ET TOUT ET TOUT

Transcription

ET TOUT ET TOUT

comentario de
textos literarios en
lengua francesa
(35704)
dep. de filología francesa e italiana
prof.: Elena Moltó ([email protected])
index
l'analyse du texte poétique
les vers, les formes, le son, le rythme - p.5
les figures de style - p.12
champs et réseaux lexicaux - p.15
la versification française - p.26
éléments pour analyser un roman
narrateur, points de vue, personnages - p.33
le récit et le temps - p.35
analyser le texte théâtral
répliques, structure et progession dramaturgiques - p.37
exemple de plan de commentaire - p.40
initiation aux principes et techniques d'analyse textuelle - p.45
le commentaire: axes, organisation, rédaction, citations - p.53
révision générale: lecture méthodique, plan détaillé, commentaire rédigé - p.66
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36
http://dokenplus.canalblog.com/archives/2012/10/09/25287843.html
Analyser le texte théâtral
L’analyse du texte de théâtre implique de prendre en compte un certain nombre d’éléments spécifiques.
Grâce aux lignes suivantes, vous pourrez vous repérer et circuler à l’intérieur des scènes, pour mieux en
dégager le fonctionnement.
1. Comment analyser
répliques de théâtre ?
des
Types de paroles: Dialogue
Types de paroles: Stichomythie
Types de paroles:Tirade
Types de paroles: Monologue
C’est généralement un conflit qui est au centre de l’action théâtrale. Ce conflit se
manifeste par des affrontements verbaux et des crises psychologiques intérieures.
L’observation et l’analyse de l’organisation comme de la répartition des paroles
entre les personnages permettent de comprendre quel est le personnage le plus
important, quel est celui qui exerce un pouvoir sur un autre… ou qui réussit, par
l’utilisation du langage, à inverser un rapport de forces lié à des conditions sociales
prédéterminées.
Caractéristiques: Il est composé de répliques plus ou moins longues entre deux
personnages au minimum.
Utilisation dans la comédie: C’est le type d’échange le plus souvent employé. Il
permet les explications mais aussi les conflits.
Exemples: La première scène du Médecin malgré lui.
Effets comiques: Le dialogue peut entraîner un quiproquo amusant.
Caractéristiques: C’est
un
dialogue composé
de
répliques extrêmement
brèves (parfois une monosyllabe) qui s’enchaînent très rapidement.
Utilisation dans la comédie: Conflit entre deux personnages. Urgence d’une
situation.
Comique de mots et de rythme.
Caractéristiques: Il
sans interruption. Un
peut aussi se confier.
s’agit d’une répliquelongue et développée, prononcée
personnage s’explique ou raconte un événement. Il
Caractéristiques: Un personnage parle seul en scène. Il s’agit d’une
convention théâtrale.
Utilisation dans la comédie: Cette forme de réplique permet d’accéder à
l’intériorité d’un personnage, de comprendre ses émotions intimes, ses idées.
Exemples: Première et dernière scène de George Dandin. Seul en scène,
37
le personnage exprime son mécontentement et ses désillusions.
Effets comiques: Le monologue peut dévoiler les ambitions grotesques
d’un personnage
Types de paroles: Aparté
Caractéristiques: Réplique brève prononcée « à part », c’est-à-dire hors
du dialogue et entendue seulement par le public. C’est également une
convention théâtrale.
Utilisation dans la comédie: Permet de comprendre les vraies pensées d’un
personnage à l’intérieur du dialogue
Exemples: La Flèche dans la scène de L’Avare, quand Harpagon lui fait vider ses
poches et le fouille.
Effet comique dû à la rupture dans le dialogue
Double énonciation
Caractéristiques:
Ce
terme
désigne
le principe
de
double
communication, notamment au théâtre. Sur scène, un personnage s’adresse à un
autre, mais les propos sont implicitement tenus par l’auteur (émetteur 2) et
adressés aux spectateurs (destinataire 2).
Utilisation dans la comédie: Constante à prendre en compte dans l’analyse du
dialogue théâtral, elle est encore plus perceptible dans le monologue et l’aparté.
Exemples : Dans tout dialogue, tout monologue ou aparté.
Effets comiques: Le décalage entre la perception des paroles par le public et les
personnages crée le comique.
2. La structure
progression
dramaturgiques
et
la
Structure et type de comédie
Une pièce de théâtre répond à une organisation précise et élaborée.
On appelle la structure dramaturgique la manière dont un auteur
construit sa pièce et ses personnages, la manière dont il fait évoluer
l’intrigue. Le tableau suivant vous rappelle les grandes étapes dans la
constitution d’une pièce classique.
Caractéristiques: Une comédie se compose d’actes et de scènes. La comédie
classique peut comporter 3 ou 5 actes, parfois elle n’en comporte qu’un.
Fonctions: Selon le nombre d’actes et de scènes, on peut identifier le type de
comédie.
Les grandes comédies de caractère sont en 5 actes, tandis que les pièces proches
de la farce n’en comportent qu’un seul.
Acte
Caractéristiques: Un acte correspond à un épisode de l’action.
Fonctions:Traditionnellement, dans une pièce classique, le premier acte est
dévolu à l’exposition et le dernier acte au dénouement
Scène
Carctéristiques : Chaque acte est découpé en scènes. Un changement de scène a
lieu quand un personnage entre ou sort de scène
L’exposition
Caractéristiques: Elle se situe au début de la pièce, occupe les premières scènes,
voire le premier acte.
Fonctions: Elle présente le temps et le lieu de l’action, les enjeux de l’intrigue,
l’identité et la condition des principaux personnages ainsi que leurs relations.
Caractéristiques: Le noeud de l’action (ou partie centrale) comporte les obstacles
38
Le noeud et les péripéties
que les personnages doivent surmonter. Ce sont les événements qui se
produisent entre le début et la fin d’une pièce, modifient son cours et
font intervenir des éléments extérieurs.
Fonctions : Dans la comédie, les péripéties peuvent être nombreuses, et sont
souvent l’occasion de coups de théâtre ou de quiproquos.
Le dénouement
Caractéristiques: Aboutissement de l’action, il a lieu dans les dernières scènes
de la pièce.
Fonctions: C’est le moment où les conflits sont réglés et où le sort des
personnages est fixé. Le plus souvent la comédie classique se referme sur un
mariage.
Note: S’appuyant jusqu’au XXe siècle, l’action théâtrale a été structurée et progressive. Mais peu à peu,
au cours des siècles, la suppression du découpage en actes et en scènes, la disparition du conflit, de
l’exposition ou du dénouement bouleversent l’écriture théâtrale.
FICHE PRATIQUE: LES QUESTIONS À POSER AU TEXTE THÉÂTRAL
Quand ?
Où ?
A quel moment de la pièce ?
A quel moment de l'action ?
Important si il y a des lieus différents. Le lieu a une importance dramatique ?
Sont-ce des personnages principaux ou non ?
Entrent-ils dans les couples d'opposition ?
Qui ?
Que sait-on déjà d'eux ?
Est-ce leur première apparition ?
Se sont-ils déjà rencontrés ?
Se rencontreront-ils encore (se référer au schéma global de la pièce établi au préalable) ?
Combien ?
Est-ce que tous parlent ?
Y en a-t-il de caché ?
Quoi ?
Que disent-ils ?
Quelle est la nature du dialogue ?
A qui ?
Apportent-ils des informations nouvelles ?
Leur intervention est-elle de longueur égale ?
Quel est le destinataire de leur discours ?
Quels changements subirait la pièce si cette scène était supprimée ?
39
EXEMPLE DE PLAN DE COMMENTAIRE
Molière, Le Misanthrope, I, 1
Molière reste dans l’anthologie de la littérature française comme le grand dramaturge comique. Ses
pièces, mêlant résurgences antiques (Amphitryon), farce à la commedia dell’arte (les Fourberies de
Scapin) et références directes à ses contemporains (Les précieuses ridicules) se présentent souvent
comme des critiques acides de ses contemporains, en cela fidèle à la devise de la comédie qui « castigat
ridendo mores », châtie les mœurs en riant.
Le Misanthrope qui met en scène comme le titre l’indique, un personnage, Alceste, rebelle à tout contact
humain, intransigeant et aux principes de conduite inflexibles est de ces comédies sérieuses. Cet
extrait, la scène 1 de l’acte I, se veut programmatique de la pièce à venir : elle présente le héros tout
en donnant l’enjeu de la pièce ; le héros qui se définit par sa parole critique sans concession en est ici à
sa première tirade, à l’argumentation soignée : il ne justifie ici, auprès de son contradicteur Philinte (le
philanthrope) rien de moins que de sa misanthropie.
I. Une scène d’exposition
1. Exposition = début. Cf. le découpage : I, 1
2. Fonction de l’exposition: Exposition = présentation des personnages.
a. Alceste, le personnage principal. Caractérisation :
- par la parole (tirade = longue réplique)
- par le refus négation « non, non » au début de sa réplique, et qui la clôture aussi « l’ami du
genre humain n’est point du tout mon fait ». cf. variation « je refuse ».
- par la morale: champ lexical de la morale « lâche », « honnête homme », « mérite », «vices»,
- par le sens critique de l’homme cartésien (cf. racine de « critique » = juger *krinein) qui fait
preuve v.5 de « méthode », « tranche » et opère des différenciations cf.
« différence » v.27 et se soucie de « distinction » (v.26).
- se caractérise par l’omniprésence du « je » : « « je ne puis souffrir », « je refuse », « je veux
». Alceste ne parle que de lui.
b. L’objet de la pièce, l’intrigue.
40
Aucune intrigue n’est annoncée, il ne se passe rien (pas d’action au sens courant du terme). Les
personnages ne font que parler, et surtout le personnage principal. En fait, c’est cela le sujet de
la pièce : le débat d’idée, la joute verbale entre Alceste et tous ses contradicteurs.
II. Une argumentation
a. Thèse
- résumée dans la tirade : « l’ami du genre humain n’est point du tout mon fait » = définition
étymologique et littérale d’un misanthrope, ennemi du genre humain.
- Résumée dans le titre de la pièce : Alceste = celui qui est désigné par le titre (Misanthrope =
la périphrase le désignant).
b. Deux parties en présence.
Comme pour toute disputatio*, tout débat d’idée, toute joute verbale : deux thèses en
présences et donc deux parties ; la partie adverse*, le contradicteur*= Philinte. Contexte de
dialogue contradictoire. Philinte ne fait pas que s’opposer à Alceste, il incarne tout entier une vie
opposée à celle d’Alceste : cf. étymologie, racine de « Philinte » = Philein* aimer, comme dans
« philanthrope » par opposition à misanthrope.
c. Arguments et techniques argumentatives.
Alceste = un cérébral, un logique, qui passe non pas par la persuasion, mais par la conviction, à coups
d’arguments et en respectant les exigences de la rhétorique.
Invention.
Système argumentatif = oppositions, balancement, concurrence de deux visions
- système dual des personnages sur scène (Philinte/ Alceste) = un face à face
- négations (cf. supra)
- système binaire, dans l’opposition « l’honnête homme et le fat »,
- reprise du même terme et renversement « et c’est n’estimer rien qu’estimer tout le monde»
- reprise dans la tirade « estime » x3 comme pour marteler cette valeur comme essentielle
- système binaire deux noms deux adjectifs, noms et complément du nom ont chacun un
déterminant « ces affables donneurs d’embrassades frivoles / ces obligeants diseurs d’inutiles
paroles».
- fausses concessions et faux adoucissements (litotes) périphrases « je ne puis souffrir » (=je
hais), « je ne hais rien tant que » (= je hais surtout) , « âme un peu bien située » (= « tout à
fait située)
- expressivité, insistance, hyperbole: anaphore du « non » (x.3), exclamations « morbleu ! » en
rejet (début vers suivant), hyperboles adj. « vaste » en soi hyperbolique (la « vaste
complaisance » v.26) ou encore l’insistance de la redondance de la négation « n’est point du
tout mon fait ».
! expressivité jusqu’à l’agressivité cf. énonciation le destinataire = eux (3e personne du pluriel
qui n’implique pas Philinte) puis le « on » de moins en moins déterminé qui pourrait impliquer
Philinte, et à la fin, Philinte est visé directement par le « vous » : « puisque vous y donnez ,
dans ces vices du temps » et qui crée l’ écho et par là l’équivalence entre « vous » «vice » : à la
fin, Alceste agresse presque Philinte !
41
Disposition.
Organisation de son paragraphe argumentatif :
de la réfutation (v. 5) , à la thèse finale enfin clairement exprimée sur le mode positif et
assertif* (qui affirme ce qui est) « et pour le trancher net, l’ami du genre humain n’est point du
tout mon fait ». construction graduée des arguments :
v. 6 refus de la mode
v.7-8 refus de la frivolité, de la facilité
v.1à dénonciation de la vanité, de l’inutilité « inutiles »
9 -17 dénonciation de l’hypocrisie des sourires mondains,
! v.13-16 le moyen : contre -objections préparées, anticipées pour mieux les réfuter, Alceste
fait les questions et les réponses lui-même = question rhétorique, qui n’appelle aucune réponse,
ou fait mine d’être posée (pour la forme) mais lorsqu’on connaît déjà la réponse (Alceste est
quasiment dans un monologue)
! v. 13 le motif = jalousie
! v. 25 & 26- la visée : dit autrement, volonté d’originalité : différence et distinction Hymne à
l’exception, à l’unicité, à l’originalité, à la pureté aussi. En ça qu’on a affaire à un personnage
noble, avec de hautes ambitions pour lui-même et pour l’être humain.
Elocution.
Rhétorique :
- d’abord la réfutation « non, non je ne puis souffrir… »
- la dépréciation par les déictiques « cette lâche méthode », « ces vices du temps »
- la qualification péjorative adjectivale « lâche méthode »,
- l’ironie, la dérision « ces grands faiseurs de protestations »
- le mépris et l’insulte « faquin »
- la litote « peu chers »
! expression ET expressivité au service du propos mais qui permettent aussi de définir
indirectement (via ses propos, son ton) le personnage d’Alceste (cf. I du plan)
III. Une comédie sérieuse … un registre tragique ou comique ?
a. solitude. Le « je » est très seul car opposé aux autres, à des pluriels et des catégories vagues « gens
» (x2) et « genre humain » (fin du texte).
b. Noblesse du propos. Pour une comédie (sous-genre dramatique bas dans la distinction d’Aristote, par
opposition à la tragédie), emploi de vers (retour à la ligne). Imitation de la posture tragique de l’homme
seul face à l’univers et au reste du genre humain, solitude tragique aussi de l’homme si intransigeant et
si entier, parfait (parachevé, autonome) qu’il n’aime ni ne côtoie personne. ! Une comédie de caractère
au mieux (on peut toujours se moquer d’Alceste, de son aspect radical, jusqu’au-boutiste), mais on peut
aussi être terrifié de tant de sècheresse ou triste de sa solitude.
42
c. ! Dimension morale de la comédie, la comédie aussi est sérieuse, elle donne des leçons : soit elle
dissuade de devenir comme Alceste soit elle nous le rend humain et sympathique dans son drame
(aimer Célimène = être asservi par la passion amoureuse et tiraillé entre les principes et les
sentiments), voire nous faire rire et nous faire nous moquer du travers du personnage, de son système
de pensée et de vie ridicule (c’est le comique de caractère). A force de tout contrôler et d’être un être
calculateur froid, Alceste finit par être victime de son caractère, il est esclave du dogme, il est esclave
de sa propre pensée puisqu’il ne sait vivre que par elle, que par ce logos qui le définit et l’emprisonne et
le handicape = il est le bourreau de lui-même (à lui-même son propre mal = héautontimoroumenos*)
! Ambiguïté du personnage du misanthrope : à la fois ridicule et attachant, impitoyable et séduisant
(son exigence morale et le culte de la raison clairvoyante).
http://www.bibliolettres.com/w/pages/page.php?id_page=225
EXEMPLE RÉDIGÉ DE PARAGRAPHES DE COMMENTAIRE: THÉÂTRE
TIRADE DE PHEDRE, ACTE 1, SCENE 3, v.269 à 308
Le coup de foudre de Phèdre se manifeste à la fois physiquement et moralement. Ainsi représenté par
Racine, le mot passion retrouve son étymologie, qui signifie la souffrance (du latin, patior, la passion du
Christ).
Les troubles physiques sont marqués par l'emploi récurrent de la figure de l'antithèse, qui symbolise
une perte complète de soi-même. Aussi remarquons-nous que les couleurs du visage (v.273)
s'opposent, la rougeur et la pâleur évoquant à la fois la honte, et la pudeur de la jeune femme émue à
la vue de d'Hyppolite, et la mort, qui annonce déjà un amour malheureux. L'assonance en « i », le
crescendo des deux hémistiches, l'insistance sur le pronom « je » contribuent à renforcer le désordre
que subit Phèdre. L'aspect physique est aussi mis en évidence par la prépondérance du champ lexical de
la sensation et de la vue : aussi au vers 275, l'acte de voir produit l'aveuglement, au vers 297,
l'absence de respiration montre l'oppression de l'amour , et le vers 275 souligne le mutisme de la jeune
femme. Tout ceci contribue à la perte générale des sens de Phèdre. Enfin, cet amour est apparenté à
une maladie comme nous le voyons aux vers 269 et 283 où il est question d'un " mal " et d'un
« incurable amour ».
43
Les troubles moraux sont mis en étroite corrélation avec les troubles physiques, auxquels ils répondent.
Ainsi, au vers 274, Phèdre n'est plus sujet, mais c'est son « trouble » qui agit (qui "s'élève" dans son
« âme éperdue»). Il s'agit d'un affolement, d'une perte totale de contrôle de soi. L'intensité du choc
affectif est exprimée par le verbe « s'élever », qui signifie une montée en puissance progressive du
trouble. Enfin, au vers 282, nous voyons une antithèse entre le verbe "chercher" et le complément
circonstanciel de lieu « dans ma raison égarée ».
Ainsi, Phèdre apparaît comme un personnage féminin séparée en deux, torturée par sa passion
envahissante et sa raison, qui lui ordonne de réagir.
Phèdre, et c'est bien dans cette contradiction que réside le conflit tragique, subit à la fois sa passion et
tente d'y résister. L'héroïne utilise plusieurs moyens pour écarter la malédiction de Vénus, incarnée en
Hyppolite. Le premier consiste à faire des sacrifices à la déesse. Le champ lexical de la religion montre
bien le caractère sacré du texte : « vœux », « temple », « victimes », « flancs » « encens », « autels »,
etc. Phèdre a parfaitement conscience que Vénus est la cause de son mal. Cette lucidité est exprimée au
vers 277 : "je reconnus Vénus et ses feux redoutables ". Le « mal » cité au début de la tirade est
profond, la famille de Phèdre est persécutée, et l'adjectif « fatal », souvent associé, témoigne du fait
qu'elle est consciente que cet amour n'est pas le fruit de sa volonté mais qu'elle en est la victime. Ainsi
elle est la « proie » de Vénus v. 306.En plus de reconnaître l'origine de son mal, elle a encore la liberté
de constater son égarement : « ma raison égarée », ce qui renforce l'aspect tragique de son combat. La
deuxième moyen utilisé est la conduite odieuse qu'elle adopte envers celui qu'elle aime : « pour bannir
l'ennemi dont j'étais idolâtre//J'affectai les chagrins d'une injuste marâtre. » (V.297 et 298). La lucidité
du stratagème employé est flagrante dans les termes « bannir » et « affectai ». Se sentant
monstrueusement coupable d'éprouver une telle passion, Phèdre rejette la faute sur l'être aimé.
L'appelant « ennemi » par deux fois (v.272 et 293), elle tente de se persuader qu'il faut éloigner la
cause du mal. Aussi se force-t-elle à persécuter Hyppolite. Elle sème la discorde entre le père et le fils
pour parvenir à ses fins (v. 295 et 296). Or, n'étant pas dupe de ses machinations psychologiques,
Phèdre avoue son impuissance.
Mais les deux attitudes adoptées et étudiées ci-dessus s'avèrent un cuisant échec. La structure du texte
le montre bien. Aux vers 281 à 288, l'héroïne voue un culte à la déesse. Or le vocabulaire employé est à
double sens : chaque mot appartenant au vocabulaire religieux est associé à la passion amoureuse,
donc à une attitude païenne. Ce dédoublement culmine aux vers 285 à 286 « Quand ma bouche
implorait le nom de la déesse//J'adorais Hippolyte) ainsi qu' au vers 288 « J'offrais tout à ce Dieu que je
n'osais nommer. », où Vénus et son rival (Hippolyte n'aime pas l'amour ; il s'y refuse) se confondent.
Les deux « ennemis » semblent s'acharner sur la pauvre amoureuse. Pis, Thésée contribue
involontairement à activer la flamme coupable de sa femme, et à rendre incessante l'image du fils
(« Mes yeux le retrouvaient dans les traits de son père »). Enfin, le texte s'achève sur deux
mouvements qui accentuent la dimension tragique de cet amour : Phèdre cherche à aller à l‘encontre de
celui qu'elle aime, donc d'elle-même, et croit enfin accéder au bonheur (« Mes jours moins agités
coulaient dans l'innocence ») mais elle est à nouveau mise en la présence d'Hippolyte, grâce à l'action
de son mari, et s'avoue vaincue («Ce n'est plus une ardeur dans mes veines cachée:// C'est Vénus tout
entière à sa proie attachée// J'ai conçu pour mon crime une juste terreur ; // J'ai pris la vie en haine et
ma flamme en horreur ».) Dans le vers final, construit de manière parfaitement symétrique, avec la
forte insistance sur la césure, qui manifeste une totale maîtrise de soi, de sa propre perception, toute la
lucidité de l'héroïne ressort. Son combat n'est pas équitable, on ne peut rien contre la volonté des
Dieux, elle le sait, et se décide, en toute conscience, à la mort.
44
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Etymologie : Origine et dérivations des mots
Synonymie : Caractères des mots qui ont entre eux la même signification
Anthonymie : Opposition de mots ayant le sens contraire
Proxémie : Étude des positions relatives des interlocuteurs (la représentation spaciale
en 3D est tout à fait sympa à tester)
Concordance : Répertoire d’exemples rencontrés pour chaque mot ou idée
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