ı— ˜±Á¬‡±ÀÚ ‰¬ı˛ ˚±Àfl¬ ÊœıÚ ı˘± ˝˚˛/
’Ô«ı±Ú Œ˘±Àfl¬ı˛± ˝◊B±˜ÀÓ¬± Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ^ı… øfl¬ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú/ øfl¬c ¸˜˚˛Àfl¬ Œfl¬Ú± ˚±˚˛ Ú±/ Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ
¸˜˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¸fl¬˘ Œfl¬Ú± 鬘Ӭ±ı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ øıøÚ˜À˚˛ ˚± øfl¬Â≈ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ øfl¬c Œfl¬±ÀÚ± øfl¬Â≈ı˛ øıøÚ˜À˚˛
¸˜˚˛Àfl¬ ’Ê«Ú fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±/ ¬Û±øÔ«ı Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¸ı ’Ô±«» ˆ¬±À˘±-˜j, ŒÂ±A ıÀh¬± øı¯∏˚˛Àfl¬ ’Ú±˚˛±À¸ ’ıÀ˝˘± fl¬Àı˛ ¸˜˚˛
ı±Ò±ıg¬˝œÚˆ¬±Àı ^nÓ¬ ŒıÀ· Â≈ÀȬ ‰¬À˘/ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ øÊøÚÀ¸ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’±¸øMê Ô±Àfl¬/ øfl¬c ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
Œ¸˝◊ ı˛fl¬˜ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ’±¸øMê Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±/ Ó¬±ı˛ qÒ≈ ‰¬˘± ’±ı˛ ‰¬˘±/ Ó¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ı˛fl¬˜ ‰¬˘±ı˛ ÊÀÚ…˝◊ ŒÓ¬± ¸˜˚˛ ¤Ó¬ ˜”˘…ı±Ú/
¸˜À˚˛ı˛ Œ˚ ’ä ’—˙È≈¬fl≈¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ ≈˘«ˆ¬ ÊœıÀÚ, Ó¬±ı˛ ¸» ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊ ÊœıÚ ¸±Ô«fl¬›
¸≈¸˜˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛/ øfl¬c ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸—øé¬l ¸œ˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¬‡±øÚ ¸˜˚˛ ¬Û±˝◊, Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˚ø ’±˘¸…ˆ¬±Àı fl¬±øȬÀ˚˛ ø˝◊
’fl¬À˜«, Ó¬±˝À˘ Ó¬± ˝˚˛ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ’¬Û‰¬˚˛/ Œ¸˝◊ ≈–‡ ’±˜±Àı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ¤fl¬øÚ Ú± ¤fl¬øÚ ˜˜±«øôL√fl¬ ≈–À‡ı˛ ’±fl¬±Àı˛ ŒÚÀ˜
’±¸Àı/
¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ˜”˘…Àı±Ò ’Ô±«» Œ˚ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ Œ˚ fl¬±Ê, Œ¸˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ Ó¬± fl¬ı˛± ά◊ø‰¬»/ Œ˚ Ó¬± fl¬Àı˛ Ú±, Ó¬±ı˛ ÊœıÀÚ ¬Ûı˛±Ê˚˛˝◊ ˝˚˛
¤fl¬˜±S ˆ¬±·…/ ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’ıÀ˝˘±ı˛ ÊÀÚ… ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬ fl“¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¬ÊÚ fl‘¬¯∏fl¬ Ù¬¸À˘ı˛ ŸÓ≈¬ÀÓ¬
Ù¬¸À˘ı˛ ıœÊ ı¬ÛÚ Ú± fl¬Àı˛ ’±˘À¸… ¸˜˚˛ fl¬±øȬÀ˚˛ Œ˚˛, Ó¬±˝À˘ Ù¬¸˘ ›Í¬±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ’±˙± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛
‡±˜±ı˛ ˆ¬ı˛± Ù¬¸˘∑ fl¬‡Ú Œ˙¯∏ ˝À˚˛ Œ·À Ӭ±ı˛ ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê ¸˜˚˛ ¤ı— fl¬Àı Œ˙¯∏ ˝À˚˛ Œ·À ٬¸À˘ı˛ ŸÓ≈¬/ Œfl“¬À ı≈fl¬
ˆ¬±¸±À˘› øfl¬Â≈ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±, √õ∂ı± ’±À Œı˛± Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ Ò±Ú qøfl¬À˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ’Ô±«» ¸˜˚˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ fl¬˜« fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛/
Œfl¬ fl¬Ó¬ øÚ Œı“À‰¬À Ӭ± ıÀh¬± fl¬Ô± Ú˚˛/
Œfl¬ ÊœıÀÚ fl¬Ó¬ ˜˝» fl¬À˜« ø˘l ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, Œ¸È¬±˝◊ ’ÀÚfl¬ ıÀh¬± fl¬Ô±/ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ Δ˙˙ıfl¬±À˘˝◊ fl¬˜« ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜”˘
¸˜˚˛/ ¤˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛˝◊ ÊœıÀÚı˛ √õ∂døÓ¬ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ fl¬±˘/ ¤˝◊ fl¬±˘øȬı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬øȬ ˜≈UÓ«¬Àfl¬ øͬfl¬Í¬±fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛À˘ ¸≈‡ ›
˙±øôL√ ≈˝◊-˝◊ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±Àı/ Δ˙˙Àı˝◊ ’±˜±Àı˛ ά◊¬Û˘øt fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı Œ˚, ¸˜˚˛ ’˜”˘… ı˛Ó¬Ú/
ï30ó
Role of Banks as an Institution for Paper less Trading
- Dr. Lakshmisree Ghosh
Commerce Dept.
1. Introduction
We know that fourteen commercial Banks were nationalized by the Govt. of India on 19th
July 1969, under the dynamic leadership of the Late Smt. Indira Gandhi in order to fulfill the
social objectives of the Govt. of India. In consonance with the objectives, six Commercial
Banks were also nationalized in April 1980 in order to ameliorate the sufferings of the small
and marginal farmers and downtrodden people. Now the banking activity has radically
changed in view of present economic scenario of our Country. In fact, it has undergone a
transformation with the enlargement of range of services offered depending upon the
type and the number of Clientele served. Customer’s expectations have also increased
tremendously. Technological advancement coupled with computerisation led the banking
industry to a very convenient position for us. For example, less waiting time, error free entries,
speedy transactions, efficient maintenance of A/cs, easy accessibility to global network.
The guidance and help from well trained staff that serves us every step of the way are no
doubt all the boons of modern banking system. This mission helps in serving us better in the
future; it also acts as an institution for paperless trading. The role of Bank in Case of
Dematerialisation is also very important.
2. Dematerialisation
Demateriaiisation is the process by which the physical certificates of an investor are
taken back by the company of registrar and destroyed and an equal number of securities are
credited to the electronic holding of the investor maintained with depository / depository
participant. The request for dematerialisation has to be made in writing by the person in
whose name the securities are along with the certificate.
3. Depository and its functions
A depository is an organisation where on the request of the shareholders or his agent the
securities are kept in an electronic form - it is a type of clearing and settlement system which
debits or credit investor account with requisite type and quantity of the securities transacted.
The functions of a depository are as under :i)
To maintain particulars of investor holdings in electronic form,
ii)
To surrender and withdraw securities to and from the depository.
iii) To effect settlement of securities traded both on the stock exchange as well as
outside stock exchange by transferring in and out of depository account. The
depository has to maintain records for 5 years covering the details of securites
(dematerialised & rematerilised) and instructions received form participant issuers,
issuers agent and beneficial owners.
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Rematerialisation is the process of reconverting the electronic holdings into physical share
certificate on the request from investor through depository pariticipant. The process of
rematerialisation is to be complied within 30 days.
4. Role of bank in case of acting as a sponsors to a depository.
A bank can act as a sponsors to a depository. The depositories and participants Regulation
1996 provides detailed guidelines, definitions, procedures norms for setting up and running
a depository. To become a sponsor following qualifications are required.
i)
A recognised stock exchange.
ii)
A Public financial Institution as defined by Co’s Act 1956.
iii) A bank approved by R.B.I.
iv) A Financial services Company where not less than 75% of the equity is held by
institution mentioned above
v)
A Govt. approved foreign company providing financial custodial clearing &
settlement services in the securities market.
The following guidelines are given for a depository
a)
A mininimum net worth of Rs. 100 crore is required to set up a depository
b)
Protection against unauthorised access to the system.
c)
Standard transmission and prescribed formats for electronic communications.
d)
Ensuring protection of records against loss/ destruction and arrangement for
backup of records and data.
e)
Insurance and other arrangements for indemnifying the beneficial Bank
maintained the owners guide lines for sponsor to a depository.
The parliament approved the Depositories Bill 1996, and provided a legal Framework
for establishment of depositiories. The bill empowerd SEBI to make rules and regulations
for granting certificate of commencement of business to the depository. National Securities
Depository Limited (NSDL) is India’s first and only share depository registered with
SEBI and began the process of paperless trade on National Stock Exchange on 8.11.96.
An investor can act through a depository participant only. A depository participant is
the representative of agent of the investors in the depository system. Accordingly banks,
State financial corporations, non-banking financial institution, custodians, stock brokers
can become depository particiapant in NSDL. A depository participant acts on behalf of
his client for investing sale/purchase of secruities. A depository participant has to pay
one time charges to depository.
An investor opens an account with a depository participant which is similar to opening
of a bank account. The client is given an indentification number the Dp and a passbook
ï32ó
or statement of holding with periodical updates of transcation in the account.
An investor can opens an account with any number of DPs and no minimum balance
of securities have been prescribed. A depository participant may or may not charge for
maintaining the account of the investor. Any information, clarifications by the investor is
to be made through DP. For request of dematerialisation DP sends electronic request to
company through depository. After necessary verification the confirmation of
dematerialisation is sent to depository by the company and depository participant who
credits the investors account with requisite numder of securities. Cost element of
depository trading are :i)
Account opening charges which is one time payment.
ii)
Custody charges to be paid on annual basis on the value of share.
iii) Transaction charges.
In the modern era of banking system, the role of Bank as a sponsors to a depository
and depository participants in the matter of depository paperless trading marks a definite
departure from conventional banking system and the extent of financial integration
measured by flows of capital as a share of G.D.P. will also be increased drammatically
and the role of India in the world economy has commensurately expanded along with
other major members of emarging market.
Source :
i)
I B A Bulletin
ii)
PNB Monthly Reisew
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Œ˚ÃÔ ı¸ı±À¸ı˛ ø˙鬱
¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ õ∂Ó¬≈ …À¯ ¤fl¬øȬ ’¢∂·Ì… ‰¬…±À˘?
ñ ά. ’±ı≈¸ ¸±M±ı˛
2000 ¸±À˘ı˛ ¤øõ∂˘ ˜±À¸ Œ¸ÀÚ·±À˘ı˛ ά±fl¬±ı˛ ïDakaró ˙˝Àı˛ øıù´ ø˙鬱 ŒÙ¬±ı˛±À˜ı˛ ïWorld Education
Forumó ¸ˆ¬±˚˛ øıÀù´ı˛ ı≈øÚ˚˛±œ ø˙鬱ı˛ ’ı¶ö√± ¸•ÛÀfl¬« ¸˜À˚˛±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊ √’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¤ı— Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ’øºfl¬±ı˛ıX¬
øı¯˚˛&ø˘Àfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ø¸X¬±ôL√ ·Ë˝Ì ˝˚˛/ ¤˝◊ √õ∂Ô˜ ’¸±À˜…ı˛ øfl¬Â≈ õ∂Ò±Ú ˜±S±Àfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛¶®√±ı˛ˆ¬±Àı ø‰¬øSÓ¬
fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛ Ù¬˘Ó¬, Œ‡± ˚±ÀB Œ˚ ¢∂±À˜ ¤ı— ıh¬ › ‡≈ı˝◊ øı˛^ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛ Œfl¬f&ø˘ øıÀ˙¯ˆ¬±Àı ˜ø˝˘±ı˛± ø˙鬱 Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛
ı±˝◊Àı˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÂ/ ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ qı˛nÀÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝ÀBÂ√ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶ Œ˙&ø˘ÀÓ¬ 50 ıÂı˛ ’±À·ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛
’±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¬ ˝±Àı˛ ø˙q ¤ı— ˚≈ı¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø˙鬱ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ˚±›˚˛±ı˛ õ∂ıÌÓ¬± ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ/ ¤˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛¬¬Û‘øÔıœ Ê≈Àh¬
øı…±˘À˚˛ Î◊¬¬Ûø¶ö√øÓ¬ı˛ ˝±ı˛ ’¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ŒıÀh¬ Œ·À ’±ı˛ Ó¬± ¸y¬ı¬Ûı˛ ˝À˚˛À øıøˆ¬iß ¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ õ∂˚˛±¸, ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ›
¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ’±ÀK±˘Ú, ’±ôLÊ«±øÓ¬fl¬ ¸˜±Ê ¤ı— ¸Àı«±¬Ûøı˛ ø˙鬱 ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛&ø˘ı˛ ‹fl¬±øôLfl¬ ¬õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛/
Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ˙&ø˘¸˝ ¸±ı˛± øıÀù´ øıÀ˙¯ ’ı¶ö√±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ø˙qÀı˛ øı…±˘À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ¤ı— ¬Ûh¬±qÚ± ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛
˚±›˚˛± õ∂±lı˚˛¶®√Àı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¸±é¬ı˛Ó¬± ’Ê«Ú fl¬ı˛± ¤ı— Œ˘‡±¬Ûh¬± ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ’¸≈øıÒ±ÊÚfl¬ ˝À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬ÀÂ/ ø˙鬱ı˛
’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ¤ı— ¸˜ô¶ ı˛fl¬˜ ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈øıÒ±&À˘±Àfl¬ ÒœÀı˛ ÒœÀı˛ é¬˚˛ fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬ı˛˜ ±øı˛^…/ Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¬ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Œ˚ øıøBÂ√ißÓ¬±
ΔÓ¬øı˛ ˝˚˛ Ó¬± ‰¬±fl≈¬øı˛ ’Ôı± Ú±˜˜±S Î◊¬¬Û±Ê«ÀÚı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ Î◊¬±˝ı˛Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Û, ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ¸—¸±ı˛
õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±˘Ú › Êœøıfl¬± øÚı«±À˝ı˛ ÊÚ… fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ¸g¬±ÀÚ ¬õ∂±lı˚˛¶®√ ¬Û≈ı˛n¯Àı˛ ¢∂±˜ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˙˝Àı˛ ¤˜Úfl¬œ øıÀÀ˙› Œ˚ÀÓ¬
˝˚˛Ä Ù¬˘Ó¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ø˙鬱 ¢∂˝ÀÌı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ŒÂ ¬ÛÀh¬/ ıdÓ¬– Ú±ı˛œ-¬Û≈ı˛n¯, ʱøÓ¬, ’鬘 ï˙±ı˛œøı˛fl¬ ›
˜±Úø¸fl¬ ı˚˛À¸ı˛ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Œ˚ ’¸±˜… ¤ı— ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ·Àh¬ ›Àͬ Ó¬± fl¬œˆ¬±Àı › Œfl¬Ú ø˙鬱ı˛ ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈øıÒ±&ø˘ı˛ ’¸˜ˆ¬±Àı
ı∞ȬÀÚı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì ˝˚˛ Ó¬± Œı±Ò·˜… ˝˚˛/
¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ ø˙鬱øıÀı˛ ΔÚøKÚ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’˝ı˛˝ ¸—¶®√±ı˛ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˜”˘fl¬ fl¬˜«¸”ø‰¬ ¤ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚœøÓ¬-øÚÒ«±ı˛ÀÌı˛
Ù¬À˘ Œ˚ ’øıı˛±˜ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«ÀÚı˛ ¸•ú≈‡œÚ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ’ıÀı˛±Ò ı± é¬˚˛À˝Ó≈¬ øıÀ˘±À¬Ûı˛ ˆ¬À˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛± ˆ¬œÓ¬ ˝Ú Ú±/
¸—Àé¬À¬Û ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Œ·±˘À¬Û±à¬&ø˘ ¸ı¸˜˚˛˝◊ ¸‰¬˘/ øfl¬c ¤ı˛ ı…øÓ¬Sꘛ ’±ÀÂ, Œ¸˝◊ fl¬±ı˛ÀÌ Œ·±˘À¬Û±à¬&ø˘ı˛
øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú ˝◊øÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ ¤ı— ’±ı±ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ±Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ˝˚˛/ ˚±ı˛± ø˙鬱ı…ı¶ö√±ı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛ Ô±fl¬ÀÂÚ Ó¬±Àı˛ ÊÚ… Î◊¬ißÓ¬
ı…ı¶ö√±øı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Œ˚˜Úñøı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ fl¬±ÀÊı˛ øÀÚı˛ ¸—‡…± ı±h¬±ÀÚ±, Î◊¬B‰¬ø˙鬱ı˛ ÊÚ… ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈øıÒ±
¸‘ø©Ü ¤ı— ø˙鬱ı˛ &Ì·Ó¬˜±Ú ı‘øX¬/ Œ˚ ‰¬±ø˝±&ø˘ ø¶ö√øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ú˚˛, Œ¸Àé¬ÀS øı…±˘À˚˛ ¬Ûh¬±qÚ± fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛fl¬±˘
’±ıø˙…fl¬ˆ¬±Àı ı‘øX¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ø˙鬱ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬Laœfl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ’øÒfl¬Ó¬ı˛ &ı˛nQ õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Œfl¬ı˘˜±S
ø˙鬱ı…ı¶ö√±ı˛ Î◊¬ißøÓ¬˝◊ Ú˚˛, ø˙鬱ı˛ øıøˆ¬iß øÀfl¬ı˛ ’¢∂·Ì…Ó¬±ı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛› ‰¬±¬Û Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛/ ıdÓ¬–, ıU ŒÀ˙ ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±ıfl¬ı˛±
Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸ôL±ÚÀı˛ Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ¬Û“±‰¬-Â˚˛ ıÂÀı˛ı˛ ÊÚ… qÒ≈˜±S õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ øı…±˘À˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬±ÀBÂ√Ú Ú±, Ó¬“±ı˛± ‰¬±˝◊ÀÂÚ ¸ôL±Úı˛±
‡≈ı fl¬˜ ı˚˛À¸ øı…±˘À˚˛ ˚±Àı ¤ı— Œıø˙øÚ ÒÀı˛ ¬Ûh¬±qÚ± fl¬ı˛Àı/ ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±ıfl¬ı˛± ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛ÀÂÚ
Ó¬“±Àı˛ ¸ôL±ı˛ı˛± Œ˚Ú Œıø˙ı˛ˆ¬±· ¸˜˚˛ øı…±˘À˚˛ ’øÓ¬ı±ø˝Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ ˚±ÀÓ¬ ÊœıÀÚı˛ fl¬±ø„é¬Ó¬ ˜±ÀÚı˛ õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ &̱ı˘œ
¤ı— é¬Ó¬± ’Ê«Ú fl¬Àı˛ øıù´±˚˛Ú-|nÓ¬ |À˜ı˛ ı±Ê±Àı˛ õ∂Àı˙±øÒfl¬±ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝˚˛/
ï34ó
’±ı±ı˛ ’Ú…øÀfl¬, Î◊¬¬Û˚≈Mê ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl¬¯«Ì qÒ≈˜±S ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±ıfl¬Àı˛ Ú˚˛ ¤˜Úfl¬œ ÚœøÓ¬-øÚÒ«±ı˛fl¬Àı˛
˜ÀÒ…› ı‘øX¬ S꘱·Ó¬ ¬Û±ÀBÂ√/ ¤˝◊ ¸˜ô¶ ÚœøÓ¬-øÚÒ«±ı˛fl¬ı˛± ¤˝◊ √õ∂ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¬ Œ‡ÀÂÚ øıù´±˚˛Ú, ’±ôL«Ê±øÓ¬fl¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬
õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¤ı— ¸≈ѱøÓ¬¸≈Ñ øıˆ¬±ÊÚ ˚± ŒÀ˙ı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬øäÓ¬ ‰¬±¬Û ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ ¤˝◊ øı¯˚˛&ø˘ ‡≈ı˝◊
&ı˛nQ¬Û”Ì«/ Œfl¬Ú Ú± ø˙鬱 ˜±Ú≈À¯ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… øıøˆ¬iß &ı˛nQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬&ø˘Àfl¬› ¬Û≈©Ü fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ øıÀ˙¯Ó¬, ŒÎ¬À˘±ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÀÚ«
ïDelors Reportó Œ˚ ‰¬±ı˛øȬ ô¶Ày¬ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˝À˚˛À ˚Ô±ñʱڱı˛ ø˙鬱, fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ø˙鬱, Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛
ø˙鬱 ¤ı— fl¬œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ø˙鬱ñ¤˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ øı¯À˚˛ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ø˙鬱 Ú…±˚˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛Àı/ 5- 8 Œ¸ÀõȬ•§ı˛, 2001-¤
’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝◊ά◊ÀÚÀ¶®±ı˛ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ¸À•ú˘Ú, 46Ó¬˜ ’±ôL«√ʱøÓ¬fl¬ ¸À•ú˘ÀÚ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ øı¯˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ı˛
Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ŒÊ±ı˛ Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛ ˚± ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ı¸ı±À¸ı˛ øı¯˚˛øȬı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬’Ó¬œı ¬õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛/
Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱
Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ Œı˙ fl¬À˚˛fl¬øȬ øı¯˚˛ ¤ı— Î◊¬ÀV˙… ’±˜±Àı˛ ÊœıÚ ¬Û«ÀÚ ¬õ∂øÓ¬ øıø•§Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ ¤fl¬˝◊
¸Àº Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ¤˝◊ ‰¬…±À˘?Àfl¬ ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬±Àı Œ˜±fl¬±øı˘± fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Œ¸ fl¬Ô±›/
õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ øı¯˚˛øȬ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ‰¬…±À˘À?ı˛ õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸À‰ƒ¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¤ı— ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±ı˛±ÊœıÚ ¤ı˛ &ı˛nÀQı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ ‘ø©Ü
øÚıg¬ fl¬ı˛/ ø˙鬱 Œfl¬±ÀÚ± õ∂Ó¬…é¬, fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì Ú˚˛Ä ’Ôı± ’±ôL–ı˛±Ê… ı± ı˛±ÀÊ…±ˆ¬…ôLÀı˛ı˛ ø˝—¸±Àfl¬ ʱø·À˚˛›
ŒÓ¬±À˘ Ú±/ ¸ı«S ¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ø˙鬱ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±Àfl¬ ŒÂ±ÀȬ± ı± ‡±ÀȬ± fl¬Àı˛ Œ‡± ˝˚˛ Ú±/ Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ¸˜±Ê ˜±ÚÀ¸ı˛ øıù´±¸,
˜”˘…Àı±Ò √õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¬ı˛Ì ¤ı— ÊœıÀÚı˛ øıøˆ¬iß øfl¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¬Û±ı˛¶Û±øı˛fl¬ Œı±Á¬±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛Ä ¤˜Ú-fl¬œ Ze, ˙±øôL√ › ø˝—¶⁄Ó¬±ı˛
√õ∂ùüÀfl¬ ”Àı˛ ¸øı˛À˚˛ ı˛±À‡ ¤ı— Œ√õ∂ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø˙鬱 øıÀ˙¯∏ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ ø˙鬱ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±
¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ı‘øX¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ ’±ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¬ øfl¬Â≈ fl¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ˚± Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ 鬘Ӭ±Àfl¬
˙øMê˙±˘œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬¸±˝±˚… fl¬ı˛Àı/ ¤˝◊¸ı øı¯∏À˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ :±Ú, ·Àı¯∏̱ ¤ı— ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±Àfl¬ ø‰¬S±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ/
ø˙鬱˜”˘fl¬ ·Àı¯∏̱˚˛ Œ‡± Œ·ÀÂ, øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ √õ∂±!¬±À˘ øÚø«©Ü fl¬Ó¬fl¬&ø˘ ŒÀ˙ ø˙鬱ı˛ ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬ ¤ı— ¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ÀÓ¬
˙øMêı˛ ı…ı˝±ı˛Àfl¬ ά◊»¸±ø˝Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ’±ı±ı˛, ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ¤ı— ˆ”¬À·±À˘ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬…¬Û≈ô¶∏fl¬ øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ Œé¬ÀS ¤fl¬À‚“À˚˛ ¤ı—
¬Û鬬۱Ӭ¬Û”Ì«/ ’±˜ı˛± ˚≈ı ¸˜±ÊÀfl¬ fl¬œ ø˙鬱 √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛ø Œ¸˝◊ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¸ı ¸˜˚˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú Ô±øfl¬ Ú±, øfl¬c ¤˝◊
^nÓ¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬Àı˛ ¤ı— ı±˝◊Àı˛ fl¬œˆ¬±Àı Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛, Œ¸˝◊ ˆ¬±Àı
ø˙鬱 √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛± ¤‡Ú› ‰¬±˝◊À˘ ¸y¬ı¬Ûı˛/ øı…±˘À˚˛ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯∏ ‘ø©Ü √õ∂˙«Ú
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ά◊±˝ı˛Ì¶§ı˛+¬Û, √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ ø˙鬱 ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ√õ∂øı˛Ó¬ ‰¬ı˛˜ Ó¬Ô…±øı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ı±Ò± √õ∂±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ,
øfl¬c ¤˝◊ øı¯∏˚˛øȬ øı…±˘˚˛ ¤ı— ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fl¬œ ˆ¬±Àı Êøh¬Ó¬ Ó¬± ’±˜±Àı˛ ʱڱ ı˛fl¬±ı˛/ ¤˝◊
¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±ı˛› Œıø˙ fl¬Àı˛ ʱÚÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¤ı— ¤ı˛ ¸Àº Êøh¬Ó¬ ’øÓ¬øı˛Mê Ó¬Ô…±ø ’±ôL«√ʱøÓ¬fl¬ ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL√ ’±˘±’±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛¸”ø‰¬ı˛ ’ôL√ˆ«≈¬Mê fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/
øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øı¯∏˚˛øȬ ˝˘, ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ’±˜±Àı˛ fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± Ô±fl¬± ı˛fl¬±ı˛
Ó¬± ø¶öı˛ fl¬ı˛± ¤ı— fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±, ˜”˘…Àı±Ò ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬ ¤˝◊¸ı Œé¬ÀS Œ˚±·…Ó¬±ı˛ ¸Àı«±M˜ ı‘øX¬ ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/
¸±é¬ı˛Ó¬± › ¸—‡…± ¸•§g¬œ˚˛ øı¯∏˚˛&ø˘ ±h¬± ά±fl¬±ı˛-¤ øıù´ ø˙鬱¸ˆ¬±˚˛ (World Education Forum) Œ˚ fl¬˜«¸”ø‰¬ı˛
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¬ ’Ú≈À˜±Ú Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ’ı˙… √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛ ÊœıÚ ¸•§g¬œ˚˛ é¬Ó¬±&ø˘Àfl¬ ø˙鬱ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸ı ŒÔÀfl¬
Œı˙œ &èQ Œ›˚˛± ˝˚˛/ ¤ı˛ ’Ô« ˝˘ ΔÚøjÚ ÊœıÀÚı˛ ¸Àº ¸•Ûfl«¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ 鬘Ӭ±Àfl¬ ı±øh¬À˚˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±, øıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ Œ˚Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ’¸≈øıÒ±ÊÚfl¬ ¬ÛÂj&ø˘ ¤ı— ı…øMê·Ó¬ ±ø˚˛QÀı±ÀÒı˛ ¸•ú≈‡œÚ √õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ’±˜±Àı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛/ ˙Àsı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬
˜ÀÚ±À˚±· ¤ı— ’©Ü±˙ ˙Ó¬±øsı˛ øı…±fl¬ä^nÀ˜ı˛ ’ıÚ˜ÀÚı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ø˙鬱ı˛ √õ∂fl¬ı˛Ì ¬Ûøı˛˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ &èQ ±Ú
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fl¬ı˛Àı/ ’±ı˛ Ó¬±˝À˘ ø˙鬱 ¤ı— ı…øMê·Ó¬ ‰¬±ø˝±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬ ı…±¬Ûfl¬ ”ı˛Q ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛Àı/ ¤ øı¯∏À˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸Ó¬fl«¬
Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ˚±ÀÓ¬ ÊœıÚ¸•§g¬œ˚˛ é¬Ó¬±&ø˘ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ &ı˛Q øÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ øıøˆ¬iß ˘ˆ≈¬Mê ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ıÀ‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ
’¸±˜…Àfl¬ Œ˚Ú ¬Û≈Ú–√õ∂øӬᬱ Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ÊÚ… &Ì·Ó¬ ø˙鬱 √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ı…øMêı˛ ¸±˜ø·Ëfl¬ ά◊ißøÓ¬Àfl¬ ά◊»¸±ø˝Ó¬
fl¬ı˛Àı ¤ı— ’±˜±Àı˛ √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬Àfl¬ ¸≈À˚±· fl¬Àı˛ ŒÀı øÚʶ§ √õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±, 鬘Ӭ± ¤ı— √õ∂BÂiß ¸y¬±ıÚ±Àfl¬ ’±øı©®±ı˛ ¤ı—
ά◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ Œ¸±¬Û±Ú ˝ÀÓ¬/ ’Ó¬…±øÒfl¬ √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ ø˙鬱Àé¬ÀS :±Ú·Ó¬ é¬Ó¬±&ø˘ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ &èQ √õ∂±Ú fl¬˜±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Ó¬±ı˛ ¤ı˛
’Ô« ¤˝◊ Ú˚˛ Œ˚, :±Ú·Ó¬ é¬Ó¬± fl¬˜ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¤ı— Ó¬± qÒ≈˜±S øfl¬Â≈ ø˙qı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊ √õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¬Û±Àı/ √õ∂Ò±Ú √õ∂ùüøȬ ˝˘,
Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±&ø˘ı˛ ‹fl¬…ıX¬ˆ¬±Àı ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚ȬÀÚ± ˚±˚˛ ¤ı— Ó¬± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÚı˛
øı¯∏˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ øÚÚ«˚˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/
Ê…±fl¬ ŒÎ¬À˘±Àı˛ı˛ ¸ˆ¬±¬ÛøÓ¬ÀQ ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL√ ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¬ fl¬ø˜˙ÀÚı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ÀıÀÚ ¤˝◊ øı¯∏À˚˛
øıøˆ¬iß Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ¸”S √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ŒÎ¬À˘±ı˛ øı˛À¬Û±ÀÈ«¬ ı˘± ˝À˚˛À ø˙鬱 ‰¬±ı˛øȬ ô¶∏Ày¬ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ·Àh¬ ›Àͬ ˚± ¤fl¬˝◊¸Àº
ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ ÊœıÚ¸—Sê±ôL√ é¬Ó¬± ¤ı— ά◊B‰¬ô¶∏Àı˛ı˛ ŒıÃøX¬fl¬ 鬘Ӭ±&ø˘ı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±˚˛/ ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛Ì±&ø˘Àfl¬ ı±ô¶∏ı±ø˚˛Ó¬
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ øıøˆ¬iß Òı˛ÀÚı˛ √õ∂Àùüı˛ ά◊O±¬ÛÚ √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ/ ¤È¬± øfl¬ ¸y¬ı √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ŒÀ˙ ø˙鬱ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛ıdı˛ Ó¬±ø˘fl¬± ΔÓ¬øı˛
fl¬ı˛± ’Ôı± Ó¬±ı˛ ¸—:± √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛±∑ ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬› ¸≈¬Û©Ü Ò±ı˛Ì± Ô±fl¬± ’±ı˙…fl¬/ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˜±ÚÀ`¬ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¬
Δıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« øıøˆ¬iß ı…øMêÀQı˛ ¬Û±ı˛¶Û±øı˛fl¬ øSê˚˛±˚≈Mê ¬Û‘øÔıœÀÓ¬ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ øÚø«©Ü ¸≈øıÒ±ÊÚfl¬ ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬ı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±· ’±˙±
fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛/ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱Àfl¬ Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ά◊ißÓ¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ø˙é¬Ì › ø˙鬱 ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ı—
¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ÀÓ¬ ˚Ô±À˚±·… ¤ı— ˆ¬±ı˛¸±˜…˚≈Mê ά◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ ˚≈Mê › ’Ê«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ øıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬, ı…øMê·Ó¬ ά◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬
¤ı— ’±Àı·¬Û”Ì« é¬øÓ¬fl¬±ı˛fl¬ øfl¬&ø˘ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ √õ∂BÂiß Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ’øÓ¬ı˛ø?Ó¬ &èQÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ¬Ûøı˛˝±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
¬Û±øı˛, Œ˚ÃÔ ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò±¸‘ø©Üfl¬±ı˛œ ¤fl¬À‚“À˚˛ø˜ › ¬Û鬬۱Ӭ˚≈MêÓ¬±ı˛ ¸Àº fl¬øÍ¬Ú ’±Àı·¬Û”Ì« ά◊¬Û±±ÀÚı˛
¬Û±ı˛¶Û±øı˛fl¬ ’±±Ú-√õ∂±ÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ı˛ Úfl¬˙± ¤ı— ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL√ ı…ı˝±øı˛fl¬ øı¯∏˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸±˝±˚…
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ó¬±› ’±˜±Àı˛ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ øı¯∏˚˛øȬ ˝˘, Œ˚ÃÔ ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ˚≈ı¸˜±ÊÀfl¬ ˆ¬±˘ˆ¬±Àı ΔÓ¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø˙鬱 √õ∂øӬᬱÚ&ø˘ı˛
‰¬±ø˝± ¤ı— √õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ › ˜”˘…Àı±ÀÒı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl«¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ/ ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸Àº ¤˝◊ ΔÓ¬øı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø˙鬱ı˛
¸Àº ’ı˙…˝◊ ¸œ˜± › ±ø˚˛Q øÚÒ±«ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ’±˜ı˛± ¤˜Ú ø˙鬱 ’ı˙…˝◊ √õ∂Ó¬…±˙± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ ˚± ¸±˜ø·Ëfl¬ˆ¬±Àı
¸±˜±ÀÊı˛ ‰¬±ø˝± ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ¸˜±ÀÊ ˙±øôL√ ¤ı— Ú…±˚˛øı‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ’ı¶ö±ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¸˜Ô«ÚÀ˚±·… Ú˚˛ ’Ôı± øıÀı˛±Òœ
¤˜Ú Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL√ ı±Ìœ ¸˜±ÀÊ fl¬Ó¬È¬± fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ˚ø ø˙鬱 √õ∂øӬᬱÚ&ø˘Àfl¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¸—˚≈øMêfl¬ı˛Ì
ı± ıg¬ÚÀfl¬ ø˙鬱 Œ›˚˛±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘± ˝˚˛/ Ó¬±˝À˘ øı…±˘˚˛&ø˘Àfl¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ά◊ÀV˙…Àfl¬ ˚Ô±À˚±·…ˆ¬±Àı ¬Û”ı˛ÀÌı˛ ¬Û±ı˛˙«œ
fl¬ı˛±ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ Ú”Ú…Ó¬˜ ˜±S±˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¸—À˚±· ı± ıg¬ÚÀfl¬ øÙ¬¬øı˛À˚˛ ’±Ú±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ’±˜±Àı˛ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ’Ó¬¤ı
Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱Àfl¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬Ó«¬ı… ø˝¸±Àı ÒÀı˛ ø˙鬱Àfl¬ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı, ¤ı— ¸˜ô¶∏ Œı±Á¬±Àfl¬
fl“¬±ÀÒ ‰¬±¬Û±ÀÚ± ˝Àı ¤˜Ú Ò±ı˛Ì±› √õ∂Ó¬…±˙± fl¬ı˛± ’Ú≈ø‰¬Ó¬/ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¸‘ø©Ü ¤ı— Sê˜˙– ΔÒÀ˚«…ı˛ SêÀ˜±ißøÓ¬, ’ı˙…fl¬˜«ı˛+À¬Û
øıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±Àfl¬ |X¬± fl¬ı˛± ¤ı— ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ Œı±Á¬±¬Ûh¬± ‰¬±˚˛ ı…±¬Ûfl¬øˆ¬øM√ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú Ó¬Ô± ’øºfl¬±ı˛ıX¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ › ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬
ŒÚÓ¬‘Q/ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ‰¬ı˛˜Ó¬± ¤ı— ˝±º±˜±ı˛ Z±ı˛± ¬Ûøı˛Àıø©ÜÓ¬ øı…±˘˚˛&ø˘ı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ¶§·«œ˚˛ Œfl¬±Ú øfl¬Â≈ ’±˜ı˛± øÚ}¬˚˛˝◊
’±˙± fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Ú±/
‰¬Ó≈¬Ô« øı¯˚˛øȬ ˝˘, ø˙鬱 õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”˝ ¤ı— Ó¬Ô…-õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— Œ˚±·±À˚±· ı…ı¶ö√±ı˛ Î◊¬ißøÓ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô…
¸ı˛ıı˛±˝ ı…ı¶ö√± ·Àh¬ Î◊¬ÀͬÀ ˚± Î◊¬ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¬±ı˛ ¸•Ûfl¬«Àfl¬ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÂ/ ¯∏±È¬-¤ı˛ ˙Àfl¬ı˛ ˜Ò…ıÓ¬«œ ¸˜˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¬
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¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ øıøˆ¬iß õ∂±ÀôLı˛ øı…±˘˚˛&ø˘ ”ı˛˙«ÀÚı˛ ¸Àº ¬Ûøı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/ ’Ó¬¤ı ¸˜À˚˛ı˛ ¸Àº
¸Àº øı…±˘˚˛&ø˘Àfl¬ ø¶ö√ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı Œ˚ Ó¬±ı˛± Î◊¬ißÓ¬ Ó¬Ô… ı…ı¶ö√±ı˛ ¸Àº fl¬œ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ¸•Ûfl¬« ¶ö√±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’±¢∂˝œ/
˚‡Ú õ∂Ô˜ ”ı˛˙«Ú ’±øı©®√‘Ó¬ ˝˘ ¤ı— Ó¬± õ∂¸±ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ qı˛n fl¬ı˛˘ Ó¬‡Ú ø˙鬱øı, õ∂‡…±Ó¬Àı˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ˜ÀÚ
fl¬Àı˛Ú ¤˝◊ ı…ı¶ö± ¸y¬ıÓ¬ ø˙é¬Àfl¬ı˛ ʱ˚˛·± ’øÒ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛Àı/ ıÓ¬«˜±ÀÚ› ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı—
Œ˚±·±À˚±· ı…ı¶ö√± ø˙é¬fl¬Àı˛ ʱ˚˛·± ’øÒ¢∂˝Ì fl¬ı˛Àı/ øfl¬c ¸øÓ¬…˝◊ øfl¬ Ó¬± ı±ô¶ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ¸y¬ı¬Ûı˛ ¤ı— ø˙鬱ı˛
˜ÀÚ±iß˚˛ÀÚ ˜±Ú≈¯ øfl¬ õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬˝◊ Ó¬± ‰¬±˚˛∑
ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL øı¯˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬ˆ¬±Àı › fl¬±Ú ¤fl¬øÀÚ ‡≈ı ¸˝ÊÀı±Ò… ˆ¬±Àı ΔÓ¬øı˛ ˝˚˛ Ú±/
ø˙鬱ı˛ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ ’±Ê ˚± ˝À˚˛À Ӭ± øıøˆ¬iß ÊÀÚı˛ Z±ı˛± ·‘˝œÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ø¸X¬±ôL&ø˘ı˛ Ù¬¸˘/ ¤&ø˘ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ı…øMêı˛
¶§±ÒœÚ Œfl¬Ã˙À˘ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚø«©Üˆ¬±Àı øÚı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ › &ı˛nQ¬Û”Ì« Ù¬˘ øıÀ˙¯/ ¤fl¬Ô± øÚ–¸ÀKÀ˝ ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô…
¸ı˛ıı˛±˝ ı…ı¶ö√± ¤fl¬øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL Î◊¬iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… Î◊¬B‰¬ ô¶Àı˛ı˛ ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈øıÒ± øÚÀ˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ/ øfl¬c ’±˜ı˛±
Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı ‹ ¸fl¬˘ ¸≈À˚±·-¸≈øıÒ±&ø˘ fl¬±ÀÊ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ ˚±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS Î◊¬¬Ûfl¬±Àı˛ ’±À¸/
¤˝◊ Œé¬ÀS ø˙鬱ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ¸•ÛÀfl¬«ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øıÀ˙¯Ó¬ ø˙鬱ԫœÀı˛ øÚÀÊÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¸˝◊¸Àº ø˙鬱ԫœ ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛
ø˙é¬fl¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ’±±Ú-õ∂±ÀÚı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‘ø©Ü øÚıX¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ÊÚ…
Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±&ø˘, ‘ø©Üˆ¬øº ¤ı— øıù´±À¸ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Î◊¬iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ õ∂øÓ¬øSê˚˛±, ı…øMêÀÓ¬-ı…øMêÀÓ¬ Œ˚ øıÀˆ¬
¤ı— ZÀeı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ı±ô¶ıı±œ ¸À•§±ÒÚ ¤˝◊ ¸Àıı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ Œ¬Û˙±±ı˛ ø˙é¬fl¬ı˛± é¬Ó¬±¬Û”Ì«ˆ¬±Àı ˜Ò…¶ö√Ó¬fl¬±ı˛œı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú
fl¬ı˛ÀıÚ/ ˚ø› Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øMê ¤ı— Œ˚±·±À˚±· ı…ı¶ö√± Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ÊÚ… fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ˝±øÓ¬˚˛±ı˛ ˝˚˛, Ó¬Àı
Œ¸˝◊ ø˙鬱 ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ Ó¬N±ıÒ±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ø˙é¬Àfl¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ’Ó¬œı &ı˛nQ¬Û”Ì«/
¬Û=¬˜ øı¯˚˛øȬ ˝˘, Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚ ø˙鬱ı˛ øı¯˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ı˛ ı…±‡…±õ∂±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ±ø˚˛Qõ∂±l
ı…øMêÀı˛ Î◊¬¬Ûı˛ &ı˛nQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬ı˛±/ Œfl¬ÚÚ±, ˚Ó¬øÚ ÒÀı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ øı…±˘˚˛ ø˙鬱 ¤ı— ø˙鬱ı…ı¶ö√± ’±øı©®√‘Ó¬ ¤ı—
õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL øı¯˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ øÚø«©Ü ¸—¶®√‘øÓ¬ ¤ı— ‹øÓ¬˝±ø¸fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ øıøˆ¬iß
Òı˛ÀÚı˛ õ∂øӬᬱÀÚı˛ Z±ı˛± ı…±‡± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ʱøÓ¬ ı˛±À©Üòı˛ ¸ı˛fl¬±øı˛ fl¬Ó‘¬«¬Ûé¬ ˝À˘Ú √õ∂Ò±Ú √õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ˚ø› Ò˜«œ˚˛
√õ∂øӬᬱÚ&ø˘ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ¸˜˚˛ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ˆ≈¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/ ø˙鬱ı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ¤ı— øfl¬Â≈ øfl¬Â≈ ô¶∏ı˛&ø˘ ’Ú…±Ú…
fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ˚±ı˛± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ’±·Ë˝Àfl¬ ά◊»¸±ø˝Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛/ ά◊±˝ı˛Ì¶§ı˛+¬Û ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± Œé¬ÀS
√õ∂˚≈øMê·Ó¬ ˜±Ò…ø˜fl¬ ô¶∏Àı˛ı˛ øı…±˘˚˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ¸Àº ı…ı¸±ø˚˛fl¬ √õ∂øӬᬱÚ&ø˘ ·ˆ¬œı˛ˆ¬±Àı ¸•Ûfl¬« ˚≈Mê/
ıÓ¬«˜±Ú ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬, ¸ıÒı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ fl¬˜«œÀı˛ ¤fl¬ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ ø¶öøÓ¬˙œ˘ ’Ôı± ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ˆ¬±Àı Ô±fl¬±ı˛ &èQ
¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ø˙鬱·Ó¬ øıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ¤˜Ú-fl¬œ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê ø¸X¬±ôL√ ·Ë˝ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±ı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÀÚ
ıU ŒÀ˙ ı…ı¸±ø˚˛fl¬ Ò±ı˛Ì± ˚≈Mê ˝›˚˛±˚˛ ¸Àº øı…±˘˚˛ Â≈ȬÀı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¸fl¬˘ ¬Ûı˛œé¬±-øÚøı˛é¬± ¬Ûøı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ø¸X¬±ôL√
·Ë˝ÀÌı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø˙é¬fl¬Àı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¤ı— ’Ú…±Ú… Œı¸ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ √õ∂øӬᬱڸ˜”À˝ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± › &èQ¬Û”Ì«/ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ı˛
¸—¶®±ı˛ fl¬±Ê ı…Ô« ˝˚˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±Àı ¸˜±Ê ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤ı— øıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±Àı ø˙é¬fl¬Àı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü
¬Ûøı˛˜±ÀÌ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú± ıÀ˘ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÚı˛ ¸Ù¬˘ ¤ı— ’À¬Û鬱fl‘¬Ó¬ fl¬˜ ¸Ù¬˘ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’ÀÚfl¬ øfl¬Â≈
Œ˙‡±ı˛ ’±ÀÂ/ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”ø‰¬ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛ıd ¤ı— ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ˜”˘ øı¯∏˚˛ ˝˘ ¸fl¬˘
ı˛fl¬˜ ά◊»¸±˝œ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’ôL√ˆ≈¬«øMê ‚øȬÀ˚˛ ¸ı«ÀÓ¬±ˆ¬±Àı ’—˙·Ë˝Ìfl¬±ı˛œ ¤ı— ¬Û±ı˛˜˙«±Úfl¬±ı˛œ ‘ø©Üˆ¬øº √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛±/
¯∏ᬠøı¯∏˚˛øȬ ˝˘, Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚ ø˙鬱Àfl¬ ¸˜±Ê-˜±ÚÀ¸ ’ı˙…˝◊ √õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ά◊MÀı˛±Mı˛ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛
˚≈À·, ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ¸Àº ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱 ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ’±˜±ı˛ ¬Û±ù´«ıÓ«¬œ √õ∂øÓ¬Àı˙œı˛ ¸Àº ¸•Ûfl«¬ ¶ö±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
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’±ıX¬ Ô±fl¬±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¬ Œı±Á¬±˚˛ Ú±/ Ú±·øı˛fl¬ÀQı˛ ˆ¬±˘ &Ì&ø˘ Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ÊÚ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊ Ú˚˛ ”ı˛ÀÀ˙
ı¸ı±¸fl¬±ı˛œ ÊÚ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¤˜Úfl¬œ ˚±Àı˛ ¸Àº Œfl¬±ÀÚ±øÚ Œ‡± ˝˚˛øÚ ¤ı— Œ‡± ˝Àı› Ú± Ó¬±Àı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬›
√õ∂À˚±Ê…/ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙·Ó¬ ø˙鬱 Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« øfl¬ ¤ı— Ó¬± Œ˙‡±˚˛ fl¬œˆ¬±Àı ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛
¤fl¬√õ∂±ÀôL√ ‚ÀȬ ˚±›˚˛± Œfl¬±ÀÚ± fl¬±˚«Sê˜ ’Ú… √õ∂±ÀôL√ Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬±˚«fl¬±øı˛Ó¬±ı˛ Ù¬˘ √õ∂±Ú fl¬Àı˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ/ ’±˜ı˛± ’Ú≈¸g¬±Ú fl¬Àı˛
Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Œfl¬˜Úˆ¬±Àı Œ˚ÃÔ ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… øfl¬&ø˘ ”ı˛ÀQı˛ ı±Ò±Àfl¬ ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ¤˝◊ ’øÓ¬øı˛Mê
øfl¬&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ά◊±˝ı˛Ì¶§ı˛+¬Û ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ˙ı˛Ì±Ô«œÀı˛ fl¬Ô± ¤ı— ˚≈X¬ ¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬Àı˛ ’ı¶ö± ’Ôı± ˚±Àı˛ √õ∂±Ôø˜fl¬ ˜±Úı
’øÒfl¬±ı˛&ø˘ ‡ı« fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, Ó¬±Àı˛ øı¯∏˚˛øȬ› øfl¬Â≈ fl¬±˘ ’±À· ¬Û˚«ôL√ ¤fl¬øȬ ÊÚø√õ∂˚˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ¸˜±ÀÊ ‰¬±˘≈ ø¢ Œ˚,
ë’±˜ı˛± ø‰¬ôL√±ˆ¬±ıÚ± fl¬ı˛ı øıù´˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛√õ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬, ¤ı— fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛ı ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ˆ¬±Àıí/ øfl¬c ¤‡Ú ¸˜˚˛ ˝À˚˛À ¤˝◊ ˝◊KȬ±ı˛ÀÚÀȬı˛
˚≈À· Ò±ı˛Ì± ¬Û≈ÚÚ«ıœfl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛/ ¤‡Ú øıÀù´ı˛ Œ˚-Àfl¬±ÀÚ± ’—À˙ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ fl¬±˚«±ı˘œÀÓ¬ ’—˙·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ 鬘Ӭ± ’±˜ı˛±
fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛ ˆ¬±Àı ’Ê«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀı˛øÂ/
¸¬l˜ ¤ı— Œ˙¯∏ øı¯∏˚˛øȬ ˝˘, ’±˜ı˛± Œ˚ ˆ¬±Àı Ze ¤ı— ˜Ó¬Àˆ¬Àı˛ ’Ô«Àfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬øı˛ Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛
ø˙鬱 Œfl¬±ÀÚ± ø˜Ô…± ’Ú≈˜±ÀÚı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ øˆ¬øM fl¬Àı˛ ·Àh¬ ά◊ͬÀı Ú± ’Ôı± Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜ı˛± Ze˝œÚ ’Ôı± øıøˆ¬iß Òı˛ÀÚı˛
˜Ó¬Àˆ¬˝œÚ ¬Û‘øÔıœ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ ˚±ı˛ Œfl¬±ÀÚ± √õ∂øÓ¬øSê˚˛± ŒÚ˝◊, Ó¬±-› Ú˚˛/ ’±˜±Àı˛ Ze ı± øıÀı˛±ÀÒı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬
¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ά◊ißÓ¬ :±Ú Ô±fl¬± √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ ¤ı— øıÀı˛±ÒÀfl¬ Œ˜È¬±ı±ı˛ ÊÚ… ά◊ißÓ¬ é¬Ó¬± ’Ê«Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ øıÀı˛±Ò ı±
ZÀeı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ˙±¯∏ÀÌı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ÛLö±ı˛ ά◊»¬ÛøM ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ ’±ı±ı˛ Œ˚Ú Ú± ˝˚˛/ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ¶§±Ó¬La…Àfl¬ ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛± ÕÒ˚«… ¸˝fl¬±Àı˛
ʱÚÀÓ¬ › ø˙‡ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı ¤ı— ’±˜±Àı˛ ¸c©Ü fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ÊÚ… ’ÀÚfl¬¸˜˚˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬ øÚÀÊı˛ øÚÀÊı˛ ’±‰¬ı˛Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬› ˝Àı/ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ¸Àº Œ˚ÃÔˆ¬±Àı ÊœıÚ˚±¬ÛÀÚı˛ ’Ô« ˝˘ ’ÀÚ…ı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛Àfl¬ ¸≈ı˛é¬± √õ∂±Ú fl¬ı˛±/
ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¤fl¬˝◊ ˜±À¸ ŒÊøÚˆ¬±ÀÓ¬ 46Ó¬˜ ø˙鬱¸—Sê±ôL√ ’±ôL«√ʱøÓ¬fl¬ ¸Àiú˘ÀÚı˛ ¸Àº øÚά◊˝◊˚˛fl«¬ ¤ı— øé¬Ì ’±øÙˬfl¬±ÀÓ¬
ʱøÓ¬¬Û≈À?ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ˙±‡± ¸—·Í¬Ú&ø˘ı˛ ¸À•ú˘Ú ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ¤ı— Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Δ˙˙ı ’ı¶ö±-ıÌ«ı±Àı˛ ¸˜¸…±&ø˘ ¤ı—
øıÀˆ¬ › ’Ú… ʱøÓ¬ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ‚‘̱Àı±ÀÒı˛ ¸˜¸…±&ø˘› ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ Δ˙˙ı ’ı¶ö±, ø˙鬱 ¤ı— ¸±˜±øÊfl¬
fl¬±˚«fl¬±øı˛Ó¬± ¤˝◊ øÓ¬ÚøȬ øı¯∏À˚˛ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±Àı˛± ά◊ißÓ¬ Œı±Á¬±¬Ûh¬± √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬Ô± ά◊B‰¬±øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ ¤˝◊ Œı±Á¬±¬Ûh¬±ı˛ ˜Ò…
øÀ˚˛ ʱӬœ˚˛, ’±=¡ø˘fl¬ ¤ı— √õ∂øӬᬱڷӬ ÚœøÓ¬&ø˘ Ó¬Ô± ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ÊÚ… ø˙鬱ı˛ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¬Ûøı˛fl¬äÚ± ’±Àı˛± ά◊ißÓ¬ ı˛+¬Û
¬Û±Àı ıÀ˘ ’±˙± √õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ˚ÃÔ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ˝˘ øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˚≈À· Ó¬Ô…øˆ¬øMfl¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ ˙±øôL√ ¤ı— Ú…±˚˛
√õ∂øӬᬱı˛ ÊÚ… √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬ ı…øMêı˛ 鬘Ӭ±Àfl¬ ˙øMê˙±˘œ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ’±ı˛ Ó¬± ¸y¬ı ˝Àı &Ì·Ó¬˜±Ì ¸•Ûiß ø˙鬱 ›
ø˙é¬fl¬˜`¬˘œı˛ ά◊¬ÛÀı˛±Mê ‰¬…±À˘Ú≈Ó¬&ø˘Àfl¬ ¸øͬfl¬ ‘ø©Üˆ¬ºœÀÓ¬ ı˛+¬Û±˚˛ÀÌı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜/
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¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú† ¤fl¬øȬ ¸±˜ø·Ëfl¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
ñ Ó¬˜±˘ Ó¬è ı˛±˚˛
’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ øıÀù´ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¤fl¬øȬ ¸ı«ı…±¬Ûœ Ò±ı˛Ì±/ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬øı, ı˛±ÊÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q, ’±ôL«√ʱøÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬ øıÀ˙¯∏:
¤˜Úøfl¬ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏› ¤˝◊ Ò±ı˛Ì± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ›˚˛±øfl¬ı˝±˘/ ¤øȬ Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øȬ ¶§œfl‘¬Ó¬ ¸Ó¬… Œ˚, ά◊iß˚˛Ú ±h¬± ˜±Úı fl¬˘…±ÀÌı˛
Œfl¬±Ú› ¸˝Ê ¬ÛLö± ŒÚ˝◊/ øfl¬c ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¬ fl¬±À˘ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¸Àº Êøh¬À˚˛ Œ·À ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¸—Sê±ôL√ Ú±Ú± √õ∂ùü/ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú›
ά◊iß˚˛Ú ’ıÒ±øı˛Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ‚Ȭ±˚˛/ ¤˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú ¸ı¸˜˚˛ ø˝Ó¬fl¬ı˛ Ú±› ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ fl¬œˆ¬±Àı ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛
ˆ¬±ı˛¸±˜… ı˛é¬± fl¬Àı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¸y¬ı, Œ¸øȬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬øıƒÀı˛ fl¬±À ¤fl¬øȬ √õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬…±À˘? ˝À˚˛ “±øh¬À˚˛ÀÂ/ ¤˝◊ √õ∂ıÀg¬ ¤˝◊
¸•ÛÀfl«¬ øfl¬Â≈ Ò±ı˛Ì± › Ó¬MW ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝Àı/
¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ › ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÒËn¬Ûœ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬øıı˛± √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•ÛÀfl¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ &èQ øÀÓ¬Ú/ ŒÎ¬øˆ¬Î¬ øı˛fl¬±ÀΫ¬±ı˛ Ó¬ÀQ Êø˜ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬
¸•ÛÀı˛ √õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¸•Û«Àfl¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ øı˛fl¬±ÀΫ¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Êø˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¤ı— ¤˝◊ Êø˜ı˛ ά◊»¬Û±Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±
’±ı±ı˛ Sê˜˝ò±¸˜±Ú/ ’Ô±«» ¸œø˜Ó¬ Êø˜ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±ı˛ |˜ › ˜≈˘ÒÚ ˚Ó¬ Œıø˙ fl¬Àı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±· fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬
ά◊»¬Û±Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±ı˛ √õ∂±øôL√fl¬ ˝±ı˛ Ó¬Ó¬˝◊ fl¬˜ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¸œ˜± Êø˜ı˛ ¤˝◊ øıÀ˙¯∏ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ Z±ı˛± øÚÒ«±øı˛Ó¬
˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛/ øı˛fl¬±ÀΫ¬± ¤Àfl¬˝◊ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ø¶öÓ¬±ı¶ö±/ (Stationary State)
’Ú…¬ÛÀé¬, ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ı±œÀı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ¸•ÛÀı˛, øıÀ˙¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ ’Úıœfl¬ı˛Ì Œ˚±·… ¸•Û&ø˘ı˛, ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì ¸œø˜Ó¬/
(Non-Renewable Resources) flv¬±ı ’Ù¬ Œı˛±À˜ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙Ó¬±øMWfl¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±ı˛ ’ôL√˝œÚ øıfl¬±˙
√õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙Àfl¬ ¸—fl≈¬ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¬Àı Ù¬À˘ ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸•ÛÀı˛ ‚±È¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ ˝Àı/ Ó¬±˝◊
˜±Úı ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±ı˛ ’ôL√˝œÚ øıfl¬±˙ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¤ı˛± ¸øj˝±Ú/ √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ı±œÀı˛ ¤˝◊ Ó¬MW˝◊ ÒËn¬Ûœ Ó¬ÀMWı˛˝◊ ’Ú≈ı˛+¬Û/
øfl¬c ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ÚıÒËn¬Ûœ ø‰¬ôL√±øıÀı˛ (Neo Classical Economists) ˜ÀÓ¬, √õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Êø˜ı˛ ¤˝◊ ¸œø˜Ó¬
鬘Ӭ±Àfl¬ ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ √õ∂˚≈øMê·Ó¬ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¬Ù¬À˘ ’±˜ı˛± ¤fl¬˝◊ ά◊¬Û±±Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±ı˛› Œıø˙ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì
ά◊»¬Û±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛/ Ù¬À˘ ά◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ ά◊¬Û±±Ú-øÚˆ«¬ı˛Ó¬± Sê˜˙ fl¬À˜ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ Úı ÒËn¬Ûœ ø‰¬ôL√±øıÀı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬
¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±ı˛ ά◊æ±ıÚ-鬘Ӭ± Z±ı˛± Êø˜ı˛ ¸œ˜±ıX¬Ó¬±Àfl¬ ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬Àı˛ ı±Ò±˝œÚˆ¬±Àı ά◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ √õ∂¸±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛
Œ˚ÀÓ¬¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/
¤˝◊ øı¯∏À˚˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ˜”˘…ı±Ú √õ∂ıg¬ Œ˘À‡Ú ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ŒÚ±Àı˘ ¬Û≈ı˛¶®±ı˛ øıÀÊÓ¬± ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ı˛ı±È«¬ ¸À˘± ï1992ó/
¸À˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸•Û ≈˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ñ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Û ¤ı— ˜Ú≈¯∏…¸‘©Ü ¸•Û/ ¤fl¬øȬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ Œ˜±È¬ ¸•ÛÀı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì
¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸•ÛÀı˛ Œ˚±·Ù¬˘ ˜±S/ ¤˝◊ ¸•Û&ø˘ ’±ı±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛¶ÛÀı˛ı˛ ¸Àº √õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚÀ˚±·…/ Œfl¬±Ú› ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬
ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ Œıø˙ √õ∂±fl¬‘øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Û ¤ı— fl¬˜ ˜±Úı¸‘©Ü ¸•ÛÀı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±· ‚Ȭ±˚˛ ’±ı±ı˛ ’Ú… ı…ı¶ö±˚˛ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Û fl¬˜ ›
˜±Úı¸‘©Ü ¸•ÛÀı˛ ’øÒfl¬ √õ∂À˚˛±· ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ¸À˘±ı˛ ıMêı…, Œ¸øȬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ øÚʶ§ øı¯∏˚˛/ Œfl¬±Ú›
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ˚ø ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ fl¬˜ Œˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ÊÀÚ… Œıø˙ ŒÂÀh¬ ı˛±À‡ Ó¬Àı Œ¸øȬ ’±¸À˘ øıøÚÀ˚±À·ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ Œıø˙
√õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ‡±˚˛/ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•ÛÀı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤Àfl¬˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ıø˘ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·…Ó¬± (Sustainability)/ ¸À˘±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤øȬ ¤fl¬
√õ∂fl¬±ı˛ øıøÚÀ˚±· ¬Û鬬۱øÓ¬Q ±h¬± ’±ı˛ øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ú˚˛/
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˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ ’±Àı˛fl¬øȬ Ò±ı˛Ì± Œfl¬±Ê ά◊¬Û¬Û±… (Coase)/ Œfl¬±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ≈¯∏Ì ”ı˛ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ¸˝Ê
ά◊¬Û±˚˛ ”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ¸•ÛøMı˛ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ √õ∂øӬᬱ fl¬ı˛± ’Ô±«» ”¯∏Ì ¸‘ø©Ü ¤ı— ”¯∏Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛S±Ì ¬Û±›˚˛±ñ ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛ı˛˝◊
¤fl¬øȬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ Ô±fl¬± ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬/ ¤˝◊ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ øÀ˘ ·Àh¬ ά◊ͬÀı ı±Ê±ı˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ”¯∏Ìfl¬±ı˛œ ¤ı— é¬øÓ¬·Ëô¶∏Àı˛
˜ÀÒ… ı˛fl¬¯∏±fl¬ø¯∏ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤fl¬øȬ ˆ¬±ı˛¸±À˜… Œ¬ÛÓ±ÀÚ± ¸y¬ı/ ¤‡±ÀÚ ˆ¬±ı˛¸±À˜… ≈˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ñ ”¯∏Ìfl¬±ı˛œ
”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… é¬øÓ¬·Ëô¶∏Àı˛ Ȭ±fl¬± øÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ ’Ôı± é¬øÓ¬·Ëô¶∏ı˛± ”¯∏Ìfl¬±ı˛œÀfl¬ ά◊¬Û˚≈Mê é¬øÓ¬¬Û”ı˛Ì øÀ˚˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ”¯∏Ì ï¤ı—
ά◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ó ˜±S± fl¬±˜…ô¶∏Àı˛ Ú±ø˜À˚˛ ’±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ Œfl¬±ÀÊı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ≈øȬ Ù¬˘˝◊ ¤fl¬/ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛Àé¬ÀS˝◊ ı±Ê±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ é¬
¸˜±Ò±Ú √õ∂dÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛/
˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ øÓ¬ÚøȬ Ò±ı˛Ì±ñ √õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ S꘱·Ó¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú, √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ › ˜±Úı¸‘©Ü ¸•ÛÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚÀ˚±·…Ó¬±
¤ı— Œfl¬±ÀÊı˛ ά◊¬Û¬Û±…ñ ’±øÔ«fl¬ ά◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ¸Àº ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬øȬı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±Àı ’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛/ ¤˝◊ ˜Ó¬
’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¸Àº ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú›˝◊ Ze ŒÚ˝◊/ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú Œ˚¸ı ˙øMêı˛ Êiú
Œ˚˛ Ó¬± √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛¸±À˜…ı˛ ¸˜¸…±øȬ ¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¬Àı˛/ ¬Ù¬À˘ ¤ øı¯∏À˚˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ı±œÀı˛ Œ˚ ˝Ó¬±˙ ı± ÒËn¬Ûœ ø‰¬ôL√±øıƒÀı˛
Œ˚ ≈ø}¬ôL√± Ó¬± ’˜”˘fl¬/ ¤˝◊ ˜Ó¬ ı±Ê±Àı˛ı˛ øÚʶ§ ˙øMêı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ˆ¬ı˛¸± ı˛±À‡/ ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ‰¬±ø˝± ά◊»¬Ûiß
˝˚˛ ¤ı— ‰¬±ø˝± ’Ú≈¸Àı˛ √õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚ÀȬ/ Œ˚˜Ú õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ŒÓ¬À˘ı˛ ¸˜¸…± Œ‡± øÀÓ¬ Ú± øÀÓ¬˝◊ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øMêı˛
ά◊æ±ıÚ ˝˘ Ê;±˘±øÚ ø˝¸±Àı ˚±ı˛ é¬Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¬ &Ì Œıø˙/ ¤ı˛ ¬Ù¬À˘ Œ˚˜Ú ŒÓ¬À˘ı˛ √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚœ˚˛Ó¬± fl¬À˜À ŒÓ¬˜øÚ
¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ”¯∏Ì› ά◊À{°‡À˚±·… ˆ¬±Àı ˝ò±¸ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ/
˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ Ó¬±øMWÀfl¬ı˛± øÚÀÊÀı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ øfl¬Â≈ Ó¬Ô…·Ó¬ √õ∂˜±Ì ά◊¬Û¶ö±¬ÛÚ± fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ 1991 ¸±À˘ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¬ ·Ë¸˜…±Ú
¤ı— SêÀ˚˛·±ı˛ ï1996ó √õ∂Ô˜ EKC ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙·Ó¬ Kuznet Œı˛‡±ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±øȬ √õ∂ıM«Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú/ ¤ı˛ ¸ı˛˘ ıMêı… ¤ Œ˚
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ Úœ‰≈¬ô¶∏Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¤ı— ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˜±¬Ûfl¬±øͬ&ø˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Աø¬ÛÂ≈ ʱӬœ˚˛ ’±˚˛, fl¬˜«¸—¶ö±ÀÚı˛ ˝±ı˛, øıøÚÀ˚±À·ı˛
˝±ı˛, Œˆ¬±·ı…À˚˛ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ì √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ó ¤fl¬øȬ øıÀı˛±Ò ’±ˆ¬±¸ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛/ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˚Ó¬ ı±Àh¬, ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ Ó¬Ó¬˝◊ ≈ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ øfl¬c
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˝±ı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ øÚø«©Ü ˜±S± ’øÓ¬Sê˜ fl¬ı˛À˘ ¤˝◊ ¸•Ûfl«¬È¬ ıÀ˘ ˚±˚˛/ Œ˚˜Ú 1970 ŒÔÀfl¬ 2006 ¸±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
’±À˜ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ¶ö≤˘ ʱӬœ˚˛ ’±˚˛ √õ∂±˚˛ 195 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ŒıÀh¬ ø·À˚˛ø¢/ ΔÓ¬˘‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ·±øh¬ı˛ Z±ı˛± ’øÓ¬Sê±ôL ”ı˛Q õ∂±˚˛ 178
˙Ó¬±—˙ ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ø¢/ ’Ô‰¬ ¤˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸˜À˚˛ fl¬±ı«Ú ˜ÀÚ±'±˝◊ά ı±ø¯∏«fl¬ øÚ–¸ı˛ÀÌı˛ ˝±ı˛ 197 ø˜ø˘˚˛Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ fl¬À˜ 89
ø˜ø˘˚˛ÀÚ ŒÚÀ˜ ’±À¸/ ¸±˘Ù¬±ı˛ ά±˝◊ ’'±˝◊ά √õ∂±˚˛ 80 ˙Ó¬±—˙ fl¬À˜ ˚±˚˛ ¤ı— ø¸¸± øÚ–¸ı˛Ì 98 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ˝ò±¸ ¬Û±˚˛/
’Ô±«» ¤fl¬øȬ øı˛^ ŒÀ˙ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˜±S± ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˘ ”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜±S± ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ øfl¬c ¤fl¬øȬ ÒÚœ ŒÀ˙ ¸±Ò±ı˛ÌÓ¬
¤ı˛ ά◊À嬱Ȭ±˝◊ ‚ÀȬ/
˜”˘-Œ¶⁄±ÀlÓ¬ı˛ ıMêı… ¤˝◊ Œ˚, EKC Ó¬±Àı˛ Ó¬±øMWfl¬ ıMêı…Àfl¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¬Àı˛/ ’ı˙…˝◊ ¤˝◊ øÚÀ˚˛ ıU øıÓ¬fl«¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ
¤ı— Œfl¬±Ú› ø¶öı˛ ø¸X¬±ÀôL√ ’±¸± ¸y¬ı ˝˚˛øÚ/ ’Ô«ø˜øÓ¬ (Econometrics) ˙±À¶aı˛ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ EKC ’±¸À˘
¤fl¬øȬ ˆ≈¬˘ ı˛±ø˙ øı:±Ú/ ¸øͬfl¬ˆ¬±Àı øıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¬ı˛À˘ ¤˝◊ ˆ≈¬˘ ά◊Àı ˚±˚˛/ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ’±ı±ı˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ’±ı˛
¤fl¬øȬ ά◊ißÓ¬ ô¶∏Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ’±ı±ı˛ ”ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ’±ı˛y¬ fl¬Àı˛/ ¸ı ø˜ø˘À˚˛ EKC Z±ı˛± ˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ıMêı… fl¬Ó¬È¬± ¸˜øÔ«Ó¬
Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ¸—˙˚˛ ı˛À˚˛˝◊ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ/
’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜≈À‡ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙†
˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬øı¯∏…Z±Ìœ ¤ı— ı±ô¶∏ıø‰¬ôL√±ı˛ ˜±Á¬‡±ÀÚ ı˛À˚˛À ¤fl¬øȬ øı˙±˘ ‡“±Ê/ ¤fl¬Ô± ’ı˙…˝◊ øͬfl¬ Œ˚,
√õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ά◊¬Û±±ÚøÚˆ«¬ı˛Ó¬± fl¬ø˜À˚˛ ’±ÀÚ/ øfl¬c Ó¬ı≈› øfl¬Â≈ √õ∂ùü ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ˚±˚˛/ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙øıı˛± ŒÀ‡ÀÂÚ
Œ˚, √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˜˚˛ ı˛+¬ÛøȬ ¸ı«± ¸ı˛˘ Ú˚˛/ ¤fl¬Õı˛ø‡fl¬ ¸ı˛˘ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ Œ‡± øÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ıU˜±øSfl¬ ›
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’¸ı˛˘Õı˛ø‡fl¬ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬Ú/ ¤˝◊ ·øÓ¬øı…±ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛, ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ«¬ÀÚı˛ Ù¬˘ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ øıø‰¬Sñ Œ‡±
øÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛, ’±¬Û±Ó¬ øı˙‘∫˘± (Chaos) ¤ı— ¤fl¬˜≈‡œ ¬Ûøı˛ıÓ¬«Ú/ ¤˝◊ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛¸±˜… ˚ø ¤fl¬øȬ øÚø«©Ü˜±S±Àfl¬
±øh¬À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Ó¬Àı Œfl¬±Ú› ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ’±˜ı˛± ’±ı˛ ¬Û”Àı«ı˛ ’ı¶ö±˚˛ øÙ¬Àı˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛ı Ú±/ ¬Û≈fl≈¬Àı˛ fl¬‰≈¬øı˛¬Û±Ú±ı˛ øıô¶∏±ı˛ ¤ı˛
¤fl¬øȬ √õ∂fl‘¬©Ü ά◊±˝ı˛Ì/ ’ı˙…˝◊ ¤Àé¬ÀS ˜”˘Ò±ı˛±ı˛ ø‰¬ôL√±øȬ √õ∂ı˘ˆ¬±Àı Ò±!¬± ‡±˚˛/ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ øı¯∏˚˛øȬÀfl¬ ›˝◊ ˜±S±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
’±È¬Àfl¬ Ú± ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ı˛À˘ Œfl¬±Ú› ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ ’±ı˛ ¬Û≈ı˛ÀÚ± ’ı¶ö±ÀÚ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±¸± ¸y¬ı ˝Àı Ú±/ øZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ’ÀÚfl¬ Œé¬ÀS˝◊
√õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Û ¤ı— ˜±Úı¸‘©Ü ¸•ÛÀı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û≈Ú–√õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ¸y¬ı Ú˚˛/ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¬±Ú› fl¬±˚«fl¬˘±¬Û √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛
entropy -ı˛ ˜±S± ı±øh¬À˚˛ Œ˚˛/ ÊÊ«¶≈® Œı˛±À˚˛ÀÊÚ ï1971ó ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ entropy-ı˛ ¤˝◊ ı‘øX¬ ±h¬± ’Ô«ı…ı¶ö± fl¬±Ê
fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ √õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ά◊¬Û±±Ú øÚˆ«¬ı˛Ó¬± fl¬˜±˚˛ ıÀȬ øfl¬c ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬Àı˛ ’±ıÊ«Ú±/ ˚Ó¬é¬Ì Ú± ¤˝◊ ’±ıÊ«±
ά◊»¬Û±ÚÀfl¬ ı…±˝Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÂ/ Ó¬Ó¬é¬Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏ √õ∂˚≈øMêı˛ ¤˝◊ ’±ıÊ«Ú±ı˛ ¬Û≈Úı…«ı˝±ı˛ (Recyclic) ı± ˝ò±À¸ı˛ fl¬Ô± ˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Ú±/
Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸•Û ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ Ó¬±˝◊ ¤˝◊ ¬√õ∂fl¬±ı˛ ¸•Û ˜±Úı¸‘©Ü ¸•ÛÀı˛ ¸Àº √õ∂øÓ¬¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬
˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı ıÚ¸‘ÊÀÚı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ıÚˆ”¬ø˜ ΔÓ¬øı˛ ˝˚˛, √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ˘é¬ ˘é¬ ıÂı˛ ¸‘©Ü ıÚˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ¸Àº
Ó¬±ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú› Ó≈¬˘Ú± ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙øıı˛± ŒÀ‡ÀÂÚ Œ¸, ’ÀÚfl¬ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ıÚÀfl¬ ¬ÛøıS ıÚˆ¬≈ø˜
(Sacred Forest) ø˝¸±Àı ¸—ı˛é¬Ì fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ Œ˜‚±˘À˚˛ı˛ Œ‰¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø? ’=¡À˘ı˛ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ¬ÛøıS ıÚˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ ¸Àº
Œ¸‡±Úfl¬±ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ıÚˆ”¬ø˜ı˛ Ù¬±ı˛±fl¬ ¸˝ÀÊ˝◊ Òı˛± ¬ÛÀh¬/ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ıÚˆ”¬ø˜ Œ˚ ÊøȬ˘ ı±dÓ¬La ΔÓ¬øı˛ fl¬Àı˛, Œ˚ ’¸—‡…
ÊœıÕıø‰¬S Œ¸ Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛, Ê˘ › ˆ”¬ø˜ ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ Œ˚ ı…ı¶ö± Œ¸ fl¬Àı˛ñ Ó¬± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’±˚˛ÀMı˛ ı±˝◊Àı˛/ Ó¬±ı˛ &Ì·Ó¬
˜”˘…Àfl¬ ˜±¬Û± ˚±˚˛ Ú±/
¤˝◊ ¸ı ˚≈øMêı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬øıù´±¸œ ’±˙±øıÀı˛ øˆ¬øM ≈ı«˘ ˝À˚˛ ˚±˚˛/ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˚ø √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ øÀfl¬ ÚÊı˛ Ú±
øÀ˚˛ ’±øÔ«fl¬ ά◊ißøÓ¬ ‚Ȭ±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬ Ó¬±˝À˘ Ó¬± ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ ‡≈ı˝◊ ‡±ı˛±¬Û √õ∂ˆ¬±ı ŒÙ¬À˘/ ¤ı˛ √õ∂ˆ¬±ı ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ı±
’±ôL«√ʱøÓ¬fl¬ ≈˝◊ ô¶∏Àı˛ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ¤fl¬øÀfl¬ Œ˚˜Ú ı±˚˛≈”¯∏Ì, ›ÀʱÚô¶∏ı˛ ˝ò±¸, ˆ”¬˜G¬À˘ı˛ Ó¬±¬Ûı‘øX¬ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ‚ȬÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬
ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛ ô¶∏Àı˛› ÊœıÕıø‰¬S… ˝ò±¸, ˝Í¬±» ıÚ…±, ‡ı˛±, Á¬h¬, ˆ”¬ø˜é¬˚˛, Ê˘”¯∏Ì √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ÊœıÀfl¬ øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛/
ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ Ó¬±˝◊ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ (Sustainable Development) øı¯∏˚˛øȬ ¤Ó¬È¬± &èQ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ/
Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛Úñ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±
øı‡…±Ó¬ Ó¬±øMWfl¬ ά◊˘Ùƒ¬·…±º ¸…±À‰¬¸-¤ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤ı˛ ’±ø SnøȬ ˘≈øfl¬À˚˛ ’±À ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±ÀÓ¬˝◊/ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ øıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛
¸˜˚˛ ˚‡Ú ¬Û”ı«Ó¬Ú ά◊¬ÛøÚÀı˙&ø˘ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˝˘ Ó¬‡Ú ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ √õ∂ùüøȬ √õ∂ı˘ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ͬ˘/ ά◊˘Ùƒ¬·…±º ¸…±À‰¬¸ƒ ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊
ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˝À˚˛ “±h¬±˘ ά◊ißÓ¬ øıÀù´ı˛ øÚøı«‰¬±ı˛ ’Ú≈fl¬ı˛Ì/ Œ˙&ø˘ı˛ øÚʶ§ Δıø˙©Ü… ˝±øı˛À˚ ø·À˚˛ ¤fl¬øȬ˜±S Ò±ı˛Ì±˚˛ øÚ˜ø#Ó¬
øıÀ˙¯∏ÀÌ ˆ”¬ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘ñ ë’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ˙í/ ÊÚıU˘ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ › ‰¬œÚ, ÊÚøıı˛˘ ’±øÙˬfl¬±, ˜±Ó‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¬ øé¬Ì-¬Û”ı«
¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÔ«fl¬ ¸˜¸…±˚˛ ÊÊ«øı˛Ó¬ ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜øı˛fl¬±, ÒÚÓ¬ÀLaı˛ ŒÃÀh¬ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ¬Û”ı« ˝◊ά◊Àı˛±¬Ûñ ¤ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ ¤fl¬˝◊
Œ‡±À¬Û Ê≈Àh¬ Œ·˘/ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ √õ∂ı˘ Ê“±Ó¬±fl¬À˘ Œ˙&ø˘ı˛ ¶§±Ó¬La, ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ øıù´±¸, ‹øÓ¬˝…, ¸é¬˜Ó¬±, ≈ı«˘Ó¬±
¸ı˝◊ &øh¬À˚˛ Œ·˘ ¤fl¬ ά◊»fl¬È¬ Œˆ¬±·ı±œ ˙«ÀÚı˛ Ó¬˘±˚˛ ˚±ı˛ ¤fl¬˜±S ıœÊ˜La ˝˘ ëά◊iß˚˛Úí/ Ù¬À˘ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙Àfl¬ ı˝◊ÀÓ¬
˝˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ±˚˛/ Ò±ı˛ÚÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚ ¤˝◊ øı¯∏˚˛&ø˘ ’±ı±ı˛ øÙ¬Àı˛ ’±¸ÀÂ/ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜”˘ Ò±ı˛Ì± ά◊iß˚˛Ú øıÀı˛±øÒÓ¬± Ú˚˛ ıı˛—
¤˜Ú ¤fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛Ú ˚±ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ÊÚ… øfl¬Â≈ ¸—ı˛é¬Ì ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚±˚˛/ ¤fl¬øÀÚı˛ Ú˚˛, ıUøÀÚı˛ ı“±‰¬±ı˛ ı˛¸ ¸—·Ë˝ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛
˘é¬…/
Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ fl¬Ó¬&ø˘ øfl¬ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ √õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊ ’±¸± ˚±fl¬ ıd·Ó¬ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ øÀfl¬/ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ≈¯∏ÀÌı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ
’Ú…Ó¬˜ øfl¬ ˝˘ ı±˚˛≈”¯∏Ì/ ø˙ä, fl¬˘fl¬±ı˛‡±Ú± ¤ı— ˚±Úı±˝Ú √õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ≈¯∏ÀÌı˛ ÊÚ… ±˚˛œ/ Œ‰¬±‡ Ê;±˘±-fl¬ı˛±
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fl¬±ı˛‡±Ú±ı˛ ŒÒ“±˚˛± ı± ·±øh¬ı˛ ŒÒ“±˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¬ øÚ·«Ó¬ ·…±¸ ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ √õ∂ˆ”¬Ó¬ é¬øÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛/ ¤fl¬øȬ ø˝¸±ı ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛ÀÓ¬
ΔÓ¬˘‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ·±øh¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± 1971-2001 ¸±À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… 16&Ì ı‘øX¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ/ 2001-2006 ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊ ı‘øX¬ı˛ ˝±ı˛
√õ∂±˚˛ 7&Ì Œıø˙/ ˆ¬±ı˛Ó¬ıÀ¯∏«ı˛ ¬Û“±‰¬øȬ ˙˝Àı˛ øıøˆ¬iß ı±˚˛≈”¯∏fl¬ (SPM, RPM, SO2 ¤ı— NO2 -¤ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛˜±Ìó øı¬Û¸œ˜±ı˛
Œ‰¬À˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¬ Œıø˙/ øıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±Àı SPM ¤ı— RPM-¤ı˛ ˜±S± ø‰¬ôL√± ά◊À^fl¬ fl¬Àı˛/ SPM-¤ı˛ øfl¬ øÀ˚˛ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬± ¤ı—
RPM-¤ı˛ øfl¬ øÀ˚˛ ø{°œ ¸ı ŒÔÀfl¬ ‡±ı˛±¬Û ’ı¶ö±˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ ¬Ûø}¬˜ıÀºı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ˙˝Àı˛ ïŒ˚˜Ú- ˝˘ø˚˛±, ˝±›h¬±,
≈·«±¬Û≈ı˛, ’±¸±ÚÀ¸±˘ó ı±˚˛≈”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜±S± ø‰¬ôL√± ά◊À^fl¬ fl¬Àı˛/ fl¬˘fl¬±Ó¬±ı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú› ‡≈ı ‡±ı˛±¬Û/
2008 ¸±À˘ ı˛±Ê… øˆ¬øMfl¬ fl¬±ı«Ú-ά±˝◊-’'±˝◊ά
øÚ–¸ı˛ÀÌı˛ Œ˚ ˜±S± √õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝À˚˛À Ӭ± ‡≈ı˝◊ ø‰¬ôL√±ÊÚfl¬/
øıÀ˙¯∏ fl¬Àı˛ ¬Û±?±ı, ›øh¬˙±, &Êı˛±Ó¬, ˜˝±ı˛±©Ü,ò ˜Ò…√õ∂À˙
¤ øı¯∏À˚˛ ¸ı« ŒÔÀfl¬ øÚ•ß ’ı¶ö±ÀÚ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ/ Œfl¬ı˛˘ ›
Ê•ú≈-fl¬±øù¨Àı˛ı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ‡≈ı˝◊ ˆ¬±À˘±/ Ó¬±ı˛¬Ûı˛˝◊ ı˛À˚ÀÂ
ø˝˜±‰¬˘ √ õ ∂À˙ ¤ı— fl¬Ú±« È ¬fl¬/ ¬Ûøı˛ À ı˙øıÀı˛
¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ øˆ¬øMÀÓ¬ ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ά◊ißÓ¬ › ’Ú≈ißÓ¬
fl‘ ¬ ø¯∏ ø ˆ¬øMfl¬ ¤ı— ø˙ä øˆ¬øMfl¬ ˜±¬Ûfl¬±øͬÀÓ¬ ¤ı—
ø˙äøˆ¬øMfl¬ ˜±¬Ûfl¬±øͬÀÓ¬ ı˛±Ê…&ø˘ı˛ ≈¯ÚÀfl¬ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬ı˛±
˚±˚˛ Ú±/ ˜Ò…√õ∂ÀÀ˙ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ø¬ÛøÂÀ˚˛ ¬Ûh¬± ı˛±Ê…, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ
”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜±¬Ûfl¬±øͬÀÓ¬ ‡≈ı˝◊ ‡±ı˛±¬Û ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ
Œfl¬ı˛±˘±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ά◊ißÓ¬ ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ ’ı¶ö±Ú ˚ÀÔ©Ü ˆ¬±À˘±/
ı˛±Ê…&ø˘ı˛ øÚʶ§ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ı…ı¶ö± ¤ı— øÚ˚˛LaÌ ’±Àı˛±À¬Ûı˛ é¬Ó¬±ı˛ ›¬Ûı˛˝◊ ”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜±S± ŒıÀh¬À ı± fl¬À˜ÀÂ/ ¶§ˆ¬±ıÓ¬˝◊
Œı±Á¬± ˚±˚˛, ˜”˘À¶⁄±ÀÓ¬ı˛ ı…Mêı… ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛, ’±øÔ«fl¬ øıfl¬±˙ ”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜±S± ˝ò±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸ı ¸˜˚˛ ¸é¬˜ ˝˚˛ Ú±/
Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ Ò±ı˛Ì±øȬ ¸—ı˛é¬ÀÌı˛ ¸Àº ¸•Û‘Mê/ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ fl‘¬ø¯∏øıfl¬±À˙∏ı˛ ¸Àº ˆ”¬ø˜é¬˚˛
ı‘øX¬, Êø˜ÀÓ¬ 鬱Àı˛ı˛ ˜±S± ı‘øX¬, ÊœıÕıø‰¬S ˝ò±¸ √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬/ ıÚ¸•ÛÀı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÚ˝œÚ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤˝◊
¸˜¸…± Œ‡± ˚±˚˛/ ıÚ¸‘ÊÀÚı˛ Ú±À˜ Œ˚ˆ¬±Àı ’ÀÚfl¬ ʱ˚˛·±˚˛ ˝◊ά◊fl¬…±ø˘¬ÛȬ±¸ ı‘é¬Àı˛±¬ÛÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛À Ӭ± ’±À‡Àı˛
√õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ˆ¬±ı˛¸±À˜…ı˛ é¬øÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/ ˜≈˙øfl¬˘ ˝˘, ”¯∏ÀÌı˛ ˜Ó¬Ú ¸—ı˛é¬ÌÀfl¬ ¸±˜ø·Ëfl¬ˆ¬±Àı ˜±¬Û± fl¬øͬÚ/ ¤ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ‡±
øÀB ٬¸˘˝±øÚ ˚± ≈«øˆ¬é¬ ı± ˜˝±˜±øı˛ ŒÎ¬Àfl¬ ’±ÚÀÂ/
Ò±ı˛Ì Œ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ Ó‘Ó¬œ˚˛ øfl¬øȬ ’±À¸ ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¬/ ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˚ø ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ı˛ ÊÚ…
øfl¬Â≈˝◊ Ú± ı±øfl¬ Ô±fl¬ Ó¬Àı øı¬Û#Úfl¬ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀı/ √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı ’±˜±Àı˛ ŒÀ˙ ı±ø·‰¬± ‰¬±À¯∏ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı
Œ‡± Œ˚Ó¬/ qÒ≈˜±S ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚı˛ ÊÚ… ˆ¬±ıÀ˘˝◊ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ú±ı˛Àfl¬˘ ·±Â ı± ’±˜ ·±Â Œı˛±¬ÛÚ ˝Ó¬ Ú±/ ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬ı˛ fl¬Ô±
Œˆ¬Àı˝◊ Êø˜ ı…ı˝±Àı˛ ŸÓ≈¬‰¬Sê ¬Û±ø˘Ó¬ ˝Ó¬/ ¤˝◊ ÒÀı˛Ìı˛ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ ÚœøÓ¬ Sê˜˙ øıı˛˘ ˝À˚˛ ¤À˘ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·…
ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¸—:±øȬ øÙ¬Àfl¬ ˝À˚˛ ’±À¸/ Ó¬±˝◊ ı˛fl¬±ı˛ ¤˝◊ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ √õ∂Ô±ø¸X¬ ı˛œøÓ¬ ÚœøÓ¬ ı“±ø‰¬À˚˛ ı˛±‡± ¤ı— ¸—ı˛é¬Ì˜≈‡œ ÚÓ≈¬Ú
ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ά◊æ±ıÀÚı˛ øıô¶∏±ı˛ ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ±/
Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ ’ıÀ˝ø˘Ó¬ ’Ò…±˚˛ ˝˘ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˜±Úı ¸•Û ά◊iß˚˛Ú ïSustainable Human
Developementó/ ˜±Úı ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ΔÚøÓ¬fl¬ ø˙鬱 ¤ı— ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ |X¬± ˆ¬œ¯∏Ì &èQ¬Û”Ì«/ ˜±Úı ά◊iß˚˛Ú
qÒ≈˜±S ø˙鬱ı˛ Z±ı˛± ’±À¸ Ú±/ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˚ø ≈Úœ«øÓ¬·Ëô¶∏ ˝À˚˛ ¬ÛÀh¬ ’Ôı± ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Ó¬±Àı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ˝ò±¸
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¬Û±˚˛, Ó¬Àı Œ¸ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ø˙鬱˚˛ øıøÚÀ˚˛±· ¸øͬfl¬ ˜±Úı¸•Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ ˜±Úøıfl¬ ˜”˘ÒÀÚı˛ ¸=¡˚˛Ú ŒÔÀfl¬
¤˝◊ˆ¬±Àı ¤fl¬øȬ ’—˙ ı± ˝À˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˜±Úı ά◊iß˚˛ÚÀfl¬ fl¬˜ÀÓ¬ Ú± Œ›˚˛± ’Ó¬…ôL√ Êèøı˛/
ά◊¬Û¸—˝±ı˛
ά◊¬ÛÀı˛ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± Œ‡˘±˜ Œ˚, ’±øÔ«fl¬ ά◊iß˚˛ÀÚı˛ ¸Àº ¬Ûøı˛ÀıÀ˙ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¬øȬ Œı˙ ÊøȬ˘/ ¤˝◊ ÊøȬ˘Ó¬±ı˛
¬Û≈Àı˛± ’±ˆ¬±¸ ¤‡Ú ¬Û˚«ôL√ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬øıÀı˛ fl¬ı˛±˚˛M ˝˚˛øÚ/ ¤ı˛ fl¬±ı˛Ì ¤˝◊ Œ˚ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜&ø˘ √õ∂±˚˛˙˝◊ ıU˜±øSfl¬
¤ı— ’¸ı˛˘Õı˛ø‡fl¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ¤ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ú±Ú± Òı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸y¬±ıÚ±ı˛ Z±ı˛ ‡≈À˘ ˚±˚˛/ ’ˆ¬±ıÚœ˚˛ øı¬Û ‚ÀȬ ’±ı±ı˛
’ˆ¬±ıÚœ˚˛ ¸≈À˚±·› ’±À¸/ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ’øô¶∏ÀQı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ’±Ê ¸ıÀÔÀfl¬ ıh¬ √õ∂ùü ¤˝◊ Œ˚, Œ¸ ¤ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú øfl¬Ú±
’Ôı± Œ¸ ¤Àfl¬ &èQ Œ˚˛ øfl¬ Ú±/ √õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±ı˛ ’ˆ¬±Àıı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˝◊଱ı˛Zœ¬Û, ø¸g≈¬ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬± ¤ı— ¬ÛÀ•Û˝◊ ˙˝Àı˛ı˛
¬Ûøı˛ÌøÓ¬ fl¬œ ˝À˚˛ø¢ Ó¬± ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸ ø˘ø¬ÛıX¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œı˛À‡ÀÂ/ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ’ı:± fl¬Àı˛, ¤ı˛± øȬÀfl¬ Ô±fl¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛øÚ/ ’±˜±Àı˛
ά◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ¬Û”ı«¸”øı˛Àı˛ fl¬±Â ŒÔÀfl¬ ø˙鬱·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛±/ Ò±ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ά◊iß˚˛Ú ¤˝◊ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ı±Ó¬±«˚˛ ’±˜±Àı˛ Œ¬ÛÓÀ Œ˚˛/
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’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬
ñ Œı fl≈¬˜±ı˛ ı¸±fl¬
˚± Œ‡˘±˜ ÊiúÊiú±ôLÀı˛› ˆ≈¬˘ı Ú±/ Ú±, ¤ Œfl¬±Ú› õ∂±fl‘¬øÓ¬fl¬ ΔÚ¸ø·«fl¬ ‘À˙…ı˛ ıÌ«Ú± Ú˚˛/ ıÌ«Ú± ’±˜±Àı˛ ‚Àı˛ı˛
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Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ fl¬Àı˛ øÚÓ¬…øÀÚı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬Àfl¬ ¸•Û”Ì«ı˛+À¬Û ¬Û±Àå¬ ø˘/ ¤˝◊ ˜±Ú U“˙ &ø˘ ¤Ó¬øÚ Œfl¬±Ô±˚˛ ø¢, ¤˝◊
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õ∂øÓ¬ ıÂı˛ ˚±ı/ ŒÓ¬±˜ı˛± ŒÚÀı ŒÓ¬±∑
ï45ó
THOMAS HARDY:
A 'PESSIMIST' OR A 'MELIORIST'?
- Oindrila Ghosh
Assistant Professor
Department of English
Naba Ballygunge Mahavidyalaya
Thomas Hardy was not a typical Victorian, in thought and sensibility. Though born
into the same century as Dickens, Thackeray and Trollope, the beliefs which they upheld
were difficult for Hardy to retain his faith in. The early Victorian writers were reared in a
climate of religious devoutness and the strong and naive belief in Providence. This led to
the literature of the period being motivated to translate this into the typical 'happy endings'
of novels as a way of giving examples of the principles of poetic justice and the staunch
faith in Providence. Hardy, though brought up in a strongly Christian home, grew up to
be an agnostic, or a doubter in the existence of God, owing to the intellectual and scientific
climate generated by the theory of evolution. The debate over evolution and the breaking
of the age old belief in the Christian scheme of God as the creator shook the very fabric of
Victorian faith. The final nail was struck by the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin
of Species, in 1859, where Darwin proved that vast numbers of species had existed at one
time, several of them had died out and those which did survived were ones who had best
adapted to their environment. This came to be called the 'survival of the fittest'. He also
suggested that apes and men had evolved from a collateral ancestor, shaking thereby the
very fabric of Victorian religious faith. For, if life evolved under its own laws, if it was not
true that Adam and Eve and the animals had been created just as they were in the Garden
of Eden, then there was no need for God. Darwin showed a world whose evolution was
determined not by rationality, goodness or the intervention of a divine will but the struggle
for survival in which victory went to the strong, not necessarily to the good.
The problem with Hardy, as others before him like Tennyson and Huxley, was to
retain faith in Christianity, of how could God be all-powerful and all-loving in the face of
the overwhelming fact of human suffering. Darwin's book weakened the idea that love
was the final law of the universe. This made Hardy and his generation feel that the world
was frightening, unplanned and dangerous and this idea predominates his novels through
the intervention of fate, chance and coincidence which hound the characters, make their
best plans go awry and lead on to tragedy and waste of human potential. One of Hardy's
finest poems 'In a Wood' shows how he saw even the trees as 'red in tooth and claw'
(Tennyson 'In Memoriam' LVI):
ï46ó
Pale beech and pine so blue,
Set in one clay,
Bough to bough cannot you
Live out your day?
When the rains skim and skip,
Why mar sweet comradeship,
Blighting with poison-drip
Neighbourly spray?
But, having entered in,
Great growths and small
Show them to men akin Combatants all!
Sycamore shoulders Oak
Bines the slim sapling yoke,
Ivy-spun halters choke
Elms stout and tall. (Preface, 67-68).
Read simultaneously with the opening of the novel The Woodlanders which shows 'the
leaf was deformed, the curve was crippled, the taper was interrupted; the lichen ate the
vigour of the stalk, and the ivy slowly strangled to death the promising sapling', nature
presents an equally bleak picture, no different from the struggle evident in human society.
The trees are shown 'wrestling for existence, their branches disfigured with wounds
resulting from their branches disfigured with wounds resulting from their mutual
rubbings and blows.' (The Woodlanders, 2). These lines have been quoted time and again
in support of Hardy's morbid frame of mind. What Hardy is arguing is that quite contrary
to the Victorian assumption, that only man is vile and competitive while nature represents
peace and innocence, is the fact that all life is pervaded by this struggle for existence,
which came to be termed as 'Social Darwinism' and there is really no Providence nor
'nature's holy plan' to make everything work towards good. This sense of the universe as
a chaotic, disordered and competitive arena made Hardy an agnostic, a doubter in God,
born from the overwhelming question of how God could be all-powerful and all-loving
in the face of the fact of human suffering? Pain, disease and death were more real and
menacing to the Victorians than to us. In his novels Hardy shows his inability to believe
in the smug Victorian ideas about Providence and drives home the message that there is
actually no supernatural agency to look after or protect the innocent and the good. Indeed
as A. Stanton Whitfield says of Hardy: 'he could never justify the existence of that sheer
optimism which proclaims that "God's in His heaven, all's right with the world" ' (Whitfield
19). That consolation is left for those who are able to feel only the superficial veneer of
happiness ; not so Hardy, whose soul is wrung with pity for the agonies of life, and who
ï47ó
is always in revolt against evil'. ‘Tess in Tess of the D'Urbervilles’ is destroyed because she
cannot leave her little siblings in the hands of a supposedly benevolent Providence,
although saving them from the workhouse means becoming the mistress of the man who
has ruined her and whom she hates. Hardy, although a Victorian, was quite
unconventional in depicting the circumstances which make Tess a fallen woman and
how despite her fallenness she remains innocent and chaste. In his own time, as also
today, Hardy is frequently charged with pessimism, morbidity and labeled as a gloomy
writer. He, however, looked at pessimism thus:
As to pessimism. My motto is, first correctly diagnose the complaint - in this case
human ills - and ascertain the cause: then set about finding a remedy if one exists. The
motto or practice of the optimists is: Blind the eyes to the real malady, and use empirical
panaceas to suppress the symptoms. (Life, p.383).
It pained Hardy when readers and critics looked at his work as pessimistic and
misjudged it. He preferred to be called a 'meliorist' (from the word amelioration which
means betterment) who believed that the world can be made a better place through human
effort. He felt that 'if way to the Better there be, it exacts a full look at the worst' ('In
Tenebris').
Unlike the early Victorians, especially writers, whose consciousness was chiefly urban,
Hardy was different in his preoccupation with the life of the countryside. He was also
deeply influenced by John Stuart Mill's ‘On Liberty’ more than any other book of the
period, the deep influence of which was felt again and again in his novels. Mill's treatise
on the need for individual liberty and how the tyranny of society produces distorted
human beings, deeply influenced Hardy and also induced in him the need to treat women
as equals and in equal need of liberty. He felt like Mill the need for human liberty and
happiness, which was more important that social institutions which sought to make people
unhappy. In his novels Hardy, true to his role as a meliorist, spoke about the redundancy
of marriage when it made either or both partners unhappy, and speaking radically in the
lines of Mill, he said such a marriage should be dissolved. Hardy makes these reformative
ideas about marriage the subject of his novel Jude the Obscure, his final novel, bitterly
criticized by his society, banned for many years, leading to his permanent estrangement
with his first wife Emma, who took it as a critique of their own failed marriage, and
saddened Hardy so much that he gave up novel writing completely. In the words of the
protagonist Jude Fawley and Sue Bridehead they are anachronistic in their temperament
and advanced ideas about marriage, they feel that which they feel today everyone will
feel in fifty or hundred year's time. What is true about them is true to the core about
Thomas Hardy, their creator, whose merit as a champion of women's rights and needs as
individuals, is increasingly being taken note of in our own age of feminist discourse, so
also is his sympathetic treatment of animals and preservation, through his work, of a
rural way of life celebrated in his Wessex novels and stories.
ï48ó
References:
1)
Hardy, Thomas, ‘The Life and Work of Thomas Hardy’ ed. Michael Millgate, London:
Macmillan, 1984; first pub. 1962. Print.
2)
Millgate, Michael, ‘Thomas Hardy: A Biography’, London: Oxford University Press,
1982. Print.
3)
Williams, Merryn, ‘Women in the English Novel 1800-1900’, London: Macmillan, 1985.
Print.
4)
Hardy, Thomas, ‘The Woodlanders (1887)’, London: Macmillan (The New Wessex Edition), 1974. Print.
5)
Hardy, Thomas, ‘The Complete Poems of Thomas Hardy’ ed. James Gibson, London:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2001. Print.
ï49ó
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fl¬Àı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛› ˆ¬±øı, ø¬ÛøB¢ ˝˘ ŒÓ¬± ˆ¬±À˘±Ø
ΔÓ¬˘ø¸Mê ı≈øX¬ı˛ Œ·±h¬±˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú› ‰¬À˘ Ê˘ - ø¸=¡Ú,
˚ø› ’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ ŒÊÀÚ›, ŒÓ¬À˘ ÊÀ˘ ø˜ø˙À˚˛ ˜Ú
˙±ôL√ fl¬øı˛/ ›¬Ûı˛˚˛±˘±ı˛ ı˛Mê ‰¬é≈¬Àfl¬ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¬øı˛Ä
¸˝ÊÚÀfl¬ ’Ó¬…øÒfl¬ › ¸√õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬ Œ·±¬ÛÚˆ¬±Àı fl¬Ô±ı˛ øh¬
Œı“ÀÒ ’±&ÀÚ Œ¬Û±h¬±˝◊/ ˆ¬·ı±Ú ÒÀ˜« › fl¬À˜«Ä ¤fl¬±øÒfl¬/
Ó¬ı≈ ¬Û±Ó¬±ı˛ Œ¬Û±˙±Àfl¬ ’±øô¶∏Ú &øȬÀ˚˛ ¶§Ó¬ÀÓ¬± Ú±øô¶∏fl¬/
øı:±¬ÛÀÚ Ï¬±fl¬± ˙ı˛œı˛ “≈À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Œ¶§B±‰¬±ı˛œ ˜ÀÚı˛ ø‡˘¶§QÄ
’±¸À˘ ’±˜ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊, øˆ¬iß±ÀÔ« Œ˚±À·˙ M
ï4ó
√õ∂±˚˛ ’±Ê±Ú≈˘ø•§Ó¬ ı±U √õ∂¸±øı˛Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ √õ∂dÓ¬ ˝˚˛ ΔÓ¬˘ ˜«ÀÚ,
·«±ÀÚı˛ Œı˛±˜ Ó¬‡Ú Œfl¬˙ı˛-ø¸—À˝ı˛,
ŒÏ¬ı˛ ø¬ÛøB¢ ˝À˚˛ ¸È¬±Ú-·Ëœı± ±øı fl¬Àı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…/
˚M¸ı ¬ÛÀ˘˝Úfl¬±ı˛œ ı±˜Ú ’ıÓ¬±Àı˛ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Û ¸•ú≈À‡
±¸…˜≈À‡ ’±ÚÓ¬ Ó¬»é¬Ú±»/ Œ˚±À·˙ Mı˛ ¸ôL√øÓ¬ı˛±, ’æ≥Ó¬Ä
ˆ”¬Ó¬-ˆ¬øı¯∏…ÀÓ¬› ¸˜±Ú é¬/
˘é¬ ø¶öı˛ Œı˛À‡ S꘱·Ë¸ı˛Ó¬±˚˛ Ò±ø˜«fl¬ ˚≈øÒøá¬ı˛
·ˆ¬œı˛ √õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ¤ı— ±øıÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÌ ı˛±À‡ ¶aœ/
øıʱӬœ˚˛ ¸˝ı±¸ fl¬±˜… Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬, Ó¬±˝◊ ’±À¬Û±¸
ŒÙ“¬±¸ fl¬Àı˛ ά◊Àͬ —˙Ú fl¬Àı˛ Ú±/ ˜Ú≈¯∏…Q
é¬Ó¬-øıé¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛› ıı˛Àı˙ Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬Àı˛ ¤ı—
¸„ƒ - ¸#±˚˛ ı±¸ı˛ ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛/ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ«¬œ √õ∂Êiú fl¬±˜Ú±˚˛/
ï50ó
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± – Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ±˙«øÚfl¬ Œ˘øˆ¬ ¶Üò±Î¬◊¸ › ¸…¸≈Àı˛ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬
ñ ˜±˘± ¸±˝±
’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬± ˙«Ú øıˆ¬±·
Úı ı±ø˘·? ˜˝±øı…±˘˚˛
øı·Ó¬ fl¬À˚˛fl¬ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¶§ı˛+¬Û, Œfl¬±Ú øıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ŒÈ¬'ȃ ı± ı˚˛±ÀÚı˛ ı˛+¬Ûfl¬±ı˛ ı± Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ¶§fl¬œ˚˛Ó¬±,
ı˚˛±ÀÚı˛ ’Ô«-øÚÒ«±ı˛Ì ¤ı— ı±ô¶∏ıÓ¬±ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ì± ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ Œ˚ ¸ı √õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ± ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ, fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± (Structuralism)
Ó¬±ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ Ó¬œıË Ú±h¬± øÀ˚˛ÀÂ, ¤˜Ú øfl¬Â≈ √õ∂ùü ά◊O±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛À ˚± √õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ± ø‰¬ôL√± ı± Ó¬MW&ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ √õ∂¸”Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Ú±/
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ˆ¬±¯∏±, ¸±ø˝Ó¬…, ˙«Ú, ˆ¬±¶®˚«, fl¬˘±øı…± - ¤&ø˘ı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬˝◊ Ú˚˛, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜øô¶∏À©®ı˛ øSê˚˛±
¸•Û±Ú± øı¯∏À˚˛› Ú±Ú± √õ∂fl¬±ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ √õ∂ùü Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ/ ¸±ø˝ÀÓ¬… ı± øÚø«©Ü Œfl¬±Ú ı˚˛±ÀÚı˛ ¬Û±Àͬı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±ı˛ ’Ô«
øÚı˛+¬ÛÌ, ¬Û±Àͬı˛ ¬ÛX¬øÓ¬, ¬Û±Í¬Àfl¬ı˛ ¸Àº Œ˘‡Àfl¬ı˛ ‘ø©Ü ˆ¬ºœı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… - ¤¸ı Ú±Ú± øı¯∏À˚˛ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± ’±À˘±fl¬¬Û±Ó¬
fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± ı…øM궧±Ó¬ÀLa…ı˛ ’±À˙«ı˛ øıÀı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¬Àı˛/ ¤˝◊ ı± &èQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬Àı˛ ø‰¬ôL√ÀÚı˛ Ó¬ÀLaı˛ (System)
ά◊¬Ûı˛, ı…øMêı˛ ά◊ÀX«¬Ä ı…øMê Ó¬±ı˛ fl¬Ó‘¬«Q Œ˚ ˆ¬±Àı √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ øıô¶∏‘Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ, Ó¬± Ó“¬±Àı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±ı˛ øı¯∏˚˛/
ÕÚı…«øMêfl¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ±Àfl¬˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛± ı…øMêÀfl¬øffl¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ ά◊ÀX«¬ ¶ö±Ú øÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ/
øıøˆ¬iß ŒıÃøX¬fl¬ Œé¬ÀS fl¬À˚˛fl¬ÊÚ Ó¬±øMWÀfl¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ’±˜ı˛± ά◊À{°‡ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ ˚“±ı˛± fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±œ/ Ù¬ı˛±¸œ Ú‘Ó¬MWøıƒ
Œ˘øˆ¬ ¶Üò±Î¬◊¸, Ò±ı˛Ì±ı˛ ˝◊øÓ¬˝±¸øıƒ › ±˙«øÚfl¬ ø˜À˙˘ Ù≈¬Àfl¬±, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¬ › ¸±ø˝Ó¬…Ó¬ÀMWı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¬ Œı˛±˘“± ı±Ô«,
ÙˬÀ˚˛Î¬œ˚˛ ˜Úô¶∏MWøıƒ Ê“±fl¬ ˘±fl¬±, ı˛±©ÜòÕÚøÓ¬fl¬ ±˙«øÚfl¬ › ˜±fl«¬¸œ˚˛ Ó¬±øMWfl¬ ˘≈˝◊ ’±˘Ô≈ʱı˛/ ¸Àı«±¬Ûøı˛ Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ±˙«øÚfl¬
¸…¸≈ı˛/ ¤˝◊ ¸fl¬˘ ø‰¬ôL√±øıƒÀı˛ ˆ¬±ıÚ± ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬ ˚≈À· ¤fl¬ øıÀ˙¯∏ ±¬Û Œı˛À‡ Œ·ÀÂ/
Œ˘øˆ¬ ¶Üò±Î¬◊¸Àfl¬ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±Àı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ÊÚfl¬ı˛+À¬Û ·Ì… fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ øÓ¬øÚ øıù´±¸ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚, ˜±Úı ˜ÀÚı˛ øSê˚˛±fl¬˘±¬Û
Œ˚ √õ∂øSê˚˛±˚˛ ¸—‚øȬӬ ˝˚˛ ñ Ó¬±› fl¬±Àͬ±À˜±ı±Àfl¬ √õ∂˜±Ì fl¬Àı˛/
’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ˚≈À· fl¬±Àͬ±À˜±ı± ¤fl¬ ¸ºøÓ¬¬Û”Ì« › &èQ¬Û”Ì« ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ˆ¬±ıÚ±ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬¶§ı˛+¬Û/
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±œÀı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ëfl¬±Í¬±À˜±í ˝˘ ¸ı«ı…±¬Ûœ/ Œ˘øˆ¬ ¶Üò±Î¬◊À¸ı˛ Ó¬MW±Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ¤˝◊ fl¬±Àͬ±À˜± ñ √õ∂fl‘¬øÓ¬, ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬,
fl¬˘±øı…±, ¸fl¬˘ øı:±Ú, ˜±Úı˜ÀÚı˛ ˜±Ú¸ fl¬±˚«±ı˘œ, ˜±Úı ˜øô¶∏À©®ı˛ ·Í¬Ú ¸ı«S˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛‘˙…˜±Ú/ Ê·ÀÓ¬ı˛ √õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¬
øıˆ¬±Ê… ıdı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› fl¬±Í¬±À˜± ’±ÀÂ/ ¤˝◊ øıˆ¬±Ê… ıdÀfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ά◊¬Ûfl¬ı˛Ì ¶§ı˛+¬Û Œ˚¸fl¬˘ ά◊¬Û±±ÀÚ øıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛,
Œ¸˝◊¸fl¬˘ ά◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ ¶§Ó¬Laˆ¬±Àı ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú± øfl¬c ά◊¬Û±±Ú&ø˘ ¤fl¬øȬ øÚø«©Ü fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Ûı˛¶Ûı˛
¬Ûı˛¶ÛÀı˛ı˛ ¸Àº ¸•§X¬ ˝À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ/ ¶Üò±Î¬◊À¸ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊ ·Í¬Ú ı± ¬Ûøı˛fl¬±Í¬±À˜± ¶Û˙«À˚±·…› ıÀȬ/ Œ˚˜Ú ˜±Úı ˙ı˛œÀı˛ı˛
·Í¬ÚÄ ’±ı±ı˛ øı˜”Ó«¬ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±› ’±À ñ Œ˚˜Ú Œfl¬±Ú ʱøÓ¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬, øıù´±˚˛ÀÚı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ñ ¤¸ı øfl¬Â≈ı˛˝◊ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±
øı…˜±Ú/ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±Àı˛ øıÀù≠¯∏Q ˝˘ ¤˝◊ Œ˚, ¤øȬ Œfl¬±Ú øı¯∏˚˛Àfl¬ ¸≈¶Û©Üˆ¬±Àı ˚‡Ú øı‰¬±ı˛øıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¬
¤fl¬øȬ 븘·Ëí ¤fl¬fl¬ı˛+À¬Û˝◊ ŒÀ‡Ä ¤ı˛ ’—˙&ø˘Àfl¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¬ ˆ¬±Àı Ú± ŒÀ‡ 븘À·Ëı˛í ¸Àº ¸—ıX¬ı˛+À¬Û˝◊ ŒÀ‡/ Ó¬±˝◊
¤˝◊ ˜Ó¬ı±Àfl¬ Œ·à¬±å¬ı±œÀı˛ Ú…±˚˛ ø‰¬ôL√ÀÚı˛ √õ∂fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸˜·ËÓ¬±ı±œ ı˛+À¬Û› ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¬±ı˛ ˚±˚˛/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±œ
ÚœøÓ¬ ’Ú≈¸±Àı˛ ά◊øæƒøı…±, ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙øı…±, ı±døı…±, Ú‘øı…± ñ ¸fl¬˘ øı…±˝◊ fl¬±Í¬±À˜± Œfl¬øffl¬ ¤ı— ¸≈øÚø«©Ü fl¬±Àͬ±À˜±ı˛
ï51ó
’ôL√†ø¶öÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ ¬Û±ı˛¶Ûøı˛fl¬ ’±ôL√†¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬/ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± ı˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛, ¸ıøfl¬Â≈˝◊ ¤fl¬øȬ øÚø«©Ü Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸≈¸—·Ó¬ ˆ¬±Àı
øSê˚˛± › √õ∂øÓ¬øSê˚˛± fl¬Àı˛ Ô±Àfl¬/
˜±Úı˜ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬È¬± √õ∂øSê˚˛± ‰¬À˘ ˚±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı±˝◊Àı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜ı˛± √õ∂Àı˙ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±øı˛ Ú±/ ¤˝◊ ˜±Úı˜ÀÚı˛
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ’ôL√ı˛±À˘ √õ∂ı±˝˜±Ú √õ∂øSê˚˛±øȬÀfl¬ √õ∂fl¬±˙ fl¬Àı˛ 눬±¯∏±í/ ’Ô«±» ˜ÀÚı˛ ø‰¬ôL√ÀÚı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ı˛+¬Û Œ˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±,
Ù¬±ø«Ú±j ¸…¸≈ı˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ñ 눬±¯∏±í ı± ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ’ôL√·«Ó¬ ë˙sí Ú± Ô±fl¬À˘ ’±˜±Àı˛ ø‰¬ôL√± ’¶Û©Ü › ’±fl¬±ı˛˝œÚ ˝À˚˛
¬Ûh¬Àı/ ˆ¬±¯∏± ı…øÓ¬Àı˛Àfl¬ ø‰¬ôL√Ú ¬√õ∂øSê˚˛± ’±fl¬±ı˛˝œÚÄ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ ’±fl¬±ı˛ ¤À˘ ø‰¬ôL√Ú ı± ’ıÒ±ı˛Ì ı‰¬ÀÚ ¬Û˚«ıø¸Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ›
’±˜±Àı˛ Œı±Ò·˜… ˝À˚˛ ›Àͬ/ ¤˝◊ 눬±¯∏±í ¤fl¬È¬± 븘·Ëí ø˝¸±Àı fl¬±Ê fl¬Àı˛/
“A language may be studied along two axes, one temporal and the other in a manner of speaking,
spatial. This two axes Saussur named the diachronic and the synchronic. A diachronic linguist
studies a language as it changes through time while a synchronic linguist studies it statically, in its
given state at a particular moment of time”. [Structuralism by John Strurrock. Fontana Press,
London; Second Edition. 1993 page - 5]
ëά±˚˛±SêøÚfl¬í ı± fl¬±˘±Ú≈Sêø˜fl¬ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ’±˜±ı˛ ˚‡Ú Œfl¬±Ú øıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ¬±¯∏±Àfl¬ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¬øı˛, Ó¬‡Ú Œø‡ ñ
fl¬‡Ú, Œfl¬±Ú ¸˜˚˛ fl¬±À˘ Ó¬±ı˛ ˙s, ˙Àsı˛ ¬Ûøı˛À√õ∂øé¬Ó¬, ı±fl¬…ıg¬¬, ÒTøÚ·Ó¬ ά◊B‰¬±ı˛Ì ¬Ûøı˛ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ, ı± ˘≈l ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/
’Ú…øÀfl¬ ëø¸ÚSêøÚfl¬í ı± ¶ö±Ú±Ú≈Sêø˜fl¬ øfl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚‡Ú ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ øıô¶∏±ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±˜ı˛± ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¬øı˛, Ó¬‡Ú Œø‡ øÚø«©Ü
Œfl¬±Ú ¶ö±ÀÚ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸øıÀ˙¯∏ ·Í¬ÚøȬ øͬfl¬ Œfl¬±Ú Òı˛ÀÚı˛/ Ó¬‡Ú ’±˜±Àı˛ :±Ó¬ı… øı¯∏˚˛ ˝˘ ñ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸˜·ËÓ¬±/
ıv≈˜ø٬㠤ı— ’Ú…±Ú… ’±À˜øı˛fl¬±Ú fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±œ·Ì Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ Syntax ı± ı…±fl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ &èQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û
fl¬ı˛ÀÂÚ, Ó¬‡Ú ¸…¸≈ı˛ øfl¬c ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ˜”˘ Œfl¬fœ˚˛ øı¯∏˚˛ı˛+À¬Û Semantics ı± Ó¬±»¬Û˚«… ı± ’Ô«·Ó¬ øÀfl¬ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ ’±˜±Àı˛
˜ÀÚ±À˚±· ’±fl¬¯∏«Ì fl¬ı˛ÀÂÚ/ ¸…¸≈ı˛ ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ‘Cours de Linguistique Generale’ ˜”˘ ·ËLöøȬ Ù¬ı˛±¸œÀÓ¬ 1916 ¸±À˘
√õ∂fl¬±ø˙Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ 1959 ¸±À˘ ¤ı˛ ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ’Ú≈ı± ëŒfl¬±¸« ˝◊Ú ŒÊÚ±Àı˛˘ ø˘—&˝◊øà¬fl¬í ·ËÀLö Œ‡± ˚±˚˛, ¸…¸≈ı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛
ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±À ı±ø‰¬fl¬ ˙s ı± ø‰¬˝ê (Sign) ¤ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ &èQ ’±Àı˛±¬Û fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ ë˙sí˝◊ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬
ø‰¬˝ê/ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸—:± ±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚ ñ ¤øȬ ¤fl¬øȬ Ó¬La ˚± ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ ø‰¬˝ê Z±ı˛± ·øͬӬ ¤ı— ¤˝◊ ë˙sí
ı± ëø‰¬˝êí ¤‡±ÀÚ ’øˆ¬iß±Ô«fl¬/ øfl¬c ¤˝◊ ø‰¬˝ê&ø˘ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ά◊¬Û±±Ú ˝À˘› ¸ı˛˘ ά◊¬Û±±Ú Ú˚˛, ¸…¸≈ı˛œ˚˛ øıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ
ˆ¬±¯∏± ˝˘ ı±ø‰¬fl¬ ’Ô«ı˝ ˙s¸˜”À˝ı˛ ¸˝¸•Ûfl«¬/ ¤˝◊ ëø‰¬˝êí - ¤ı˛ ≈øȬ øfl¬ ’±À ñ ¤fl¬øȬ ÒTøÚ·Ó¬ (Phonetic or
Accoustic) ¤ı— ’Ú…øȬ Ó¬±»¬Û˚…«·Ó¬ (Semantic) øfl¬/ ¤˝◊ ≈øȬ øfl¬˝◊ ¬Ûı˛¶ÛÀı˛ı˛ ά◊¬Ûı˛ øÚˆ«¬ı˛˙œ˘/ øÓ¬øÚ ø‰¬À˝êı˛
¤˝◊ ≈øȬ øÀfl¬ı˛ ÊÚ… ’±Àı˛± ≈øȬ Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ¬Û ı…ı˝±ı˛ fl¬Àı˛Ú ñ ‘Signifiant’ ¤ı— ‘Signifié’ ¤Àfl¬ ˝◊—Àı˛ÊœÀÓ¬ Ӭʫ˜±
fl¬ı˛À˘ ’±˜ı˛± ¬Û±˝◊ ñ ‘Signifier’ ¤ı— ‘Signified’.
¸…¸≈Àı˛ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ √õ∂Ò±Ú ÚœøÓ¬ ı± ¸”S ˝˘ ñ ‘The linguistic sign is arbitrary’/ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ ø‰¬˝ê¸˜”˝
Œ¶§B±√õ∂¸”Ó¬/ ¸±Ò±ı˛Ìˆ¬±Àı ’±˜ı˛± ÒÀı˛ øÚ˝◊ ñ ¤fl¬È¬± ˙Àsı˛ ¸Àº Œ¸˝◊ ˙søÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ıdı˛ ¤fl¬-¤fl¬-’±Ú≈ı˛+À¬Û…ı˛
(One-to-on Correspondence) ¸•§g¬ øı…˜±Ú/ øfl¬c ı±ô¶∏ı ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ Ó¬± Ú˚˛, ø‰¬˝êfl¬ ’Ô«±» ëø¸·øÚÙ¬±˚˛±ı˛í ¤ı— ‹
ø‰¬˝êÀfl¬ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ıÓ«¬ Œ˚ √õ∂øÓ¬ı˛+¬Ûœ Ò±ı˛Ì± ı± ø‰¬˝êÚ ı± ëø¸·øÚÙ¬±À˚˛Î¬í ’±˜±Àı˛ ˜ÀڱʷÀÓ¬ ı˛À˚˛À ñ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜Ò…¶ö
’±ôL√†¸•Ûfl«¬øȬ ’±ıø˙fl¬ Ú˚˛Ä ı± ’Ú…ˆ¬±Àı ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ú ø‰¬ı˛¶ö±˚˛œ ˙±ù´Ó¬ ¤fl¬-¤fl¬-’±Ú≈ı˛+À¬Û…ı˛ ¸•§g¬
ŒÚ˝◊/ øfl¬—ı± ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ıdÊ·ÀÓ¬ı˛ ¸Àº ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛±ÀÊ…ı˛ Œfl¬±Ú ¬Û”ı«øÚÒ«±øı˛Ó¬ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¬ ¸•§g¬ ı± ¸≈øÚø}¬Ó¬ Œfl¬±Ú ’Ú≈ıX¬
ŒÚ˝◊/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ıdøÚ‰¬˚˛ ¸•§ø˘Ó¬ Ê·» √õ∂¬ÛÀ=¡ı˛ ˚Ô±˚Ô ¬ÛÍ¬Ú ¬Û±Í¬Ú √õ∂±˚˛ ’¸±Ò…/ ˆ¬±¯∏± Œfl¬ı˘˜±S
’±fl¬±ı˛ ¸ı«¶§, ¶§˚˛— ıd Ú˚˛/
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¤˝◊ ø‰¬˝êfl¬ › ø‰¬˝êÚ ı…øÓ¬øı˛Mê ’±Àı˛fl¬øȬ øı¯∏˚˛ ’±À Œ¸øȬ ˝˘ Œı˛Ù¬±Àı˛KȬ (Referrent) ı± ø‰¬˝ê øÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ı±ô¶∏ı
ıd/ ≈øȬ øˆ¬iß ø‰¬˝ê øÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ı±ô¶∏ı ıdøȬ ¤fl¬ › ’øˆ¬iß ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/ ¤ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¤˝◊ ø¸X¬±ÀôL√ ’±˜ı˛± ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝ÀÓ¬
¬Û±øı˛ Ú± Œ˚, Ó¬±ı˛± ≈øȬ ’øˆ¬iß ø‰¬˝êfl¬ ïø¸·ƒøÚÙ¬±˚˛±ı˛ó ˚±Àı˛ ø‰¬˝êÚ ïø¸·ƒøÚÙ¬±À˚˛Î¬ó ’øˆ¬iß ı± Ó¬±±R…/ fl¬±ı˛Ì, ëfl≈¬fl≈¬ı˛í
¤˝◊ ø‰¬˝êøȬı˛ ø‰¬˝êÚ ¸fl¬˘ ı±—˘± ˆ¬±¯∏±ˆ¬±¯∏œ ı…øMêÀı˛ 븱˜ø·Ëfl¬ Δ‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ…íı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ÀÂ/ ’±ı±ı˛ ά·ƒ (Dog) ¤˝◊
˙sÊøÚÓ¬ ø‰¬˝êÀÚı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ 븱˜ø·Ëfl¬ ’Ô«í ¸fl¬˘ ˝◊—Àı˛Ê ˆ¬±¯∏± ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ’±ÀÂ/ ’±ı±ı˛ ëø˙À˚˛Úí
(Chien) ¤˝◊ ˙s ı± ø‰¬˝êÊøÚÓ¬ ø‰¬˝êÚ ¸fl¬˘ Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ˆ¬±¯∏±ˆ¬±¯∏œ ¸•x±À˚˛ı˛ ¸±˜ø·Ëfl¬ Õ‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ… ’±ÀÂ/ ’Ô‰¬ ¤˝◊ øÓ¬ÚøȬ
ø‰¬˝ê ı± ø‰¬˝êÀfl¬ı˛ øÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ı±ô¶∏ı øı¯∏˚˛ ı± ıdøȬ ’øˆ¬iß/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¤fl¬˝◊ Œı˛Ù¬±Àı˛ÀKȬı˛ ÊÚ… øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ø‰¬˝ê ı…ı˝+Ó¬ ˝ÀÓ¬
¬Û±Àı˛/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ø‰¬˝êfl¬, ø‰¬˝êÚ ı± ‹ ıdøȬı˛ Œ˚ ˜±Ú¸ √õ∂Ó¬œøÓ¬ ¤ı— ø‰¬˝ê ı± ˙s øÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ıd ñ øÓ¬ÚøȬ øı¯∏˚˛ ¤fl¬ Ú˚˛/
¸…¸≈ı˛ fl¬øÔÓ¬ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸”SøȬ ˝˘ ñ “In language there are only differences, without positive terms”/
ˆ¬±¯∏± ˜±S˝◊ Œfl¬ı˘ Œˆ¬¸”‰¬fl¬ ı± Œˆ¬¸˜i§˚˛, ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ú ¸Ô«fl¬ ¬Û ŒÚ˝◊/ Ó¬±˝◊ ø‰¬˝ê ı± ˙Àsı˛ ’Ô« øÚı˛+¬ÛÀÌı˛
ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ’ÕZÓ¬ Œı±ôL√œÀı˛ Ú…±˚˛ ëŒÚøÓ¬ ŒÚøÓ¬í fl¬Àı˛ ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ˚±ıÓ¬œ˚˛ Ú±˜ Œı±Á¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ëŒÚøÓ¬ øÚÀ«˙í √õ∂À˚±Ê…
˝Àı/ Œ˚˜Ú ëøıh¬±˘í Ú±˜fl¬ Úı˛˜ ŒÂ±È¬ Ó≈¬˘Ó≈¬À˘ ˙ı˛œı˛ Ò±ı˛œ √õ∂±ÌœøȬı˛ ’Ô« ı≈Á¬ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı, 댸øȬ fl≈¬fl≈¬ı˛ Ú˚˛í, 댸øȬ ı±‚
Ú˚˛í, 댸øȬ ±·˘ Ú˚˛í ñ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ’ʶ⁄ ŒÚøÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬ øıı‘øÓ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜/ ëøıh¬±˘í ñ ¤˝◊ ø‰¬˝êøȬ ˚‡Ú Œfl¬Î¬◊ ÒTøÚ·Ó¬
ˆ¬±Àı ı± ı±ø‰¬fl¬ ά◊B‰¬±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ı± ıv±fl¬Àı±ÀΫ¬ øfl¬—ı± ‡±Ó¬±˚˛ ø˘‡À ñ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±ı˛ Z±ı˛±› øfl¬c ı±ô¶∏ı øıh¬±˘øȬ
’Òı˛±˝◊ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚±ÀBÂ/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ëøıh¬±˘í ÒTøÚı˛+À¬Û ı± ø˘ø‡Ó¬ı˛+À¬Û ı±ô¶∏ı øıh¬±˘ ŒÚ˝◊, ’±À ’·øÌÓ¬ ë’-øıh¬±˘í ñ
Œ|Ìœı˛ ±˚˛±¸•Û±ÀÓ¬/ ¤˝◊ ë’-øıh¬±À˘íı˛ Ó¬±ø˘fl¬±ı˛ Œ˚À˝Ó≈¬ ’ôL√ ŒÚ˝◊, ¤˝◊ ’ÚôL√ Œ¸ÀȬı˛ ά◊¬Û±±Ú ı± ¸¸…¸—‡…± ’·Ì…,
Ó¬±˝◊ ëøıh¬±˘í ˙Àsı˛ ’ÀÔ«ı˛› ¶öø·Ó¬œfl¬ı˛Ì ˝ÀB / ’±ı˛ ¤fl¬ ı…øMêı˛ ø‰¬˝êÀÚ Œ˚ ëøıh¬±˘í ’±À Ӭ± ’Ú… ı…øMêı˛
ëøıh¬±À˘ı˛íñ ø‰¬˝êÀÚı˛ ¸Àº fl¬‡ÀÚ±˝◊ Uı±U Œ˜À˘ Ú±/ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˆ¬±ı ’±±Ú √õ∂±ÀÚı˛ ¸“±Àfl¬± ˝À˘› Ó¬± ’±ı±ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬ı±‰¬fl¬
øÚı˛ôL√ı˛Ó¬±ı˛ ÊÚ… ˆ¬±„± Œ¸Ó≈¬› ıÀȬ/í “The linguistic sign unites, not a thing and a name, but a concept
and a sound image” / ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬±øMWfl¬ ø‰¬˝ê, ø‰¬˝êfl¬-ø‰¬˝êÚÀfl¬ øfl¬c ı±ô¶∏ı ıd › Ó¬±ı˛ øıÀ˙¯∏ øıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ¬±¯∏±˚˛
ı…ı˝+Ó¬ øıÀ˙¯∏ øıÀ˙¯∏ Ú±˜Àfl¬ ¸•Û‘Mê fl¬Àı˛ Ú±/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¤øȬ ’øÚı±˚«ˆ¬±Àı ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ˝˚˛ Œ˚, ¸…¸≈ı˛ ı±fl¬… ı± ı‰¬Ú ı±
øıı‘øÓ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ø‰¬˝ê ı± ˙sÀfl¬ &èQ øÀBÂÚ/ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¬øȬ ø‰¬À˝êı˛ ˜”˘… øÚÒ«±øı˛Ó¬ ˝˚˛ ’Ú… ø‰¬˝ê¸˜”À˝ı˛ ¸Àº Ó¬±ı˛
’±ˆ¬…ôL√ı˛œÌ ¸•§Àg¬ı˛ øˆ¬øMÀÓ¬/ ¤Î¬›˚˛±Î«¬ ¸ø¬Ûı˛ øfl¬c ˙Àsı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ı±fl¬… ¤ı— ı±fl¬…·Í¬Úfl¬±ı˛œ ¸”S±ı˘œ ı± ı…±fl¬ı˛ÀÌı˛
ά◊¬Ûı˛˝◊ ’Ô«øÚÒ«±ı˛ÀÌı˛ ı…±¬Û±Àı˛ ’øÒfl¬ ŒÊ±ı˛ øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ ¸…¸≈ı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ Œˆ¬-Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ’ôL√ı˛±À˘ ’±Àı˛± ¤fl¬ ·ˆ¬œı˛
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ’Ú≈¸g¬±Ú fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú/
¸…¸≈ı˛ øÚÀ«ø˙Ó¬ ’¬Ûı˛ ¤fl¬øȬ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ¬Û±Ô«fl¬… ˝˘ ñ ë˘—í ¤ı— ë¬Û±Àı˛±˘í (Langue and Parole)- ¤ı˛ ˜Ò…¶ö
øıÀˆ¬Ú±/ ¤˝◊ ≈˝◊ Ù¬ı˛±¸œ ˙Àsı˛ ˝◊—ı˛±Êœ ’Ú≈ı± ˝˘ ñ ‘Language’ and ‘Speech’ ñ ˆ¬±¯∏± ¤ı— ı±‰¬Ú/
“... this ‘Spare of terms stands to one another in the relation of ‘system’ or ‘abstract structure’ to
‘concrete event’” [ibid, page-8]
ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¬ÛͬÀÚı˛ Œé¬ÀS synchronic ¤ı— diachronic ’Ô«±» ë¶ö±øÚfl¬í › ëfl¬±ø˘fl¬í øıÀˆ¬Ú±ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ë˘—í ¤ı—
ë¬Û±Àı˛±À˘íı˛ Œˆ¬ ¬Û±Í¬› Êèı˛œ/ 뢗í ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸…¸≈ı˛ √õ∂M Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ı± ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ¸˜·ËÓ¬±Àfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛/ ¤˝◊ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ÀLaı˛
¸˜·ËÓ¬± Œfl¬±Ú øıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ¬±¯∏± ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œÀı˛ 븗·‘˝œÓ¬ Δ‰¬Ó¬ÀÚ…íı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸ø=¡Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¬/ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ øÚø«©Ü ı…±fl¬ı˛Ì ı±
øÚ˚˛˜±ı˘œ ˆ¬±¯∏±Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ &èQ¬Û”Ì« ’ºÄ ¤ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’øˆ¬Ò±Ú ’ôL√ˆ¬≈ M« ê/ 뢗í ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏± Ó¬ÀLaı˛ ¤˝◊ ÚœøÓ¬øÚ˚˛˜±ı˘œı˛
¤fl¬S ¸—·‘˝œÓ¬ ı˛+¬ÛÀfl¬ Œı±Á¬±ÀÚ± ˝˚˛/ ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ë¬Û±Àı˛±˘í ˝˘ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸˜·Ë ¸•Û ˚± ˆ¬±¯∏±ı…ı˝±ı˛fl¬±ı˛œ ı…øMê Êiú¸”ÀS
˘±ˆ¬ fl¬Àı˛/ øıÀ˙¯∏ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ’ôL√·«Ó¬ ı…øMêı˛ ¸øͬfl¬ ά◊B‰¬±ı˛Ì, ¸øͬfl¬ ı±‰¬Ú › ¸øͬfl¬ ø˘‡Ú/ ˚ø ë˘—í ˝˚˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛
ï53ó
ëfl¬±Í¬±À˜±í Ó¬Àı ë¬Û±Àı˛±˘í ˝˘ ë‚Ȭڱí/ √õ∂Ô˜øȬ ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ øı˜”Ó«¬ Ò±ı˛Ì± › øZÓ¬œ˚˛øȬÀfl¬ ı±ô¶∏ı √õ∂À˚˛±·, øZÓ¬œ˚˛øȬ
øˆ¬iß ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı˛ ı± √õ∂Ô˜øȬı˛ ’Ú≈¸g¬±Ú ’¬Û”Ì« ŒÔÀfl¬ ˚±˚˛/ ’Ú…øÀfl¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ·Í¬Ú ı± fl¬±Í¬±À˜± ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ë‚Ȭڱí
’±fl¬±ı˛˝œÚ ¤ı— ’Ô«˝œÚÓ¬±˚˛ ¬Û˚«ıø¸Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ¤˝◊ ά◊ˆ¬˚˛ ŒÊ±h¬˝◊ ¸•Û”̈« ¬±Àı ¬Ûı˛¶Ûı˛ ¬Ûı˛¶ÛÀı˛ı˛ ¸Àº ’±ôL√ı˛¸•ÛÀfl«¬
¸•Ûøfl«¬Ó¬/
¸…¸≈Àı˛ı˛ ¤˝◊ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±œ ø‰¬ôL√±Ò±ı˛± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ˚≈À·ı˛ √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬ 눬±¯∏±í ¸—Sê±ôL√ Ò±ı˛Ì±Àfl¬ ¸˜¸…±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/ √õ∂Ô±·Ó¬
’±Ò≈øÚfl¬ ˙«Ú ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝Ó¬, ˆ¬±¯∏± ˝˘ ı±ô¶∏ıÓ¬±Àfl¬ √õ∂fl¬±À˙ı˛ ¶§B ˜±Ò…˜/ ˆ¬±¯∏± ı±ô¶∏ıÀfl¬ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±Àı ά◊¬Û¶ö±ø¬ÛÓ¬
fl¬Àı˛, ¸≈Ó¬ı˛±— ˆ¬±¯∏±ı˛ ¸Àº ı±ô¶∏ıÓ¬±ı˛ ¤fl¬-¤fl¬ ’±Ú≈ı˛+À¬Û…ı˛ ¸•§g¬ øı…˜±Ú/ øfl¬c ¸…¸≈Àı˛ı˛ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±À Œ‡± ˚±ÀBÂ
ı±ô¶∏ı Ó¬± Ú˚˛/ ˆ¬±¯∏± fl¬‡ÀÚ±˝◊ ¶§B ˜±Ò…˜ ˝ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛ Ú±/ ˆ¬±¯∏± ˝ÀB Œfl¬ı˘˜±S ë’±fl¬±ı˛í ˚± ıd&ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ı…øMêı˛
Ê·»Àfl¬ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¤ı— ıdøÚ‰¬˚˛Àfl¬ ø‰¬˝ê&ø˘ı˛ ¬Û±ı˛•Ûøı˛fl¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¬…ı˛ øˆ¬øMÀÓ¬ ø‰¬ÀÚ ŒÚ›˚˛±ı˛ ¸y¬±ıÚ±¶§ı˛+¬Û/
ˆ¬±¯∏±Àfl¬ ¶§B ˜±Ò…˜ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ’Ô« ˜ÚÚ-fl¬±Í¬±À˜± › ˜ÚÚ √õ∂øSê˚˛±Àfl¬ ı=¡Ú± fl¬ı˛± › w±øôL√ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ‰¬˘±/
’ÀÚfl¬ ø‰¬ôL√±øıƒ fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±Àfl¬ ŒıÃøX¬fl¬ ’±Àj±˘Ú ø˝¸±Àı ά◊À{°‡ fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ/ øı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ø‰¬ôL√Ú
√õ∂øSê˚˛± øıøˆ¬iß Œé¬ÀS ‡øG¬Ó¬ ˝À˚˛ ø·À˚˛ø¢ ¤ı— Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¬±Ú ·ËøLöıg¬Ú ¸y¬ı ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛± ˝Ó¬ Ú±/ Ó¬± Œ¸
˜±ÚıÓ¬±ı±œ ˙«Ú˝◊ Œ˝±flƒ¬ ı± øˆ¬Èƒ¬À·Ú଱˝◊ÀÚı˛ ˆ¬±¯∏±-˙«Ú˝◊ Œ˝±flƒ¬ ı± ’øô¶∏ı±œÀı˛ ˙«Ú˝◊ Œ˝±flƒ¬/ ı±È¬™±G¬ ı˛±À¸À˘ı˛
Ó¬±øfl«¬fl¬ ø‰¬ôL√±Ò±ı˛± ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸±S«-¤ı˛ Ú…ø¸˚˛± ¬Û˚«ôL√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ŒıÃøX¬fl¬ ÊœıÚÀfl¬ ¤fl¬ ¸”S˝œÚ Âiß±h¬± ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˘é¬…
fl¬ı˛± Œ·ÀÂ/ øͬfl¬ ¤ı˛fl¬˜ ¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±Àı˛ ά◊Àiú¯∏ ‚Ȭ˘ ˚±ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜·Ë ˜±ÚıÓ¬±ı±œ ˙«ÀÚı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
¸±˜?¸… › ¸—˝øÓ¬ øıÒ±Ú ¸y¬ı ˝˘ ñ ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛/
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±Àfl¬ ’Ú…ˆ¬±Àı ¸—:±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ † ëëŒ˚ √õ∂fl¬Àä øı¯∏˚˛ Ó¬Ô± øı¯∏˚˛œ ά◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊ ıg¬Úœ-˜Ò… ά◊˝…, Ó¬±˝◊
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı±íí/
fl¬±Í¬±À˜±ı± ¸≈¬Ûøı˛fl¬øäÓ¬ ˆ¬±Àı √õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ø‰¬ôL√Ú Ò±ı˛±Àfl¬ ’±Sê˜Ì fl¬Àı˛/ Ó¬±ı˛ ’±Sê˜ÀÌı˛ ˘é¬…&ø˘ ˝˘ †
¬Ûø}¬˜œ ˆ¬±ıı± Z±ı˛± ¬Ûøı˛¬Û≈©Ü ¸±øı«fl¬ ¶§Ó¬La ˜±ÚıÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ı˛ Ò±ı˛Ú±, ı…øMê¶⁄©Ü±ı˛ Ó¬Ô±fl¬øÔÓ¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±, ’˝—¸ı«¶§Ó¬±ı±Àı˛
√õ∂±ıÀ˘… ı…øMêfl¬ ’øˆ¬ı…øMêı˛, ı…øMêfl¬ ı±‰¬ÀÚı˛ ¸±ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜Q Ó¬‡Ú ø¢ ¶§±ˆ¬±øıfl¬/ ı±‰¬ÀÚı˛ ¤˝◊ ¤fl¬BÂS fl¬Ó«¬À‘ Qı˛ ¸˜≈‡¸˜Àı˛
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THE AMERICAN DREAM AND ITS PATHETIC DECLINE :
A STUDY OF F.SCOTT. FITZGERALD’S THE GREAT GATSBY
- Anwesha Sengupta
Lecturer
Dept. of English
Everyone has a green light at the end of a dock, a longing for something that is
just beyond reach, in his or her life; some have several...In our culture of
runaway commercialism, dissatisfaction is encouraged and personal contentment
is always un-American.... Wanting more than what we have or really need has
long been a part of the American way of life.(Barker, 48)
F. Scott Fitzgerald in his The Great Gatsby brilliantly incorporates the concept of the
American Dream but his literary virtuosity deserves kudos for presenting a separate
truth about this tantalizing phenomenon of the American culture. The notion of the
American Dream is rooted in the United States, Declaration of Independence which affirms
that all men are equal and so the Creator bequeaths certain inalienable rights on them
and the Dream guaranteed inevitable prosperity, security and happiness in lieu of
diligence to all Americans irrespective of their racial, gender, linguistic and religious
barriers. The Americans dreamt that they are endowed with limitless freedom—freedom
to accumulate more money and material comforts which can make them successful (the
Statue of Liberty being the iconic symbol of the American Dream). The 1920’s
misinterpreted the real meaning of the ethos and distorted into a dream of flashy motor
cars, luxurious mansions, ostentatious midnight parties and opulent lifestyle. Moreover
the pursuing of the unattainable—the Romantic ‘desire of moth for the star and of the
night for the morrow’i, inherent in the American Dream—declined in immortal and
dissolute attempt of the Americans to grasp the object of desire through putrid
exhibitionism. I would like to dwell upon this gradual disintegration of the American
Dream in the post-war American society where life implied fulsome enjoyment of material
comforts coupled with overweening avarice for wealth.
Jay Gatsby alias James Gatz, who nominates the novel, is the American Everyman
who hunts after those illusions that give colour to the life, which no matter whether
attainable or not, at least have a halo of glory. Losing the love of his life, Daisy Fay—the
paragon of beauty, youth and wealth—to Tom Buchanan, our Jay Gatsby has nurtured a
beehive of dreams to grasp Daisy, which the narrator Nick Carraway (a distant cousin of
Daisy) terms as “an extraordinary gift for hope, a Romantic readiness” and his palatial
apartment, extravagant blue coupe and the opulent Saturday parties are some of the
means to grip the elusive Daisy. As ‘dream’ is credible only when we close our eyes,
Gatsby too was unwise and injudicious American whose dream was colossal and of course,
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not feasible, as Nick confides to his readers: ‘He(Gatsby) wanted nothing less of Daisy
than he should go to Tom and say, “I never loved you”...’ (Fitzgerald, 104). We dream
big, but entangled in our illusions we forget that we have to dream judiciously. It is
Gatsby’s illusions about restoring a relationship with Daisy that brings about his downfall,
but it is the same illusion that gives meaning to his life. His ‘dream’ is too abstract to take
a shape and hence Nick reflects:
There must have been moments... when Daisy tumbled short of his dreams- not through
her own fault but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion. It had gone beyond her,
beyond everything. He had thrown himself into it with creative passion, adding to it all
the time, decking it out with every bright feather that drifted his way.’(Fitzgerald,92)
Elizabeth Preston perfectly depicts the Romantic aura of the American Dream and
how, encapsulated within glory it made the Americans compulsively chase the
implausible:
‘Nick reliably exposes the amoral base of capitalism which underlies and produces
the American Dream, the National Dream sustained by a discursive network that promises
equal access to health, wealth and pursuit of happiness, a romantic myth that covers up
the realistic ‘foul dust’ that preys on people like Gatsby.... American Dream attains an
almost omnipotent position in our nationalist discourses, that no subject of the United
States can fully escape its force.’(Preston, 149)
The American Dream which originally signified the opportunity of all the people in
achievement of a fulfilled life of satisfaction and comfort, where talents, energy and
perseverance can be the only resources that can lead to bliss ; in the 20th century degraded
into extravagance where ‘money’, accumulated by hook or by crook, was the sole
determinant of one’s happiness. This pursuit of money, this restless craze for abundance
conceptualized as the ‘American Dream’ in the detrimental society makes or unmakes
human relationships. The American belle Daisy dodges the penniless beau Gatsby and
married Tom Buchanan, the glorious polo player, at the helm of prosperity. ‘Dream’, as it
is not real, never dies; the pangs of stark reality never succeeds to encroach upon the
saccharine feeling of dreams; Gatsby in spite of losing Daisy in real life, ‘felt married to
her’.
However the epitome of the declined ‘American Dream’, Jay Gatsby never gives up
his pursuit of Daisy and his motto of life becomes out powering Tom and snatching
Daisy into his possession. ‘Hope’, the basic ingredient of dream impels Gatsby to delve
into the life of ostentations, of extravagance—just to transcend himself to Daisy’s desired
status.
Gatsby’s rowdy, boisterous parties prevent him from being anachronistic in the Jazz
Age of America yet they are untouched with hospitality and cordiality. This ‘dream’ of
getting Daisy in him propels him to throw the parties, since he has chalked to invite
Daisy into one such party, where Daisy would be mesmerized by its glamour and run
ï58ó
into the arms of its host. The parties have the divas of the time, orchestra, food, liquor
and lights galore. Here Gatsby not only attempts to pursue his own dream but also tries
to fit himself into the image of the man of Daisy’s ‘dream’. Gatsby considers American
girls to be wealth’s accomplice and hence Daisy’s dream, as he justifies, should be pursuit
of unlimited material comforts only. His money, out of an illegal inheritance of twenty
five thousand dollars from a stranger Dan Cody whom he chanced upon sponsors these
profligate parties. Like a misinterpreter of the American Dream, he is concerned about
the end, but not the means, and hence adopts illegal means to get the desired Daisy.
Daisy who used to fix half a dozen ‘dates a day with half a dozen men’, however marries
Tom, who outrivals all American beaux in status and money and attempts to materialize
her deformed American ‘dream’. Thus American Dream also gives a legal shape to
relationships. Elizabeth Preston says:
‘Functioning as a wall in the field of the possible, separating the licit from the illicit,
the American Dream legitimizes people like Daisy and Tom Buchanan, while criminalizing
those like Gatsby who gain access to wealth through illegal means.’(Preston, 151)
We can identify ourselves with Gatsby. He appears to our remarkable ability to reinvent
ourselves and adjust our personal code of ethics in order to get something which we
think we somehow deserve. Gatsby’s act of changing his name from James Gatz to Jay
Gatsby after his return from war to Oxford in 1919, frantic in his attempt to be affluent to
allure Daisy, is a hint of this American guy’s endeavour to reinvent himself to possess
Daisy whom he believes he deserves. The American Dream makes an elusive target set
before us, which recede further as we proceed, and therein lies the satisfaction—a pleasure
not in having the dream materialized but in making our scruples flexible from time to
time in order to hunt for that target perpetually. To Fitzgerald dream is a dream for self
rather than the wider nation. Gatsby pursues for self oriented gains—not the achievement
of fuller and richer life of the whole nation as the history of the theory of the American
Dream actually demands. But there are many Americans like Gatsby who believes that
the golden moment of life is attained when gold is attained.
Fitzgerald observed that the Americans of the post World War I have no imaginative
sensibility of anything beyond the identities of money and Gatsby is the representative
of these deformed Americans. After World War ended in 1918, the boom in the stock
market led to a sudden increase in the national wealth, and hence the people began to
consume and spend excessively. The American nouveau riche was the social climbers
and they are pitted against the old American aristocracy. In The Great Gatsby East Egg
represents the rich industrialists who suddenly became powerful, often through illegal
means. As the Americans gave a new colour to their lives by weaving some ‘dreams’
which they felt only their continent could afford, our American Everyman instills Daisy
with an idealized perfection which she neither deserves nor possesses. At the terminal
point of Daisy’s East Egg dock and hardly visible from Gatsby’s West Egg mansion, there
is a green light which represents Gatsby’s dreams of future, and he associates this light
with Daisy. This light, in general, symbolizes the ideal of American Dream, and Gatsby’s
ï59ó
endeavour to reach it makes him an American searching for a guiding light pronounced.
Nick had observed the moonlight was silhouetted by a solitary figure on the terrace of
Gatsby’s mansion—the figure facing towards the East Egg dock where Tom and Daisy
lived—
‘....he stretched out his arms towards the dark water in a curious way, and far as I was
from him I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward—and
distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have
been the end of a dock.’(Fitzgerald,28)
There are instances in which we get a hint of Daisy being camouflaged with the aureole
of Gatsby’s dream. The very fact that she was the object to be attained by many men
makes Daisy more alluring to Gatsby: ‘It excited him too that many men had already
loved Daisy—it increased her value in his eyes.’(Fitzgerald, 137)
Even when we wake up in the midst of an enjoyable dream we try to cherish its
memories, try to be satisfied in ransacking for the images we visualized; Gatsby, after
getting the news of Tom and Daisy’s wedding, pathetically tried to chase after some
signs of his ‘dream’ of life:
‘He stretched out his hands desperately as if to snatch only a wisp of air, to save a
fragment of the spot that she had made lovely for him. But it was all going by too fast
now for his blurred eyes and he knew that he had lost that part of it, the freshest and the
best, forever.’(Fitzgerald, 141)
Losing Daisy from his life, Gatsby again lives a profligate life, to compensate the loss
of colour from his existence by giving it another colour—the colour of materialism. As
Gatsby narrates to Nick:
‘After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe—Paris, Venice, Rome—
collecting jewels, chiefly rubies, hunting big game, painting a little, things for myself
only and trying to forget something very sad that had happened to me long
ago.’(Fitzgerald, 65)
This drives home how the American Dream had been reduced to four dreams of
consumerism—’Dream of Abundance’, ‘Dream of Democracy of Goods’, ‘Dream of
Novelty’ and ‘Dream of Abundance of Choice’.
It is not that Fitzgerald makes Gatsby pursuit dream, Nick too is an American guy
who dreams to possess Jordan Baker. However not hailing from the nouveau riche class,
this cousin of Daisy is reflective enough to contemplate the purposelessness of chasing a
girl with the help of money. Gatsby fails to understand the unworthiness of his ‘dream’
but Nick realizes the dishonesty and promiscuity of Jordan, whose ‘uncertainty of her
own movements between hostels and clubs and private houses’ repelled Nick and
voluntarily breaking away from the American belle of his ‘dream’, he takes recourse in
the quieter life of Minnesota, where traditional moral values pervade, which are
conspicuously lacking in New York.
ï60ó
The fact that the restoration of Gatsby-Daisy relationship is implausible is repeatedly
hinted by Fitzgerald. Dreams are never absolutely attainable, and that Daisy Buchanan’s
desire to have Gatsby again in her life is nothing but an illusory dream is reverberated in
her words: ‘I’d like to just get one of those pink clouds and put you in it and push you
around.’(Fitzgerald,90)
The American Dream stands for a continuous lurking feeling of ‘lack’—in spite of
having everything they still miss something which makes them dwell in perpetual
discontent. Fitzgerald deserves laurels in the way in which he identifies all the American
folk with Gatsby. In their respective seeking for their individual Daisy-s, they can go to
any extent. The irony is that throughout their venture, they believe that their pursuit is
innocuous and they will be satisfied the moment they will attain it, but ultimately they
realize that they were hunting for illusions, as Gatsby does: “He had intended, probably
to take what he could and go—but now he found that he had committed himself to the
following of a grail.”(Fitzgerald, 138 )
Gatsby’s dream is tragically shattered, as mistakenly accused of killing Tom’s extramarital partner Myrtle Wilson in an accident, he is brutally killed in his own swimming
pool by Myrtle’s husband. His dream is not materialized for the unworthiness of the
dream-object- the frivolous Daisy, just as the American Dream in the 1920’s was ruined
by the worthlessness of its object- the treacherous money. Gatsby wants to recreate his
vanished past—his time in Louisville with Daisy—but is incapable of doing so. When his
dream crumbles, all that is left for him is to die.
Gatsby thus is the representative of all Americans, who try to restore an experience
beyond restoration and are doomed, for not reaching it. Nick ultimately ruminates:
‘Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before
us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our
arms farther... And one fine morningSo we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.’(Fitzgerald,
166)
It is noteworthy that the narrator switches over to ‘us’ and ‘we’ because all Americans
‘drive’ towards the ‘past’ to excavate the magical glory and reestablish it. Being a part of
the American way of life which demands ‘wanting more than what they have’, all
Americans look forward for a brighter ‘tomorrow’, and invariably that ‘one fine morning’
comes when the dream is crushed and trampled. Yet they don’t forget to dream, they
dive on and on in the unending river of elusive dreams, not knowing where they will be
led to, although not oblivious of the fact that their ‘boat is against the current’.
In Gatsby we recognize a touch of larceny that to some degree is in all Americans—a
willingness to bend the laws of the land of God for gains and pleasure and for their own
convenience. In him one can witness the loss of personal as well as the national dreams—
ï61ó
the decline of the American Dream. Fitzgerald speaks of all the Americans who like Gatsby,
‘paid a high price for living too long with a single dream’ only to find one day
‘What a grotesque thing a rose is and how raw the sunlight is upon the scarcely created
grass...............’(Fitzgerald,148-149)
ENDNOTES
1
(1)
Baker, Charles Robert. “The Great Gatsby” in The Oxford Encyclopedia of
American Literature, Volume 2 (New York, Oxford University Press, 2004)
(2)
Fitzgerald, F.Scott, The Great Gatsby (New York, Cambridge University
Press, 1995)
(3)
Preston, Elizabeth. “Implying Authors” in The Great Gatsby in Viva Modern
Critical Interpretations ed. Harold Bloom, New Delhi: Viya Book Pvt.
Limited, 2007. Print.
(4)
www.sparknotes.com. Web.
Lines from Percy Bysshey Shelley from the poem ‘One Word is too Often Profaned’.
ï62ó
BEETHOVEN AND ROMANTICISM
- Debojyoti Dan
Lecturer
Dept. of English.
Romanticism is not only an elusive term but it also defies the boundaries of age, country
and even genre. So when we take a dip in the ocean of Beethoven’s repertoire, we are
brought face to face with extreme alternatives utilized by Romantic poets like Coleridge
[‘A sunny pleasure-dome with caves of ice!’]1 and we also see the conflation of contraries
— Death and Resurrection, Freedom and Necessity, Arcadia and Elysium, the individual
and the cosmos, permanence and change. I will survey the metaphors and creative trope,
which Beethoven uses in the fashion of the great Romantics. Of course it is not altogether
self-evident that these may be taken as simple confirmations that Beethoven ought to be
counted among the Romantics. Nevertheless both, Beethoven and the Romantics share the
palette of similar imagery to paint the Romantic sensibilities.
In the first version of Fidelio, written in 1805, Florestan’s aria closes with a backward
glance to the time before his separation from Leonore:
“Ah, those were beautiful days
When my glances clung to thine
When, seeing thee
My heart happily began to throb
Dearest, moderate your lamentations
Travel your path in peace
Tell your heart
That Florestan was a worthy man.”2
These rather stiff sentiments are dear to Beethoven’s own heart, for he is accustomed
to recommending resignation as an anodyne for life’s vicissitudes and especially as a
remedy for separated lovers. But in the 1814 revision he and his new librettist, George
Friedrich Treitschke sense a somewhat more dramatic possibility — Florestan’s vision of
Leonore arriving to release his soul to eternity.
“Do I not sense a mild, murmuring breeze
Like an angel in golden mists
Coming to my side to console me
An angel ... leading me to freedom
3
... in heavenly realms.”
ï63ó
‘Do I not sense a mild, murmuring breeze’ refers to Leonore’s presence being heralded
by the gentle movement of air, the breeze which is the harbinger both of liberation and of
reunion. The image also recurs in Beethoven’s vocal music during his fourth decade. In
the text of his song cycle An die feme Geliebto ‘the murmuring breeze’ again reappears as
an emblem of yearning for and symbolic reunion with, a distant beloved:
“Silent West Wind, as you drift
Yonder to my heart’s chosen one
Bear my sighs, which die
4
Like the last rays of the sun.”
This reminds us of Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind, where Shelley begs the wind to bear
his thoughts and spread it over the universe:
“Drive my dead thoughts over the universe
Like withered leaves to quicken a new birth!”5
In his famous essay The Correspondent Breeze, M.H Abrams holds that the Romanticists’s
breeze, which on its surface is linked with the ‘outer transition from winter to spring, is
correlated with a complex subjective process: the return to a sense of community after
isolation, the renewal of life and emotional vigor after apathy and death like torpor and
an outburst of creative power following a period of imaginative sterility.’ This is exactly
what Shelley intends, when he compares his creativity first with dead leaves and then
sparking in the hope of’new birth’. And this is Beethoven’s plain intention in combining
two poems of Goethe as a text for his miniature cantata Calm Sea and Prosperous Voyage, in
which Aeolus ‘unlooses the strings’ of the zephyr to relieve the ‘death-like stillness’ that
lies upon the immense water. Invisible yet palpable, mild yet capable of raging force, the
movement of air represents the emanations of the human spirit as regenerative force.
And it is in this capacity that Florestan’s breeze is foreshadowed in the Chorus of the
Prisoners:
“Oh what joy to breathe the scent of open air
Only here, here is life.”6
ï64ó
In Beethoven’s variant of the ‘Correspondent Breeze’, there is a stirring of the soul to
wakefulness, a sense of awakening, of a passage from dormancy to animation. This is
not merely in an abstract, metaphorical sense, but because of Florestan’s isolation,
helplessness and immobility, reminding us of the image of Shelley’s Prometheus in Mount
Caucasus and Byron’s Juan, stuck in the ship, where ‘twelve days had fear/Been their
familiar, and now Death was here.’7 Florestan, Prometheus, Juan — all of their senses
have been systematically starved of food, water, air and freedom. From that state they
are finally spiritually reborn.
For the Romantics, the prison had an uncanny quality because it carried mythic echoes
of the underworld of Hades, of the abyss, the labyrinth, the secret place. Rocco said ‘I am
under the strictest order never to let anyone’ enter ‘the underground chambers ... And
there is one cell into which I can never let you go, no matter how much I trust you.’ But
like any normally inquisitive Romantic heroine, Leonore insisted on entering the inner
sanctum, on opening the forbidden door. By engaging such mythic resonances, the prison
achieves the capacity to condense polarities of innocence and criminality, good and evil,
darkness and light, death and rebirth, separation and reunion. Reminding us of the famous
lines from Coleridge’s Kubla Khan:
“A savage place! As holy and enchanted
As e’er beneath a waning moon was haunted
8
By woman wailing for her demon lover!”
The prison became a locus of ‘Sehnsucht’ in an infinity of forms, from the longings of
Leonore and Florestan for each other to Florestan’s hunger for all the insignia of survival
for light, air, wine, bread and love. In their own ways, even Pizarro and Rocco were
consumed by unfulfillable desires — Pizarro for revenge and Rocco for gold. If Fidelia
had a dramatic weakness, it was that its celebratory finale largely deprived us of the
sense of continuing longing and expectation, so central to Romantics’ preoccupation with
completion. Only the music for O Gott Welch ‘ein Augenblick preserved the memory of
loss, the sorrow of separation, in the manner of Wordsworth’s Lucy poems.
In La Malinconia movement of his A Major String Quartet, Op. 18, Beethoven designated
as his subject someone trapped within a different kind of darkness, stricken with
melancholia, endless mourning, unable to rid himself of grief. And Beethoven signaled
confinement of even more oppressive kind in his designation Beklemmt, at the most
emotional movement of the Cavatina of the String Quartet in B-flat Major Op 130. It
inspired us the feeling of constricted, confined, oppressed, weighed down, anxious and
even suffocated, reminding us of the famous lines from Charles Lamb’s The Superannuated
Man:
ï65ó
“If peradventure, Reader, it has been thy lot to waste the golden years of thy life — thy
shinning youth in the irksome confinement of an office; to have they prison days prolonged
though middle age down to decrepitude and silver hairs, without hope of release...”9
And also of the famous line of Shelley from his Ode to the West Wind:
10
‘A heavy weight of hours has chained and bowed...’
The image of Romantic hero forever wandering features an important position in
Romanticism, starting from Childe Harold and Don Juan of Byron to Werther of Goethe.
We also find it in Beethoven’s Ninth symphony and the second Razumovsky quartet
no.2. Napoleon for Byron and for Beethoven becomes the paradigm of such a hero. In
Beethoven’s Pastoral symphony, Napoleon hovers around as a sensitive Romantic traveler
in search of lost time, a Rousseauian time when humanity and nature are united. In Byron’s
Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte^ we see him as the soaring idealistic celestial wanderer:
“But who would soar the solar height,
To set in such a starless night?” 11
Another very famous image we see in the writings of the Romantics, which add
strangeness to beauty and become their Muse — the image of ‘Immortal Beloved’. From
Robert Burns’s Mary to Wordsworth’s Lucy and finally to Byron’s Haidee, we find the
predominance of this image. Burns writes in his Highland Mary:
“And mould’ring now in silent dust’
That heart that lo’ed me dearly!
But still within my bosom’s core
Shall live my highland Mary.”12
And Byron writes in Don Juan:
“Haidee was nature’s bride, and knew not this:
Haidee was Passion’s child, born where the sun
Showers triple light...
... she was one
Made but to love, to feel that she was his
13
Who was her chosen:”
Immanuel Kant has given his own formulation of it in Critique of Aesthetic Judgment:
“The sublime is to be found in an object even devoid of form, so far as it immediately
involves, or else by its presence provokes, a representation of limitless yet with a
superadded thought of its totality.”14
ï66ó
This sublime is the Romantic incarnation of the icon of ‘Immortal Beloved’. Beethoven
also settles for this image, he borrows from Goethe’s Egmont, where Clara, is transmuted
into a Goddess of Liberty:
“Divine Liberty disclosed herself, taking the face and form of my beloved one. With
blood-stained feet she approached me.”15
In Florestan’s vision Leonore becomes ‘an angel appearing in garments of light’. Beyond
the literal evocations of parted lovers, the Romantic image of the distant beloved represents
all those things — including past, memories, freedom and youth itself — that has been
lost and have yet to be regained or rather that have potential to be found again. For the
Romantics, the distant beloved is condensed symbol of estrangement, of longing, of
homesickness and of the eternal feminine. For who can forget Goethe’s Song in Mignon,
speaking of ‘Sehnsucht Heimweh’ or ‘homesickness’:
“...Dahin! Dahin!
16
Mocht ich mit dir, o mein Geliebter, ziehn.”
Novalis goes even further, when he says ‘The beloved is an abbreviation of the
universe.’ She exists in the space between absence and presence, between wanting and
having. Fixed, hovering beyond reach, she is the ideal; she is ‘telos’. She can be approached
only by the forces of nature, which overcome their inanimate incorporeality in an attempt
to realize a lover’s unfulfillable project. Ultimately, it is her very unreachability — even
a certain chimerical quality — that is essential to the Romantic temperament. Beethoven’s
concept as seen in his masterpieces show a kind of fulfillment at the end, but that does
not mean that he has moved away from the concept of Romanticism, his quest for
‘Immortal Beloved’, attaches a certain mythic undertone to it and that makes his ‘amour’
more profound, as Shelley makes Asia say, in Prometheus Unbound:
“And never will we part, till thy chaste sister,
Who guides the frozen inconstant moon,
Will look on thy heart more warm and equal light
Till her heart thaw like the flakes of April snow
And love thee.”17
The Romantic image of a distant beloved is most famously represented in Beethoven’s
song cycle An die feme Geliebte Op 98, written in 1816. In it, all of nature’s agents vainly
conspire to unite the lover with his beloved: the sailing clouds, the birds, the quiet west
wind, and the ripples of the brook. Ultimately however, what brings them closest is the
music — the lover’s songs, which, when sung by the beloved, shall assuage the longing
even though they may not bridge their literal separation:
ï67ó
“Then the distance that parted us
Is surmounted by these songs
And a loving heart is reached
By what a loving heart has hallowed.”
Finally, the image of a distant beloved is closely related to another prevalent Romantic
metaphor, that of the Veil of Isis. Both are images of women, both are shrouded, one
literally, the other by her remoteness in space and time. Both are objects of desire, but
where the beloved awakens feeling of tenderness, the Goddess at Sais summons those of
rage. If yearning is invariable and the essential Romantic attitude toward the Distant
Beloved, the Romantics take a more aggressive stance toward the veiled Isis: ‘It’s time to
bear away the veil of Isis and reveal the mystery,’ writes Friedrich Schlegel in the first of
his Ideen ‘whoever can’t endure the sight of the goddess, let him flee or perish.’ Novalis,
in agreement, writes, ‘He who does not wish to lift the veil is no worthy disciple of Sais.’
The frustration engendered by an unappeased yearning for a distant beloved apparently
need to be discharged. To make the erotic expressions more explicit and somehow to
blame the object for arousing sexual feelings, Schlegel adds “Mysteries are female; they
like to veil themselves but still want to be seen and discovered.”
Somewhere within a network of overlapping meanings, the Veil of Isis trope may tap
the underside of Beethoven’s conscious idealization of An die feme Geliebte. Perhaps the
perplexities of the feminine and the mysteries of sexuality here find an opaque outlet in
an occult symbol. Of course, there remains still another possibility of finding a real beloved
beneath the Veil of Isis. In his retreat at Walden’s Pond, Thoreau writes:
“The oldest Egyptian or Hindoo philosopher raised a corner of the veil from the statue
of the divinity; and still the trembling robe remains raised, and I gaze upon as fresh as
glory as he did, since it was I in him that was then so bold and it is he in me that now
reviews the vision.”18
One wonders if Beethoven would have appreciated Thoreau’s elegant solution to the
twin riddles of the ‘Immortal Beloved’ and the Veil of Isis, but what remained important
is that he valued the Romantic images in his works.
Kubla Khan , line 36, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Works of Samuel Taylor
Coleridge. The Wordsworth Poetry Library, 1994 edition, p. 298
1
2
Ludwig van Beethoven, Fidelio op. 72, Libretto: Joseph Sonnleithner.
3
Ibid, 4 Ibid.
5
The Selected Poetry and Prose of Shelley. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2002, p. 403
ï68ó
6
Ludwig van Beethoven, Fidelio, Act II, Allegro vivace.
Don Juan by Byron, Canto 2, Stanza XLIX. The Works of Lord Byron, Wordsworth
Editions Ltd, 1994, p 655
7
Kubla Khan , line 36, by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Works of Samuel Taylor
Coleridge. The Wordsworth Poetry Library, 1994 edition, p. 298
8
9
Essays Of Elia, The Superannuated Man, Charles Lamb
10
403
The Selected Poetry and Prose of Shelley. Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2002, p.
Byron’s Ode to Napoleon Bonaparte, Stanza XI. The Works of Lord Byron, Wordsworth
Editions Ltd, 1994, p 73
11
12
13
14
The Works of Robert Burns, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994, p 320
Byron, Don Juan. The Works of Lord Byron, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1994
Critique of Aesthetic Judgment, Book II, 23, p. 90
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832). Egmont. The Harvard Classics. 1909-14.
Act V, Scene IV
15
Mignon, Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Samtliche Werke, Briefe, Tagebucher und
Gesprache, Bd. 2. Klassiker-Verlag: 1988, S. 103.
16
Shelley Prometheus Unbound, Act III, Scene 4. The Selected Poetry and Prose of Shelley.
Wordsworth Editions Limited, 2002, p. 286
17
18
Chapter 3 of Henry David Thoreau’s Walden is entitled “Reading,”
ï69ó
HUSHED STORIES OF ADIVASI WITCHCRAFT:
A DISCUSSION BASED ON CONTEMPORARY SOURCES.
- Madhuparna Chakraborty
Department Of History
CASE 1
"Once upon a time, there was a beautiful woman. She lived with her husband and
children in a village on a hill. But one day, her neighbor's son fell ill and died. Some
months later, a farmer's cow stopped giving milk. The villagers didn't know why such
terrible things were happening. They rushed to the shaman for help. He threw a handful
of jowar seeds on the ground, studied the pattern they formed and declared that there
was a witch at work. He gave a lot of clues, all of which led to the beautiful woman. She
was actually an evil witch, the villagers were told. Enraged, they attacked her with stones
and sticks. She cried. They hit her more. They paraded her through the village, her feet in
shackles. Her painful screams only spurring the violence further slowly, her screams
became feebler. Till the final breath escaped her lips and she was stilled forever. Did the
fortunes of the village change after the death? No. Because she wasn't really a witch, just
an ordinary woman."1
CASE 2
"Sandodevi remembers the exact moment when she stopped living and became a mere
existence. "I was sitting in this very place, exactly a year ago. It was a Thursday afternoon".
Suddenly a group of men and women from the neighborhood came up and told her to
head to the Kali temple. Even before she could ask why, they had hauled her, 'like a
living dead body', and taken her to the temple. They shoved bamboo pieces down her
mouth and poured slurry of human excreta, forcing her to ingest it. Her husband who
tried to help her was also beaten. The exorcism rituals then continued in the police station
compound for around an hour, while the cops stood watching. They said they were too
dazed to figure out who was the victim and who were the tormentors. Sandodevi has
never been the same since. "She has lost her mental balance", confides her husband."2
The stories mentioned above are not out of the pages of a fairy tale book but are account
of the incidents that occurred when Kelibai and Sandodevi, two 'adivasi' women residing
in two different villages of rural India were brutally tortured based on the accusations
that they practiced witchcraft. Year after year, news items publish stories about someone
somewhere in India being hounded, beaten, tortured or killed-because she's been accused
of being a witch. The alleged witch may be humiliated, abused, raped or she may be
ï70ó
burnt or buried alive. I use the words 'she' and 'her' repeatedly because most of the witchhunts seem to be directed only against women. The non-'adivasi', especially the 'urbaneducated' middle class receive such news through television, the print and the online
media and the foreign press readily publish such news in order to reflect a figment of
orientalist horror as well as fascination. Reading such news items, a common idea, thus,
develops among the non-'adivasis', especially those residing in the urban areas, that the
belief in witch-power or the practice of witchcraft is prevalent only among the 'adivasis.'
The Indian middle class has a tendency to compartmentalize the society into 'educated'
and 'uneducated' or 'us' and 'them'. This tendency to 'otherise' the 'adivasi' has been there
within the Indian society for a long time. Prathama Banerjee through her research has
depicted how the colonized Bengali middle class sought to produce an image of the
'primitive within' by locating the Santal in a different temporal world. In this process
they tried to claim a 'history' for themselves which demarcates them from the temporal
'other' within the colonized society. This would prove their closeness to the colonizer
whose idea of the regime was based on the 'rule of difference.' However, paradoxically
the image of a 'primitive within' was also often invoked to emphasize the colonized's
difference from the colonizer.3 Ajay Skaria too pointed out that the essence of colonial
rule lied in maintaining the difference between the colonizer and the colonized and in
creating this 'other', the colonizer chose to differentiate between the tribes and the castes
by constructing different forms of wildness, each with its distinctive politics of time and
gender. The construction of Tribes in Colonial India was intricately linked with a complex
discourse of time. Adapting the concept of Johannes Fabian, Skaria argued that the
distinctive relationship with time that was involved in Colonial construction of tribes
could not be described as one of anachronism. Through this politics of time, one society
was deemed as 'primitive' with respect to the other.4 Such constructions of 'adivasis' as
'primitive', backward and uneducated persists in the middle class mind-set even today.
Therefore, incidents of witch-hunts are seen by the middle class as just another instance
of 'adivasi' or village backwardness owing to the lack of education and prevalence of
extreme superstitious beliefs as backwardness, ignorance and above all superstition are
some of the easiest assumptions for them to fall back on.
That superstition is a vital ingredient in these incidents is undeniable. There is
superstition, though it thrives across the length and breadth of both cities and villages
and across the boundaries of class, tribe and caste. Moreover, the helpless and marginalized
people are more vulnerable to manipulation by those who use superstition, power and
religion. People leading lives of deprivation need to feel that there is a solution to their
problems; they need to feel that there is a way out. However, the cruel irony is that their
hopelessness can be easily exploited. They can be encouraged to believe that all sorts of
misfortune in their lives are the handiwork of supernatural forces and that relief can be
achieved if the person (the 'witch' in case of 'adivasi' societies) responsible is identified
and punished. But just beneath the easily identifiable surface of superstition lie another
powerful motive explaining the reasons behind the witch-hunts. Women's organizations,
ï71ó
NGOs as well as researchers have produced considerable evidence of these other motives
which point to the fact that property and power-various manifestations of a power struggle
culminate into the real reasons for witch-killings.
Earlier, within the 'adivasi' society, witch hunts were largely directed towards
maintaining the 'order'- that is permanence of male domination over the female, but in
later years economic motivations occupied a much more significant place. In recent years
a substantial number of reported cases, witch hunting is resorted to, so as to rob the
women of their property. In the 'adivasi' society women have a greater though, not equal
right to land. But efforts to exercise those rights are thwarted by the method of declaring
the women a witch and therefore steal her of her right to the land. Also, it is not always
the women's family which is necessarily involved. Actually, whenever there is a 'adivasi'
woman who is a widow or an unprotected single woman, there is no dearth of others in
her community who have an eye on her land. Particularly true in case of the these societies
is the fact that on the surface it seems like the they possess a deep rooted superstitious
belief about the practice of witchcraft but, a closer look at some of the cases depict that
the most common reason behind such cases of harassment are property ownership issues,
family feuds and disputes. Thus, researchers and especially social workers are often of
the opinion that most of these killings were motivated by a lust for property. But it should
also be kept in mind that while there is a definite association between witch-hunts and
property rights, it is difficult to generalize that witch-hunting has primarily to do with
ownership of land. In truth, witchcraft is much more complex than a practice associated
only with property rights, in fact a number of witch-hunting cases have been reported
from time to time from all over India where access to property was hardly of consequence.5
Nevertheless it cannot be denied that property and power-various manifestations of a
power tussle-sum up as one of the real reasons for witchhunts.
Some scholars like Kelkar and Nathan have traced witch-hunting to the pattern of
land ownership in 'adivasi' societies.6 They argued that it is the life interest of a widow in
the entire land of her husband that is a major fetter on the property rights of the husband's
male agnates. Following this they argued that victims of witch-hunting are primarily
widows who have such a life interest in their husband's land. Such an interest therefore
restricts the property rights of male agnates of the deceased husband, who have to wait
till after the death of the woman to use the land for accumulation or for consumption. A
widow without children is thus more vulnerable to attack on the pretext of being a witch.7
Whether the witch-hunters (or property-hunters) are family members or not, they tend
to use the services of the witch-finders (ojha, janguru, bhagat) or witch-doctors. In many
rural communities with limited or no access to health care, these witch-finders can be
powerful figures. Police investigation has shown, in many cases, that the local witchfinder has accepted a bribe to name a woman as a witch. Mahashweta Devi narrated one
such story, "In the village of Baradihi in Singbhum there was a widow named Chandmani
Tudu. She had two minor daughters and almost 80 bighas of cultivable land. She was
ï72ó
accused of being a witch by the local 'ojha' and banished from the village and her land
was immediately usurped by her relatives. Chandmani died of old age and extreme
poverty in another village." Another case was reported in The Telegraph which is as
follows: "A 62-year old woman was burnt alive this morning by some of her relatives and
fellow villagers in Malda on the suspicion that she was a witch. Police, however, said
that Sonali Mandi, a childless widow and resident of Adivasipara, may have been killed
because her relative wanted to "grab her property". Mandi owned some land and a house.
Local residents said that she had been branded a witch by a witch-doctor last week."9
Thus, the past three decades have seen thousands of mostly 'adivasi' women of India
accused of being witches or maimed or chased out of their communities. Since their
inception, these attacks have been expanding to new regions and new groups, also
targeting children and elderly men. Long reported only by journalists and a handful of
anthropologists, witch-hunts have lately come to the attention of human rights
organizations and the United Nations.10 However, the driving force behind them and
their implications, especially for women, are only superficially analyzed. Moreover, it is
clear that there is hardly a commitment, at both local and global level, to investigate their
causes and find remedies against them. Social movements have generally not addressed
this subject, plausibly for fear of contributing to the hostile ideological campaign to which
the third world populations are subjected in the international press. The increasing graph
of crimes against women under the pretext of them being witches has compelled some
states in India to formulate necessary legislation against the appalling practice. Bihar, for
all its backwardness, was the first state in India to pass a law against witch-hunting. The
Bihar government passed a law in 1999 called the Prevention of Witch (Dayan) Practices
Act. Jharkhand followed it with the Anti Witchcraft Act in 2001. The Chhattisgarh Tonhi
Pratarna Bill 2005 (Chhatisgarh prevention of atrocities on the name of women in the
name of Tonhi) was formulated in the same year. Rajasthan followed the suit in 2006.11
An essential element of the anti-witchcraft laws has been: A crime has been considered to
have been committed when any person or community intentionally or inadvertently abets,
conspires, aids and instigates the identification of a woman as a witch leading to her
mental or physical torture and humiliation. Unfortunately the existing laws have not
been able to either tackle such vicious crimes or create fear in the minds of perpetrators of
the crime who were always male. The threat of punishment or conviction has not been a
deterrent since the perpetrators of the crime always know that they will not be brought to
book for what will be seen as an incidence of mob fury within the 'adivasi' community.
Witch hunting in most cases constitutes an attempt to murder. But it is because of lack of
laws or rather toothless laws and their weak implementation that specifically targets this
practice. All these acts introduced in different states of India are woefully inadequate for
deterring those responsible for branding and persecuting women as witches. In reality,
these acts have proved unable to provide for effective penetrative, curative or punitive
measures for women who have been labeled as witches. With these laws being largely
impotent, some NGOs like Free Legal Aid Committee (FLAG) and 'adivasi' women who
ï73ó
had survived these experiences are now responding by creating awareness by developing
educational programmes, street plays, and debates to bring about social awakening
regarding ruthless witch-hunts.12 However, the real hindrance faced by these groups is
that most 'adivasi' women in fear of retaliation refuse to lodge police complaints. In most
cases these women are so humiliated that they cannot continue to live in their home
village and together with their family they often end up living as outcasts. Thus, along
with anti-witchcraft laws, police protections, courtroom decisions and legal representation
needs much more improvement. On March 12th (2010) the Indian Supreme Court in
New Delhi refused to hear a petition called "The Witchcraft Act" that asked for local,
regional cases involved with witchcraft allegations, to be allowed to enter the highest
courtrooms within their region. Thus, the Indian state needs to take more serious actions
regarding the crimes related with witch-hunts since the continued violation of witchcraft
related violence violates many international human rights that women are possessed of
like the right to equality and non-discrimination., the right to life, the right to be free
from cruel and inhuman treatment and the right to security.13 The NGOs that are currently
leading awareness campaigns against witch-hunts need more support. The Government
of India needs to become more involved by providing funding and encouraging other
NGOs to lead similar campaigns. The attitude of the police, which in most of these cases
had been disappointing and negligent, needs to change as well. Also, more documentaries
like Sohaila Kapur's "The Great Indian Witch-Hunts" should be encouraged in order to
increase awareness regarding the practice of witch-hunts.14
1
Rekha Dixit, "Silence of the Lambs", The Week, 30* May 2010, P.18.
2
Rekha Dixit, Op.Cit, p.24-25.
Prathama Banerjee, "Politics of Time: 'Primitives' and History Writing in Colonial
Society", Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2006.
3
Ajay Skaria, "Shades of Wildness: Tribes, Caste and Gender in Western India" in The
Journal of Asian Studies, 56, no.3, August 1997.
4
R.K.Gupta, "Witchcraft Murderers in Duars" in J.Troisi (ed.). "The Santals-Readings
in Tribal Life,Vol.1, "Religion and Magic", Indian Social Institute, Delhi, 1979. p.265. Also
See E.T.Creagh Coen," Witchcraft in the Dangs"in " Man in India", vol.25,Ranchi, September
1945, p.l87-188; Ajay Skaria, "Women,Witchcraft and Gratuitous violence in Colonial
Western India" in "Past and Present", no.155,May 1997; S.C.Roy, " The Oraons of
Chhotanagpur", Man in India Office, Ranchi, 1915, p.86; Shashank Shekhar Sinha, "Adivasi,
Gender and the 'Evil Eye': The construction of witches in colonial Chhotanagpur" in "The
5
ï74ó
Indian Historical Review", vol.33, no.l,January 2006, p.128; Shamrao Hivale, 'Pradhan
ideas about Witchcraft" in "Man in India", vol.25,no.3,Ranchi, Sept. 1945.
Govind Kelkar and Dev Nathan, "Women Land Rights and Witches" in Mrinal Miri
(ed.) "Continuity and Change in Tribal Society", IIAS, Shimla, 1993, p.109-111.
6
7
Ibid.
Mahashweta Devi (Bhattacharya), "Adivasi Samaj O Daini Pratha" in "Paribartan",
Cacutta, 16-23rd April 1986, p.45. (Translation mine).
8
9
"Witch Burnt", The Telegraph, Calcutta, Sunday, 19th December 2010. p.7.
In September 2009, during the 12th session of UN Council of Human Rights, held in
Geneva, the International Humanist and Ethical Union along with a number of NGOs
and representative from the countries affected presented a report detailing the world
wide spread of witch-hunting. Later the UN jointly published with the IHEU a statement
on the subject. See www.iheu/witchcraft-united-nations.
10
11
See "Delivery by the Mob", The Telegraph, 22nd June 2011.
See T.K.Rajlajshmi, "In the Name of the Witch" in Frontline, India's National Magazine,
17:23, 11-12 November 2000.
12
See Radha Kumar, "The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of the Movement
for Women's Rights and Feminism in India, 1800-1900", London, 1997, p.118.
13
Produced by National Geographic International. See http://www.cableready.net/
233/the-great-indian-witch-hunt.
14
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ÊiúøZ˙Ó¬ıÀ¯∏ı« ˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¬ |œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛
ñ qflv¬± øıù´±¸
’Ò…±ø¬Ûfl¬±
Úıı±ø˘·? ˜˝± øı…±˘˚˛
¸˜˚˛È¬± Ó¬‡Ú 1812 ‡Ëœ©Ü±s ı±—˘±˚˛ 1218 ıº±s/ ı±—˘±ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl≈¬¸—¶®±ı˛BÂiß, ÒÀ˜« ÒÀ˜« ʱøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ʱøÓ¬ÀÓ¬
øıÀı˛±Ò, fl≈¬˘œÚ ı˱pÀÌı˛ Z±Àı˛ Z±Àı˛ ‚≈Àı˛ ˜ı˛À fl¬Ú…±±˚˛·Ëô¶∏ ø¬ÛÓ¬±, ¸˝˜ı˛ÀÌı˛ ø‰¬Ó¬±˚˛ Ê;˘À ˙Ó¬ ˙Ó¬ ’¸˝±˚˛ Ú±ı˛œ,
ÒÀ˜«ı˛ Ú±À˜ ‰¬˘À ı…±øˆ¬‰¬±ı˛ ¤˜Ú˝◊ ¤fl¬ ¸˜À˚˛ 11˝◊ ˜±À‰«¬ ı±—˘±ÀÀ˙ı˛ ¸Ù¬˘±Î¬±º± ·Ë±À˜ Êiú øÚÀ˘Ú ˜˝±˜±Úı |œ |œ
˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛, ø¬ÛÓ¬± |œ ˚À˙±ıôL√ › ˜±Ó¬± ’i߬۔̫± Œıœı˛ øZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¸ôL√±Úı˛+À¬Û/
|œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ŒÂ±È¬Àı˘± ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ øÂÀ˘Ú ≈ı˛ôL√, Ó“¬±ı˛ ≈ı˛ôL√¬ÛÚ±˚˛ ˜±Ó¬± ’i߬۔̫±Àıœ ’ø¶öı˛ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬Ú/
√õ∂øÓ¬ı±œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±ı Ó“¬±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ı±˘… fl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬˝◊ ¬Ûøı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝˚˛/ ø¬ÛÓ¬± øÂÀ˘Ú ¬Ûı˛˜ Δı¯∏ûı ˆ¬Mê, Ú…±˚˛øÚᬠұø˜«fl¬
˜±Ú≈¯∏/ Ó¬±˝◊ ı±h¬œÀÓ¬ ˜±ÀÁ¬ ˜±ÀÁ¬˝◊ Δı¯∏ûıÀı˛ ¸˜±·˜¬ ˝Ó¬/ Ó“¬±ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Àı ı±h¬œÀÓ¬ Œfl¬±Ú Δıı˛±·œ &èÀı ’±¸À˘˝◊
ı±h¬œı˛ ¸fl¬˘Àfl¬ Ó¬±ı˛ ¬Û± ŒÒ±˚˛± Ê˘ Œ‡ÀÓ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬Ú/ ¸fl¬À˘ Ó¬± ¬Û±Ú fl¬ı˛À˘› ˝øı˛‰“¬± øfl¬c Ó¬±ı˛ √õ∂øÓ¬ı± ¶§ı˛+¬Û Œ¸˝◊ Ê˘
¬Û±Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Ú±/ ¤˝◊ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ı˛ ¤fl¬È¬± √õ∂Ô± ø¢ Œ˚ Œfl¬Î¬◊ Êiú ·Ë˝Ì fl¬ı˛À˘˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ Ú±À˜ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ ë±¸í ˙søȬ
Œ˚±· fl¬ı˛±/ Ó¬±˝◊ ˝øı˛±¸ Ó“¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ ø¢/ øfl¬c øÚÊ Œ‰¬á¬±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ ë±À¸ı˛í ±¸Q ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈Mê ˝À˚˛ ë˝øı˛‰“¬±í ˝Ú/ ¤˝◊
’¸±Ò±ı˛Ì øıõ≠ıÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ¸•Ûiß ŒÂÀ˘øȬ˝◊ ıh¬ ˝À˚˛ ı±—˘±ı˛ ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬ ı˛+À¬Û Œ‡± Œ˚˛/ ˆ¬±ıÀÓ¬ ’ı±fl¬ ˘±À· ’±Ê
ŒÔÀfl¬ ≈À˙± ıÂı˛ ’±À· ‹ ı˛fl¬˜ ¤fl¬ ’g¬fl¬±ı˛ ¬ÛÔ˝œÚ ·Ë±À˜ ÊÀiú ø˙鬱ı˛ ’±À˘± Ú± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ › fl¬œ ˆ¬±Àı ’±˜±Àı˛
’±À˘±ı˛ ¬ÛÔ Œø‡À˚˛ÀÂÚ/
˝øı˛‰“¬±Àı˛ ά◊¬Û±øÒ ëͬ±fl≈¬ı˛í ˝›˚˛±˚˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ı˱pÌ ¸ôL√±Ú ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú/ øfl¬c ı˱pÌ ı—À˙ı˛ ¸ôL√±Ú Ú± Ú˜–˙”À^ı˛
¸ôL√±Ú-¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ¤fl¬È¬± øıÓ¬fl«¬ Œ‡± ˚±˚˛/ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ ˜ÀÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú øÓ¬øÚ øÂÀ˘Ú Δ˜øÔø˘ ı˱pÌ, ’±ı±ı˛ ·±Àı¯fl¬ ¶§¬ÛÚ fl≈¬˜±ı˛
øıù´±¸ › ˜øÌÀ˜±˝Ú Δıı˛±·œ √õ∂˜≈‡ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬ ı…øMêı·« Ó¬±Àı˛ ·Àı¯∏̱ı˛ øˆ¬øMÀÓ¬ √õ∂˜±Ì fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ øÓ¬øÚ ı˱pÌ ı—À˙±æ”Ó¬
ÚÚ/ ¤˜Úøfl¬ øÓ¬øÚ øÂÀ˘Ú ŒıøıÀZ¯∏œ ¤fl¬ÊÚ fl≈¬¸—¶®±ı˛ ˜≈Mê ˜±Ú≈¯∏/
ı±˘fl¬ › øfl¬À˙±ı˛ ˝øı˛‰“¬± øÂÀ˘Ú ıg≈¬Àı˛ ø˙Àı˛±˜øÌ/ ıg≈¬ı˛± ¸ı±˝◊ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ ˜±ÚÀÓ¬±/ fl¬±À˘ı˛ øÚ˚˛À˜ øfl¬À˙±ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¬
Œ˚ÃıÀÚ ¬Û±¬Û«Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛/ Œ˚ÃıÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ øÊfl¬±ı±h¬œ ·Ë±À˜ Œ˘±‰¬Ú › fl¬˘…±Ìœı˛ ˘é¬œı˛+ø¬ÛÚœ fl¬Ú…± ˙±øôL√ÀıœÀfl¬
¶aœı˛+À¬Û ·Ë˝Ì fl¬Àı˛Ú/ ø¬ÛÓ¬± ˚À˙±ıÀôL√ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬…ı˛ ¬Ûı˛ Ó¬±ÚœôL√Ú Êø˜±ı˛-¸”˚«˜øÌ ˜Ê≈˜±ı˛ ¤ı— Œ·±˜ô¶∏± øıÊ˚˛ Œ¸ÀÚı˛
¯∏h¬˚ÀLa ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ı±Àı˛ ŒÚÀ˜ ’±À¸ Œ˙±Àfl¬ı˛ ±˚˛±/ ø˜ÀÔ… fl¬Àı˛ı˛ ŒÚ±˚˛ ’øˆ¬˚≈Mê ˝À˚˛ Êiúˆ”¬ø˜ Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛ ›h¬±fl¬±jœı˛
ά◊ÀVÀ˙… Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ÊÀ˘ øı±˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ˝˚˛ w±Ó¬± w±Ó‘¬ıÒ” ¤ı— øıÒı± ˜± ’i߬۔̫±Àfl¬/ Êiúøˆ¬ÀȬ ¸Ù¬˘±Ú·ı˛œ Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛
›h¬±fl¬±jœ ·Ë±À˜ ¤À¸ Ó¬±ı˛± ı¸ı±¸ qè fl¬Àı˛Ú/ ¶ö±Úœ˚˛› ’±À˙ ¬Û±À˙ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Œı˛±À· Œ˙±fl¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈øMê Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛
’±|À˚˛ Â≈ÀȬ ’±À¸Ú/ ¸fl¬À˘ ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ˆ¬Mê ˝À˚˛ ›Àͬ/ Œ·±˘fl¬ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ˝øı˛‰“¬±Àı˛ ¤˜Ú˝◊ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ˆ¬Mê ø˚øÚ ë¬Û±·˘í
’±‡…± Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ Ê·iú±Ó¬± ˙±øôL√Àıœ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ë˝øı˛Àı±˘í ÒTøÚ fl¬ÀÌ« øÀ˚˛ ¬√õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ˆ¬Mê fl¬Àı˛ ŒÚÚ/ ˝øı˛‰“¬± - ˙±øôL√Àıœı˛
|œ˜±Ú ¬Û≈S |œ |œ &艓¬± ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ’±øıˆ«¬±ı ˝˚˛ 1847 ‡Ëœ–/ ø˚øÚ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬œ«fl¬±À˘ ø˘Ó¬, øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àı˛ ø˙鬱ı˛
√õ∂¸±Àı˛ √õ∂±˚˛ 1800 øı…±˘˚˛ ¶ö±¬ÛÚ fl¬Àı˛Ú/ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ ’¸˜±l fl¬±À˚«ı˛ ˆ¬±ı˛ ¬Û≈S &艓¬±Àı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ Ú…ô¶∏
fl¬Àı˛ ˚±Ú/
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Δı¯ûıÒÀ˜«ı˛ w©Ü±‰¬±ı˛Àfl¬ ˝øı˛‰“¬± Œfl¬±Úˆ¬±Àı˝◊ Œ˜ÀÚ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú øÚ/ Ó¬±˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¸Ó¬œÀQı˛ ›¬Ûı˛ ‡≈ı ŒÊ±ı˛
øÀÓ¬Ú/ øÓ¬øÚ ˘é¬… fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Δı¯ûı ÒÀ˜« ëÀˆ¬·ƒí Ò±ı˛Ì fl¬ı˛±ı˛ Ú±À˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¸˜˚˛ ’Ú±‰¬±ı˛ ˝˚˛/ ¸—¸±ı˛ Ò˜« Ó¬…±·
fl¬Àı˛ ¬Ûøı˛ı±ı˛Àfl¬ Œ‰¬±À‡ı˛ ÊÀ˘ ˆ¬±ø¸À˚˛ øÀ˚˛ ¸iß…±¸œ ˝›˚˛±ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ·‘À˝ ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸—¸±Àı˛ı˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ ±ø˚˛Q fl¬Ó«¬ı… ¬Û±˘Ú
fl¬ı˛±Àfl¬˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ Œ|˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú/ fl¬±˚«Àé¬ÀS › ’±˜ı˛± Œø‡ øÓ¬øÚ ¶aœÀfl¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ˜˚«±± øÀÓ¬Ú/ ’ÀÚfl¬ Δıı˛±·œ ›
¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬œ« ¸˜À˚˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ¬Ûı˛˜ ˆ¬ÀMê ¬Ûøı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂÚ/ ¤˜Ú˝◊ ¤fl¬ÊÚ Δıı˛±·œ ˝À˘Ú ˙ı˛Ô øıù´±¸/ |œ |œ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ˙ı˛Ô
øıù´±¸Àfl¬ ¤˝◊ ıÀ˘ œé¬± ŒÚ Œ˚ ı±ı± ˜±Àfl¬ ¬Û≈Àʱ fl¬ı˛À˘ ı± |X¬± fl¬ı˛À˘˝◊ ÷ù´ı˛Àfl¬ ¬Û≈Àʱ fl¬ı˛± ˝˚˛/ ˜‘Ó≈¬…?˚˛ øıù´±¸ ›
Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬¢üœ ʱÚfl¬œ, ı˛±˜À˘±‰¬Ú √õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ’ÀÚÀfl¬˝◊ Ó¬±ı˛ ˆ¬Mê ˝À˚˛ ›Àͬ/ øÚ øÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ˆ¬Mê ¸—‡…± ı±h¬ÀÓ¬˝◊ Ô±Àfl¬/ øfl¬c
¤ÀÓ¬ Ó¬»fl¬±˘œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ’ÀÚÀfl¬ı˛ ȬÚfl¬ Úh¬˘/ øıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¬Û≈Àʱ, |±X¬ ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ’Ú≈ᬱÀÚ ¬ı˱pÀÌı˛± ’±ı˛ ’±À·ı˛ ˜Ó¬
ά±fl¬ Ú± ¬Û±›˚˛±˚˛ é≈¬t ˝À˚˛ ά◊ͬ˘ ¤ı— Ó¬“±ı˛ øıèÀX¬ Ú±Ú±Ú ¯∏h¬˚La fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˘±·˘/ øfl¬c ¸ıÀé¬ÀS˝◊ |œ |œ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛
øı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±ı˛ ¬Ûøı˛‰¬˚˛ øÀ˚˛ ˚≈øMê ı≈øX¬ı˛ ¸˝±˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ ¸˜¸…± ŒÔÀfl¬ ˜≈øMê Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂÚ/ ¤fl¬± Ê≈˚˛± Ú±•ßœ ¤fl¬
ı˱pÌ øfl¬À˙±ı˛œÀfl¬ ¤fl¬ ‚±ÀȬı˛ ˜ı˛±ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øıÀ˚˛ øÀ˘ ¸˝˜ı˛ÀÌı˛ ø‰¬Ó¬±˚˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±ı˛ ÊÚ… ı˱pÀÌı˛± ŒÊ±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬˘±·À˘
Œ¸ fl”¬È¬Àfl¬Ã˙˘œ ˙±À¶aı˛ Ò±ı˛fl¬-ı±˝fl¬ ı˱pÌÀı˛ ·±À˚˛ı˛ ˙øMê ’±j±Ê fl¬Àı˛ ¸˝¸± Ó¬±Àı˛ Ò±!¬± Œ˜Àı˛ ¬Û±ø˘À˚˛ ¤À¸
ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ¬Û±À˚˛ ’±|˚˛ ŒÚ˚˛/ ˝øı˛‰“¬± Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¸À¶ßÀ˝ ı≈Àfl¬ Ó≈¬À˘ ŒÚÚ/ ¸˜˚˛ ˜Ó¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ¬Û≈Ú«øıı±˝› øÀ˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ øÓ¬øÚ
˜ÀÚ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ı˛+¬Û-ı˛¸-˙s-¶Û˙«-·g¬ ·Ë˝ÀÌ Œ˚ ά◊iú≈ø‡Úœ Ó¬±Àfl¬ ˙±À¶aı˛ Œ‰¬Ã˝øVı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±ıX¬ fl¬Àı˛ ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛
Ú±/ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ë¸Ó¬œ±˝í √õ∂Ô± qÒ≈ øÚı˛±Ô«fl¬˝◊ Ú˚˛, ’˜±Úøıfl¬›/ ¤ √õ∂¸Àº ά◊À{°‡… ¸Ó¬œ±˝ √õ∂Ô± ıX¬ ’±˝◊Ú √õ∂Ì˚˛Ú
fl¬Àı˛Ú ı˛±Ê±ı˛±˜À˜±˝Ú 1829‡Ëœ©Ü±Às/ Ó“¬±ı˛ øıù´±¸ Œ˚ ˙±¶a ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ fl¬˘…±Ì ¸±ÒÚ fl¬Àı˛ Ú±, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ’±Røıù´±¸
ʱ·±˚˛ Ú±, ˚± qÒ≈ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬ ’±‰¬±ı˛-’±‰¬ı˛ÀÌ ı“±ÀÒ Œ¸˝◊ ˙±¶a ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ά◊ißøÓ¬ı˛ ’ôL√ı˛±˚˛/ ’ÀÚfl¬ ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬œ«fl¬±À˘ ı˛ıœfÚ±Ô
ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ › ¤fl¬˝◊ ¸≈Àı˛ fl¬Ô± ı˘ÀÂÚ/ øÓ¬øÚ ¤fl¬Ê±˚˛·±˚˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚëë¤À¸± ı˱pÌ, qø‰¬ fl¬øı˛ ˜Ú
ÒÀı˛± ˝±Ó¬ ¸ı±fl¬±˚˛/íí
¤À¸± Œ˝ ¬ÛøÓ¬Ó¬, fl¬Àı˛± ’¬ÛڜӬ
¸ı ’¬Û˜±Úˆ¬±ı˛/
˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛˝◊ Ê˚˛ Œ‚±¯∏̱ fl¬Àı˛ ë˜Ó≈¬˚˛±í Ò˜« √õ∂ıÓ«¬Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú/ ë|œ |œ ˝øı˛˘œ˘±˜‘ÀÓ¬í-¤ ’±À ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô±ñ
ëëÊœÀı ˚˛± Ú±À˜ èø‰¬, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ÀÓ¬ øÚᬱ/
˝◊˝± ±h¬± ’±ı˛ ˚Ó¬ ¸ı øSê˚˛± w©Ü±/íí
˜Ó≈¬˚˛± Ò˜« √õ∂¸Àº ˜øÌÀ˜±˝Ú Δıı˛±·œ Ó“¬±ı˛ ë˝øı˛-&艓¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ › ˜Ó≈¬˚˛± Ò˜«í ·ËÀLö Œ˚ ˜ôL√ı… fl¬Àı˛ÀÂÚ Ó¬± Œ˚±·…/
øÓ¬øÚ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñ ëë˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ʱøÓ¬-Ò˜«-ıÌ« øÚøı«À˙À¯∏ ø˝j≈, ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú, ŒıÃX¬, ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú ˝◊Ó¬…±ø ¸˜ô¶∏ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¬
¤fl¬ ˜˝±Ú ˜±Úı ÒÀ˜«ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸—·øͬӬ fl¬Àı˛, Ó¬±Àı˛ ˜Ú ŒÔÀfl¬ ¸±˜±øÊfl¬ ˘#±, Ò˜œ«˚˛ fl≈¬¸—¶®±ı˛ ”ı˛ fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±Àı˛Àfl¬
¤fl¬ ıø˘á¬ ʱøÓ¬ ø˝¸±Àı ¬Û‘øÔıœı˛ ı≈Àfl¬ ˜±Ô± ά◊“‰≈¬-fl¬Àı˛ “±h¬±ÀÓ¬ ά◊Z≈X¬ fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ˜˝±Ú fl¬±˚« Œ˚ ÒÀ˜«ı˛
˜±Ò…À˜ øÓ¬øÚ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂÀ˘Ú Ó¬±ı˛ Ú±˜ ˜Ó≈¬˚˛±Ò˜«/í
˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ øıÀ˙¯∏ ˜˚«±±ı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ Œ‡ÀÓ¬Ú/ øÚÊ ¶aœÀfl¬ qÒ≈ fl¬Àı˛Ú øÚ/ Œ¸˝◊ ¸Àº Ò˜«¸øºÚœ ›
fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú/ ’±˜ı˛± √õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¬±˘ ŒÔÀfl¬ ˘é¬… fl¬Àı˛ ¤À¸ø Œ˚ ŒıÀ › ¸—ø˝Ó¬±˚˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˜˚«±± fl¬œˆ¬±Àı é≈¬J fl¬ı˛± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/
fl¬Ú…± ¸ôL√±ÀÚı˛ Êiú ¤h¬±ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú±ı˛fl¬À˜ı˛ Ó≈¬fl¬ Ó¬±Àfl¬ı˛ √õ∂‰¬˘Ú › ø¢/ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ qÒ≈ ¸ôL√±Ú ά◊»¬Û±ÀÚı˛ ˚La
ø˝¸±Àı˝◊ Œ‡± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ŒıÃX¬˚≈À· ¤À¸ Ú±ı˛œı˛± ’ÀÚfl¬È¬± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± Œˆ¬±· fl¬Àı˛ÀÂ/ Ó¬±ı˛› ¬Ûı˛ıÓ¬œ«fl¬±À˘ ˜Ú≈¸—ø˝Ó¬±˚˛
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Ú±ı˛œ › q^Àfl¬ ¤fl¬ fl¬Àı˛ Œ‡± ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ ¸˜ô¶∏ Ú±ı˛œÀfl¬ ˙”^Àı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œı¬Û±Í¬ › |ıÌ fl¬ı˛±Àfl¬ ’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ˆ¬Àºı˛
˙±øô¶∏ ø˝¸±Àı øÊ˝W±ÀBÂ ı± fl¬±ÀÚ ·ı˛˜ ¸œ¸± ŒÏ¬À˘ Œ›˚˛±ı˛ ˜Ó¬ øÚ˜«˜ øıÒ±Ú˝◊ Ò±˚«… ø¢/ ˜Ò…˚≈À· › ˜º˘fl¬±Àı…ı˛
Ò±ı˛±ÀÓ¬› Œ‡± ˚±˚˛ ¸Úfl¬± › ŒıU˘±Àfl¬ ı±ı˛ ı±ı˛ ’¬Û˜±øÚÓ¬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ˝À˚˛ÀÂ/ ¸Úfl¬±ı˛ ˝±˝±fl¬±Àı˛ fl¬Ì«¬Û±Ó¬ fl¬Àı˛ÚøÚ ¶§±˜œ
‰¬“±¸±·ı˛/ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ڱı˛œ˝+À˚˛ı˛ ’±Ó«¬Ú±Àı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ ıh¬ ˝À˚˛ ά◊ÀͬÀ ı—˙˜˚«±± Œı±Ò/ ˚ø › ¸˝˜ı˛Ì ø¢ ά◊B‰¬ıÌ«
ı± ıÌ«ø˝j≈Àı˛ ¸˜¸…±, fl¬±ı˛Ì ‹ ¸˜˚˛ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ı± ’ôL√Ê Œ|Ìœı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊ √õ∂Ô±ı˛ √õ∂‰¬˘Ú ø¢ Ú±/ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛
˝±˝±fl¬±Àı˛ |œ |œ ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ √õ∂±Ì Œfl“¬À ά◊ͬӬ, ʱøÓ¬Àˆ¬ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±À √õ∂Ò±Ú ˝À˚˛ ›ÀͬøÚ/ øÓ¬øÚ ı˘À˘Ú ¤fl¬ ˚≈·±ôL√fl¬±ı˛œ
fl¬Ô± ë¤fl¬Ú±ı˛œ ıËp‰¬±ı˛œí ’Ô±«» ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¬Û≈èÀ¯∏ı˛ ¤fl¬ÊÚ˝◊ ¶aœ Ô±fl¬Àı ¤ı— Ó¬± ıËp‰¬À˚«ı˛ ¸˜±Ú/ Ó“¬±ı˛ fl¬±À ¬Ûı˛¶aœ ø¢
˜±Ó‘¬¸˜/ øÓ¬øÚ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¬Àı˛øÂÀ˘Ú ¤˝◊ ʱøÓ¬Àfl¬ ά◊X¬±ı˛ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝À˘ ¤Àı˛Àfl¬ ø˙鬱ı˛ ’±À˘±˚˛ ’±À˘±øfl¬Ó¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬
˝Àı/ ’±ı˛ ¤˝◊ ø˙鬱ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’º ˝˘ Ú±ı˛œ/ Ó¬±˝◊ Ú±ı˛œ ø˙鬱ı˛ ¸ı±«ºœÚ ¸≈À˚±· fl¬Àı˛ øÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ¤Àı˛ ˜ÀÒ…
’±R˜˚«±±Àı±Ò ʱø·À˚˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ˝Àı/ ø˙鬱 ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¬ ıø=¡Ó¬ Œ¸ ˚≈À·ı˛ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±Àı Œfl¬±Ú fl¬±ÀÊ ’—˙·Ë˝Ì
fl¬ı˛±ı˛ ¬’øÒfl¬±ı˛ ø¢ Ú±/ fl¬˜«Ù¬˘ › Êiú‰¬ÀSêı˛ Œ±˝±˝◊ øÀ˚˛ ˜Ú≈ı±œı˛± ˙”^ › ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ ’ıÀ˝˘± ά◊À¬Û鬱ı˛
‰¬ı˛˜ ’ı¶ö√±À˚˛ ά◊¬ÛڜӬ ˝ÀÓ¬ ı±Ò… fl¬Àı˛ø¢/ øÓ¬øÚ˝◊ √õ∂Ô˜ Ú±ı˛œÀı˛ øı‰¬±ı˛ fl¬±À˚« ’—˙·Ë˝ÀÌı˛ ¸≈À˚±· fl¬Àı˛ øÀ˚˛
Ò˜«fl¬±Â±ı˛œı˛ √õ∂ıÓ«¬Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú/ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ¤ Òı˛ÀÌı˛ øıõ≠ı±Rfl¬ ’øÒfl¬±Àı˛ı˛ fl¬Ô± ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ¬Û”Àı« ’±ı˛ Œfl¬Î¬◊ ˆ¬±ÀıÚ øÚ/
|œ |œ ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ¬Ûı˛˜ ˆ¬Mê Ó¬±ı˛fl¬ ‰¬f ¸ı˛fl¬±Àı˛ı˛ ë|œ |œ ˝øı˛˘œ˘±˜‘ÀÓ¬í ’±À ñ
ëë˜Ó≈¬˚˛±ı˛± ˝øı˛ıÀ˘ Ú±ø‰¬˚˛± Ú±ø‰¬˚˛±
Ú±ı˛œ¸˝ Ú±À‰¬ è^ Œ√õ∂À˜ÀÓ¬ ˜±øÓ¬˚˛±/íí
Ú±ı˛œ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±ı˛ ¤ı˛fl¬˜ √õ∂Ó¬…é¬ √õ∂˜±Ì Œ˜À˘ ’±Ê › Œfl¬Ú ˝øı˛¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ ˝À˘/ ¤˝◊ ÒÀ˜« Ú±ı˛œ-¬Û≈è¯∏ ¸ı±˝◊
¸˜±Ú/ ˜±ÚıÓ¬±ı±À ά◊Vœl ˝À˚˛ ¤˝◊ ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊı˛ Ú±ı˛œı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¬ Úıʱ·ı˛Ì ‚Ȭ±À˘Ú/ ¤ ÒÀ˜« Ú±ı˛œ ¬Û≈è¯∏ ¤fl¬ÀS
ά—fl¬± ı±øÊÀ˚˛, ά◊˘≈ÒTøÚ › ë˝øı˛Àı±˘í ÒTøÚÀÓ¬ Œ˜ÀÓ¬ ›Àͬ/ ˝øı˛Ú±˜ ¸—fl¬œÓ«¬ÀÚ ¬Û≈èÀ¯∏ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ú±ı˛œı˛± › ¸≈ı˛ Œ˜˘±˚˛/
˜Ó≈¬˚˛± ’±Àj±˘ÀÚ ÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ Ú˜–˙”^Àı˛ Œ˚ Úıʱ·ı˛ÀÌı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¬Àı˛ Ó¬±ı˛ ˜”À˘ ı˛À˚˛À ڱı˛œ˙øMê/ ά. ¬Ûı˛˜±Új
˝±˘±ı˛ ë|œ |œ ˝øı˛˘œ˘±˜‘ÀÓ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬±˚˛ ıÀ˘ÀÂÚñëëÿÚøı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¬ı˛ ‰¬±Àı˛ı˛ ˙Àfl¬ ıºÀÀ˙ øÓ¬øÚ Ú±ı˛œ ʱ·‘øÓ¬ ›
Ú±ı˛œ ’±Àj±˘ÀÚı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl‘¬»í/
|œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ øÚ¬Ûœøh¬Ó¬ ıø=¡Ó¬, ø˘Ó¬ øÚ•ßıÀ·«ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜≈øMêı˛ ÊÚ… fl≈¬¸—¶®±ı˛ ˜≈Mê, ά◊±ı˛ ˜±ÚıÓ¬±ı±œ,
˚≈øMêøÚˆ¬«ı˛ ¤fl¬ ÒÀ˜«ı˛ √õ∂øӬᬱ fl¬Àı˛Ú/ Ó¬Àı øÓ¬øÚ ˚Ó¬È≈¬fl≈¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚ÀÂÚ Ó¬± ¸•Û”Ì« fl¬Àı˛ ά◊ͬÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Àı˛Ú øÚ/ ¬Ûøı˛Àı˙¬Ûøı˛ø¶öøÓ¬ Ó“¬±Àfl¬ fl¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˛øÚ/ Ó¬±˝◊ øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’øôL√˜ ˘À¢ü ıÀ˘ ˚±Úñ
ëë’±˜±ı˛ ’¸•Û”Ì« fl¬˜« &艓¬± ¸•Ûiß fl¬ı˛Àı/ ¤ı±ı˛ ŒÓ¬±ı˛± ’±˜±˚˛ øı±˚˛ Œ/íí
1878 ¸±À˘ ï1284ó ıº±Às Ú˜–˙”^ ¸˝ ¸˜·Ë ˜±ÚıʱøÓ¬ı˛ ˜≈øMê”Ó¬ |œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ ˝◊˝À˘±fl¬ Ó¬…±· fl¬Àı˛
’ÚôL√À˘±fl¬ ·˜Ú fl¬Àı˛Ú/
ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬Ûø}¬˜ıÀºı˛ ά◊Mı˛ ‰¬øıT˙ ¬Ûı˛·Ì± ŒÊ˘±ı˛ ͬ±fl≈¬ı˛ Ú·Àı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ ı—˙ÒÀı˛ı˛± ı¸ı±¸ fl¬Àı˛Ú/ √õ∂øÓ¬ıÂı˛ ¤‡±ÀÚ
˜Ó≈¬˚˛±ı˛± ¸ı ¤fl¬øSÓ¬ ˝˚˛/ Ó¬Àı Ó“¬±ı˛ ı—˙ÒÀı˛ı˛± fl¬œ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛À Œ¸øÀfl¬ Œı˙œ √õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ú± øÀ˚˛ ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ˚±ı˛± Ó“¬ı˛
ˆ¬±ı±˙«Àfl¬ ı˝Ú fl¬ı˛Àı › ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Âøh¬À˚˛ øÀ˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏ı˛ ˜º˘fl¬±˜Ú±˚˛ fl¬±Ê fl¬ı˛Àı Ó¬±ı˛±˝◊ |œ |œ ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬
ı—˙Òı˛/ Ó¬±˝◊ qÒ≈ ά—fl¬± ı±øÊÀ˚˛, ø‡‰≈¬h¬œ Œˆ¬±· ·Ë˝Ì fl¬Àı˛ ë˝øı˛ Œı±˘í ÒTøÚÀÓ¬ ά◊iúM ˝›˚˛±ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜Ó≈¬˚˛± Ò˜«Àfl¬
¸œ˜±ıX¬ ı˛±‡À˘ ˝Àı Ú±, √õ∂À˚˛±ÊÚ Ó¬“±ı˛ ˜Ó¬±˙«Àfl¬ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √õ∂‰¬±ı˛ › √õ∂¸±ı˛ ‚Ȭ±ÀÚ±ı˛ ¤ı— Œ¸˝◊ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ fl¬±˚«fl¬ı˛œ
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fl¬ı˛±/ ¤ı˛ ÊÚ… ‰¬±˝◊ ı˛±©Ü˙ò øMêı˛ ¸øB±/ ı˛±Ê± ı˛±˜À˜±˝Ú, ÷ù´ı˛‰¬f øı…±¸±·ı˛, |œ |œ ı˛±˜fl‘¬¯ûÀı ¤“Àı˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¬fl¬±À˘
ÊÀiú› |œ |œ ˝øı˛‰“¬± ͬ±fl≈¬Àı˛ı˛ ˜Ó¬ ¤ı˛fl¬˜ ¤fl¬ÊÚ ¸˜±Ê ¸—¶®±ı˛fl¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¬ ’±˜ı˛± øfl¬Â≈˝◊ ʱøÚ Ú± Œfl¬Ú∑ ñ Ó“¬±ı˛
ÊÀiúı˛ ≈íÀ˙± ıÂı˛ ¬ÛÀı˛ “±øh¬À˚˛ ¤fl¬Ô± ’±Ê ˆ¬±ıı±ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ/ ’±ÊÀfl¬ı˛ øÀÚ øÓ¬øÚ ıh¬˝◊ √õ∂±¸øºfl¬/ ’±¸≈Ú
’±˜ı˛± ¸fl¬À˘ ø˜À˘ Ó“¬±ı˛ ’±˙«Àfl¬ ¸fl¬À˘ı˛ ‘ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬ı˛ › ˆ¬±ıÚ±˚˛ ά◊¬Ûø¶öÓ¬ fl¬Àı˛ Ó“¬±ı˛ √õ∂fl‘¬Ó¬ ı—˙Òı˛ ˝À˚˛ ά◊øͬ/
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ISSN 2278 3792