Les plantes exotiques envahissantes et leurs impacts

Les plantes exotiques envahissantes et leurs impacts

!"
#
%
$ "
$
&"
!
" # "
$ #
% &
'(
) #
*+
, %-$./ /
$
0!
$ #
"
(
' &
23* 4$5 6
17
7
:
% " " 1(
#
+
/$5/
8
8
9 9
9 9 9
'
"
#
1
<
7
&
; 0 (
7
&
<
=
# (
1<
0
9
0
7
(
"
"
7
#
7
7 & &
1
#
" " 1(
7
<
#
1
7
1
1
7
1
9
9
1
1
0 1
1
7
0 1
# 7
7
#
# (
77
<
<
1
==
1
(
1
1
1<
0
(
96 7
(
71 7
"
1< ;
<7 #
1
#
#
0
"
1
7<
#
# (
& #
# (
@
29
;
# 9
#
:
0 #
>
7
1
; 3+ 7
==
77
7
1
=
#
7 "
"
7
?
1
@
@
#
71
<7
& 71
&
#
1
<7
"
(
=
&1
1
9
1<
7A7 1
" =
=
9
3 D
=
7
1
1 =
=
1 7
1 7
1
9/ =
0 71
1
0
&
9
1
<# 7
1
&
# (
'
1 7A7
7 <
# (
7
<7
/ 1
# (
# (
"
"
1 7
#
@
1
<
"
# (
:
7
1
? # #
1<
7
0 &
1
&
&1
7
1<
#
1
0 &
&
0 &1
0
0
"
9
7
1<
=
7
= 7
E
"
?
= 7
#
B
9
1
39'
"
?
9
0
#
77
7
94
0
1
1<
# (
"<
0
1
7
<7
11
#
C #
71
B
1
9
()
$
0
G
(
#
11
#
" "
0
1<
0
( 71
# (
9
0
=
#
#
<
1<
1
1
1
1
0
F
<7 #
7A7
1
; 0
=
0 1
0
<
1
0 1<
D;
E9
#
0
# (
9 $ ==
1
1
1< ;
7
9 H0 1
#
7
1 #
A
I (
71 &
77
1
0
#
#
"
7
1
1<
1 7
1
# (
% "
? " 1(
(J 7
& K 1
1(
J (
'
=
( 7
1 1(
7 (
=
( 1(
(
%
7
"
9
1
1
0 11
1
1
# (
7
=
1
% 7
7
!1 # <
#
1
1
1<
# (
(
#
M
9
=
71
"<
&
=
7
"
<
==
'
#
9
1
#
H
1
1(
L
0
" 7
1
"
#
9 6
71
&1
0 1
6
<7
# 7
= 7 1
0 (
1
1
"
0
1
- :7 B
7 " 1(
# (
71
(
9
=
1
1
- (
1
7
9
1
J 0
1<
$
7
0 1<
0
9
#
1<
#
# "
# (
# (
"
1(
7
<
71
# (
#
"
#
&
1 1 "
( J
1
9
9 '
; 0
1
"<
# (
< 1
&1
1
( J
:
N
1
1
I" ;
1
1<
9
1(
"
# (
O
# (
1
7
1
7
1
#
,9
<
71
1 =
<
"
1
&1
96 0 "
"
" 1
=
=
1
#
=
9 '
1
=
=
?
=
=
1
7
<
77
=
1
71
7
9
** 9
=
=
1 =
1
# 7
;
=
9 #
7
=
1
(
# 11
=
=
1 "
1
1 #
9/ 0
7
P
=
=
1
=
1 =
( J
1
;
=
=
1 =
# 9/
1
"
1
7< 1
7
=
=
=
1 =
#
;
#
1
# 9'
<
#
" &
< 1
=
=
9 $
=
=
1 =
#
< 1
" 1
1 1
1
# (
- :7 B
- (
,Q%
(
Q
B 11
9
9
$
=
# (
0(
=
9 H0
1
Q
=
7
11
<
;
7
1<
<
/ =
1
=
1
&
1
G
&
"
1 R
"
=
<7
#
1
"<
7
1
0 # (
1 ;1 #
:
=
"<
1
1
0
0
1
1
71
1<
N
29
9
/
71
1
1 7
9
9
&
" 71
77
9 /
0
#
9
#
< 7
=9 /
7
(
1
&
9 H & =
9
=
1<
&
H (
#
9
0
# "
1
1
#
1
#
0
" 7
5
1
1
# "
=
7A7
?
77
" 1
#
"
71
7
1 1
7
7
=
7
"
=
0 &
==
1
7
=
#
<
#
"
7
(
&
71
"
?
7 1
=
1
71
#
7
0
1<
0
0
1<
;=
(
=
9/
S
1
&
#
<
7 7
0
# "
77
0
1
/
71
B
(7
=
7
71
"7
77
1
&1
T
1
,
1
9'
& "<
0
7
7
1
2
- (
7
1
1
=
" 7
(
#
&
9
" 7
7
<7
11
1
9
&
#
7
1(
"
F
"
7
#
1
7
1
=
< 7
1
= #
==
#
1
0
1
1(
=
#
:
1
9
" 7
" 7
9
7
(
&
1 1
9
N
=
"
' 71
1 7
1 1
9 $ 1 1
#
0
0 # (
' 71
1
9
71
96
1
1
9
9
( 7
# "
9
1<
9/
77
0
(
1(
1(
77
& #
=
3
1
0
1
% B
0
1
7
1
77
1
1
#
:
7<
1<
0
#
" 7
9U 0 (
%
1
=
9
U
(
7
0
#
#
1
0 &1
1
= #
7
"
# (
&
#
"
2Q H B
39
!
*
() ( ',
/
(
#
"
1 "
# (
@ U
1 0 1<
"
&!
1
77
<
<
0
=
7
$
1
"
(
1
1
(
S
0 #
11
1
#
"
<
"
?
7
29
7
1
1
( 1
0
7
0
9
0
1
71
1< 9
( 1 (
(
"
1
>
7
1
0
#
<
<7
1
0
;
0 11
# (
#
9
7
1
# (
1
1
0( 1 (< /-V
; 0
1
1
&1
"
'
"
)
-
7
0
+
0
"
1
7
0
9'
7
:
W
' X
0
0
9'
"
& 1
1
"
(
#
1
1
"
'
( 1 (<
0 1
9 / /
1
#
1
# (
=
9
1
0
/
1 9
17
=
0
( 1 (<
=
0
# 7
#
1 7 ;
(
#
"
1 ( "<
"
0
"
#
9 /
(
1
0(
#
0 "
1 ( "<
" 9/ 1
F
&1
71
9
#
9/
# =
' 71 "
"
7
1
1
"
!
9
& !
$
1
<
) =
9H
"
7
0 1<
2 0
1
#
1
7
77
1
(
=
1
& $
( 71 "
1 ( "<
T (
1
0
( 71 "
( 71 "
1 1
" X
W
7
1
1
#
S
<
=
#
X
29
/
1<
&
=
1
11
;
=
"<
0( 1 (< /-V
B
(7
39G
0(
#
1<
&
# (
I ( 7
0(
#
1
39/ / 1
'
=<
=
=
= < 1 =
"
Y
==
1
0(
#
0 &
1
1<
&
0 71
"
'
7
=
7
0(
0 &
7
1
"
1
0 "
1
71
1
7
% B
B
$
/-V
#
=
1
1 #
( 1 (<
1
9 '
7
#
=
"
&1
7
1
J
%
L
9
0( 1 (<
/6'
"
# (
==
"
=
7
(7
#
"<
1
#
04
11 7
"
0 (
"
#
/ 1
=
"
"
1
1
1
;
9
'
/
1
#
1
? #
1
#
#
1
1
7
K B
1
7
1
0(
11 77
1
==
# (
#
B
7
2 0
1<
=
0
=
0
1
0
"
0 1
7
0
=
0
1 ( "<
7
7<
= L
(
1<
9H
0
"
0
"
1 ( "<
9 /
7
1 ( "<
1 =
1
=
' X
9
3 9 H 7A7
' =
77
1<
# (
9
7
1 ( "<
7
;
0
29
0( 1 (<
71
==
#
#
3 9 H0
/
= L
W
1
(7
"
"
1
2
0( 1 (<
1<
7
9
2
0( 1 (<
(7
#
1
<
#
7
==
" =
71
' X
29 H
# &
'
0
7 ;
#
& " 9'
1
<
1(
(
9 / / 1
1<
(
1
==
1
1
7
9
7
&
==
(
< =
1I
" %
9
29G
1
77
7
1
" 71
0
1
;
9
0 #
"
1
71 (
#
1
1
&
9
&
V
7
'
7
=
#
1 (
7
=
7
(
U 0 (
1
1
7
'0
0
)
7
%
0 &
1 1
1<
"7
7
9
(
1
0 =
< 7
=
1
71
&
0 71
5
B
H0
1
= L
0
1<
) B
7
0 71
<7
# (
=&
#
N
7
=
"
7
&9 0
0 7
0( 7
"7
# (
/( =
9
9
[ J
#
7
/#
9
9
#
( 7 =<
7
77
W
1 #
1 7
A
1
71 &
#
<
1
7
7A7
1 1
##
1
#
9
29
1
#
1
71
#
71
#
9
29
; V X
' =
"
7
71
#
(
<7
;
#
7 =
1
77 9 4
1
=
7
<7
'( 1
9
Z9
7 =
# "
# ; 0 #
0
1<
7
=
7
0
<7 9
0 J
7 1(
& 71
1 =
7
" (7
77
# (
* 9
9 :
1
# (
0 = 77
" 7
0
1
<
,
0 71
1
71
7
#
1
1
&
7
7
=
#
< =
;
1
7
==
1
; 1 #
# (
B
"
(
7
0( 7
0 71
/(
0 71
7 <
1
77
"
= A
# (
71
1
11
&= A
1
< ; 11
"
7
"<
"
9
1
7
=
1
"
7 <
# (
29
7
(
J
"
11
3
# &
=
0 &
7
#
0
! "
71
0( 1 (<
D=
B1
" =
=
71
=E 0 1
1
# (
1 #
=
1 1
71
#
=
"
1
9
9
#
71
1
# (
9H
=
"E
17
1 " 77
%/ ? 6 # #
/
1
0
"
7
0
( (
=
1
=
D6
% " 7? 1
1
7
!
" # "
0$9 9%9
0 71
" (7
(
1<
# (
$
$
$
$%
$
$ &
'
9
1
0 (
"
71
1
(
1< 9 H
(
71
1 1
(7
( J
1 =
1
&
1
1
# (
1
& 7
1
77
# ( 9
Y"
1 7
# 9
0 1
9*
9,
93
9
9*
9,
93
9
.'
1
3 ,+
#
1
/9 ' 71
&
9
(
#
1
==
1 1
(7
1
& # ( 1
& 7
:
&
; 0
0 77
7 1V
1 7< 7
&1 7
77
1
& # (
1
& 7
9
#
& 1
1
&9
Y"
*
1
;
#
1 + 1<
==
$
$%
$
9 0 71
" =
=
W T" T
1
+
\
1
7
7
"<
1
(
J
1 =
W T"
1
1
1
9 '
"7
&
=
;
7
"
#
A
11 (
1
" (7
1 <# 7
"
^9
:
==
1(
9
7
7
H0
1
# (
1< 0
#
71
1
9 '( B
11
1 1
7
#
"
0 # "
1
1
7
0
7
; 0 1 #
1 "<
#
"
9
1
=
=
#
9
"
1
0
71
7
==
1
" 71
71
7
0 #
1
0
7 =
7
=
7
71
7
1
#
; 0
71 (
77
71
"
=
#
9 H0
7
%
1
7
#
1
&
1
#<
77
1<
;
11 1
7
1 (
=
7
7
=
9G
"
?
"< 9
#
C #
"
"
7
= L
<7
7
1
1
#
1
1
( " 7 "
9/
7 F
D "
1 ( "<
E
<7 1
"
1
1(< 9
7
0 &
F
9
# (
( B
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
#
1
& # ( 9/
T
;3 ]1
#
1
&
0 &1
1
= & 1
0 7
# 1 7
1
#
;
1 "
&9
7
7
71
1
=
1
1
"
7 <
71
1 7
==
1<
71
#
1
1<
1
1<
1
0
=
7
77
( 71
1
#
#
9
1
=
<
"
1
# 9
7
T
<
=
- "
9) =
=
' 1
% &
11
=
6
D1
(
%/ /5[ [ Z'
%
E 1
;
9
,
,2,
" X
1( "
1
#
/#
9 9
W
9 %
7
9T9
&1 7
/9
V 1= '9
( 1
=
4 ? + ,,9
7
%
&
V9 9 5 1 (
1
#
%
-9
?= 77
( M9
7
% B
#
K9
1 ( "
B
@/
T9 )9
9
#
#
'
#
,9
H
=
1
X
-9T9 G(
9'9 9
869 ? Z2 Z2 9
'( 1 Y9 9 ) B
Z9 %
'( B 9
( 7 #
%9V9 V
# ( =
( B
9
/ 1 0 #
/(
/
=
/( =
= &
/#
39 G(
"
K9 9 W
-9H9 - 7
7
# 9
-9
"
K9
(X
9 /
4
" J
9
5#
94
= #
9H#
"
" )9
=
9/
%
"
"
29
1 (
45 ? 2ZZ 2* 9
&
)9/
#
"1
9
X
&
49/9
+ 39
1
G 7
7 B
&
8// ? ,+29
=
"
1
#
- # X
' =
/5 ?
H
?
=
1
#
= /
#
"
11
=
" 1
9
=
X " #
// ? *Z 2 9
11
9 /&
1
// ? 2
H9
9
#
1 K9
11
#
7
==
7 ? 2 2*9
K9V9
699 ? +
9
9 '( "
9/
"
= 7
39
= =
#
9
77
9/
H9$9
X
79
1
9
=
/
/6/ ? *2
"
9
= &
1
K9T9
=1
#
V
(
#
?
V
=
1
#
1
9
7
71
K9 9
29 /==
7 3 ? + 2 + 29
?
Z +9
= "
B
" " 1(
1
'4
V X
&1
9
= &
9
-9K9 V 1
" =
H (
'9'9
29
= 7
1
? 671
=
7
48 ? *2
9
H B 9K9
6
1
-9T9
69T9
29 6 # #
" 78 ? * 3 *2 9
% B T9K9)9
7 K9 9
/
" 99 ? ZZ, Z 9
'
X
1
9
=
# 1
#
(
3?Z
9 6 # #
# 1
9 '
9
=
29 V
#
9/
"
#
2 9
"
Z
Y
J T9
77
%
K9 9
1 9'
#
V
?
-9
%
#
1 K9
%
K B
'
X
9 )
29 " /9 ? 3
-9T9
/9
"
W
G
-9 T9
/
29
/ X
K9
" X
9
/5 ?
H
=
9
1 (
39 6
(
T9-9
1
+ ,
//9 ?
#
7
%
V9 '( 1
#
= (
(
=
#
7
29 /&1
=
*9
6:3
#
#
#
" 9H#
7
( 1 (
7
=
"
/
9
= ( ==
77
7
= &
1
7 = 7 (
(
=1
9 7
9
(
=
G9
#
&1
1
1
39 6 #
Y9 9666
1
1
V "" 7 T9
(
4: ? * + +9
(7
&
1
# 9 9 /( =
K9 9
# 1
1
%
"
% ( 7
=
&
9G X
=
"
9 /&
1
/9 ? ,3 Z 9
B K9'9
= 1( 1( "
9 / " 1( 63 ? Z 2 Z2 9
32 9
' X T9K9
"
/#
(
'
=
9
7?
#
9 %
" 9 1
"
"
5
"
9
#
T (
K9T9 5
7
T
9
#
? ,+Z ,,Z9
T (
1 ( "
7
T9 H0
" ( 71
% 695 ? ZZ+ Z* 9
: 69 5
9 - (
"
'9/9
9
#
X
9 9
86/ ? , + , ,9
H9
( 9 9 M
X (
"
- (
9 V9
#
=T
=
1
( %
B 11 /9 - :7_ B T9
G( 7 #
?
"" X(
= (
/:; ? 2 , 3 9
K9 9
2 9
W
&
29 H #
# ( 1
# =
71
" -9
1
'9T9 H B K9 9
= &
1
#
H9 H ' X
( J "
29 -
=
T
#
H9
( $
9 H
9
77
#
9 4 B ;; ? 22 23Z9
"
W9
#
9
29
" = ( -
9
%9
29 H
77
#
1
9/ #
9%
"
" "
X (
9
#
#
= 7 = "
7
/:;
"
#
7
:5 ? +2 ,+9
W9
9 T (
#
7
? ==
=
*
- (
4
"
B
39
9 V9
#
9
= 1
77
/45 ? , 39
9 - (
1
7
&
(
`9
#
#
== H9
:? Z
W
5
)
29 '
9
=
B 9T9
7 " 1(
7 H9 9
) =
9T9
( 1 (
9 7
1
) B
" =&
%
(
9 )(
9
9%
9
?
* 9%
"
7 ==
9
1(
=
(
77
#
"
#
6 #
" 9%
#
/35 ? Z + Z
?
9
!"
$
%
W
7 1
1
7
11
(
K9
@ %
"
X
1(
=
(
T
"
9
71
#
2,9
9/
#
T9
77
#
"
#
#
= 7 = &
96 #
//6 ?
V #
7
7 B
29
#
=
" 78 ? * , * 29
9-9
( M9
=
9 9 )
1
Y
9
X
,9 )(
"
T9
(7 %9
# # 1
9/
5
-9
= = 7
1
9
T
H9T9 - :7 B T9 )
( B
=
?
" 9 G & :4 ? 2 329
- :7 B T9
- (
H9T9
# # 9/
" 99 ? ,++a ,, 9
7
6 #
H
=Y
?/
#
"
V X ?1
" 1( :; ? 3Z ,+9
(
6?
=
7
2 3 9
(
?
1 = 7
7
7
*
'
( )
2
(
@ <
( '* >
(
B
2
< =
(
'
( C, ,
',
A$
<
()D
>$
'
, 2
'(
,',
%
,
* <
( )" =?
?<