Petit manuel des formations et des métiers du journalisme
Transcription
Petit manuel des formations et des métiers du journalisme
Programme Égalité des Chances en journalisme
Le petit manuel des formations et des métiers du journalisme a été élaboré
pour les lycéens, par La Fondation Culture & Diversité et les treize formations
de journalisme reconnues par la profession :
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L’Institut universitaire technologique (IUT) de Lannion
L’Ecole Publique de Journalisme de Tours (EPJT)
L’Ecole de Journalisme de Toulouse (EJT)
Le CELSA, Paris
Le Centre de Formation des Journalistes (CFJ), Paris
Le Centre Universitaire d'Enseignement du Journalisme (CUEJ), Strasbourg
L’Ecole de Journalisme et de Communication de Marseille (EJCM)
L’Ecole supérieure de journalisme (ESJ), Lille
L’Ecole de journalisme de Sciences Po, Paris
L’Ecole de Journalisme de Grenoble (EJDG)
L’Ecole de Journalisme IFP, Paris
L’Institut de Journalisme Bordeaux Aquitaine (IJBA)
L’Institut Pratique de Journalisme (IPJ), Paris
Les fiches métiers ont été élaborées
par la rédaction de l’Etudiant.fr
Le Petit Manuel a été conçu
avec le soutien de l’Acsé
le petit
manuel
Les formations
et les métiers
du journalisme
Programme
Égalité
des Chances
en journalisme
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