organization of health care in developing countries

Transcription

ORGANIZATION OF HEALTH CARE IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
SELECTED PUBLICATIONS
(1990-2004)
The Library
Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine
Nationalestraat 155
2000 Antwerpen
Tel.: 32. (0)3. 247.62.40
e-mail: [email protected]
Fax.: 32. (0)3. 248.11.33
URL: http://lib.itg.be
PREFACE
[2004 edition]
The present edition of this selective bibliography is a partial upgrade of the 2001 list, not a cumulative
replacement. Evidently, many references from the last 3 years have been added, but the pre-1990
literature is no longer represented (even early 1990's references are scarce). Also, because of the
inherent evolution of research and education trends, some of the earlier topics have not been
retained, while new ones were added. Therefore, the previous edition, still freely available from
'http://lib.itg.be/healthdc.pdf' remains a useful selection in its own right. For the electronic version of
the present edition, please go to 'http://lib.itg.be/health04.pdf' (PDF) or ‘*.doc’ (MS Word).
This new edition is based on the same general principles as explained in the 2001 introduction, i.e.
relevant international health literature that is locally available for a specific audience. As far as the
presentation is concerned, short alphabetically ordered topics were replaced by logically ordered
chapters featuring subdivisions, often on several levels. Within each section the references are now
arranged in reverse chronological order, so the most recent literature is always listed first. We have
retained our library codes for easy local usage of the lists, and also have included URL's for more or
less 'grey' documents and reports that are freely available on the World Wide Web. We have limited
these URL's to the server or (sub)directory level, as in our experience these tend to be more
persistent than document-specific URL's. We have chosen not to include URL's for the mainstream
literature (i.e. journal articles), as actual accessibility generally depends on library subscriptions, and is
best resolved in this context.
The increasing dominance of English language publications is striking. In our Health Care in
Developing Countries database, the post-1989 publications — on which this selection is based —
constitute 80%; of these, 83.3% are in English. Yet where available, we have also included the French
literature.
Finally, the current editors acknowledge their debt to former ITM librarian Gilbert Roelants, who
initiated both the Health Care in Developing Countries database and this anthology series, and
selected the literature up until 1999.
June 2004,
Veerle Demedts & Dirk Schoonbaert
ITM Library
i
INTRODUCTION
[2001 edition]
Never before 'information' has been produced and made publicly available at a scale comparable to
what we experience today. WWW indexes mine hundreds of millions of webpages, a substantial part
of which dealing with health care in one way or another. A multitude of websites offer a hierarchically
structured choice of resources, or specialise in particular health topics. Several of the more traditional
bibliographic databases such as Medline, analysing the peer-reviewed literature with controlled
vocabularies, have been freely available on the Internet for years.
Still, it may not be easy to identify published reports of quality studies in international health, especially
when information on specific research topics or individual countries is required. The major
bibliographic databases generally focus on the Western European and North American situation, and
far less on that of developing countries. Their inherent selectivity of core sources will generally
exclude both local journals and all non-journal article formats such as books, book chapters, and all
kinds of reports and documents (e.g. by the World Health Organization) often referred to as grey
literature. The enormous extent and impact of the biomedical literature published by international
quality journals justifies these limitations. But it is unfortunate for the field of international health, as
there such alternative publication types tend to have a greater relative importance than for other, more
clinically or experimentally oriented biomedical disciplines.
While finding adequate bibliographic references is one thing, getting hold of the actual full-text items is
often even more problematic, especially when they are not published in the core journal literature.
Books are more difficult to locate than journals; actually finding the grey literature is often a hopeless
enterprise.
Participants of ITM's International Course of Health Development (ICHD) organized by our Public
Health Department (and now well into its fourth decade) are invariably confronted with this problem. In
order to assist them in gathering adequate research literature, we built our own niche database
named Health Care in Developing Countries [http://lib.itg.be/bs.htm]. From its start in the late 1980's
this endeavour has been based on two simple rules: only quality publications that are immediately
relevant for research topics central to the ICHD course are selected, and the full-text item must be
available in the ITM library. As such we have no ambition whatsoever to analyse the whole field of
international health. Specialists may perhaps rightly protest that certain key publications are not to be
found in this database. But while this somewhat idiosyncratic selection is intended as an immediate
utility for a specific group of master students, we hope it may also prove valuable for others in the
international health sector.
The following literature lists consist of a still more rigid selection of items from the database, arranged
by a number of specific research topics. Only literature published from 1980 onwards is included.
Within each section the references are presented in alphabetical order by author. Where multiple
language versions exist (mostly French/English), both have been included. As this selection is so
closely linked to our physical collection, ITM library book codes have been added for the benefit of our
local users.
April 2001,
Veerle Demedts, Dirk Schoonbaert, Gilbert Roelants
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HEALTH POLICY.............................................................................................................................. 1
Health systems research ..................................................................................................... 1
Health policy ........................................................................................................................ 3
•
General.......................................................................................................... 3
•
Horizontal versus vertical health programs................................................ 7
•
Sector-wide approach (SWAp) .................................................................... 8
•
World Health Report 2000 controversy ....................................................... 8
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH............................................................................................................. 11
General ............................................................................................................................... 11
Sexually transmitted diseases and services .................................................................... 13
Contraception and family planning services.................................................................... 15
•
Infertility ...................................................................................................... 20
Integrating reproductive health care................................................................................. 21
Population groups with special needs ............................................................................. 22
•
Refugees..................................................................................................... 22
•
Adolescents................................................................................................ 22
Health services needs and demand..................................................... 22
Teenage pregnancy and abortion ........................................................ 24
MATERNAL MORTALITY............................................................................................................... 26
Estimation – Incidence ...................................................................................................... 26
Determinants – Prevention ................................................................................................ 28
Emergency obstetric care ................................................................................................. 34
•
Medicalization – Unneccessary procedures ............................................. 37
Abortion.............................................................................................................................. 38
Role of midwives and traditional birth attendants ........................................................... 39
CHILD HEALTH AND CHILD HEALTH CARE................................................................................ 41
General ............................................................................................................................... 41
Infant and child mortality................................................................................................... 43
Nutritional status and malnutrition ................................................................................... 46
Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) ........................................................ 48
Vaccination programs: coverage and impact................................................................... 51
Kangaroo care.................................................................................................................... 54
DRUGS ........................................................................................................................................... 55
National drug policies....................................................................................................... 55
Essential drugs concept.................................................................................................... 56
•
Accessibility ............................................................................................... 56
•
Rational drug use ....................................................................................... 58
Pharmaceutical market...................................................................................................... 61
•
Intellectual property rights......................................................................... 61
•
Orphan drugs.............................................................................................. 61
•
Pricing......................................................................................................... 63
Quality assurance — Counterfeit drugs — Sub-standard drugs.................................... 63
Generics ............................................................................................................................. 65
Self-medication .................................................................................................................. 65
iii
HEALTH PERSONNEL................................................................................................................... 67
General ............................................................................................................................... 67
Performance — Competence – Training........................................................................... 68
Staffing and scheduling..................................................................................................... 69
Salaries and fringe benefits............................................................................................... 70
Motivation – Incentives...................................................................................................... 72
Career mobility – Brain-drain ............................................................................................ 74
HEALTH CARE FINANCING .......................................................................................................... 76
General ............................................................................................................................... 76
User fees ............................................................................................................................ 81
•
General........................................................................................................ 81
•
Willingness to pay ..................................................................................... 85
•
Catastrophic health expenditures ............................................................. 86
•
Exempting the poor.................................................................................... 87
Health insurance ................................................................................................................ 88
•
General........................................................................................................ 88
•
Prepayment................................................................................................. 92
•
Community insurance – Microinsurance – Reinsurance ......................... 93
•
Insurance selection bias ............................................................................ 96
EQUITY........................................................................................................................................... 97
HEALTH CARE SEEKING BEHAVIOR ........................................................................................ 107
Health services utilization – determinants...................................................................... 107
Health care seeking behavior – provider choice ............................................................ 111
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION .................................................................................................... 114
COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKERS.............................................................................................. 118
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE ............................................................................................................ 120
HOSPITALS.................................................................................................................................. 122
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ........................................................................................................... 127
URBANIZATION AND URBAN HEALTH CARE........................................................................... 131
WORLD HEALTH ......................................................................................................................... 136
General ............................................................................................................................. 136
Globalization .................................................................................................................... 137
Role of international organizations................................................................................. 139
Global Fund...................................................................................................................... 141
Development aid for health – Humanitarian action........................................................ 142
External non-governmental organizations (NGOs) ........................................................ 145
COUNTRY STUDIES .................................................................................................................... 146
Africa ................................................................................................................................ 146
America ............................................................................................................................ 148
Asia and Pacific ............................................................................................................... 149
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HEALTH POLICY
Health systems research — Health policy — Horizontal versus vertical health programs — SWAp —
World Health Report 2000 controversy
Health systems research
Sadana R, D'Souza C, Hyder AA, Chowdhury AMR. Importance of health research in South Asia. Br
Med J 2004; 328: 826-830.
Towse A, Mills A, Tangcharoensathien V. Learning from Thailand's health reforms. Br Med J 2004;
328: 103-105.
Borroto Gutiérrez SM, Mizota T, Rakue Y. Comparison of four health systems: Cuba, China, Japan
and the USA; an approach to reality. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2003; 34: 937-946.
Gonzalez Block MA, Mills A. Assessing capacity for health policy and systems research in low and
middle income countries. BMC Health Res Pol Systems 2003; 1(1): 20 pp.
[Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/browse/journals/
Kroeger A, Hernandez JM. Health services analysis as a tool for evidence-based policy decisions: the
case of the Ministry of Health and Social Security in Mexico. Trop Med Int Health 2003; 8: 1157-1164.
Murray CJL, Evans DB, editors. Health systems performance assessment; debates, methods and
empiricism. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 2003: 927 pp. [ITM Library: SOCA/18317]
Pang T, Sadana R, Hanney S, Bhutta ZA, Hyder AA, Simon J. Knowledge for better health; a
conceptual framework and foundation for health research systems. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81:
815-820.
Sadana R, Pang T. Health research systems: a framework for the future. Bull World Health Organ
2003; 81: 159.
Sen K, editor. Restructuring health services; changing contexts and comparative perspectives.
London: Zed Books, 2003: 260 pp. [ITM Library: SO/17987]
Atkinson S. Political cultures, health systems and health policy. Soc Sci Med 2002; 55: 113-124.
Frenk J, Gómez-Dantés O. Globalisation and the challenges to health systems. Br Med J 2002; 325:
95-97.
Kroeger A, Falkenberg T, Tomson G, Sen K, Diesfeld HJ, Dujardin B, Tang S, Van der Stuyft P. Does
Brussels listen? European health systems research in developing countries at the edge of extinction
[editorial]. Trop Med Int Health 2002; 7: 101-103.
Qadeer I, Sen K, Nayar KR, editors. Public health and the poverty of reforms; the South Asian
predicament. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2001: 547 pp. [ITM Library: SO/17134]
Criel B. Lokale ziekteverzekeringssystemen in ontwikkelingslanden: een beleidsvoorbereidend
onderzoek. Local health insurance systems in developing countries: a policy research paper.
Antwerpen: Instituut voor Tropische Geneeskunde, Departement Volksgezondheid, 2000: 172 pp.
[ITM Library: SOE/16793]
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Grodos D, Mercenier P. Health systems research: a clearer methodology for more effective action.
Antwerpen: ITGPress, 2000: 107 pp. (Studies in Health Services Organisation & Policy; 15).
[ITM Library: SOCA /16535] [Available from: http://www.itg.be/]
Grodos D, Mercenier P. La recherche sur les systèmes de santé: mieux comprendre la méthodologie
pour mieux agir. Antwerpen: ITGPress, 2000: 114 pp. (Studies in Health Services Organisation &
Policy; 14). [ITM Library: SOCA /16541] [Available from: http://www.itg.be]
Grodos D. Le district sanitaire urbain en Afrique subsaharienne; enjeux, pratiques et politiques
[dissertation]. Louvain-la-Neuve: Université Catholique de Louvain, Faculté de Médecine,
Département de Santé Publique, 2000: 596 pp. [ITM Library: SO.1/17099]
Simon J. Does strengthening research capacity improve health equity? Br Med J 2000; 321: 816-817.
The Working Group on Priority Setting. Priority setting for health research: lessons from developing
countries. Health Pol Plann 2000; 15: 130-136.
Tollman SM, Zwi AB. Health system reform and the role of field sites based upon demographic and
health surveillance. Bull World Health Organ 2000; 78: 125-134.
Wall S. Public health research cooperation and capacity building; some experiences from a longterm
North-South venture; keynote address at the Public Health Conference in Tartu, Estonia, 18
September 1998. Eur J Public Health 2000; 10: 7-10.
de Pouvourville G. Public health research: between science and action? Cad Saúde Pública 1999; 15:
889-894.
Gwatkin DR, editor. Health care for China's rural poor; from research to policy in China's effort to
reestablish effective rural health cooperatives. Washington: International Health Policy Program
(IHPP), 1999: 57 pp. (IHPP Occasional Papers). [ITM Library: SO.2/16418]
Sauerborn R, Nitayarumphong S, Gerhardus A. Strategies to enhance the use of health systems
research for health sector reform. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4: 827-835.
Garner P, Kale R, Dickson R, Dans T, Salinas R. Implementing research findings in developing
countries. Br Med J 1998; 317: 531-535.
Pariyo GW. Health systems research: prospects for a rational management of the health care system
in Uganda. In: Focus on Uganda. Padova: International College for Health Cooperation in Developing
Countries (CUAMM), 1998: 26-28. (Maciocco G, editor. CUAMM News - Health and Development;
2(Suppl.)). [ITM Library: SO.1/16527]
Van Lerberghe W, de Béthune X, editors. Intégrations et recherche. Antwerpen: ITGPress, 1998: 215
pp. (Studies in Health Services Organisation & Policy; 8). [ITM Library: SOCA /15872]
[Available from: http://www.itg.be]
Janovsky K, editor. Health policy and systems development; an agenda for research. Geneva: World
Health Organization (WHO), 1996: 245 pp. (WHO/SHS/NHP/96.1). [ITM Library: SOCA/15116]
[Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996]
Nitayarumphong S, Mercenier P. Ayutthaya research project: Thailand experiences on health systems
research. In: Cook J, Tursz A, editors. Life sciences and technologies for developing countries;
methodology and relevance of health systems research; research reports; contract holders meeting,
8, 9 and 12 April 1992, Paris. Paris: Centre International de l'Enfance (CIE), 1994: 55-78.
[ITM Library: SOCA/14087]
2
Health policy
•
General
Kapiriri L, Frithjof Norheim O, Heggenhougen K. Using burden of disease information for health
planning in developing countries: the experience from Uganda. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56: 2433-2441.
Liu X. Policy tools for allocative efficiency of health services. Geneva: World Health Organization
(WHO), 2003: 155 pp. [ITM Library: SOD/18293]
McNaught A. Health policy and its implementation in small island developing states in the British West
Indies. Int J Health Plann Manag 2003; 18: 313-328.
Msuya JM, Nyaruhucha CNM, Kaswahili J. Does preventive health care have a chance in the
changing health sector in Tanzania? East Afr Med J 2003; 80: 135-139.
Peters DH, Rao KS, Fryatt R. Lumping and splitting: the health policy agenda in India. Health Pol
Plann 2003; 18: 249-260.
Hornby P, Perera HSR. A development framework for promoting evidence-based policy action:
drawing on experiences in Sri Lanka. Int J Health Plann Manag 2002; 17: 165-183.
Green A, Ali B, Naeem A, Vassall A. Using costing as a district planning and management tool in
Balochistan, Pakistan. Health Pol Plann 2001; 16: 180-186.
Kegels G. DALYs and decision making in health planning. INFI Newsl 2001; December: 11-14.
Kegels G. Que penser des DALYs et de leur utilisation en planification. Lett RIAC 2001; décembre:
11-14.
Kirigia JM, Sambo LG, Agu VU, Lambo E. How to develop an operational plan for health. East Afr
Med J 2001; 78(3(Suppl)): S14-S19.
Filmer D, Hammer JS, Pritchett LH. Weak links in the chain: a diagnosis of health policy in poor
countries. World Bank Res Observer 2000; 15: 199-224.
Dugbatey K. National health policies: sub-Saharan African case studies (1980-1990). Soc Sci Med
1999; 49: 223-239.
Green A. An introduction to health planning in developing countries; 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999: 318 pp. [ITM Library: SO/16838]
Giusti D. New developments of health policy in Uganda. In: Focus on Uganda. Padova: International
College for Health Cooperation in Developing Countries (CUAMM), 1998: 13-16. (Maciocco G, editor.
CUAMM News - Health and Development; 2(Suppl.)). [ITM Library: SO.1/16527]
Okuonzi SA. From emergency to creating a just health system: what issues surround the proposed
health policy for Uganda? In: Focus on Uganda. Padova: International College for Health Cooperation
in Developing Countries (CUAMM), 1998: 20-25. (Maciocco G, editor. CUAMM News - Health and
Development; 2(Suppl.)). [ITM Library: SO.1/16527]
Green A, Rana M, Ross D, Thunhurst C. Health planning in Pakistan: a case study. Int J Health Plann
Manag 1997; 12: 187-205.
3
Harpham T, Blue I. Linking health policy and social policy in urban settings: the new development
agenda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997; 91: 497-498.
Rosenthal G, Newbrander W. Public policy and private sector provision of health services. In:
Newbrander W, editor. Private health sector growth in Asia; issues and implications. Chichester: John
Wiley, 1997: 11-24. [ITM Library: SO.2/15284]
Doherty J, Rispel L, Webb N. Developing a plan for primary health care facilities in Soweto, South
Africa. Part II: applying locational criteria. Health Pol Plann 1996; 11: 394-405.
Janovsky K, editor. Health policy and systems development; an agenda for research. Geneva: World
Health Organization (WHO), 1996: 245 pp. (WHO/SHS/NHP/96.1). [ITM Library: SOCA/15116]
Massenet D. Historique de la politique de santé publique au Tchad 1900-1995. Méd Trop 1996; 56:
404-409.
Pham Huy Dung. The political process and the private health sector's role in Vietnam. Int J Health
Plann Manag 1996; 11: 217-230.
Rispel L, Doherty J, Makiwane F, Webb N. Developing a plan for primary health care facilities in
Soweto, South Africa. Part I: guiding principles and methods. Health Pol Plann 1996; 11: 385-393.
Rosenthal G, Newbrander W. Public policy and private sector provision of health services. Int J Health
Plann Manag 1996; 11: 203-216.
van Bergen JEAM. Epidemiology and health policy - a world of difference? A case-study of a cholera
outbreak in Kaputa district, Zambia. Soc Sci Med 1996; 43: 93-99.
Bidwai P. One step forward, many steps back; dismemberment of India's national drug policy. Dev
Dial 1995; (1): 193-222.
Chowdhury Z. Bangladesh: a tough battle for a national drug policy. Dev Dial 1995; (1): 96-147.
Chowdhury Z. The politics of essential drugs; the makings of a successful health strategy: lessons
from Bangladesh. London: Zed Books, 1995: 174 pp. [ITM Library: RS/14718]
Gasman N. Drifting through time; pharmaceutical policies in Mexico. Dev Dial 1995; (1): 223-256.
Green A. The state of health planning in the '90s. Health Pol Plann 1995; 10: 22-28.
Hammer JS, Berman PA. Ends and means in public health policy in developing countries. In: Berman
P, editor. Health sector reform in developing countries; making health development sustainable.
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Klimek CY, Peters G. Une politique du médicament pour l'Afrique; contraintes et choix. Paris:
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Lee N. South Africa's proposed national health plan. Lancet 1995; 346: 45.
Lorenz N, Kilima PM, Tanner M, Garner P. Planification sanitaire: les bons objectifs. Forum Mond
Santé 1995; 16: 301-304.
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Lorenz N, Kilima PM, Tanner M, Garner P. The right objectives in health care planning. World Health
Forum 1995; 16: 280-282.
Okuonzi SA, Macrae J. Whose policy is it anyway? International and national influences on health
policy development in Uganda. Health Pol Plann 1995; 10: 122-132.
Unger JP, Criel B. Principles of health infrastructure planning in less developed countries. Int J Health
Plann Manag 1995; 10: 113-128.
Weerasuriya K. A search for balance: pharmaceuticals in Sri Lanka; pioneering steps in a receptive
environment and subsequent accommodations. Dev Dial 1995; (1): 54-95.
WHO/DAP. Theme paper for discussion: collaboration and coordination in national drug policy
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Abel-Smith B. An introduction to health: policy, planning and financing. London: Longman, 1994: 237
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Banerji D. A simplistic approach to health policy analysis: the World Bank Team on the Indian health
sector. Int J Health Serv 1994; 24: 151-159.
Bobadilla JL, Cowley P, Musgrove P, Saxenian H. Design, content and financing of an essential
national package of health services. Bull World Health Organ 1994; 72: 653-662.
Collins C. Management and organization of developing health systems. Oxford: Oxford University
Kaddar M. Systèmes et politiques de santé au Maghreb; un état des lieux. Paris: Centre International
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Lee MB. The policy of pharmaceutical reform: the case of the Philippine national drug policy. Int J
Health Serv 1994; 24: 477-494.
Murray CJL, Kreuser J, Whang W. Cost-effectiveness analysis and policy choices: investing in health
systems. Bull World Health Organ 1994; 72: 663-674.
Cumper GE. Should we plan for contraction in health services? The Jamaican experience. Health Pol
Plann 1993; 8: 113-121.
Joshi S. Health service planning in Nepal. J Nepal Med Assoc 1993; 31: 211-214.
Lamboray JL, Niimi R. Financement et politique de santé en Afrique. In: Argent et santé; expériences
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23: 55-58.
Van Lerberghe W. Les politiques de santé africaines: continuités et ruptures. Bull Séances Acad R
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Cassels A, Janovsky K. A time of change: health policy, planning and organization in Ghana. Health
Pol Plann 1992; 7: 144-154.
5
De Winter ER. Are we ignoring population density in health planning? The issues of availability and
accessibility. Health Pol Plann 1992; 7: 191-196.
Ransome Kuti O. National drug policy in Nigeria. J Public Health Pol 1992; 13: 367-373.
Scrimshaw NS, Gleason GR, editors. RAP; rapid assessment procedures; qualitative methodologies
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for Developing Countries (INFDC), 1992: 527 pp. [ITM Library: SOC/13710]
Stanton BF, Clemens JD, Black RE. Addressing national and regional health needs: a framework for
health planning. Int J Health Plann Manag 1992; 7: 23-36.
Unger JP, Dujardin B. Epidemiology's contribution to health service management and planning in
developing countries: a missing link. Bull World Health Organ 1992; 70: 487-497.
Ayalew S. The social context of health care planning in Africa; Ethiopian case studies and
perspectives. Stockholm: Karolinska Institutet, Department of International Health Care Research,
1991: 198 pp. [ITM Library: SO.1/12824]
Bloom GH, Lenneiye NM, Maganu ET, Tselayakgosi M. Health programme planning for consolidation
and quality. World Health Forum 1991; 12: 90-95.
Bloom GH, Lenneiye NM, Maganu ET, Tselayakgosi M. La planification des programmes de santé
dans un souci de consolidation et de qualité. Forum Mond Santé 1991; 12: 101-106.
Girmay Berhie. Emerging issues in health planning in Saudi Arabia: the effects of organization and
development on the health care system. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33: 815-824.
Jamison DT, Mosley WH. Disease control priorities in developing countries: health policy responses to
epidemiological change. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 15-22.
Segall M. Health sector planning led by management of recurrent expenditure: an agenda for
action-research. Int J Health Plann Manag 1991; 6: 37-75.
Yang P, Lin V, Lawson J. Health policy reform in the People's Republic of China. Int J Health Serv
1991; 21: 481-491.
Blanpain J, Young ME, Gunji A. Health policy issues in China. Health Pol 1990; 14: 87-163.
Decosas J. Planning for primary health care: the case of the Sierra Leone national health plan. Int J
Health Serv 1990; 20: 167-177.
Singleton G. The health planning needs in small Pacific island states. Int J Health Plann Manag 1990;
5: 117-134.
The system for health services planning in Zimbabwe. Cent Afr J Med 1990; 36: 37-43.
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health; a review of the literature. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO), 1990: 165 pp.
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Horizontal versus vertical health programs
Fidler DP. Emerging trends in international law concerning global infectious disease control.
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from Ecuador and El Salvador. Int J Health Serv 2003; 33: 113-128.
Knowledge into action for child survival. Lancet 2003; 362: 323-327.
Mallick SN. Integration of leprosy control with primary health care. Lepr Rev 2003; 74: 148-153.
Mancini DJ, Stecklov G, Stewart JF. The effect of structural characteristics on family planning program
performance in Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56: 2123-2137.
Msuya J. Horizontal and vertical delivery of health services: what are the trade offs? Washington:
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Msuya JM, Nyaruhucha CNM, Kaswahili J. Does preventive health care have a chance in the
changing health sector in Tanzania? East Afr Med J 2003; 80: 135-139.
Obimbo EM. Primary health care, selective or comprehensive, which way to go? East Afr Med J 2003;
80: 7-25.
Unger JP, De Paepe P, Green A. A code of best practice for disease control programmes to avoid
damaging health care services in developing countries. Int J Health Plann Manag 2003; 18(Suppl.1):
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Bangser M. Policy environments: macroeconomics, programming, and participation. In: Sen G,
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Sexually transmitted diseases and services — Contraception and family planning services — Infertility
— Integrating reproductive health care — Refugees — Adolescents
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DRUGS
National drug policies — Accessibility — Rational drug use — Intellectual property rights —
Orphan drugs — Pricing — Quality assurance — Generics — Self-medication
National drug policies
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