Bogaert SH, Biography - Ghent University Academic Bibliography

Koenraad Verboven
Raymond Bogaert. Life and work
PREPRINT VERSION
for reference purposes please refer to:
in: Verboven K. & Vandorpe K. & Chankowski V. (edd.), Pistoi dia tèn
technèn. Bankers Loans and Archives in the Ancient World. Studies in
honour of Raymond Bogaert, Leuven, Peeters, 2008, p. xi-xxiv (Studia
Hellenistica 44)
Prof. Raymond Bogaert was born in Antwerp on 24 July 1920. He
studied Latin and Greek at the State junior high school at Blankenberge
and the Royal Athenaeum at Bruges, and Classical Philology at the
university of Ghent, where he graduated in 1942 with a licentiate’s thesis
under the promotorship of prof. Van Pottelbergh: Vier
handelsredevoeringen uit de IVe eeuw te Athene, vertaald en toegelicht
met zakelijke, economische en juridische commentaar. It consisted of a
comparative historical commentary of four Athenian forensic orations:
Isocrates's Trapeziticus, Lysias's Against the Corn dealers and PseudoDemosthenes's Against Phormio and Against Dionysodorus. It was
awarded the first price in the University Competition of 1942-1943 and its
author received an honorary medal of the city of Ghent.
Despite the difficulties caused by a severe illness and by the German
occupation, the subject of banking in the ancient world continued to hold
R. Bogaert’s attention. Immediately after the liberation of Belgium in
1944, he worked several months – unremunerated – in a bank in Brussels
in order to gain a better understanding of the banking profession. It helped
him to lay the foundation of a new approach to the research of ancient
banking.
The possibilities for an academic career in Belgium at the time were very
limited. A career as high school teacher Latin and Greek was the natural
course to follow for a licentiate in Classical Philology. In 1945 R. Bogaert
began teaching Latin and Greek at the Royal Athenaeum in Mechelen.
Hardly a year later in 1946 he was sent by the ministry of education to
Kapellen (North of Antwerp) to help found a new athenaeum. Here R.
2
Bogaert taught classical languages for many years. When he left the school
in 1961 it had grown to over 1000 pupils and 80 teachers.
During his years as high school teacher, R. Bogaert never abandoned his
research on ancient Greek banking. Most of his vacations – 12 out of 14
weeks a year – were spent in the Royal Library in Brussels, where he
studied the inscriptions and texts documenting banks and bankers in the
ancient Greek world and read what other scholars had written on the
subject.
At last, late in 1960, Bogaert was able to finish the manuscript of his
PhD thesis – Banken en Bankiers bij de Oude Grieken. With this in hand
he asked Pieter Lambrechts, then professor of Ancient History at the
university of Ghent and head of the ‘Seminar for History of the Ancient
World’, to become his (post factum) promotor. In February 1961, at the
age of nearly 40, he became doctor in ancient history. His PhD thesis was
awarded the first price in the university’s travel grant competition of 19611962 and the city of Ghent again awarded him with an honorary medal.
Prof. Lambrechts (who was then also rector of the university of Gent)
was duly impressed with the scholarly abilities he had discovered in
Bogaert’s doctoral thesis and offered him a position as first class assistant.
This was the start of R. Bogaert’s academic career. From that time
onwards, his professional life was dedicated largely to research. In 1964 he
became ‘werkleider’ at the Ancient History Seminar. In 1967 he replaced
the deceased prof. E.A. Leemans and in 1969 he was officially confirmed
in this position as ‘lecturer’ and head of the ‘Seminar for Greek Epigraphy
and Papyrology’. He was promoted to professor in 1973 and professor
ordinarius in 1981. Although R. Bogaert retired in 1985 and despite his
bad health his research activities continued to blossom for many more
years.
R. Bogaert’s publication record since 1962 is unusually large and varied.
It comprises 5 monographs (one which appeared in three languages), 2
joint books (one of which appeared in three languages and two editions),
69 articles and papers, 8 short notes in encyclopaedia and 30 book reviews.
The basis for Bogaert's academic reputation was firmly established by
the publication in 1966 of Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt
(with a preface by F. M. Heichelheim) and in 1968 of Banques et
banquiers dans les cités grecques.
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The former is a study of banking in ancient Mesopotamia, showing the
fundamental differences between banking in ancient Mesopotamia and in
the ancient Greek cities. Until that time the general opinion among
scholars was that the origin of banking lay in the Babylonian temples, who
would have been the first banking firms in history. Bogaert, however,
showed that the temples only accepted ‘closed’ deposits. This implied that
the priests had no access to the deposited funds. Consequently, the temples
could not be considered as deposit banks in a technical sense, because the
essence of any true bank is that it uses the deposits it holds to extend loans
or to engage in other kinds of profitable financial operations.
Although an outsider in the field, R. Bogaert immediately gained a
reputation among assyriologists. In his preface to the book the great
economic historian Fritz Heichelheim writes how he had shown the
manuscript to R.F.G Sweet, an expert in Cuneiform writing and clay
tablets, who had expressed his surprise at the author’s knowledge ‘in the
field of Cuneiform research in which he is an outsider’.
In Banques et Banquiers dans les cités grecques – the French (revised)
version of his 1961 PhD thesis – R. Bogaert minutely surveyed and
analyzed all available evidence of banking in the Greek cities from the late
6th c. BC to the 3d c. AD., before presenting a long synthesis on every
aspect of the banking business. He argued and showed that ancient Greek
private banks were true deposit banks in the modern sense of the term and
had developed independently from the financial practices of the ancient
Near East, out of the operations of money-changers.
Shortly after finishing his PhD thesis R. Bogaert extended his work on
financial history to monetary history and published a number of articles on
numismatic problems concerning the Cyzicene electrum/gold stater. His
research in this direction acquired a new dimension when in 1970 he
accepted the invitation to write the article on ‘Geld – Geldwirtschaft’ for
the Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum. Although initially conceived
as a limited encyclopaedic survey of the topic, the article grew until it
eventually comprised 109 colums in quarto – the equivalent of as many
pages in octavo. The article describes the various form of money which
existed in the Ancient World from the Egyptian old Kingdom to ca. 600
AD, their different functions and the ethical judgments concerning money.
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In the same period R. Bogaert also took to heart the little known Coin
and Medal Collection of the University of Ghent. The core of this
collection came from the private collection of Canon Jean-Martin de Bast,
which was purchased by king William I in 1822 who donated it to the
university in 1825. During the 19th century the University Museums, to
which the Coin Cabinet belonged, were considered one of the prime tourist
attractions of the city of Ghent. But these glorious days were long over by
the 1960’s. The collection was partly still stacked in the iron coffer in
which it had been placed for safety reason at the start of the second World
War. Only the ancient Greek and Roman pieces had been put back in their
old wooden ‘cabinet’, which was placed (together with the iron coffer) in
the private office of prof. Lambrechts. R. Bogaert drew up a new inventory
of the collection and arranged its transfer to the University Library, where
it would again be accessible for research purposes. In 1968 the medieval
and modern coins and the medals and tokens were taken to their new
home, the ancient Greek and Roman coins followed in 1977 (after the
death of Lambrechts in 1974).
Already in 1966, in his book on the origins of banking, R. Bogaert had
announced his intention of publishing a book on banking in Greco-Roman
Egypt. The papyrological source material was incomparably larger and
more complex that the inscriptions documenting banking in Greek cities
elsewhere. Approximately 1750 documents written by or addressed to
bankers are currently known and published, in addition to hundreds of
other papyri documenting the history of banking in Ptolemaic, Roman and
Byzantine Egypt. It was obvious from the start that a considerable number
of preliminary studies would be required before the book itself could be
written.
This work was started in the late 1970’s and led to a total of 20 articles
published over the course of the 1980’s, that were compiled and
republished in 1994 as a monograph in the ‘Papyrologica Florentina’
series with the title Trapezitica Aegyptiaca.
In 1990 R. Bogaert finally began writing the long expected book on
banking in Greco-Roman Egypt. Unfortunately, health problems forced
him to stop the project before completion. In 1993 he threw away the part
of the manuscript which has already been written (approximately 300
pages) because he found them of inferior quality.
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Although his health had by then recovered, he no longer felt sure that he
would be able to finish the vast monographic volume he had had in mind.
In stead he decided to publish the material that he had collected and the
conclusions he had reached in the form of six long articles. The first article
in the series was published in the Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik in 1995 and was followed by two more in the same journal. In
1998, however, the editorial board refused the fourth contribution because
it exceeded the forty page limit the board had set. The three last articles
were, therefore, published in the journal Ancient Society from 1998-2001.
The six articles together number 612 pages and cover the entire period of
Greco-Roman and Byzantine Egypt.
The intellectual and scientific legacy of R. Bogaert is considerable.
Methodologically, he combined a systematic and careful source analysis
with a clear conceptual reference frame based on the concept of the deposit
bank as a professional institution distinct from other financial practices.
This combination of systematic and detailed source analysis and clearly
defined operational concepts, allowed him to avoid the pitfalls of both the
traditional empirical approach - often impressionistic and sometimes naïve
in its interpretations - and the theoretical, deductionist approach popular in
the 1970's and 1980's - often lacking an empirical basis and sometimes
rash in discarding ‘unsuitable’ source evidence as ‘untypical’. His research
on Egyptian banks has disclosed the often hard to interpret papyrological
data.
Although R. Bogaert will be remembered worldwide for his research
activities, he was also very active in training and teaching students in
Ancient History and Classical Philology. From 1967 to 1985 he taught a
wide variety of courses in the field of Classics: ‘Encyclopaedia of
Classical Philology’, ‘Papyrology’, ‘Greek Paleography and Epigraphy’,
‘Economic and Social History of Greece and Rome’, ‘Numismatics of the
Ancient World’, ‘Translation of Classical Greek Historical Texts’ and
‘Historical Interpretation of a Greek Author’.
Among his best pupils were Marc Waelkens, who later became professor
at the university of Leuven from where he set up the Sagalassos
archaeological project and Johan Strubbe, who became professor at Leiden
university, where he gained a reputation as an expert Greek epigraphist.
Internationally R. Bogaert was a member of the doctoral juries of the
6
(later) eminent researchers Léopold Migeotte (Doctorat d’Etat, Lyon,
1978) and Jean Andreau (Doctorat d’Etat, Paris, 1984).
Last but not least, R. Bogaert was and remains a distinguished member
of numerous national and international academic societies: the Fondation
Assyriologique G. Dosssin, the Association belge des Historiens
Economistes, the Société belge d’Etudes Orientales, the Fondation
Egyptologique Reine Elisabeth, the Société Royale de Numismatique de
Belgique, the Koninklijke Zuidnederlandse Maatschappij voor Taal- en
Letterkunde en Geschiedenis, the American Society of Papyrologists, the
International Association of Papyrologists, the Association des Etudes
Grecques, the Association Internationale d’Epigraphie Grecque et Latine
and the Société Internationale des Droits de l’Antiquité.
***
Bibliography
Books
Les origines antiques de la banque de dépôt. Une mise au point
accompagnée d'une esquisse des opérations de banque en Mésopotamie,
Leiden, Sijthoff, 1966, 185 p.
Banques et banquiers dans les cités grecques, Leiden, Sijthoff, 1968,
428 p.
Epigraphica, III: Texts on Bankers, Banking and Credit in the Greek
World (Textus minores 47), Leiden, Brill, 1976, xiv + 97 p.
Grundzüge des Bankwesens im alten Griechenland (Xenia 18),
Konstanz, Universitäts Verlag, 1986, 30 p.
Les dépôts, le crédit et le commerce de l'argent à travers les âges,
Anvers, HSA, 1988, 72 p.
Depositum, Kredit und Geldhandel durch die Jahrhunderte, Antwerpen,
HSA, 1988, 72 p.
Deposits, Credits and Commerce through the Ages, Antwerpen, HSA,
1988, 72 p.
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Van der Wee H. (ed.), Bogaert Raymond – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. –
Van der Wee H., De bank in Europa. 25 eeuwen bankgeschiedenis,
Antwerpen, Mercatorfonds, 1991. 397 p.
Van der Wee H. (ed.), Bogaert Raymond – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. –
Van der Wee H., La banque en Occident, Anvers, Fonds Mercator, 1991,
422 p.
Van der Wee H. (ed.), Bogaert Raymond – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. –
Van der Wee H., A History of European Banking, Antwerp,
Mercatorfonds, 1994, 420 p.
Van der Wee H. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. (eds.), Bogaert Raymond –
Brion R. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. – Moreau J.-L. – Van der Wee H.,
La banque en Occident, Anvers, Banque Européenne d’Investissement et
Fonds Mercator, 2000, 422 p.
Van der Wee H. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. (eds.), Bogaert Raymond –
Brion R. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. – Moreau J.-L. – Van der Wee H., A
History of European Banking, Antwerp, European Investment Bank and
Mercator Fonds, 2000, 422 p.
Van der Wee H. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. (eds.), Bogaert Raymond –
Brion R. – Kurgan-Van Hentenryk G. – Moreau J.-L. – Van der Wee H.,
Die Bank in Europa, Anverpen, Europeïsche Investitionsbank und
Mercator Fonds, 2000, 422 p.
Bogaert Raymond – Hartmann P. C., Essays zur historischen
Entwicklung des Bankensystems, Mannheim – Wien – Zürich,
Bibliographisches Institut, 1980.
Collected papers
Trapezitica Aegyptiaca: recueil de recherches sur la banque en Égypte
gréco-romaine (Papyrologica Florentina 25), Firenze, Gonnelli, 1994, xi +
439 p. + 4 p. ill.
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Articles and papers
1962
‘A propos de la phasis (Isocrate, Trapézitique 42). Contribution à
l'histoire du droit athénien’, in: Revue Internationale des Droits de
l'Antiquité 9 (1962), p. 157-167.
1963
‘Est tibi mater... ? (Horace, Sat. I,9,26 ss.)’, in: Les Etudes Classiques 31
(1963), p. 159-166.
‘Le cours du statère de Cyzique aux Ve et IVe siècles av. J. C.’, in:
Antiquité Classique 32 (1963), p. 85-119.
1964
‘Encore le cours du statère de Cyzique aux Ve et IVe siècles avant J.C.’,
in: Antiquité Classique 33 (1964), p. 121-128.
‘De bankzaken van de Griekse tempels’, in: Handelingen van de
Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis 18
(1964), p. 107-120.
1965
‘Le revirement de Ménélas (Euripide, Iphigénie à Aulis, 471 sqq.)’, in:
Les Etudes Classiques 33 (1965), p. 3-11.
‘Méthodes d'analyse et numismatique. Le problème du Cyzicène III’, in:
Antiquité Classique 34 (1965), p. 204-213.
‘Banquiers, courtiers et prêts maritimes à Athènes et à Alexandrie’, in:
Chronique d’Egypte 40 (1965), p. 140-156.
1967
‘Méthodes d'analyse appliquées aux monnaies antiques en électrum’, in:
Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 113 (1967), p. 244.
‘La monnaie, le change et la banque chez les Grecs’, in: Revue Belge de
Numismatique et de Sigillographie 113 (1967), p. 257-258.
‘Munt, wissel en bank bij de oude Grieken’, in: Handelingen van de
Koninklijke Maatschappij voor Taal- en Letterkunde en Geschiedenis 21
(1967), p. 33-45 (= in: Revue de la banque 33 (1969), p. 297-309).
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1968
Lambrechts Pieter – Bogaert Raymond, ‘Inscriptions inédites de
Pessinonte’, in: Antiquité Classique 37 (1968), p. 540-550.
1969
Lambrechts Pieter – Bogaert Raymond, ‘Nouvelles données sur l'histoire
du christianisme à Pessinonte’, in: Stiehl R. – Stier H. E. (eds.), Beiträge
zur Alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben. Festschrift für Franz Altheim
I, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, 1969, p. 552-564.
Lambrechts Pieter – Bogaert Raymond, ‘Asclépios, archigalle
pessinontien de Cybèle’, in: Bibauw Jacqueline (ed.), Hommages à Marcel
Renard. Vol. II (Collection Latomus 102), Bruxelles, 1969, p. 404-414.
‘De publieke banken bij de oude Grieken’, in: Handelingen van het
XXVIIe Vlaams Filologencongres, Brussel, 1969, p. 100-102 (= in: Revue
de la banque 33 (1969), p. 392-399.
1970
‘De papyrusverzameling van de bibliotheek der Rijksuniversiteit te
Gent’, in: Anamnèsis. Gedenkboek E. A. Leemans (Universiteit te Gent,
Werken uitgegeven door de Faculteit van de Letteren & Wijsbegeerte
149), Brugge, De Tempel, 1970, p. 107-125.
‘Tempels en bankzaken van de Babyloniërs tot de Tempeliers’, in:
Spiegel Historiael 5 (1970), p. 644-650, 7 ill.
1971
‘Notes critiques, juridiques et économiques sur le Discours contre
Phormion (Démosthène, Or. 34)’, in: Studi in onore di Edoardo Volterra.
III (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell'Università di
Catania), Milano, Giuffrè, 1971, p. 123-134.
1973
‘Changeurs et banquiers chez les Pères de l'Église’, in: Ancient Society 4
(1973), p. 239-270.
‘L'apport des inscriptions à nos connaissances de la banque grecque’, in:
Akten des VI. Internationalen Kongresses für Griechische und Lateinische
Epigraphik (Vestigia 17), München, Beck, 1973, p. 556-558.
10
1974
‘Die Krise der Banken in Athen im 4. Jahrhundert v. u. Z.’, in: Welskopf
E. Ch. (ed.), Hellenische Poleis, Berlin, Akademie Verlag, 1974, p. 521530.
1975
Bagnall R. S. – Bogaert Raymond, ‘Orders for Payment from a Banker's
Archive. Papyri in the Collection of Florida State University’, in: Ancient
Society 5 (1975), p. 79-108.
‘Geld (Geldwirtschaft)’, in: Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum IX
(1975), p. 797-907.
‘Het keuren van munten te Athene tijdens de IVe eeuw. Nieuwe
gegevens uit een pas ontdekte inscriptie’, in: Handelingen van het XXXe
Vlaams Filologencongres, Gent 1975, p. 129-130.
1976
‘L'essai des monnaies dans l'antiquité’, in: Revue Belge de Numismatique
et de Sigillographie 122 (1976), p. 5-34.
1977
‘Le cours du statère de Cyzique à Athènes aux Ve et IVe s. av. J.C. État
de la question’, in: Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 123
(1977), p. 17-39.
‘L'origine du chèque dans l'antiquité et son évolution ultérieure’, in:
Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 123 (1977), p. 265-266.
‘Il commercio internazionale e le banche’, in: Bandinelli Bianchi R.
(cur.), Barigazzi A. (intr.), Storia e civiltà dei Greci IV. La società
ellenistica 8. Economia, dirito, reliogione, Milano, Bompiani, 1977, p.
375-399.
‘The Economic Functions of Greek Banks’, in: Actes du cinquième
congrès international d’histoire économique (Leningrad 1970), Moskou,
L’académie des Sciences de l’URSS, 1977, p. 241-252 (= in: Ecole des
Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Congrès et Colloques XV, Paris e.a.,
Mouton, s.d., p. 241-251.
‘De oorsprong van de cheque en zijn ontwikkeling’, in: Spiegel
Historiael 12 (1977), p. 142-149, 10 ill.
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1978
‘De stater van Kuzikos, een der oudste internationale munten’, in:
Miscellanea Numismatica, Tienen, 1978, p. 29-36, 10 ill.
1979
‘Synthèse finale’, in: State and Temple Economy in the Ancient NearEast, Proceedings of the international conference organized by the
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, (Leuven, 1978) II, Leuven, 1979, p. 743762.
‘Remarques sur deux inscriptions grecques concernant le crédit public’,
in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 33 (1979), p. 126-130.
1980
‘De muntcirculatie in Egypte voor de Macedonische overheersing’, in:
Tijdschrift voor Numismatiek 30 (1980), p. 19-27.
‘Ursprung und Entwicklung des Depositenbank im Altertum und
Mittelalter’, in: Bogaert Raymond – Hartmann P. C., Essays zur
historischen Entwicklung des Bankensystems, Mannheim – Wien – Zürich,
Bibliographisches Institut, 1980.
‘Les reçus d'impôts thébains en argent des IIe et IIIe siècles’, in:
Chronique d’Egypte 55 (1980), p. 284-305.
1981
‘Le statut des banques en Égypte ptolémaïque’, in: Antiquité Classique
50 (1981), p. 86-99.
1982
‘Petite histoire des fausses monnaies d'Odénath, roi de Palmyre’, in:
Studia Paulo Naster oblata, I. Numismatica antiqua (Orient. Lovan.
Analecta 12). Leuven, Peeters, 1982, p. 151-160.
1983
‘Les modèles des banques ptolémaïques’, in: Dack E. van't – Dessel P.
van – Gucht W. van (eds.), Egypt and the Hellenistic World. (Proceedings
of the International Colloquium, Leuven, 1982) (Studia Hellenistica 27),
Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit, 1983, p. 13-29.
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‘Les banques affermées de l'Égypte romaine’, in: Studi in onore di
Cesare Sanfilippo, III (Pubblicazioni della Facoltà di Giurisprudenza
dell'Università di Catania 96), Milano, Giuffrè, 1983, p. 39-61.
‘Notes sur l'emploi du chèque dans l'Égypte ptolémaïque’, in: Chronique
d’Egypte 58 (1983), p. 212-221.
‘Les κολλυβιστικαι
τράπεζαι dans l'Égypte gréco-romaine’, in:
Anagennesis 3 (1983), p. 21-64.
1984
‘Les banques affermées ptolémaïques’, in: Historia 33 (1984), p. 181198.
‘Banques et banquiers à Thèbes à l'époque romaine’, in: Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 57 (1984), p. 241-296.
1985
‘Les κολλεκτάριοι dans les papyrus’, in: Chronique d’Egypte 60 (1985),
p. 5-16.
‘Le rôle économique et financier des banques dans le monde grec’, in:
Cahiers de Clio 84 (1985), p. 77-94.
1986
‘Notes critiques et économiques sur deux discours démosthéniens
(XXVII,9 et [XXXIV] 10)’, in: Kalcyk H., Gullath B. and Graeber A.
(eds.), Studien zur alten Geschichte. Siegfried Lauffer zum 70. Geburtstag
(Historica 2), Roma, Giorgio Bretschneider, 1986, p. 47-66.
‘La banque à Athènes au IV s. av. J.C., état de la question’, in: Museum
Helveticum 43 (1986), p. 19-49.
‘Les temples de l’Antiquité étaient-ils des banques’, in: Banque et
société humaine, Paris, Association française des banque, 1986, p. 135141, 3 ill.
1987
‘Banques et banquiers dans l'Arsinoïte à l'époque ptolémaïque I: Les
banques à Crocodilopolis’, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik
68 (1987), p. 35-75.
‘Banques et banquiers dans l'Arsinoïte à l'époque ptolémaïque II: Les
banques dans les villages du nome’, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 69 (1987), p. 107-141.
13
‘P. Cairo Zen. III 59327 et le taux des intérêts bancaires à Alexandrie en
250/249 avant J.-C.’, in: Janeras Sebastià (cur.), Miscellànea papirològica
Ramon Roca-Puig en el seu vuitantè aniversari, Barcelona, Fundació
Salvador Vives Casajuana, 1987, p. 79-88.
‘Recherches sur la banque en Égypte gréco-romaine’, in: Hackens Tony
and Marchetti Patrick (eds.), Histoire économique de l'Antiquité. Bilans et
contributions de savants belges présentés dans une réunion
interuniversitaire à Anvers/Antwerpen, Universitaire Fakulteiten SintIgnatius (Université Catholique de Louvain Institut supérieur
d'archéologie & d'histoire de l'art. Documents de travail 22), Louvain-laNeuve, Collège Erasme Séminaire de numismatique Marcel Hoc, 1987, p.
49-77.
1988
‘Liste chronologique des banquiers royaux thébains 255-84 avant J.-C.’,
in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 75 (1988), p. 115-138.
‘Un cas de faux en écriture à la Banque Royale thébaine en 131 avant
J.C.’, in: Chronique d’Egypte 63 (1988), p. 145-154.
‘Les opérations en nature des banques en Égypte gréco-romaine’, in:
Ancient Society 19 (1988), p. 213-224.
1989
‘Listes de taxes et banques dans l'Égypte romaine’, in: Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 79 (1989), p. 207-226.
‘Les mobiles du procès d'Apollodore, fils de Pasion, contre le banquier
Phormion (Dém. 36 et 45)’, in: Mactoux Marie-Madeleine and Geny
Évelyne (eds.), Mélanges Pierre Lévêque, III: Anthropologie et société,
Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 1989, p. 21-26 (= Annales littéraires de
l'Université de Besançon 404 & Centre de recherche d'histoire ancienne
91).
1991
‘La banque des Memnonia: une mise au point’, in: Zeitschrift für
Papyrologie und Epigraphik 86 (1991), p. 259-263.
‘Zénon et ses banquiers’, in: Chronique d’Egypte 66 (1991), p. 308-315.
14
‘Wisselbrieven en grensoverschrijdende betaaltechnieken tot eind 18de
eeuw’, in: Een munt voor Europa, Brussel, Gemeentekrediet, 1991, p. 143144.
1992
‘Les banques à Alexandrie aux époques gréco-romaine et byzantine’, in:
Ancient Society 23 (1992), p. 31-42.
1995
‘Liste géographique des banques et des banquiers de l'Égypte romaine,
30a-284’, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 109 (1995), p.
133-173.
1996
‘Griekenland, bakermat van het bankwezen’, in: Tetradio 5 (1996), p.
131-152.
1997
‘La banque en Égypte byzantine’, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und
Epigraphik 116 (1997), p. 85-140.
1998
‘Liste géographique des banques et des banquiers de l'Égypte
ptolémaïque’, in: Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 120 (1998),
p. 165-202.
‘Les opérations des banques de l'Égypte ptolémaïque’, in: Ancient
Society 29 (1998-1999), p. 49-145.
2000
‘Les opérations des banques de l'Égypte romaine’, in: Ancient Society 30
(2000), p. 135-269.
2001
‘Les documents bancaires de l'Égypte gréco-romaine et byzantine’, in:
Ancient Society 31 (2001), p. 173-288.
Short notes in encyclopaedia
‘Uitgeverij in de Oudheid’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie der
Wereldliteratuur VIII, Gent, 1974, p. 586-587.
15
‘Zenodotus’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie der Wereldliteratuur IX, Gent,
1974, p. 459.
‘Didymus’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie van de Wereldliteratuur III,
Haarlem – Antwerpen, 1980, p. 12.
‘Dionysius Thrax’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie van de Wereldliteratuur
III, Haarlem – Antwerpen, 1980, p. 24.
‘Eratosthenes’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie van de Wereldliteratuur III,
Haarlem – Antwerpen, 1980, p. 158
‘Hellenica Oxyrhynchia’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie van de
Wereldliteratuur IV, Haarlem – Antwerpen, 1980, p. 192-193.
‘Epigrafie’, in: Moderne encyclopedie van de wereldliteratuur, Haarlem
– Antwerpen, 1980, III, p. 150-151.
‘Zenodotus’, in: Moderne Encyclopedie van de Wereldliteratuur X,
Haarlem – Antwerpen, 1984, p. 338.
Reviews
Latomus 21 (1962), p. 232-233: Sattler Peter, Augustus und der Senat.
Untersuchungen zur römischen Innenpolitik zwischen 30 und 17 vor
Christus, Göttingen 1960.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 42 (1964), p. 1477-1478: Knapowski R., Der
Staatshaushalt der römischen Republik, Frankfurt a/M. 1961.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 43 (1965), p. 1170-1171: Bickerman E.,
Chronologie, Leipzig 1963.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 43 (1965), p. 1482-1483: Engelman H., Die
delische Sarapisaretologie (Beiträge zur klassischen Philologie 15),
Meisenheim am Glan 1964.
Revue d’Histoire du Droit 34 (1966), p. 247-249: Lévy Jean-Philippe,
L’Economie antique (Que-sais-je ? 1155), Paris 1964.
Antiquité Classique 35 (1966), p. 372-375: Turcan Robert, Le trésor de
Guelma. Etude historique et monétaire, Paris 1963.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
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Humanität. Studien zur antiken Sklaverei und ihrer Erforschung (Historia
Einzelschriften 8), Wiesbaden 1965.
16
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 44 (1966), p. 1338-1340: Sautel G., Une
introduction bibliographique à l’histoire du droit et à l’ethnologie
juridique (A 7 L’Antiquité), Bruxelles 1963.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 45 (1967), p. 261-262: Ramming G., Die
politische Ziele und Wege des Aischines, Diss. Erlangen 1965.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 45 (1967), p. 1007: Severijns A., Les dieux
d’Homère, Paris 1966
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
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and Sirens. The Greek Religious Revolution in the Sixth Century B.C.,
London 1965.
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Filologie en Geschiedenis 45 (1967), p. 1365-1366: Hutmacher Rudolf,
Das Ehrendekret für den Strategen Kallimachos (Beiträge zur klassischen
Philologie 17), Meisenheim am Glan 1966.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 46 (1968), p. 1438-1440: Hammond N.G.L., A
History of Greece to 322 B.C., Oxford 1967.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 46 (1968), p. 1440-1441: Jones A.H.M., Sparta,
Oxford 1967.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 46 (1968), p. 1491: Forrest W.G., The
Emergence of Greek Democracy, London 1966.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 47 (1969), p. 202-203: Mossé Claude, Les
institutions politiques grecques à l’époque classique, Paris 1967.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 50 (1972), p. 334-335: Troisième conférence
d’histoire économique (München, 1965), Paris – La Haye 1965.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 53 (1975), p. 154: Moretti L., Inscriptiones
Graecae Urbis Romae. Fasciculus Secundus, pars altera (729-1141), p.
17
252-512 (Studi pubblicati dell’Instituto Italiano per la Storia Antica 22),
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Helinium 20 (1980), p. 92-94: Alföldi Maria R., Ergebnisse des
Fundmünzen der Antike Deutschland colloquium (Frankfurt am Main und
Bad Homburg v.d. H., 1976) (Studien zur Fundmünzen der Antike 1),
Berlin, 1979.
Gnomon 52 (1980), p. 182-184: Meyer-Termeer A.J.M., Die Haftung der
Schiffer im griechischen und römische Recht, Zutphen 1980.
Revue d’Histoire du Droit 52 (1984), Visky K., Spuren der
Wirtschaftskrise der Kaiserzeit in den römische Rechtsquellen, Bonn –
Budapest 1983.
Revue Belge de Numismatique et de Sigillographie 130 (1984), p. 239243: Naster P., Scripta nummaria. Contributions à la méthode
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Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 63 (1985), p. 121-123: Schutrumpf E.,
Xenophon. Vorschläge zur Beschaffung von Geldmitteln oder über die
Staatseinkünfte, Darmstadt 1982.
Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire – Belgisch Tijdschrift voor
Filologie en Geschiedenis 63 (1985), p. 193-194: Roesch Paul, Etudes
béotiennes, Paris 1982.
Revue d’Histoire du Droit 55 (1987), p. 167-168: Boochs W., Die
Finanzverwaltung im Altertum, Sankt Augustin 1985.
Gnomon 62 (1990), p. 19-22: Vanier François, Finances publiques et
richesses privées dans le discours Athénien au Ve et IVe siècle, Paris 1988.
Gnomon 62 (1990), p. 609-612: Thompson Dorothy J., Memphis under
the Ptolemies, Princeton 1988.
Gnomon 66 (1994), p. 17-20: Millet Paul, Lending and Borrowing in
Ancient Athens, Cambridge 1991.
Gnomon 67 (1995), p. 159-161: Trevett Jeremy, Apollodoros the Son of
Pasion, Oxford 1992.
Gnomon 67 (1995), p. 604-609: Cohen Edward, Athenian Economy and
Society. A Banking Perspective, Princeton 1992.