consulter le lien - Grenoble à bout de souffle
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(hors source biotiques) Genève 18 novembre 1991 Second protocole soufré Oslo 14 juin 1994 Protocole relatif aux Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) et aux métaux lourds Aarhus 24 juin 1998 Protocole "multipolluants / multi-effets" Göteborg 1er décembre 1999 Protocole de Kyoto 11 décembre 1997 Nations Unies SO2 Réduire les émissions de SO2 30%, soit 1285 kt Emissions Année de référence, échéance ou 2002 (kt) 1093 Nations Unies NOx Réduire les émissions de NOx 1994 : 1838 kt 1998 : 1417 kt 1742 1586 1987 1980 1994 1998 Nations Unies COV Réduire les émissions de COV Objectifs atteints en 2001 30%, soit 1914 kt 1806 1988 1999 Nations Unies SO2 Réduire les émissions de SO2 Atteindre : 868 kt en 2000, 770 kt en 2005 737 kt en 2010 15,8 t de Cd 25,3 t de Hg 4 264 t de Pb 1 741 gITEQ de PCDD/F 293 t de HAP 1 655 kg de HCB 627 537 (2002) 537 (2002) 9,6 (2002) 11,7 (2002) 217 (2002) 380 (2002) 251 (2002) 1745 (2002) Territoire concerné Polluants considéré Objectifs généraux Nations Unies Cd Hg Pb PCDD/F HAP HCB Limiter les émissions des POP et des métaux lourds à un niveau inférieur à celui de 1990 Nations Unies SO2 NOx COVNM NH3 Réduction de l'acidification, de l'eutrophisation et de l'ozone troposphérique CO2 N2O CH4 HFC PFC SF6 Lutte contre les changements climatiques Nations Unies La directive GIC 2001/80/CE 23 octobre 2001 Union Européenne SO2 NOx La directive NEC 2001/81/CE 23 octobre 2001 Union Européenne SO2 NOx COVNM NH3 Directive Auto Oil 13 octobre 1998 Union Européenne Polluants liés au trafic routier Objectif(s) pour la France Atteindre : 400 kt pour le SO2, 860 kt pour les NOx, 1100 kt pour les COVNM 780 kt pour le NH3. 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VLWXDWLRQVGHGpFOHQFKHPHQWRXGHSHUVLVWDQFHGHSROOXWLRQVXUXQHIDoDGH(VWGXWHUULWRLUHELHQSURWpJpHGHVUpJLPHV SHUWXUEpV 8QDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWSURJUHVVLIGHVFRQGLWLRQVDQWLF\FORQLTXHVRXOHUHWRXUjXQUpJLPHSHUWXUEpVRQWDXWDQW GHFDXVHVTXLFRQGXLVHQWjODGLVSDULWLRQGXSKpQRPqQH 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (IIHWVVDQLWDLUHV5HFRPPDQGDWLRQV 206 (IIHWVVDQLWDLUHV Polluants Dioxyde de soufre (SO2) Effets sur la santé Gaz irritant qui altère la fonction pulmonaire pouvant Effets surtout chez augmenter les symptômes respiratoires : gène respiratoire, l’asthmatique : accès de toux ou crises d'asthme. exacerbe et favorise la survenue de crise d’asthme, peut déclencher un spasme bronchique Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) : le benzène (C6H6) Effets très différents selon le composé. Ils peuvent générer une certaine gêne olfactive, des effets mutagènes et cancérogènes, en passant par des irritations et une diminution de la capacité respiratoire. Le benzène, reconnu cancérigène, provoque une dépression de l’immunité cellulaire, des atteintes du système nerveux et des leucémies. Particules en suspension (PM) Les plus grosses particules (diamètre supérieur à 10 microns) sont arrêtées par les voies aériennes supérieures de l’homme où elles peuvent provoquer des irritations. Elles sont mises en cause dans l’augmentation des réactions de stress. Les particules fines pénètrent jusqu’au poumon profond où elles diminuent les performances ventilatoires et accroissent les symptômes respiratoires (toux). Elles augmentent la sensibilité aux allergènes. Certaines particules en suspension contiennent des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP) aux propriétés mutagènes et cancérogènes. Oxydes d’azote Le NO2 est un gaz toxique (40 fois plus que CO, 4 fois plus (NO et NO2) que NO). Gaz irritant qui pénètre dans les plus fines ramifications des voies respiratoires. Le NO2 entraîne une altération de la fonction respiratoire et une hyper réactivité bronchique. Le NO est un gaz irritant pour les bronches, il réduit le pouvoir oxygénateur du sang. Monoxyde de carbone (CO) Métaux lourds : plomb (Pb), mercure (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), etc. Risques accrus chez les personnes sensibles Enfants : irritation bronchique Asthmatiques : crise d’asthme Enfants : augmentation de la sensibilité des bronches aux infections microbiennes Asthmatiques : augmente la fréquence et la gravité des crises d’asthme A fortes doses : toxique cardio-respiratoire souvent mortel ; Nocivité A faibles doses : diminue la capacité d’oxygénation du particulièrement cerveau, du cœur et des muscles. importante chez les insuffisants coronariens et les fœtus. Ils s'accumulent dans l'organisme et provoquent des effets toxiques à court et/ou à long terme. Ils peuvent être absorbés directement par le biais de la chaîne alimentaire entraînant alors des effets chroniques ou aigus. Ils peuvent affecter le système nerveux, les fonctions rénales, hépatiques, respiratoires, ou autres. L'exposition prolongée au plomb peut altérer le quotient intellectuel des enfants. 33$ *UHQREOH (IIHWVVDQLWDLUHVVXLWH Ozone (O3) Gaz agressif, fortement irritant pour les muqueuses oculaires et respiratoires. Il pénètre aisément jusqu'aux voies respiratoires les plus fines. Il altère la fonction pulmonaire, provoque des essoufflements et des toux. Pollens : urticacées, graminées, châtaignier, armoise, etc. La pollution peut agir sur les pollens en modifiant leur structure biochimique extérieure et augmenter leur potentiel allergène. Mais les polluants peuvent affecter les muqueuses respiratoires de l’homme, modifiant sa sensibilité immunologique aux grains de pollens. Odeurs Détectés par l’appareil olfactif à des niveaux très faibles par rapport aux niveaux toxiques d’ordre irritatif le plus souvent, la plupart des composés odorants ont peu d’effets sur la santé. Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) dont les pesticides, les PCB, Les risques provoqués par les POP sont controversés. Les symptômes observés dans les dossiers médicaux des agriculteurs français sont, par ordre croissant de détection : cutanés ; digestifs ; oculaires ; céphalées ; neurologiques ; respiratoires. Dans 51% des cas d'intoxication, le patient présentait plus d'un symptôme. L’exposition à hautes doses provoquerait une baisse de la les HAP dont fertilité, des risques tératogènes (malformations), des Benzo(a)pyrène cancers, des troubles neurologiques et comportementaux (C20H12) chroniques. Les HAP comprenant 4 à 7 noyaux benzéniques, certains les dioxines sont classés comme pouvant provoquer des cancers du (PCDD) et les poumons. furanes (PCDF) Biopolluants Il n'existe qu'une voie de contamination connue de la légionellose : l'aspiration de gouttelettes d'eau contaminées. Ces gouttelettes se retrouvent au niveau des poumons et attaquent le système immunitaire, avant d'endommager les poumons. Les aspergillus peuvent provoquer l'aspergillose, surtout dangereuse en ambiance hospitalière (sujets immunitairement déprimés). L'aspergillose est rare et reste dangereuse. Elle découle généralement de soulèvements de sols dus à des travaux. Le cas le plus difficile est celui des particules inertes et des biocontaminants intérieurs provoquant des allergies. C'est particulièrement important pour la climatisation. Gaz effet serre (H20, CO2, CH4, N20, HFC, PFC, SF6) En diminuant la couche d’ozone, ils augmentent notre exposition aux UV-B. Des expositions fréquentes au rayonnement UV peuvent, par ailleurs, provoquer des dommages à long terme vieillissement de la peau, cancer de la peau ou cataracte. Picotements, sensations d’irritation des yeux et de gêne respiratoire, toux. Effets augmentés par l’activité physique. Exacerbe les crises chez les asthmatiques (surtout en cas d’exercice intensif). Les personnes les plus fragiles, avec au premier rang d'entre elles, les femmes enceintes et les enfants, sont les plus concernées. 33$ *UHQREOH Polluants Dioxyde de soufre (SO2) Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) : le benzène (C6H6) Particules en suspension (PM) Recommandations OMS Périodes considérées Recommandations 10 minutes 1 heure 24 heures 1 an 500 μg/m 3 350 μg/m 3 125 μg/m 3 50 μg/m Périodes considérées Recommandations Vie entière Incrément de risque : 6x10 3 pour une exposition de 1 μg/m Métaux lourds : plomb (Pb), mercure (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), etc. Ozone (O3) Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) dont les pesticides, les PCB, - HAP dont Benzo(a)pyrène (C20H12) - Dioxines (PCDD) et furanes (PCDF) -6 L’OMS ne donne pas de valeur guide dans les recommandations parues en 2000, car pour les particules, les experts n’ont pas mis en évidence de seuil en deçà duquel il n’y aurait pas d’effet. Périodes considérées Recommandations 1h 1 an 200 μg/m 3 40 μg/m Périodes considérées Recommandations 15 minutes 30 minutes 1 heure 8 heures 100 mg/m 3 60 mg/m 3 30 mg/m 3 10 mg/m Dioxydes d’azote (NO2) Monoxyde de carbone (CO) 3 3 3 Recommandations Plomb Périodes considérées 1an Nickel Vie entière Incrément de risque : 0,38 x 10 3 pour une exposition de 1 ng/m Cadmium 1 an 5 ng/m Arsenic Vie entière Chrome Vie entière Mercure 1 an 3 0,5 μg/m -6 3 -6 Incrément de risque : 1,5 x 10 3 pour une exposition de 1 ng/m -6 Incrément de risque : 40 x 10 3 pour une exposition de 1 ng/m 3 1 μg/m Périodes considérées Recommandations 8 heures 120 μg/m 3 Pas de valeur guide car l’ l’inhalation de ces composés constitue une faible proportion par rapport à l’ingestion journalière par la nourriture : - 1 à 2 %) pour les PCB - inférieure à 5 %pour les PCDD et les PCDF. Dans le cas du B(a)P : Périodes considérées Vie entière Recommandations -6 Incrément de risque : 87 x 10 3 pour une exposition de 1 ng/m 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (IIHWVVXUO HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOHSDWULPRL QH5HFRPPDQGDWLRQV206 (IIHWVVXUO HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOHSDWULPRLQH Polluants Effets sur l’environnement et le patrimoine Dioxyde de soufre (SO2) Au contact de l’humidité de l’air, le SO2 se transforme en H2SO4. Il intervient de façon prépondérante dans les phénomènes des pluies acides et de dépérissement des forêts. Il élimine les végétaux sensibles tels que les lichens ; il provoque des nécroses caractéristiques aux feuilles. En association avec d'autres éléments, il participe également à la dégradation des matériaux entrant dans les constructions, dont les pierres calcaires. Composés Organiques Volatils (COV), dont le benzène (C6H6) Ils interviennent, avec les oxydes d’azote et le monoxyde de carbone, dans le processus de formation de l’ozone troposphérique. Les composés les plus stables chimiquement participent à l’effet de serre et à l’appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone stratosphérique (carbures halogénés notamment). Particules en suspension (PM) Les effets de salissure par les poussières sur les bâtiments sont les atteintes à l’environnement la plus visible. Sur les végétaux, les particules viennent se fixer dans les stomates, ce qui perturbe la photosynthèse et provoque une destruction de ces tissus. Oxydes d’azote (NOx), (NO,NO2,N2O) Ils interviennent dans les phénomènes de pluies acides. Ils participent à la formation de l'ozone troposphérique, dont ils sont l'un des précurseurs, à la dégradation de la couche d'ozone stratosphérique et à l'effet de serre. Le protoxyde d’azote (N2O) est un puissant gaz à effet de serre. Monoxyde de carbone (CO) Métaux lourds : plomb (Pb), mercure (Hg), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), etc. Ozone (O3) Polluants Organiques Persistants (POP) dont les pesticides, les PCB, les HAP dont Benzo(a)pyrène (C20H12) les dioxines (PCDD) et les furanes (PCDF) Gaz effet serre (H20, CO2, CH4, N20, HFC, PFC, SF6) Il participe aux mécanismes chimiques de formation de l’ozone troposphérique. Dans l'atmosphère, il se transforme en dioxyde de carbone (CO2) et contribue à l'effet de serre. Le CO étant converti en CO2 par le catalyseur des pots catalytiques, la part de CO2 rejetée par les transports augmente régulièrement et participe à l’augmentation de l’effet de serre Ils contaminent les sols et les aliments. Ils sont dangereux pour l’environnement car ils ne sont pas dégradables. Ils s'accumulent dans les organismes vivants et perturbent les équilibres et mécanismes biologiques. L'ozone a des effets néfastes sur la végétation en perturbant la croissance de certaines espèces, entraînant des baisses de rendements des cultures et provoquant des nécroses foliaires. Les effets sont variables selon les plantes. Il contribue aux pluies acides et à l’effet de serre. Il dégrade certains matériaux comme, par exemple, le caoutchouc. Les POP présentent des risques pour l’environnement suite à leur persistance, leur accumulation dans les écosystèmes et leur transport à longue distance. Le temps de demie vie du glyphosate (considérée comme une des matières actives se dégradant le plus vite) est de 14 jours à 111 jours suivant le type de sol. La menace que représente les POP reste encore imprécise vu le manque de connaissances. Ils polluent l'eau, diminuent la fertilité du sol, polluent l'air et contaminent la chaîne alimentaire en s’accumulant le plus souvent dans les tissus riches en graisse. La contamination du système «sol-plante» par voie aérienne prédominerait par rapport à la contamination par les racines (INPL). Les gaz à effet de serre sont principalement responsables du réchauffement terrestre et de la diminution de la couche d’ozone. 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (IIHWVVXUO HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOHSDWULPRL QH5HFRPPDQGDWLRQV206 5HFRPPDQGDWLRQV206 Polluants Dioxyde de soufre (SO2) Oxydes d’azote (NO et NO2) Ozone (O3) Recommandations OMS* 3 Entre 10 et 30 μg/m en moyenne annuelle, en fonction du type de végétation. 3 30 μg/m en moyenne annuelle. Entre 0,2 et 10 ppm par heure, moyenne entre 5 jours et 6 mois, en fonction du type de végétation (AOT : expos ition cumulée au des s us d’ un s euil de 40 ppb). 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (IIHWVVXUO HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOHSDWULPRL QH(IIHWGHVHUUH /HSURWRFROHGH.\RWRPHQWLRQQHJD]jHIIHWGHVHUUHGXVjO DFWLYLWpKXPDLQHOHJD]FDUERQLTXH&2OHPpWKDQH &+O R[\GHQLWUHX[12K\GURIOXRURFDUERQHVRX+)&K\GURFDUEXUHVSHUIOXRUpVRX3)&KH[DIOXRUXUHGHVRXIUHRX 6)' DXWUHVVXEVWDQFHVFRQWULEXHQWjO HIIHWGHVHUUHPDLV FHUWDLQHVVXEVWDQFHVGHVWUXFWULFHVGHODFRXFKHG R]RQHOHV&)&HW+&)&VRQWGpMjUpJOHPHQWpHVSDUOH3URWRFROHGH 0RQWUpDODQWpULHXUjOD&RQYHQWLRQ&OLPDW 'HSOXV/ HIIHWGHUpFKDXIIHPHQWGHV&)&VHPEOHQpDQPRLQVFRPSHQVpSDU ODGLPLQXWLRQGHODTXDQWLWpG R]RQHVWUDWRVSKpULTXHTX RQOHXUDWWULEXH G DXWUHVJD]GRQWODWUqVIDLEOHSUpVHQFHGDQVO DWPRVSKqUHHWGDQVOHVpPLVVLRQVKXPDLQHVRQWMXVWLILpTX RQQHOHVLQWq JUHSDVGDQVOHVHQJDJHPHQWVGHVSD\VSRXUODOXWWHFRQWUHOHFKDQJHPHQWFOLPDWLTXH& HVWSDUH[HPSOHOHFDVGHO R 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vrier 2004) Dioxyde de carbone (CO2) Méthane (CH4) Oxyde nitreux (N2O) Hydrocarbures perfluorés (PFC) CnF2n+2 Hydrofluorocarbones (HFC) CnHmFp Hexafluorure de soufre (SF6) 1 21 310 50 – 200* 12 +ou- 3 ** 120 ans 6 500 à 9 200 Supérieur à 50.000 ans 140 à 11 700 23 900 De 1 à 50 ans pour les (HFC 32, 125,134a,143a, et 152a) 3 200 GXDX[YDULDWLRQVGHVWDX[G LQFRUSRUDWLRQGHVSURFHVVXVGHSLpJHDJHGHVGLIIpUHQWVSXLWV HIIHWGXPpWKDQHVXUVDSURSUHGXUpHGHYLHLQIOXHQFHODFDSDFLWpGHO DWPRVSKqUHjVHGpEDUUDVVHUGHSROOXDQWOH&+ FRPSULV 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (IIHWVVXUO HQYLURQQHPHQWHWOHSDWULPRL QH&KDQJHPHQWVSUpYXVDXFRXUVGX;;,HVLqFOH DQQH[HGXSODQFOLPDW 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H )RUPDW6(&7(16HFWHXUVSULQFLSDX[HW VRXVVHFWHXUV 6RXUFH A D E M E SECTEURS PRINCIPAUX Extraction, transformation et distribution d'é nergie Industrie manufacturiè re, traitement des dé chets, Construction Ré sidentiel, tertiaire, commercial, institutionnel Agriculture, sylviculture et aquaculture Transport routier Modes de transports autres que routier Autres secteurs ou indiffé rencié Puits Emetteurs non inclus dans le total France Gaz naturel Gaz de cokerie Gaz de pétrole liquéfié Gaz de haut-fourneau Gaz de raffinerie et de pétrochimie Gaz industriels déchets Biogaz, gaz de décharge,… Autres combustibles gazeux (hydrogène, …) Fioul lourd Fioul domestique Gazole Essence et supercarburant Kérosène, carburéacteur et essence aviation SOUS-SECTEURS Production d'électricité Chauffage urbain Raffinage du pétrole Transformation des combustibles minéraux solides --- mines Transformation des combustibles minéraux solides --- sidérurgie Extraction des combustibles solides et distribution énergie Extraction combustibles liquides et distribution énergie Extraction des combustibles gazeux et distribution énergie Extraction énergie et distribution autres (géothermie, …) Transformation d'énergie autre (incinération de déchets avec récupération d'énergie) Chimie organique, non-organique et divers construction Matériels de transport, fonderie, industrie mécanique, électrique, etc. Agro-alimentaire Métallurgie des métaux ferreux Métallurgie des métaux non-ferreux Minéraux non-métalliques et matériaux de construction Papier, carton Traitement des déchets (hors récupération d'énergie) Autres secteurs de l'industrie et non spécifié Résidentiel Tertiaire, commercial, institutionnel Culture Elevage Sylviculture Autres sources de l'agriculture (tracteurs, …) Voitures particulières à moteur diesel et non catalysées Voitures particulières à moteur diesel et catalysées Voitures particulières à moteur essence et non catalysées Voitures particulières à moteur essence et catalysées Voitures particulières à moteur essence et GPL Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur diesel et catalysés Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur diesel et non catalysés Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur essence et catalysés Véhicules utilitaires légers à moteur essence et non catalysés Poids lourds à moteur diesel Poids lourds à moteur essence Deux roues Transport ferroviaire Transport fluvial Transport maritime français Transport aérien français Autres secteurs anthropiques Puits de CO2 --- photosynthèse Puits de CH4 Trafic maritime international (soutes internationales) Transport aérien international Sources non anthropiques Autres sources hors total national (forêts gérées pour les COVNM) COMBUSTIBLES Huiles et solvants uses Autres produits pétroliers Liqueur noire Autres combustibles liquides Charbon, agglomères et coke Lignite Coke de pétrole Ordures ménagères Déchets industriels solides Autres combustibles minéraux solides Bois Autres produits de la biomasse (agricoles, …) Autres combustibles solides 33$ *UHQREOH $QQH[H (0,66,216HWGHVpWDEOLVVH PHQWVLQGXVWULHOVVRXPLVjOD7*$3OHVSOXVSROOXDQWV GHOD]RQH33$ 6RXUFH'5,5( RFWREUH 2[\GHV GH VRX IUH62 HW62 Emissions en t/an ETABLISSEMENT COMMUNE 2000 2003 Champagnier 508 406 VICAT - PAPETERIES DE VIZILLE Vizille 269 273 PAPETERIES DU PONT DE CLAIX Le Pont-De-Claix 194 257 Eybens 289 235 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AURG Biotique CAREPS CCI Cd CMG CFC CH4 CIRE CITEPA CO CO2 COV COVNM DDE Définition et mode de calcul des centiles Agence de l’Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l’Energie http://ww.ademe.fr/ Agence d’Etudes et de Promotion de l’Isère http://www.grenoble-isere.com/ Particules en suspension dans l’air constituées de substances solides et/ou liquides présentant une vitesse de chute négligeable. Minérales ou organiques, composées de matière vivante (pollens…) ou non, grosses ou fines, les particules en suspension constituent un ensemble extrêmement hétérogène de polluants dont la taille varie de l'ordre du dixièmes de nanomètres à une centaine de micromètres Association Française d'Etudes des Ambroisies http://perso.wanadoo.fr/afeda/ R-CO-H (R=CnH2n+1) Qui est du à l’activité humaine Air Pollution and HEAlth ; étude conduite dans 15 villes européennes Arsenic Accumulated dose Over a Threshold of 40 ppb : signifie la somme des différences entre les concentrations horaires supérieures à 80 μg/m³ (= 40 parties par milliard) et 80 μg/m³ durant une période donnée en utilisant uniquement les valeurs sur 1 heure mesurées quotidiennement entre 8 heures et 20 heures (heure de l'Europe centrale) ASsociation pour le COntrôle et la Préservation de l’Air dans la Région Grenobloise http://www.atmo-rhonealpes.org/ l'Agence d'Urbanisme de la Région Grenobloise http://www.aurg.org/ Désigne un milieu qui permet le développement de la vie Centre Rhône-Alpes d’Epidémiologie et de Prévention Sanitaire http://www.careps.org Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie de Grenoble http://www.grenoble.cci.fr/ Cadmium Chambre des Métiers de Grenoble http://www.cm-grenoble.fr/ Composés organo chlorés de type : CF2Cl2, CFCl3, CCl4, CH3Cl, … Méthane Cellule InterRégionale d’Epidémiologie http://www.invs.sante.fr/regions/cire_rhonesalpes.htm Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d’Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique http://www.citepa.org/ Monoxyde de carbone Gaz carbonique ou dioxyde de carbone Composés Organiques Volatils Composés Organiques Volatils Non Méthaniques Direction Départementale de l’Equipement http://www.equipement.gouv.fr/ Il faut comprendre au sens de « ne pas dépasser une valeur d’un percentile 98 », que 98 % des jours (ou des heures dans le cas d’un percentile horaire) qui ont fait l’objet de mesures doivent présenter des valeurs journalières (ou horaires) inférieures à cette valeur limite. Ainsi, dans le cas d’une année complète de mesure, on ne devra pas dépasser cette valeur limite plus de 7 jours (ou 175 heures dans le cas d’un percentile horaire). Le centile est calculé à partir des valeurs effectivement mesurées, arrondies au micro gramme par mètre cube le plus proche. Pour chaque site, toutes les valeurs sont portées dans une liste établie par ordre croissant. Le centile C est la valeur de l'élément de rang k pour lequel k est calculé au moyen de la formule suivante : k = C/100 * N, N étant le nombre de valeurs portées dans la liste cidessus. k est arrondi au nombre entier le plus proche. 33$ *UHQREOH *ORVVDLUH Définition et mode de calcul des Moyennes annuelles ou horaires : DIREN DRIRE Effet de foehn EGPN EIS Emission EPFL ERPURS ERU Eutrophisation Gaz à effet de serre H20 H2SO4 HAP HCFC HFC Hg ICPE IFEN IGN Une moyenne (annuelle ou horaire) exprime l’exposition moyenne de la population concernée, alors que le percentile 98 exprime l’occurrence des épisodes de pollution les plus aigus. DIRections Régionales de l'Environnement. Sous l'autorité du préfet de région, elles oeuvrent à la prise en compte de l'environnement dans les divers programmes d'aménagement, dans les contrats de plan et dans les programmes européens. http://www.environnement.gouv.fr/rhone-alpes/ Direction Régionale de l’Industrie et de l’Environnement http://www.drire.gouv.fr/ Ce phénomène météorologique agit avec plusieurs degrés d’importance (le petit effet de fœhn et le grand effet de fœhn. Il a lieu principalement dans les hautes montagnes mais peut intervenir à partir d’altitudes comprises entre 500 et 600 mètres. Dans sa configuration la plus forte, il se caractérise par de fortes précipitations sur le versant de la montagne situé au vent et par un vent chaud et sec (le fœhn en espagnol) sur l'autre versant de la montagne. C’est l’ascendance de la masse d’air au flanc au vent des reliefs qui entraîne une condensation matérialisée par des nuages. Au cours de l’ascendance, l’eau condensée peu précipiter au vent, alors que la masse d’air, en redescendant sous le vent deviendra plus sèche. Ecologie et Gestion du Patrimoine Nature Evaluation de l’Impact Sanitaire Des substances polluantes sont rejetées par des sources fixes (industrie, chauffage, incinération) ou mobiles (automobile) et gagnent l’air ambiant. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne http://www.epfl.ch Evaluation des Risques de la Pollution URbaine Pour la Santé Excès de Risque Unitaire ou incrément de risque : un incrément de -6 -3 risque de 6.10 pour 1 μg.m correspond à la probabilité 1,000006 fois plus grande de développer un cancer pour une personne exposée -3 durant une vie entière à une concentration dans l’air de 1 μg.m , par rapport à une personne non exposée. Dit autrement, 6 cas de cancer pour un million de personnes sont susceptibles d’apparaître pour une -3 exposition vie entière à 1 μg.m de la substance considérée. Apport en excès de substances nutritives (nitrates et phosphates) dans un milieu aquatique pouvant entraîner la prolifération des végétaux aquatiques (fleur d'eau). Pour les décomposer, les bactéries aérobies augmentent leur consommation en oxygène qui vient à manquer et les bactéries anaérobies se développent en dégageant des substances toxiques : méthane, ammoniac, hydrogène sulfuré, toxines, etc. Toutes les mers, sauf les mers subarctiques, sont touchées par l'eutrophisation. Les teneurs en nitrate ont doublé, voire triplé dans la mer Noire et la mer d'Azov. Par exemple : H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6 Eau Acide sulfurique Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques n atomes de carbone, 2n+1 atomes d'hydrogène, 1 atome de fluor Hydrofluorocarbones Mercure Industrie Classée Pour l’Environnement Institut francais de l'environnement http://www.ifen.fr/ Institut Géographique National http://www.ign.fr/ 33$ *UHQREOH *ORVVDLUH Immission INERIS INRA INSEE INSERM InVS LAURE LEGI MEDD Métaux lourds MetPhoMod METRO 3 -3 μg/m ou μg.m 3 -3 Ng/m ou ng.m Ni NO N2O NO2 NOx (NO, NO2, N2O) Objectifs qualité : OH° OMS PAN Pb PCB PCDD PCDF PDU PFC Le terme « immission » est employé pour caractériser la concentration des polluants dans l’air ambiant. On distingue les polluants primaires qui sont directement émis et se retrouvent de ce fait en grande quantité près des sources qui les ont engendrés. Il s’agit alors d’une pollution de proximité. Au fur et à mesure que l’on s’éloigne des sources, ces polluants primaires diminuent en concentration par effet de transport et de transformation pour laisser place aux polluants secondaires, émis indirectement mais créés après ces transformations. Institut National de l‘Environnement et des Risques Industriels http://www.ineris.fr/ Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique http://www.inra.fr/ Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques http://www.insee.fr/ Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale http://www.inserm.fr/ Institut de Veille Sanitaire http://www.invs.sante.fr/ Loi sur l’Air et l’Utilisation Rationnelle de l’Energie Laboratoire des Ecoulements Géophysiques et Industriels http://www.legi.hmg.inpg.fr/ Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Développement Durable http://www.ecologie.gouv.fr/ Les principaux métaux surveillés sont l’arsenic (As), le Cadmium (Cd), le Nickel (Ni) et le Plomb (Pb). METeorology and atmospheric PHOtochemistry mesoscale MODel Grenoble Alpes Métropole http://www.la-metro.org/ Micro gramme par mètre cube Nano gramme par mètre cube Nickel Monoxyde d’azote Oxyde nitreux Dioxyde d’azote Oxydes d’azote (monoxyde d’azote, dioxyde d’azote et oxyde nitreux) Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère, fixé sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, dans le but d'éviter, de prévenir, ou de réduire les effets nocifs de ces substances pour la santé humaine ou pour l'environnement. Il s'agit d'une valeur de confort, ou d'un objectif de qualité de l'air à atteindre, si possible, dans une période donnée. Peroxyde d'hydrogène Organisation Mondiale de la Santé http://www.who.int/fr/ peroxy acétyl nitrate Plomb Polychloro Biphényles Polychloro dibenzo dioxines Polychloro dibenzo furannes Plan de Déplacements Urbains Hydrocarbures perfluorés 33$ *UHQREOH *ORVVDLUH Phénomène des brises de montagne (brise de pente et de vallée) PM PM2.5, PM10 PMSI POP PPA ppb ppm PRIMEQUAL PRQA PSAS-9 SECTEN Seuils d'alerte Seuils de recommandation et d'information SF6 SNCF SMTC SO2 Sources fixes Sources mobiles Station d’observation Station industrielle Station périurbaine Station rurale Action thermique du relief : durant la journée toute pente exposée est réchauffée par le rayonnement solaire. Ainsi, le sol devient plus chaud que l’air libre pendant le jour. L'air en contact avec le sol remonte alors la pente, c’est la brise montante. Après un certain temps, une circulation fermée s'établit. L’épaisseur de ce phénomène est de 100 à 200 m. La nuit, une circulation inverse s'organise en raison du refroidissement du sol. Poussières ou Particules Particules de diamètre inférieur à 2.5 ou 10 microns Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d’Information Polluants Organiques Persistants Plan de Protection de l’Atmosphère -9 Unité : 1 partie par billion (10 ) . 1 ppb = 1 mg par tonne -6 Unité : 1 partie par million (10 ). 1 ppm = 1 mg par kilogramme Programme de Recherche Inter-organisme pour une Meilleure Qualité de l’Air à l’Echelle Locale Plan Régional de la Qualité de l’Air Programme de Surveillance Air et Santé. Etude portant sur 9 villes de France : Bordeaux, Le Havre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Paris, Rouen, Strasbourg, Toulouse. SECTeurs économiques et ENergie Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère au delà duquel une exposition de courte durée présente un risque pour la santé humaine de toute la population (ou un risque de dégradation de l'environnement) à partir duquel des mesures d'urgence et d'information du public doivent être prises. Niveau de concentration de substances polluantes dans l'atmosphère au delà duquel une exposition de courte durée présente un risque pour la santé humaine des groupes particulièrement sensibles, et à partir duquel des informations actualisées doivent être diffusées à la population. Hexafluorure de soufre Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer http://www.sncf.com/ Syndicat Mixte des Transports en Commun http://www.smtc-grenoble.org/ Dioxyde de soufre Le terme « sources fixes » désigne des établissements industriels ou assimilés qui, pour les polluants auxquels cette étude s’intéresse, rejettent des fumées de combustion de fuels et de charbon, ou des sous-produits de processus de fabrication. Le terme « sources mobiles » désigne les émissions dues aux transports de biens et de personnes, avec comme principal responsable le trafic automobile. Contrairement aux sources fixes qui rejettent le plus souvent en cheminées de type industrielle, hautes de plusieurs dizaines de mètres, les rejets des sources mobiles se produisent très près du sol, ce qui nuit à la bonne dispersion des émissions. Stations n’obéissant à aucun des critères des stations ci-avant énumérées. Elles sont utilisées pour des besoins spécifiques tels que l'aide à la prévision ou la modélisation. Caractérise les niveaux de pollution induits par des phénomènes de retombées de panache ou d'accumulation issus d’une source industrielle. Caractérise l’exposition des populations à la pollution par les photooxydants. Caractérise la pollution à l’échelle régionale et permettant notamment la surveillance de l'exposition des écosystèmes. 33$ *UHQREOH *ORVVDLUH Station trafic Station urbaine TC TGAP Transformation Transport Typologie des stations de mesures UNEDIC Valeurs limites pour la protection de la santé humaine Vent synoptique Vent thermique ZNIEFF Caractérise l’exposition maximale des populations résidant à proximité d'une infrastructure routière. La topographie du site peut constituer un facteur aggravant (cas des rues encaissées peu ventilées). Caractérise l’exposition moyenne d’une fraction importante de la population. Transports collectifs Taxe Générale sur les Activités Polluantes. Elle fonctionne depuis le 1er janvier 1999. Les agents soumis à la TGAP air sont : • Les installations soumises à autorisation dont : o la puissance thermique cumulée est supérieure à 20 MW et o les émissions sont supérieures à : 150 t/an de composés soufrés (exprimés en SO2), 150 t/an de NOx, 150 t/an de HCl, 150 t/an de COV (non méthaniques). • Les installations d'incinération d'ordures ménagères d'une capacité supérieure ou égale à 3 tonnes par heure. Le mélange de différents polluants dans l’atmosphère, l’exposition à des conditions météorologiques particulières, conduisent à la transformation chimique de certains polluants. Ainsi, la combinaison d’oxydes d’azote et de composés organiques volatils en présence des rayonnements ultraviolets conduit à la formation de photooxydants puissants tels que l’ozone. Les polluants vont subir différentes influences extérieures qui les conduiront à se déplacer. Il s’agit soit de conditions dépendantes du lieu de rejet (hauteur du rejet, topographie du site, climatologie régionale) soit de paramètres plus globaux (grands courants de vents, météorologie à grande échelle). Le temps de séjour du polluant dans l’atmosphère dépend de la capacité du polluant à se déposer sous forme sèche (sol, végétaux) ou humide (dissolution ou lessivage) ou à se transformer chimiquement. Les techniciens de la surveillance tentent de classifier les stations de mesure, sur la base de critères fondamentaux. Compte tenu de la variabilité dans le temps et dans l’espace de la concentration d’un polluant donné, la surveillance de la qualité de l’air s’effectue en des lieux aussi représentatifs que possible de situations caractéristiques d’exposition (exposition moyenne – exposition maximale). Union Nationale pour l'Emploi Dans l'Industrie et le Commerce http://www.unedic.fr/ Niveau maximal de concentration de substances polluantes dans l’atmosphère, fixé sur la base des connaissances scientifiques, dans le but d’éviter, de prévenir ou de réduire les effets nocifs de ces substances pour la santé humaine ou pour l’environnement. Phénomène général provoqué par le passage des masses d'air chaudes et froides (perturbations, anticyclones). Son orientation est variable et celle-ci renforce ou limite l'action du vent thermique. Plus communément brise thermique est un phénomène local, du aux différences de températures entre l'eau et l'air. Cette différence provoque des mouvements d'air qui crée la brise thermique. la brise est aussi provoquée par un vent de vallée dû aux faces montagneuses environnantes qui se réchauffent en cours de journée. Dans ce cas, là aussi, un échange thermique se crée et provoque du vent. Zones Naturelles d'Intérêts Ecologique Faunistique et floristique
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