Linking the past with the future, new applications and approaches

Transcription

60IÈME CONFÉRENCE ANNUELLE
DE LA SOCIÉTÉ CANADIENNE DES
SCIENCES JUDICIAIRES
60TH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF
THE CANADIAN SOCIETY OF
FORENSIC SCIENCE
et de nouvelles perspectives
Linking the past with the future,
new applications and approaches
16-20 Mai, 2016
Montréal, Qc
May 16-20, 2016
Montreal, PQ
Table des matières Table of Contents
Mot de Bienvenue du Président de la SCSJ President of the CSFS Welcome ....................... - 3 Liste de Comités et des Directeurs 2015/2016 List of Committees and Executives............... - 4 Information Générale
General Information ............................................................................. - 5 -
Delta Montréal Plan des salles
Montreal Sites Maps .............................................................................. - 7 -
Cartes de Montréal
Centre-ville
Downtown Montreal ......................................................................................... - 8 -
Métro de Montréal
Programme
Floor Plan ............................................................................... - 6 -
.................................................................... - 9 -
Program .............................................................................................................. - 10 -
Liste des présentations
Events List .......................................................................................... - 11 Keynote Address ................................................................................. - 15 -
Ateliers
Workshops ................................................................................................................ - 16 -
Sessions Plénières
Plenary Sessions ...................................................................................... - 24 -
Session plénière 1................................................................................................................. - 24 .... - 24 Plenary Session 2 .................................................................................................................. - 26 Current Issues in Forensic Science ............................................................... - 26 Plenary Session 3 .................................................................................................................. - 30 DNA ...................................................................................................... - 30 Présentations Scientifiques
Scientific Sessions ...................................................................... - 35 -
Session 1 ............................................................................................................................... - 35 Session 2 ............................................................................................................................... - 44 Session 3 ............................................................................................................................... - 52 Posters ........................................................................................................................................ - 59 Exposants
Exhibitors ............................................................................................................... - 70 -
-2-
Mot de Bienvenue du Président de la SCSJ
President of the CSFS Welcome
Bienvenue à la 60e Conférence annuelle de la SCSJ
D’hier à demain : de nouvelles applications et de nouvelles perspectives
Aux noms du Comité organisateur et du Conseil d’administration, il me fait grand
plaisir de vous souhaiter la bienvenue à Montréal à l’occasion de la 60e Conférence
annuelle de la Société canadienne des sciences judiciaires. Le thème choisi pour
cette conférence rend adéquatement compte, à mon avis, de l’accélération des
transformations ayant touché le domaine des sciences judiciaires au cours des
dernières années. Cette conférence nous donnera l’occasion, je l’espère, de
prendre un temps d’arrêt afin d’évaluer le chemin parcouru et d’explorer certaines
des nouvelles possibilités qui s’offrent à nous.
La conférence d’introduction, les huit ateliers pratiques, les trois sessions plénières, les
nombreuses présentations scientifiques ainsi que les rencontres de nature plus sociale
représenteront autant d’occasions d’échanger à ce propos avec vos collègues.
Je vous souhaite donc une conférence des plus informatives et je me réjouis à
l’avance de pouvoir discuter avec vous cette semaine.
Claude Boisvert
Président SCSJ 2015-2016
Welcome to the 60th CSFS Annual Conference
Linking the past with the future: new applications and approaches
On behalf of the Organizing Committee and of the Board of Directors, it gives me
great pleasure to welcome you to Montreal for the 60th Annual Conference of the
Canadian Society of Forensic Science. The chosen theme for the conference
adequately reflects, in my opinion, the accelerating pace of changes that have
touched the field of forensic sciences in the recent years. It is my hope that this
Conference will give us the opportunity to take a pause to assess the progress made
and to explore some of the new opportunities that are becoming available to us.
The keynote presentation, the eight offered workshops, the three plenary sessions, the
numerous scientific presentations and the informal social gatherings will represent
many opportunities to exchange on these matters with your colleagues.
I therefore trust that you will find this conference most informative and I look forward
to meeting with you throughout the week.
Claude Boisvert
President CSFS 2015-2016
-3-
Liste de Comités et des Directeurs 2015/2016
2015/2016 List of Committees and Executives
CONSEIL D’ADMINISTRATION / BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Claude Boisvert
Cecelia Hageman
Catherine Lavallée
Sherah VanLaerhoven
Monica Sloan
Daryl Mayers
Pamela Dixon
Julie Barnett
Lynne Bell
Ghislain Cormier
Tobin Tanaka
Mike McVicar
COMITÉ EXÉCUTIF/EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Président / President
Présidente élue / President Elect
Ancien president / Past President
Secrétaire / Secretary
Trésorier / Treasurer
Claude Boisvert
Monica Sloan
Lynne Bell
Cecilia Hageman
Ghislain Cormier
SECRÉTAIRE EXÉCUTIVE/EXECUTIVE SECRETARY
Susan Henry
PRÉSIDENT DES COMITÉS PERMANENTS/STANDING COMMITTEE CHAIRS
Remis des Prix / Awards
Finance
Adhésion/Membership
Nomination/Nominating
Publication/Publications
Amarjit Chahal
Gavin Edmonstone
Mike Rosland
Lynne Bell
Brian Yamashita
PRÉSIDENTS DES COMITÉS SPÉCIAUX/SPECIAL COMMITTEE CHAIRS
Accréditation/Accreditation
Analyses d’Alcool/Alcohol Test
Règlements/Bylaws
Drogues au Volant/Drugs and Driving
Wayne Greenlay
Daryl Mayers
Claude Boisvert
Rachelle Wallage
PRÉSIDENTS DES SECTIONS/SECTION CHAIRS
Biologie/Biology
Chimie/Chemistry
Documents
Génie/Engineering
Toxicologie/Toxicology
Antropologie/Medecine légale/odontologie / AMO
Ballistique/Firearms
Gerald Beltran
Robin Abel
Brent Ostrum
Dalton Brown
Kimberly Young
Pamela Mayne-Correia
James Hamby
CONSEILLER JURIDIQUE/LEGAL ADVISOR
Susan Mitchell
ÉDITEUR DU JOURNAL/JOURNAL EDITOR
ÉDITEUR DU FORUM/FORUM EDITOR
Brian Yamashita
Pamela Dixon
-4-
General Information
Information Générale
Enregistrement/Information/Messages – Registration Desk/Information/Messages
Lieu – Location
Niveau Mezzanine / Mezzanine Level
Horaire – Schedule
Lundi/Monday May 16
Mardi/Tuesday May 17
Mercredi/Wednesday May 18
Jeudi/Thursday May 19
Vendredi/Friday May 20
7h30 – 16h
7h30 – 16h
7h30 – 16h
7h30 – 16h
7h30 – 11h
Badges d’identification – Name Badges
Veuillez s’il-vous-plaît porter votre badge d’identification à toutes les
conférences et rencontres sociales.
Please wear your CSFS identification badge to all meetings and social events.
Stationnement de l’hôtel – Hotel Parking
Stationnement sur place: 26,50 CAD par jour / On-site parking: 26.50 CAD daily
Service valet: 32 CAD par jour / Valet parking: 32 CAD daily
-5-
Delta Montréal Plan des salles
Floor Plan
Niveau/Level Mezzanine
Niveau/Level Plaza
-6-
Cartes de Montréal
Aires de restauration à proximité / Food courts nearby:
Montreal Sites Maps
Subway station :
Delta
Hôtel
-7-
Centre-ville
Downtown Montreal
-8-
Métro de Montréal / M
-9-
Program
Programme
General Schedule
Horaire Général
Monday May 16
AM
WS1: PDQ Workshop
CSFS Board of Director
Meeting
Tuesday May 17
WS1: PDQ Workshop
(continued)
WS6: Uncertainty of
Measurement 101
Workshop
CAN
PM
WS4: Breath and Blood
Alcohol Testing
Workshop
WS3: Illumina Workshop
SP1: Scientific Presentations
SWGDAM
Meeting
WS1: PDQ Workshop
(continued)
WS1: PDQ Workshop
(continued)
WS5: Atelier Incertitude
de mesure 101
WS7: Atelier Incertitude
de mesure 201
Workshop
CSFS Board of Director
Meeting (continued)
Wednesday May 18
WS2: Familias Workshop
PS1: Police Ident. Plenary
Session
Friday May 20
PS3: DNA Plenary
Session
SP3: Scientific Presentations
SP2: Scientific Presentations Posters Presentation
Posters Presentation
Exhibitors
Welcoming Words
Keynote Address
WS2: Familias
Workshop
(continued)
PS2: Current issues in
Forensic Science
Plenary Session
WS8: GSR Workshop
CAN SWGDAM
Meeting
Thursday May 19
Posters Presentation
Welcoming Reception
Exhibitors
Exhibitors
CSFS Annual General
Meeting
- 10 -
Closing luncheon
Liste des présentations
Events List
Lundi 16 mai – Monday May 16
8h30 to 16h30
LSJML
WS1
Paint Database Query (PDQ)
9h30 to 16h
Vivaldi
CSFS Board of Director Meeting
13h to 16h30
Tchaikovsky
WS5
Incertitudes de mesures 101
Mardi 17 mai – Tuesday May 17
8h30 to 16h30
LSJML
9h to 16h00
Paganini
8h to 11h30
Tchaikovsky
13h to 16h30
Tchaikovsky
13h to 16h30
Beethoven
WS1 Paint Database Query (PDQ)
Canadian SWGDAM Meeting
WS6 Uncertainty of Measurement 101
WS7 Incertitudes de mesures 201
WS8 GSR (Gunshot Residue)
Mercredi 18 mai – Wednesday May 18
8h to 11h30
Beethoven
WS4
Forensic Breath and Blood Alcohol Testing: Past,
Present and Future
8h to 11h30
Vivaldi
WS3
Forensic applications of Massively Parallel
Sequencing with MySeq FGx Forensic Genomic
System (Illumina)
8h to 11h30
Opus 2
Présentations scientifiques 1 – Scientifc Session 1
UOIT Forensic Science Program: A 10 year retrospective –
Nelson M. Lafrenière
RCMP Forensic Identification Research Projects – Brian
Yamashita
The Use, by Justice System Participants, of Forensic Biology
Testimony in Ontario Criminal Courts: Preliminary Findings –
Cecilia Hageman
Preparing 21st century forensic science graduates – Kimberly
Nugent
- 11 -
The Impact of Witness Education about Eyewitness
Misidentification on Identification Accuracy and Confidence
– Yongyu (Sara) Chen
Assessment and Impact of Cognitive Bias in Forensic
Pathology – Alexandria Hoy
Suicide and Suicide Notes in Nova Scotia – Tori Berezowski
Crime Scene Analysis of R. v. Coffin: Carnivore Scavenging,
Scatter, and True Perpetrator? – Vanessa Rossi
Human Remains Detection: Validity of Dog Training using
Donated Human Remains in The Province of Nova Scotia –
Natasha Dilkie
The Indirect Transfer of “Touch” DNA onto a Firearm via
Multiple Intermediary Steps – Cecilia Hageman
13h
Welcoming Words
Opus 2
13h30
Opus 2
Keynote Address
17h
Interlude
Welcoming Reception
17h
Interlude
Exhibitors
Jeudi 19 mai – Thursday May 19
8h to 17h
Interlude
10h15 to 18h
9h to 16h30
9h to 12h
Vivaldi
Tchaikovsky
Opus 2
Exhibitors
WS2 Relationship inference with Familias and FamLink
Posters
Session Plénière 1 – Plenary Sessions 1 – lPolice Ident.
Une introduction au développement des empreintes latentes
par la déposition de métal sous vide (DMV) – Aaron Dove
Podomorphologie, du lieu de crime jusqu’au tribunal – Martin
Lelièvre
Abandonnez le Côté Obscur de la Force pour la Lumière…
Ou
comment
les
lumières
judiciaires
peuvent
révolutionner vos procédures de laboratoire – Alexandre
Beaudoin
Reconstitution de la scène de crime avec un scanneur
laser FARO Focus 3D – Manuel Tousignant
- 12 -
8h to 11h30
Beethoven
Présentations scientifiques 2 – Scientifc Sessions 2
Evaluation and Comparison of Microcystin-LR ELISA Kits –
Jessica Lim
Sex determination of the scapula in a contemporary Chilean
population – Ciara J. Logar
Development of Criteria for Reporting the Presence of Sperm
Cells in the Absence of Serological Testing – Gerry Alderson
The Biological Identification of Blowfly Species (Diptera,
Calliphoridae) Using Mitochondrial Genetic Markers – MarvhinDane Tumolva
Fingermark-SELEX: A Novel Approach to Develop DNA
Aptamers for Fingermark Detection – Lam R
Dynamic of sex-linked genes in a large population and
lessons for forensic genetics – Alexandra Doyon
Taphonomy and DNA Recovery in Bone – Bonnie To
Scientific, Legal, and Political Aspects of Canada's 1969
Breathalyzer Law: Who Won Turner's Bet? – James G.
Wigmore
The Mouth Alcohol Effect: 5, 10, 15, 20 Minutes or More? –
James G. Wigmore
13h to 16h
Opus 2
Session Plénière 2 – Plenary Sessions 2 – Current Issues
Challenges for forensic science in the 21st century – Frank
Crispino
Forensic science and criminal innovations: a simple catand-mouse game? – Simon Baechler
Justice Rapid Response Team – Tobin Tanaka
Delivery of Forensic Assistance in International Settings –
Mark Mogle
16h
Opus 2
CSFS Annual General Meeting
- 13 -
Vendredi 20 mai – Friday May 20
8h to 10h30
Interlude
Exhibitors
8h to 11h30
Vivaldi
Session Plénière 3 – Plenary Sessions 3 – Biology/DNA
Evaluation of the ParaDNA® technology as a potential
tool to triage evidence at crime scenes or in the forensic
laboratory to reduce sample turn-around time – Chantal
Fréjeau
– Neil Fernandopulle
The National Missing Persons DNA Program – Jeffrey
Modler, Officer in Charge, National DNA Data Bank,
Forensic Science & Identification Services, RCMP, Ottawa,
Ontario – Jeffrey Modler
Processing of unidentified human remains and missing
persons cases using Pedigree module from CODIS, at the
LSJML – Josée Houde
8h to 11h
Opus 2
Présentations scientifiques 3 – Scientifc Sessions 3
Identifying the unidentified of Miami-Dade County – Ciara
Logar
Qualitative Determination of 122 Drugs in Urine by Ultra High
Performance Liquid
Chromatography-Tandem Mass
Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) – Doina Roman
Reconstruction of obliterated serial number in polymers
through Micro-Raman spectroscopy – Cédric Parisien
Innovative forensic studies based on pattern recognition
techniques – C. Y. Suen
Comparison of Various Alkyl Cyanoacrylates for Fingerprint
Development – Paméla Casault, Nicolas Gilbert
Was it washed? Detection, serological testing and genetic
analysis of semen stains unwashed and washed multiple times
– Cathy Provencher
12h30
Opus 2
Closing Luncheon
- 14 -
Keynote Address
Practical Considerations and the Need for Research: Our Road Forward in
the Forensic Sciences
Gerald M. LaPorte, MSFS
National Institute of Justice
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Forensic science often produces valuable evidence that can be used to successfully
prosecute and convict criminals, as well as exonerate the innocent. Based on technological
innovations and the evolution of the field in the past several decades, forensic scientists, as a
whole, have continued to improve knowledge and better understand methods and practices
– and with this knowledge, there comes a greater understanding of how we could have done
better. After years of general acceptance about theories and fundamental concepts,
scientists must now demonstrate that the methods and practices we have used for years are
based on accurate, reliable, and valid testing. Because of the increased scrutiny, the need
for research in forensic science has never been more critical. This presentation will focus on the
global paradigm shift regarding the infallibility of forensic science and the fundamental
requirement for research, but at the same time, we ought not to forget that science – including
forensic science – is not a process that produces certainties. Science is defined as any
systematic knowledge-base or prescriptive practice that is capable of resulting in a correct
prediction, or reliably-predictable type of outcome. Explaining scientific findings and
conveying limitations to the courts can be complex and easily misperceived. As well, forensic
scientists must be prepared to vehemently defend their results and demonstrate that that all
testing is based on accurate, reliable, and valid science. How can we do this successfully
without investing in rigorous research and new innovations?
Gerry LaPorte, MSFS
Mr. LaPorte is the Director of the Office of Investigative and Forensic Sciences at the National
Institute of Justice. Mr. LaPorte has been employed in various capacities in the forensic
sciences since 1993, and prior to joining the National Institute of Justice, he was the Chief
Forensic Chemist at the United States Secret Service. Mr. LaPorte received his Bachelor of
Science and Bachelor of Commerce in Business Administration degrees from the University of
Windsor and his Master of Science in Forensic Science degree from the University of Alabama
at Birmingham. He is a member of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Mid-Atlantic
Association of Forensic Scientists, American Society of Questioned Document Examiners, and
the American Bar Association – Criminal Justice Section.
Mr. LaPorte has conducted over 100 lectures, seminars, and training events in 13 different
countries for law enforcement agencies, professional organizations, and technical experts.
He has authored over 15 publications, including chapters in three forensic science text
books. Mr. LaPorte has served on numerous committees and working groups, including the
co-chair of the Standards Practices and Protocols Interagency Working Group for the
Subcommittee on Forensic Science within the Executive Office of the President of the United
States and he is currently a Commissioner on the National Commission on Forensic Science.
- 15 -
Ateliers
Workshops
Date:
Lundi 16 et mardi 17 mai Monday and Tuesday, May 16 and 17
Heure/Time : Toute la journée/ All day
Salle/Room : Au LSJML/ This workshop will be at the LSJML
WS1 Paint Database Query (PDQ)
Speaker: Tamara Hodgins
A graduate from the Chemical Engineering Program at Cambrian College in Sudbury, ON,
Tamara Hodgins has been a civilian member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)
working in the National Forensic Laboratory Service (NFLS) Trace Evidence section since 2002.
Tamara began her career at the Ottawa laboratory with the Paint Data Query (PDQ)
Maintenance Team, a team dedicated to the building, maintenance and support of the
international automotive paint database and was transferred to the NFLS Edmonton along
with the PDQ program in 2003. Tamara has been the PDQ Maintenance Team Supervisor
since 2008 and has spent her career specializing solely in automotive paint, assisting scientists
locally and internationally with casework involving hit and runs for over 14 years.
Over 30 years ago, the RCMP created an automotive paint database to help forensic
scientists determine vehicle manufacturer, make, assembly plant, and year from a small paint
chip left at a crime scene. This database, now known as Paint Data Query has grown to
include samples of vehicle paint from not only North America, but also from Australia/New
Zealand, Japan, and Europe. The PDQ workshop is designed to be a hands-on training session
in which the attendees will receive instruction in the organization of the database, will practice
classifying paint systems, will enter queries into PDQ, and will gain the basic interpretive skills
necessary for evaluating the results obtained from a search. With an understanding of the
database software and confidence in the query parameters entered, the paint examiner will
be able to provide an accurate assessment of possible sources for a questioned paint sample,
utilize the database for making significant assessments for paints in K/Q comparative situations,
and utilize the database for maintaining their understanding of the structure and chemistry of
modern automotive paints. Prior training and experience in paint analysis and FTIR paint
examinations and classifications are recommended.
- 16 -
Date:
Jeudi 19 mai Thursday May 19
Heure/Time : 10h15 18h
Salle/Room : Vivaldi
WS2 Relationship inference with Familias and FamLink
Speaker: Daniel Kling
Forensic Scientist, Ph.D, M.Sc
Department of Genetic Kinship and Identity
Division of Forensic Services, Norwegian Institute of Public Health
The Familias software may be used to compute probabilities and likelihood ratios in cases
where DNA profiles of individual are known, but their familial relationships are in doubt. Key
features of this freely available software include its ability to handle complex cases with
potential mutations and population stratification while considering multiple pedigrees
simultaneously. This workshop will focus on the use and applications of Familias and Famlink
using both autosomal and lineage markers. A theoretical session explaining the principles
and concepts of both software will be presented followed by hands on experimentation.
Participants will work through a number of practical examples such as missing
person/disaster victim identification and complex forensic cases involving incestuous
relationships.
Attendees:
Attendees will need to bring a portable computer for this one day workshop. Software and
exercises will be made available online before the workshop.
- 17 -
Date:
Mercredi 18 mai
Heure/Time : 8h 11h30
Salle/Room : Vivaldi
Wednesday May 18
WS3 Forensic applications of Massively Parallel Sequencing with MySeq
FGx Forensic Genomic System (Illumina)
Speakers: Ann Allison
Market Specialist, Forensic Genomics
Illumina Americas
Melissa Kotkin
Staff Field Applications Scientist
Illumina Americas
Eric Leblond
Executive Territory Account Manager, Quebec & Atlantic
Illumina Canada
Advances in massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and bioinformatics can now deliver more
insight from forensic DNA samples than traditional methods have offered. Targeted MPS allows
us to simultaneously type forensic autosomal, X and Y STR loci and various classes of SNPs in a
single reaction. Illumina’s sequencing by synthesis (SBS) technology on the MiSeq FGx
instrument simultaneously analyzes over 200 forensically relevant loci using one simple, unified
workflow, from less than 1 ng of sample. The ForenSeq kit and the ForenSeq Universal Analysis
Software were designed for routine and challenging casework analyses as well as for single
source reference and database samples. MPS has the potential to improve price, throughput
and discriminatory power of forensic DNA typing. Advantages include 1) improved
capabilities on low template, degraded, challenging samples, 2) enhanced capability for
deconvoluting mixtures, 3) screening of male (Y STRs) and female lineage relatives (mtDNA)
for missing person and disaster victim identification cases, and 4) providing investigative leads
for cases by inferring biogeographical ancestry and phenotypic characteristics such as eye
and hair color of unknown perpetrators. This workshop will present developmental SGWDAM
validation highlights of the MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System (kit, instrument and software)
and recent investigative applications. Participants will also learn how the MiSeq FGx Forensic
Genomic System can be implemented in the case workflow, how it meets forensic standards
and how the ForenSeq Universal Analysis Software generates and analyzes results. This should
allow laboratories to better evaluate the potential of the MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System
to improve forensic cases analysis.
- 18 -
Date:
Mercredi 18 mai
Salle/Room : Beethoven
Wednesday May 18
WS4 Forensic Breath and Blood Alcohol Testing: Past, Present and Future
Speaker: James G. Wigmore
This one-half day workshop will examine the forensic aspects of breath and blood alcohol
testing in a historic context.
Breath Alcohol:
The evolution of breath alcohol testing instruments will be discussed including evidential,
screeners, and automobile interlock devices. The principles of breath alcohol testing
including the mouth alcohol, blood: breath alcohol ratio, and the Alcohol Test Committee
will be included.
Blood Alcohol
The changes in blood alcohol analyses will be discussed from wet chemistry using large
blood volumes to headspace GC using multiple columns and small blood volumes.
Topics including the effect of storage, alcohol swabs and hospital alcohol analysis will be
presented.
- 19 -
Date:
Lundi 16 mai
Salle/Room : Tchaikovsky
Monday May 16
WS5 Les incertitudes de mesure et la validation des méthodes analytiques
dans le contexte d’un laboratoire accrédité - Cours d’initiation
Présentateur: Stéphane Paré
Détenteur d’un doctorat en chimie de l’Université Laval, monsieur Paré possède plus de
20 années d’expérience à titre de chimiste de recherche, de spécialiste Lean Six Sigma,
de formateur en entreprise et d’auditeur de système qualité. Il travaille depuis 2014 au
Bureau de normalisation du Québec (BNQ) comme évaluateur-chef dans les domaines
d’application de la chimie, la physique et la mécanique.
OBJECTIFS D’APPRENTISSAGE
1)
2)
3)
Identifier les éléments critiques à présenter dans un dossier d’estimation des
incertitudes de mesure.
Comprendre l’importance et les avantages potentiels des certificats
d’étalonnage
Situer les notions de validation et de vérification de méthodes dans le contexte de
la norme ISO 17025
RÉSUMÉ
Après une brève présentation des exigences normatives, nous verrons que les trois sujets
(incertitude de mesure, certificats d’étalonnage et validation de méthode) sont très liés
entre eux.
Nous détaillerons la façon de capturer toutes les composantes de l’incertitude. Par la suite,
nous aborderons les stratégies possibles et les méthodes d’estimation des incertitudes de
mesure acceptées. Un exemple sera donné.
Par ailleurs, nous discuterons les certificats d’étalonnage. En effet, ceux-ci regorgent
d’informations utiles qu’il faut savoir utiliser.
Enfin, nous définirons les notions de validations ou de vérifications de méthodes et
illustrerons des situations d’application.
- 20 -
Date:
Mardi 17 mai
Tuesday May 17
WS6 Method Validations and Uncertainty of Measurement
Speaker: Stéphane Paré
Mr Paré holds a doctorate in chemistry from Laval University. He also has over 20 years of
experience as a research chemist, a Lean Six Sigma specialist, QA trainer in a corporate
environment and is a QA system auditor. He has been working since 2014 at the Bureau de
normalisation du Québec (BNQ) as a Lead Assessor in the fields of chemistry, physics and
mechanics.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1)
2)
3)
Identifying the critical elements that are required when documenting an
uncertainty of measurement estimation.
Understanding the importance and potential benefits of calibration certificates
Explaining the concepts of method validation and method verification in the
context of ISO 17025
ABSTRACT
After a brief presentation of standard requirements, we will see how these three topics
(uncertainty of measurement, calibration certificates and method validation) are very
much interrelated.
We will detail how to capture all components of uncertainty. Subsequently, we will discuss
possible implementation strategies as well as the various accepted methods for estimating
uncertainties of measurement. An example will be given.
Calibration certificates will also be discussed since they are a source of valuable
information one needs to know how to use.
Finally, the concepts of method validation and method verification will be laid out and
situations where these can be applied will be illustrated.
- 21 -
Date:
Mardi 17 mai
Tuesday May 17
WS7 Les incertitudes de mesure – atelier de travail et formation avancée dans le contexte d’un laboratoire accrédité
Présentateur: Stéphane Paré
Détenteur d’un doctorat en chimie de l’Université Laval, monsieur Paré possède plus
de 20 années d’expérience à titre de chimiste de recherche, de spécialiste Lean Six
Sigma, de formateur en entreprise et d’auditeur de système qualité. Il travaille depuis
2014 au Bureau de normalisation du Québec (BNQ) comme évaluateur-chef dans les
domaines d’application de la chimie, la physique et la mécanique.
OBJECTIFS D’APPRENTISSAGE
1)
2)
3)
Identifier les méthodologies applicables.
Intégrer les incertitudes de mesure aux dossiers de validation
Utiliser les références disponibles.
PRÉ-REQUIS
Être à l’aise avec les notions de base statistiques.
RÉSUMÉ
Nous irons plus loin dans les stratégies possibles et les calculs d’évaluation de
l’incertitude de mesure. Nous verrons les conditions requises pour réaliser l’évaluation
d'une composante de l'incertitude de mesure par une analyse statistique des valeurs
mesurées obtenues dans des conditions définies de mesurage (type A).
Nous discuterons de l’évaluation d'une composante de l'incertitude de mesure par
d'autres moyens qu'une évaluation de type A. Ces incertitudes sont parfois assez
difficiles à quantifier. Elles sont liées à la maitrise du processus de mesurage et à
l'expérience
de
l'opérateur.
Elles
peuvent
être
évaluées
à
partir
d'informations différentes telles : valeurs publiées faisant autorité, obtenues à partir de
limites déduites de l'expérience personnelle.
La notion de tolérance sera introduite. Nous verrons que celle-ci est indépendante de
l’incertitude de mesure et qu’elle peut néanmoins dicter le choix de la méthode de
calcul ou la rigueur requise.
L’atelier se déroulera en français mais toutes les questions posées en anglais seront
répondues en anglais.
- 22 -
Date:
Mardi 17 mai
Salle/Room : Beethoven
Tuesday May 17
WS8 The scientific foundation of gunshot residue: Fundamentals and
Forensic Significance
Forensic analysis of gunshot residue in practice: Sample Collection and
Forensic Limitations
Speaker : Nigel Hearns
Dr. Hearns is a forensic chemist with Trace Evidence Services of the RCMP National Forensic
Laboratory Services and is specialized in both explosives and gunshot reside (GSR) analysis.
He has authored forensic reports in over 230 different criminal investigations and has been
accepted at court in seven different Canadian provinces to testify as a forensic expert in
criminal trials. Dr. Hearns obtained his Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from the University of
Guelph and tenured a post-doctoral fellowship from the National Science & Engineering
Research Council of Canada (NSERC) as a research associate at both the Centre de
Recherche Paul Pascal (Centre national de la recherche scientifique), l’Université de
Bordeaux, France, and the Department of Chemistry at Queen’s University in Kingston,
Ontario. Dr. Hearns has co-authored over 17 publications in peer-reviewed scientific
journals, is a member of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science, and is an RCMPdelegate to the ENFSI Expert Working Group on Explosives.
Abstract
This workshop will be an interactive presentation of the scientific foundation of gunshot
residue (GSR) analysis in forensic science. Topics to be discussed will include: what exactly
is GSR, differences between primer and propellant residues, where GSR comes from, how
it is formed, how GSR is identified, why would GSR be found on a person or object, and
what does finding GSR mean in a forensic context. Proper sampling techniques will be
demonstrated, as well as what quality assurance protocols must be followed to ensure
forensic integrity of the results for court. Exactly what forensic questions GSR can and
cannot answer will also be discussed. This workshop will be sub-divided into two seminars:
1) The scientific foundation of gunshot residue: Fundamentals and Forensic Significance
2) Forensic analysis of gunshot residue in practice: Sample Collection and Forensic
Limitations
The content is intended for an audience of law enforcement personnel and attorneys-atlaw, whom will benefit from understanding the forensic value and limitations of GSR
evidence in both investigations and criminal trials
- 23 -
Sessions Plénières
Plenary Sessions
Session plénière 1
Récents développements dans la pratique
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
Modérateur/ Moderator :
9h 12h
Opus 2
Christian Fleury
Cette session plénière mettra l’accent sur des applications et des pratiques ayant
récemment été introduites dans la pratique de l’identité judiciaire au Canada.
Les présentations permettront aux participants de mettre à jour leurs
connaissances dans ce domaine.
- Une introduction au développement des empreintes latentes par la déposition
de métal sous vide (DMV)
Aaron Dove
- Abandonnez le Côté Obscur de la Force pour la Lumière… Ou comment les
lumières judiciaires peuvent révolutionner vos procédures de laboratoire
Alexandre Beaudoin
- Reconstitution de la scène de crime avec un scanneur laser FARO Focus 3D
Manuel Tousignant
- Podomorphologie, du lieu de crime jusqu’au tribunal
Martin Lelièvre
Une introduction au développement des empreintes latentes par la déposition
de métal sous vide (DMV)
Aaron Dove
La déposition de métal sous vide est une des techniques la plus sensible qui existe pour
développer les empreintes latentes. Cette technique peut développer les empreintes sur
des pièces à conviction contaminées, des textiles, et même des empreintes qui ont été
déposées il y a plus de 47 ans. Comment l'utiliser? Quels sont les avantages? Quels sont les
limites? Comment pouvons-nous utiliser cette technique pour maximiser la qualité et la
quantité de détails de l'empreinte latente?
Aaron Dove
Assistant en Identité Judiciaire
Gendarmerie Royale du Canada / Gouvernement du Canada
[email protected] / (514) 939-8350
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Podomorphologie, du lieu de crime jusqu’au tribunal
Martin Lelièvre (Sgt.)
La trace laissée soit par un pied nu, ou portant un bas, ainsi que la trace présente sur la
semelle intérieure d’une chaussure peut devoir être comparée à des échantillons
d’origine connue pour évaluer si elles soutiennent l’hypothèse d’une exclusion ou
d’association.
Cette séance offrira un aperçu des meilleures méthodes de prélèvement des traces de
podomorphologie à 2 et 3 dimensions, ainsi que pour l’obtention des échantillons
d’origine connus. L’historique de cette expertise au Canada sera présenté en
conjonction avec certains cas récents.
Martin Lelièvre (Sgt.)
Analyste des opérations et politiques / Soutien au programme, Services intégrés de l'identité
judiciaire
Gendarmerie Royale du Canada / Gouvernement du Canada
Abandonnez le Côté Obscur de la Force pour la Lumière… Ou comment les
lumières judiciaires peuvent révolutionner vos procédures de laboratoire
Alexandre Beaudoin
Cette conférence présentera les résultats d'une étude opérationnelle complète sur le
développement des empreintes digitales latentes grâce aux lumières judiciaires avant les
traitements chimiques sur une période d'un an. Ces résultats vous convaincront
d'abandonner le Côté Obscur de la Force pour la Lumière...
Alexandre Beaudoin
Spécialiste en sciences physiques / Direction des Services Spécialisés en Enquête
Service de la Criminalistique / Sûreté du Québec
Reconstitution de la scène de crime avec un scanneur laser FARO Focus 3D
Manuel Tousignant
La reconstitution de la scène de crime a toujours été un élément clé dans le cadre d’une
enquête. Elle permet de figer dans le temps l’événement s’étant produit et d’identifier les
preuves. La topographie, la photographie, la vidéographie sont les moyens les plus connus
pour arriver à ces fins. Cependant, il est maintenant possible d’utiliser la télémétrie (mesure
de distances par laser) pour reproduire une scène de crime grâce au scanneur laser FARO
Focus 3D. Acquis par le Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale il y a
plus d’un an, cet appareil permet de reproduire un environnement en trois dimensions à
partir d’un nuage de points couplé de photographies. Dans un premier temps, plusieurs
scans de la scène sont effectués sur place avec l’appareil. Ensuite, les données sont
traitées à l’aide d’un logiciel informatique pour permettre la visualisation de la scène en
trois dimensions. Cette présentation portera principalement sur le principe de
fonctionnement de l’appareil, le traitement des données et le produit final.
Manuel Tousignant
Spécialiste en balistique judiciaire / Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale
- 25 -
Plenary Session 2
Current Issues in Forensic Science
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
13h 16h
Opus 2
Vickie Mercier
- Challenges for forensic science in the 21st century
Frank Crispino
- Forensic science and criminal innovations: a simple cat-and-mouse
game?
Simon Baechler
- Justice Rapid Response Team
Tobin Tanaka
- Delivery of Forensic Assistance in International Settings
Mark Mogle
Challenges for forensic science in the 21st century
Frank Crispino, Claude Roux, Olivier Ribaux
As forensic science find it hard to define itself since its inception at the end of the 19 th
century, its scientific foundation and practical methodologies are questioned since the
2009 NAS Report.
Notwithstanding a call to develop a specific research culture not necessary well defined,
main considered solutions are focussed on quality management implementation, which
crown jewels are certification and accreditation striven after embracing the full set of
forensic activities from crime scene to scientific reports from the lab.
Under cover of a legitimate standardisation of forensic provision that looked
heterogeneous, these policies are also expected to make more efficient forensic science
service supplying through mainly econometric standards and to promote stakeholders’
confidence up to the courtroom.
Nevertheless, in an ever-evolved technological environment, it could look appropriate to
question limits and detect excess of such trends, which leave aside the ontological nature
of a trace, as a damaged, mixed specimen of a singular source or activity, far from a
statistical sample randomly pulled out from a controlled experimentation or production.
The presentation invites to a trip back to basics on the ontology of the trace, opening new
innovative tracks to explore or question a missing link to its full potential expression.
Frank CRISPINO, Ph.D, M.Phil
Professeur en criminalistique
www.uqtr.ca/FrankCrispino
Directeur du Laboratoire de recherche en criminalistique
- 26 -
Forensic science and criminal innovations: a simple cat-and-mouse game?
Science forensique et innovations criminelles : un simple jeu du chat et de la souris ?
Simon Baechler
Forensic science teaches us how to detect, collect, analyse and finally interpret the traces left
by every criminal action, as asserted by Locard in 1920. Beyond their usual contribution to the
investigation of a given case, traces can be considered at a more general level as the
material, faithful but incomplete reflect of crime activities and phenomena. Consequently,
traces evolve in parallel with crime itself and can be assumed to be a relevant object of
interest to study criminal innovations. They thus represent a valuable and updated vector of
information for scientists and professionals interested in criminal matters.
The use of traces in this perspective requires scientific and systematic methods essentially
anchored in the fields of forensic intelligence and traceology. The presentation briefly reviews
the fundamentals of these methods as well as their challenges and limits. Through examples
borrowed from practice related to various types of traces, such as DNA, false identity
documents, shoe marks, illicit drugs or digital evidence, it is exposed how these methods
contribute to understand the structure of criminal activities and markets, to monitor their
evolutions, and to detect the emergence of criminal innovations, new phenomena and
modus operandi. Through such systematic methods, forensic science expands its traditional
scope and may contribute to build knowledge at different levels of generality, from the
investigation of a series of crimes, to the development of a strategic perception of crime.
Forensic science can then be viewed as a method that, among others, helps to understand
crime and detect its mutations.
This original approach of forensic science raises closely related questions: how does forensic
science react to criminal innovations and, conversely, how does crime deal with forensic
innovations? The presentation addresses these questions and draws the conclusion that
innovation in forensic science is primarily driven by technical and technological developments
rather than criminal trends or methodological progress. The presentation promotes the view
that forensic innovation should be rearticulated to better consider and anticipate criminal
innovations. Possible solutions are proposed in that regard.
Le principe de Locard avance que toute action criminelle laisse des traces, traces que la
science forensique nous apprend à détecter, collecter, analyser et finalement interpréter.
Au-delà de leur exploitation et de leur apport dans le cadre d’une investigation en
particulier, les traces matérielles peuvent être considérées à un niveau plus général
comme le reflet fidèle mais incomplet des phénomènes et activités criminels dont elles
résultent. Les traces évoluent par conséquent en parallèle avec la criminalité et
constituent par hypothèse un objet d’étude pertinent pour percevoir l’innovation en
matière de délinquance. Elles représentent ainsi un vecteur d’information et de mise à jour
précieux pour les scientifiques et professionnels intéressés par la criminalité.
L’exploitation des traces dans cette perspective fait appel à des méthodes d’analyse
scientifique et systématique qui relèvent essentiellement du renseignement forensique et
de la traçologie. La présentation rappelle brièvement les fondements de ces méthodes,
en dresse les contours et enjeux. Au travers d’exemples issus de la pratique et relatifs à
différents types de traces, tels que l’ADN, les faux papiers d’identité, les traces de
chaussures, les produits stupéfiants ou encore les traces numériques, il est exposé
comment et en quoi ces méthodes peuvent contribuer à comprendre la structure des
activités et marchés criminels, à suivre leurs évolutions, à détecter l’émergence
d’innovations criminelles, de nouveaux phénomènes et modes opératoires. Par ces
méthodes d’analyse systématique, la science forensique élargit son horizon et participe à
- 27 -
construire des connaissances qui portent à différents niveaux de généralité, de
l’investigation d’une série de cas à l’élaboration d’une perception de la délinquance sur
le plan stratégique. Cette science s’offre ainsi comme une méthodologie qui, avec
d’autres, concourt à saisir la criminalité et à en détecter les mutations.
Cette approche originale de la science forensique amène à aborder des interrogations
immédiatement connexes: comment la science forensique réagit-elle face aux
innovations criminelles et, réciproquement, comment la criminalité s’adapte-t-elle face
aux innovations forensiques? En essayant d’apporter des réponses à ces questions, la
présentation fait le constat que l’innovation en science forensique est d’abord
commandée par les évolutions techniques et technologiques plutôt que par les évolutions
criminelles ou par des progrès méthodologiques. La présentation défend le point de vue
que l’innovation forensique devrait se réarticuler pour mieux considérer voire anticiper les
innovations criminelles. Des pistes de solution sont proposées à cet égard.
Keywords: Method; Forensic intelligence; Crime evolutions; Systematic analysis; Forensic science;
Traceability; Surveillance / Mots clés : Méthodologie; Renseignement forensique; Evolutions
criminelles; Analyse systématique; Police scientifique; Criminalistique; Traçabilité; Surveillance
Simon Baechler, PhD1,2,
1Ecole des Sciences Criminelles (School of Criminal Sciences), Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
2Service forensique, Police neuchâteloise (Neuchâtel police department), Switzerland
[email protected]
Justice Rapid Response Team
Tobin Tanaka
It has been recognised that forensic science plays a role in international investigations of
war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. These investigations are paramount
in breaking of the cycle of violence and thereby starting the process of reconciliation
needed in society. The difficulty in how to establish a cadre of forensic scientists for such
needs in a timely, flexible and economic manner is not easily overcome by traditional
mechanisms.
Justice Rapid Response (JRR) is an intergovernmental facility developed to offer the
needed adaptability and expeditious response to such international incidents. In
operation since 2009, it has a roster of over 556 experts as of January 2016 comprised of a
variety of criminal justice professionals - including forensic scientists. This presentation
provides a brief overview of JRR and how a broad range of forensic sciences fit into the
range of expertise that may be called upon.
Tobin Tanaka is a forensic document examiner based in Ottawa and he is on the roster of Justice
Rapid Response, which is the topic of his presentation at this plenary session. He is a member of the
Canadian Society of Forensic Science, the American Society of Questioned Document Examiners,
the Australasian Society of Forensic Document Examiners Inc., the Questioned Document section of
the American Academy of Forensic Science (AAFS) and the Chartered Society of Forensic Science.
He is certified by the American Board of Forensic Document Examiners.
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Delivery of Forensic Assistance in International Settings
Mark Mogle
Overview: ICITAP is a law enforcement development organization within the Criminal
Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ). DOJ efforts to protect the United States
require effective international law enforcement partnerships, and strengthening national
security calls for the promotion overseas of democracy, regional stability, and rule of law.
ICITAP‘s mission is to work with foreign governments to develop effective, professional,
and transparent law enforcement capacity that protects human rights, combats corruption, and reduces the threat of transnational crime and terrorism, in support of U.S.
foreign policy and national security objectives.
The goal of this presentation is to highlight the role of forensic science in meeting larger
international development goals. In particular, forensic science promotes a fair and effective
criminal justice system, supports transnational criminal investigations, identifies the missing and
aids human rights investigations. This presentation will review ICITAP’s experience in delivering
forensic assistance and highlight the challenges encountered in international settings as well
as provide examples of technical assistance meeting immediate host country needs.
ICITAP’s forensic assistance programs take a holistic approach to development and aims to
improve all aspects along the forensic continuum from crime scene to courtroom testimony.
An overarching goal of ICITAP forensic assistance programs is international accreditation and
adoption of recognized best practices. Accreditation institutionalizes quality practices and
therefore supports sustainability of U.S government investments.
Laboratory accreditation requires a significant investment of time and resources in Western
countries. A laboratory attempting to be the first in their country or region to become
accredited faces an even more difficult endeavor. Achieving international accreditation is a
long process that requires solid management skills such as strategic planning, budgeting, and
administration of a professional quality assurance program. ICITAP utilizes experienced
laboratory managers as advisors to mentor host country personnel in all aspects of laboratory
management and through all phases of the accreditation process.
Scientists must understand the capabilities and limitations of their discipline to validate
processes and develop reliable standard operating procedures. Similar to Western countries,
continuing education is often needed to address technological advancements that have
been made after a scientist’s formal education has been completed. ICITAP relies on a
combination of Federal and outside experts to deliver discipline-specific training and technical
assistance.
To highlight the completion of a successful program, the presentation will include discussion of
past ICITAP efforts in Ukraine. ICITAP assisted Ukraine’s Ministry of Interior Forensic Center with
developing a strategic plan to achieve international accreditation. The plan included the
development of several standard operating procedures and the creation of a quality
manager position. In March 2012, the lab became the first forensic institution in Ukraine to
receive international accreditation under the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) 17025 standards. The accreditation was awarded for six forensic disciplines and the
quality management system. Ukraine is one of several countries that have obtained
accreditation under ISO 17025 with ICITAP assistance.
Mark Mogle
Deputy Assistant Director for Special Operations,
International Criminal Investigative Assistance Program (ICITAP)
1331 F Street NW, Suite 500, Washington, DC 20004
https://www.justice.gov/criminal-icitap
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Plenary Session 3
DNA
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
Vendredi 20 mai
8h 11h30
Vivaldi
France Mailly
Friday May 20
- Evaluation of the ParaDNA® technology as a potential tool to triage
evidence at crime scenes or in the forensic laboratory to reduce sample
turn-around time
Chantal J. Frégeau
- A
Neil Fernandopulle
- The National Missing Persons DNA Program – Jeffrey Modler, Officer in
Charge, National DNA Data Bank, Forensic Science & Identification
Services, RCMP, Ottawa, Ontario
Jeffrey Modler
- Processing of unidentified human remains and missing persons cases
using Pedigree module from CODIS, at the LSJML
Josée Houde
Evaluation of the ParaDNA® technology as a potential tool to triage evidence at
crime scenes or in the forensic laboratory to reduce sample turn-around time
Chantal J. Frégeau, Ph.D
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is constantly looking for potential tools to augment
its capacity to respond to its clients’ needs. One of these tools, the ParaDNA® technology,
offers a means to triage samples at crime scenes or in the forensic laboratory. Using the
ParaDNA® Intelligence Test (5 STR loci plus the gender marker Amelogenin), investigative
intelligence information can be generated on the ParaDNA® Field Portable Instrument
from 1-4 samples in 75 minutes. The ParaDNA® Screening Test (2 STR loci plus Amelogenin)
identifies samples containing human DNA and provides the gender of the sample
originator.
Both chemistry assays were evaluated using typical bloodstains collected at crime scenes
(on metal, wood, linoleum, carpet, glass, denim), fingerprints and cast-off items (drinking
cups, drinking bottles, straws, utensils, chewing gum, cigarette butts). Our pilot project
demonstrated that the ParaDNA® Intelligence Test could be used to gain early intelligence
from high-template DNA samples such as those collected at blood spatter scenes, while
the ParaDNA® Screening Test may be more suitable to triage low-template DNA such as
- 30 -
cast-off items. Additional experiments are being conducted to determine the limitations
of both ParaDNA® tests using samples prepared with mixed biological fluids.
Plans are being drawn for the deployment of the ParaDNA® Field Portable Instrument at
crime scenes and the possibility of placing the ParaDNA® Screening Instrument in the
Evidence Recovery Unit of the RCMP Forensic Laboratory in Ottawa is also being
considered. The triage of samples at the front end of Operations should allow us to gain
efficiencies in our process and ultimately reduce sample turn-around time to provide quick
assistance to police investigators.
Biography
After obtaining her Ph.D. from the Dept. of Biochemistry at the University of Alberta in 1991, Dr.
Frégeau joined the RCMP Operational Support Unit of the Molecular Genetics Section in
Ottawa. She has been instrumental in the development, validation and implementation of the
PCR program and automated processes currently in place for the National DNA Data Bank of
Canada and for Biology Operations at the RCMP. She was also a member of the SwissAir
Victims’ Identification Task Force after the boeing SW111 crashed in the Atlantic Ocean in the
vicinity of Peggy’s Cove in September 1998. For her significant contributions, she was awarded
the Queen’s Golden Jubilee Commemorative Medal in 2002 and the Queen’s Diamond
Jubilee Commemorative Medal in 2012. As a senior research scientist within the Forensic
Science & Identification Services Directorate, she continues to develop and implement new
strategies for human identification to facilitate casework processing in the laboratory or at the
crime scene for Biology Operations and support the mandate of the NDDB and the CBRNE
Branch. She regularly publishes in international peer-reviewed scientific journals, is a member
of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Forensic Sciences and a guest reviewer for Forensic
Science International Genetics.
Chantal J. Frégeau, Ph.D
Gendarmerie Royale du Canada / Gouvernement du Canada Royal Canadian Mounted Police,
Forensic Science and Identification Services
Email: [email protected]
A
Neil Fernandopulle
C
Neil Fernandopulle
Quality Assurance and Technical Manager at Center of Forensic Sciences
The National Missing Persons DNA Program – Jeffrey Modler, Officer in Charge,
National DNA Data Bank, Forensic Science & Identification Services, RCMP,
Ottawa, Ontario
Jeffrey Modler
Since June 2000, the National DNA Data Bank (NDDB) has been responsible for two
principal DNA indices in accordance with the DNA Identification Act (DNAIA):
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•
Convicted Offenders Index (COI): comprised of DNA profiles of offenders
convicted of specific designated offences,
•
Crime Scene Index (CSI): comprised of DNA profiles collected from crime scenes.
Currently, the DNAIA does not permit the NDDB to retain or compare DNA profiles from
missing persons or unidentified human remains investigations or permit the NDDB to retain
or compare a victim’s or volunteer’s DNA profile to support criminal investigations.
In December 2014, amendments were made to the DNA Identification Act allowing for
the creation of three humanitarian DNA indices:
•
Missing Persons Index (MPI): DNA profiles derived from personal effects of missing
persons (e.g. bodily substances, toothbrush, medical sample, clothing, etc).
•
Relatives of Missing Persons Index (RMI): DNA profiles of family members of missing
persons derived from voluntary samples submitted with informed consent, to be used to
confirm the missing person’s MPI DNA profile and to identify human remains through
genetic analysis (kinship analysis).
•
Human Remains Index (HRI): DNA profiles derived from human remains.
The amendments to the DNA Identification Act also created two new criminal DNA indices
to support police investigations:
•
Victims Index (VI): DNA profiles voluntarily submitted with informed consent (if
available) by the victims of designated offences;
•
Voluntary Donors Index (VDI): DNA profiles voluntarily submitted with informed
consent from any person, other than the victim of a crime, to advance criminal, missing
persons, or unidentified remains investigations.
The NDDB, in conjunction with the National Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified
Remains (NCMPUR) are currently working to develop the National Missing Persons DNA
Program (NMPDP). The NMPDP will permit the application of DNA technologies to
advance missing persons and found human remains investigations where other methods
have proven unsuccessful.
This presentation on the NMPDP will highlight: a) the DNA technologies that will be utilized
to develop DNA profiles from biological samples submitted for the investigation of missing
persons and found human remains investigations: b) the procurement of DNA analysis
services for the purpose of populating the three humanitarian DNA indices; c) the utilization
of CODIS for the comparison of the three humanitarian DNA indices (HRI, RMI and MPI)
against one another and the MPI and HRI to the COI and the MPI and HRI to the CSI, VI
and VDI; d) the reporting of matches between DNA indices by the NDDB as investigative
leads as permitted by the DNAIA; e) the composition of the Missing Persons Unit of the
NDDB and training requirements; and f) the challenges to implementation of the NMPDP.
The NMPDP is projected to start accepting DNA profiles in the spring of 2017.
Jeff Modler- Officer In Charge of the National DNA Data Bank of Canada
Jeff received his B.Sc. (Honours) degree in Biochemistry from Queen’s University, Kingston,
Ontario, in 1984 and he received his M.Sc. in Biochemistry from Dalhousie University, Halifax,
Nova Scotia in 1987.
- 32 -
Jeff started his career in forensics in 1988. He worked in a private forensic DNA laboratory
called Probtec for one year and then he joined the Biology Section of the Centre of
Forensic Sciences in Toronto to assist in the set-up of their DNA testing laboratory. In May
1990, Jeff became a member of the Biology Section in the RCMP forensic laboratory in
Ottawa, Ontario. In May 1992, Jeff transferred to Halifax, NS, where he assisted in the setup of the RCMP Halifax laboratory to perform RFLP DNA analysis. Jeff worked in the RCMP
Halifax laboratory for 13 years, 11 years as a Biology Specialist and 2 years as the Biology
Section Manager. In 2005, Jeff was promoted to the position of DNA Technical Leader for
the Biology Services Program of the RCMP and transferred back to Ottawa, ON. In 2015,
Jeff became the Officer In Charge of the National DNA Data Bank of Canada.
Jeff has over 28 years of forensic DNA experience and he has testified in the courts of British
Colombia, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia,
Newfoundland and Labrador and the Island of Bermuda. Jeff is a member of the
Canadian Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis and Methods (SWGDAM) and he is
an invited guest of US SWGDAM. As Officer In Charge of the NDDB, Jeff’s current
responsibilities include the establishment of a Missing Persons Unit and assisting the National
Centre for Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains in the implementation of the National
Missing Persons DNA Program.
Jeff is here to provide a presentation on the “National Missing Persons DNA Program”.
Processing of unidentified human remains and missing persons cases using
Pedigree module from CODIS, at the LSJML
Josée Houde
In this presentation, we will discuss the evolution of the identification and missing person’s
cases processing at LSJML since their centralization in 2007.
To facilitate comparisons and establish possible links between missing persons and
unidentified human remains under investigation by the Quebec (provincial) Coroner’s
office, the “Pedigree” module from CODIS is used since 2013 at LSJML. In order to
accelerate the release of the bodies to their families, we are working together with our
colleague’s pathologists and odontologists of the legal medicine unit of the Laboratory.
Moreover, a close communication link was established with the Montreal Coroner's office
as well as with all the different police forces in the province.
Some examples will also be presented.
Josée Houde, Ph.D
Spécialiste en biologie judiciaire,Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale
[email protected]
Ms. Josée Houde received her Master degree at the Université du Québec à Montréal, in
molecular biology in 1993 and pursued her doctoral studies at the Université de Montréal,
in search for new genes involved in cancer. She taught cellular and molecular biology
courses to the undergraduate and graduate cycles before starting her career in 2004 as
a forensic biologist at the Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale. In
2007, she became in charge of the missing persons records as well as unidentified
bodies, which led her to develop expertise in DNA extraction from bones. In 2012, since
the identification cases were increasing, she sets up a team of three forensic biologists
dedicated to identification and she is actually leading this identification team. That same
year she was trained on mass disasters at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the
City of New York. Years later, during the mass disasters of Lac Mégantic and Isle Verte,
- 33 -
Ms. Houde was responsible of the post-mortem cases in biology. For those two mass
disasters, she has created a team dedicated to the statistical approach, met the CODIS
directors and co-signed all the identification reports in DNA/Biology.
- 34 -
Scientific Sessions
Présentations Scientifiques
Session 1
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
Mercredi 18 mai
8h 11h30
Opus 2
Mylène Signori
Wednesday May 18
UOIT Forensic Science Program: A 10 year retrospective
Nelson M. Lafrenière PhD1, Kimberly Nugent, MSc1, Cecilia Hageman PhD1
1Faculty
of Science, Forensic Science Program, University of Ontario Institute of Technology
[email protected]
Abstract
It is the mission of the UOIT BSc (Honours) in Forensic Science program to create an
interdisciplinary learning environment dedicated to education, research, and contribution
to the global forensic community. In addition to high quality applied science knowledge
and skills, graduates are expected to demonstrate integrity, ethical behavior and
professional conduct. These are examples of 21st century skills, essential for today’s
graduating students.
In the Forensic Science Program a capstone project is a required curriculum component
prior to graduation. This may take the form of an honours thesis, a literature-review or a
mock-crime scene practicum project. Each are conducted under the supervision of a
forensic professional and allow the student to integrate and synthesize the knowledge
gained throughout their program of study.
Students’ personal and professional skills are encouraged through this academic
capstone experience. First, emphasis is placed on developing student’s practical and
theoretical science skills. These ‘hard-skills’ are considered to be the foundational
aptitudes that students acquire through lecture and laboratory content. Next, ‘soft skills’
are identified and nurtured. Otherwise referred to as interpersonal or social skills, these may
include communication, self-motivation, problem-solving, time management, leadership
and decision-making skills. Both skill-sets are assessed in various capacities and all
capstone experiences culminate with the submission of a written thesis or report as well as
presentation at the year-end Annual Forensic Science Research Day.
Participants in this presentation will gain a better understanding of how the student
learning process can be both a theoretical as well as a practical exercise. Combining
foundational hard science skills with the development of soft skills through capstone
experiences makes for a well-rounded graduate in this 21st century.
Key Words: UOIT Forensic Science, 21st century skills, Capstone experience, Higher
- 35 -
RCMP Forensic Identification Research Projects
Brian Yamashita
Description of Objectives
Attendees will learn about recent research projects that have been carried out, or are
ongoing, in the Scientific Technical Support section of RCMP Integrated Forensic
Identification Services.
Method
Various projects have been carried out in recent years, aimed at advancing the discipline
of forensic identification. Some have been student projects while others have been, or
are in the process of being, carried out by Ident members or civilian researchers.
Summary of Results
New techniques, reagents, or instruments do not always function exactly as advertised by
vendors, and it is, therefore, useful to have them tested systematically to ensure which
claims can be met, before new products or procedures can be recommended for use in
the field. Other research projects address current forensic identification methodologies in
an attempt to confirm their consistency and validity.
Conclusions
The results of these projects may reveal in some instances that a new reagent, for example,
might not be suitable for field use, and should not be recommended. On the other hand,
some successful projects may result in positive changes to the way identification duties are
carried out in the future.
Key Words: Forensic identification, fingerprints, minutiae, DNA
The Use, by Justice System Participants, of Forensic Biology Testimony in
Ontario Criminal Courts: Preliminary Findings
Dawn Cohen, MSc (student) and Cecilia Hageman, PhD
The objective of this ongoing research project is to answer the following question – Do
lawyers and judges hear, understand and accurately summarize and apply what expert
forensic biologists say in their court testimony? This project is the first time a qualitative and
quantitative assessment of the content of actual criminal court transcripts is performed
with a view to comparing expert forensic biology and DNA testimony with the non-scientist
attorneys’ and judges’ understanding and use of that testimonial evidence.
Method
We are assessing court transcripts from criminal trials to determine what forensic biology
experts say, and then what counsel and judge’s say about, the expert testimony when the
expert is not present, in counsels’ opening statements, closing statements, and trial judges’
instructions to juries and rulings. We are comparing the two sets of transcripts (the “say”
and the “say about”) in terms of body fluid identification and DNA analysis conclusions,
- 36 -
inferences, assumptions, complex DNA mixture interpretations, limitations, transfer and
persistence evidence, and in particular, statistical and probability statements, with special
attention to fallacies.
Cases involving viva voce evidence by forensic biologists are obtained through a
Canadian Legal Information Institute (CanLii) search of the Ontario Court of Appeal
database. The Ontario Court of Appeals Records Office in Toronto contains fully
transcribed records of criminal cases, originally heard at the Superior Court of Justice or
the Ontario Court of Justice and then appealed at this provincial level. For the purposes
of the project, all cases are coded so that no names or parties are disclosed.
Summary of Results
This research project is in its initial stages. However, we have already detected multiple
instances of fallacy statements, where the DNA expert expresses the random match
probability in a statistically correct fashion, and the judge and/or lawyer later recounts this
part of the expert’s testimony with a transposed conditional statement, for example “the
odds of that DNA being the DNA of someone other than the complainant” and “analyzed
to reveal the defendant’s DNA”.
Conclusions
This research project will assist the forensic biology community in assessing the
effectiveness of the viva voce evidence of its experts, to detect strengths and weaknesses
in the system and to propose solutions, including potential common jury instructions for
DNA evidence. Initial results suggest that the best efforts on the part of the expert witness
to avoid statistical fallacies in the reporting of the random match probability are not
necessarily reflected in the later portions of the trial where that evidence is recounted.
Key Words: Forensic Science,
Preparing 21st century forensic science graduates
Kimberly Nugent, MSc1, Cecilia Hageman PhD1
1Faculty of Science, Forensic Science Program, University of Ontario Institute of
Technology
[email protected]
Abstract
The BSc (Honours) in Forensic Science program at UOIT is distinguished by a strong scientific
foundation in biology and chemistry, with allied courses related to forensic aspects of
identification, toxicology, physics, fire analysis and law. Since the first cohort of students in
2005, the program has evolved academically, strengthened partnerships globally and
established itself as a leader in forensic science education. This presentation will provide
an overview of student success and program achievements over the last decade.
The UOIT program was originally modeled on curriculum from the Department of Forensic
Science at the University of Central Lancashire, UK. The program was the 5 th forensic
science undergraduate program to be developed in Southern Ontario and is distinguished
by its strong applied science foundation. Upon graduation our students are employable in
many science-based industries, both forensic and non-forensic science.
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The curriculum has evolved over the last decade thanks in strong part to our professional
partnerships. Our Advisory Board members, external research partners as well as capstone
supervisors have shaped the learning objectives and delivery of course content. Our
success in becoming FEPAC (Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation
Committee) accredited was also our partners’ success.
Participants of this presentation will gain a better understanding of the program’s
undergraduate curriculum and structure. Applied learning opportunities and alumni
success stories will also be discussed.
Key Words: UOIT Forensic Science, Accreditation, Higher Education
The Impact of Witness Education about Eyewitness Misidentification on
Identification Accuracy and Confidence
Yongyu (Sara) Chen
The purpose of the study is to investigate whether educating witnesses on eyewitness
misidentification will impact their identification accuracy and confidence. In this study,
identification accuracy and confidence were compared between the educated group
that was educated about the issues on eyewitness misidentification, and the control group
that received no education on the subject. This study emphasizes the importance of
educating eyewitnesses about the limitations of eyewitness evidence and aims to help
prevent wrongful convictions.
Method
Participants (N = 200) first watched a simulated crime video. Then half of them were
randomly assigned to watch a video on eyewitness misidentification, and the other half
watched a video on diabetes treatments. Later on, all participants were randomly
assigned to do either a target-absent or target-present sequential lineup. At the end, all
participants rated their confidence level regarding their decisions made in the lineup.
Summary of Results
Results showed that the educated group made significantly more correct responses than
the control group. This effect was evident only in the target-absent lineup. The two groups
had equal performance in the target-present lineup. Overall, the control group tended to
be more confident. In addition, there was no absolute relationship between confidence
and identification accuracy, which means confidence did not predict identification
accuracy.
Conclusions
Eyewitness education appears to be helpful in preventing false positive identifications in
target-absent lineups. Accordingly, police agencies should consider making eyewitness
education a standard lineup procedure. This research also suggests that it would be
beneficial to make jurors aware that eyewitness confidence is an unreliable cue for
eyewitness accuracy.
Key Words: forensic psychology, eyewitness identification, eyewitness confidence, eyewitness
education
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Assessment and Impact of Cognitive Bias in Forensic Pathology
Alexandria Hoy, Dr. Michael Pollanen, Dr. Ashwyn Rajagopalan
In recent years, cognitive bias has received a great deal of attention in the forensic
sciences. To minimize cognitive bias and decrease the chances of miscarriage of justice
in future cases, preventative measures have been explored in various disciplines such as
fingerprint examination. With the exception of the Goudge Inquiry in Ontario, forensic
pathology has not yet addressed cognitive bias as a possible concern. This research
assessed the potential for cognitive bias to influence interpretations and diagnoses in
forensic pathology.
Method
About 150 case summaries from the UK and Scottish Criminal Cases Review Commission
were examined for examples of homicide trials involving flawed forensic pathological
opinions. The 12 cases identified through detailed review of the larger sample, were
assessed for cognitive bias using a scoring form developed for this research. This form is
based on current literature.
Summary of Results
The scoring form was revised by evaluating the success of the assessment criteria when
applied to cases addressed in by the Goudge Inquiry. Results suggest that cognitive bias
may be a factor contributing to controversial, inaccurate or flawed forensic pathological
opinions. Additional mechanisms of error found to be associated with erroneous opinions
include misunderstanding of role, overstated opinions, weak science and nonalignment
with standard practices. It was noted that the cases which exhibited cognitive bias
overlapped with some other mechanisms of error. Other findings from this study indicate
that some specific task irrelevant information may contribute to a mechanism of error or
cognitive bias. 4 out of the 12 cases were determined to include cognitive bias as a factor
in the flawed forensic pathological opinion, calling attention to this issue. The results of this
research demonstrate the need for educational awareness on cognitive bias in the field
of forensic pathology.
Conclusions
Proposed recommendations to correct these issues include: transparency; targeted
training; and peer review. In order to confirm the findings of this research and further verify
the novel cognitive bias scoring sheet, there is an immediate need for studies with another
sample. This paper recommends additional research to address cognitive bias in forensic
pathology on a larger scale and to explore additional strategies for prevention.
Key Words: forensic science, forensic pathology, cognitive bias, miscarriage of justice
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Suicide and Suicide Notes in Nova Scotia
Tori Berezowski
The purpose of this research was to examine the demographics and other patterns of the
individuals who committed suicide in Nova Scotia and left a suicide note. 6 hypotheses
were formulated concerning the individuals who are more likely to commit suicide and
leave a suicide note. This research tested whether sex affected the likelihood of
committing suicide and leaving a suicide note, and then if a history of depression,
employment status, marital status, month of suicide and cause of death affected the
likelihood of leaving a suicide note.
Method
This research reviewed all suicide cases investigated by the Nova Scotia Medical Examiner
Services (NSMES) between 2007 and 2013 using the Medical Examiner Application (MEA),
which is a web-based database that houses all of the case information as well as
supporting case documents if necessary. The sample size consisted of 782 cases in which
310 cases included a suicide note.
Summary of Results
Suicide notes were present in approximately 40% (310/782) of the suicide cases. 77,5%
(606/782) of male individuals committed suicide, however, only approximately 38% (223
male suicide notes/310 total notes) of male individuals left a suicide note. 22.5% of female
individuals committed suicide, however, almost 50% (87 female suicide notes/310 total
notes) left a suicide note. (Chi squared test confirmed). 54.54% (426/782) of the individuals
who committed suicide also had a history of depression, however, only 41% (175/426) of
the individuals who left a suicide note also had a history of depression (Chi squared test
confirmed). Employment status, marital status and month of suicide showed no significant
relationships with the individuals who left a suicide note. Cause of death showed a
significant relationship (chi square value = 17.925, df=7, p<0.05). More specifically,
individuals who committed suicide with drug or alcohol intoxication are more likely to
leave a suicide note (chi square value=5.1, df=1, p<0.05). Age ranges anywhere between
14 and 90 years; most common was between 38 and 59. Most common platform was on
paper (75% of suicides in sample).
Conclusions
Suicide notes were more common in Nova Scotia between 2007 and 2013, than what is
reported in previous literature. (20-35% in previous literature; 40% in NS). Females aged 3859, with or without a history of depression, who committed suicide with a drug or alcohol
intoxication are more likely to leave a suicide note. The results of this research can help the
NSMES to better target and standardize their suicide investigations.
Key Words: Forensic Science, forensic anthropology, suicide, suicide notes, Nova Scotia,
Nova Scotia Medical Examiner Service
- 40 -
Crime Scene Analysis of R. v. Coffin: Carnivore Scavenging, Scatter, and True
Perpetrator?
Vanessa Rossi
This research project used a forensic taphonomic analysis to review the crime scene in the
R. v. Coffin case – a historic triple homicide from 1953 that occurred in the woods outside
Gaspe, Quebec. The case is currently being considered as a wrongful conviction by the
Association in Defence of the Wrongly Convicted (AIDWYC) and requires fresh evidence
in order to advance Coffin’s posthumous innocence claim to the Minister of Justice under
s. 696.1 of the Criminal Code of Canada.
Method
This research tests the Crown’s theory that a single perpetrator could have been
responsible for the scatter of evidence and human remains across the 10.7 kilometer crime
scene. One explanation for the wide distribution of evidence and remains could be animal
scavenging.The distribution of scatter from the crime scene was compared to
documented patterns of bear and coyote scavenging, which have a known presence in
the area.
Summary of Results
The scatter from the crime scene and the known patterns of scavenging were mapped
using Geographic Information System (GIS) and associated software ArcMap. A spatial
analysis was conducted visually using buffers. In order to determine the presence or
absence of animal scavenging, photographs of the remains were evaluated for indicators
of carnivore scavenging. Only indicators of coyote scavenging were present on the
remains, thus bear scavenging patterns were eliminated from the GIS analysis. Analysis of
the distribution of objects identified two outliers (a set of binoculars and an object that was
properly documented in the file records) that do not fall within the typical fan-shaped
pattern of coyote scavenging. One limitation regarding the two outliers is that they could
have been placed by prior human activity, however this area was uninhabited at the time
and only used by hunters and prospectors. Overall, this pattern suggests that animal
scavenging cannot account for the entire distribution of scatter found at the crime scene,
therefore indicating human intervention.
Conclusions
As AIDWYC continues to investigate Coffin’s innocence claim using this research, the
identity and significance of the outliers must be compared to various witness statements
and the time-line of Coffin. An additional avenue of future research for this project would
be take the topography of the landscape into account as it could to some degree
influence the range of animal scavenging.
Key Words: forensic science, forensic anthropology, geographic information system,
carnivore scavenging
- 41 -
Human Remains Detection: Validity of Dog Training using Donated Human
Remains in The Province of Nova Scotia
Natasha Dilkie, Hon. B.A.; MSc. Applied Science Candidate, Saint Mary’s University
The purpose of this project was to evaluate the use of a Human Remains Detection (HRD)
dog in the province of Nova Scotia, with a specific Royal Canadian Mounted Police
(RCMP) handler and dog team. This was accomplished by testing the accuracy of the
team’s ability to detect donated human specimens, which were procured through the
Nova Scotia Medical Examiners Service (NSMES), given various weather conditions, search
terrains and varying degrees of specimen decomposition.
Method
Scent box training involved setting up 5 boxes, 3 feet apart, with the middle box containing
the target human scent and the other 4 boxes containing non-target scents. Single and
multiple specimen training was conducted in the field by hiding one or more specimens
under a variety of environmental conditions. Specimens were categorized by varying
'‘hide’ locations which included: above surface, buried, hanging and water hides.
Summary of Results
The primary evaluation for this ongoing project ran from May 4th, 2015 until December
22nd, 2015. A total of 238 training sessions with 28 different training specimens were
conducted during this initial stage. Four donors were accepted by the NSMES and
included in training sessions; specimens included organs, tissues, and bones. The
specimens were first introduced to the HRD dog through scent box training where the HRD
dog was trained to give an indication by laying down at the target human scent. Field
training consisted of implementing this training in a variety of environmental conditions
including varying temperatures, weather, wind speed and terrain. Of the 238 training
sessions, 16 sessions resulted in false positive indications. The results of the false positive
indication field sessions were used to develop training methodology and discover the
capabilities and limitations of the HRD team in terms of multiple variables in terrain,
environmental conditions and specimen deposition. Based on field training sessions, the
RCMP handler and dog team are capable of searching and indicating on clandestine
human remains in the province of Nova Scotia.
Conclusions
An analysis of the procurement program suggests that human remains donation is not only
possible but also well received among the community. The donation of multiple human
remains allows the HRD dog to train on a multitude of potential odours which might be
encountered at a death scene. The collaboration between the NSMES and RCMP results
in a unique multi-agency cooperation paradigm which could potentially be replicated on
a nationwide level.
Key Words: Forensic Science, Cadaver dog, Human Remains Detection, Canine Reliability
- 42 -
The Indirect Transfer of “Touch” DNA onto a Firearm via Multiple
Intermediary Steps
Jennifer Arnott, B.Sc. and Cecilia Hageman, PhD
In a research study, the surfaces of assembled 3D-printed firearms were evaluated to
determine if, and from where, sufficient DNA and useful short tandem repeat (STR) profiles
could be obtained from such evidence items.
The subject of this abstract and
presentation is a detailed examination of the results from a single sample taken from the
outer components of one assembled firearm, and follows with a consideration of how skin
or other biological cells of a person may be deposited onto such a firearm without that
person touching, or being in the vicinity of, the weapon.
Method
Sampling was accomplished by wet-swabbing various components of 3D-printed firearms.
Samples were extracted organically or with the Qiagen EZ1 Advanced XL system and quantified
with Plexor®HY (Promega) using the AB 7500 Sequence Detection System (Life Technologies).
Amplification was accomplished with the AmpFISTR®Identifiler®Plus kit and capillary
electrophoresis was conducted with the AB 3500xL Genetic Analyzer (Life Technologies).
Summary of Results
Swabs from assembled 3D printed firearms generally yielded small amounts of DNA, and
in more than half of the trials, STR profiles attributable to the assembler were obtained.
With respect to a single swab sample from the outer components of one of the assembled
firearms, approximately 780pg of DNA were obtained, of which 715pg, the equivalent of
about 100 cells, were amplified. From this, a mixed and partial STR profile was obtained.
Under the standard STR interpretation guidelines of the laboratory, this mixture profile
would not have been suitable for further interpretation and comparison. However, for the
purposes of this research project it was assessed further. Under the assumption of a dual
source with at least some of the DNA originating from the 3D firearm assembler, a DNA
profile from the second contributor was derived. While there was significant allelic drop
out noted at larger STR loci, the second source constituted the major contributor at the
low molecular weight loci, indicative of a major/minor mixture with differential
degradation. Upon further analysis this second profile could be attributed to the academic
supervisor of the student 3D firearm assembler. While the supervisor had access to the
laboratory on several occasions, including the work areas in the general vicinity of the
sampling area cubicle, her place of employment is at a university off-site from the forensic
laboratory and she was not present when the gun assembly and sampling took place.
Conclusions
Based on an assessment of potential transfer mechanisms, one possibility that needs to be
considered is an indirect transfer through three intermediate objects over two separate
days, before the final gun assembly process. While the actual transmission route of the
DNA in this one example can never be definitively discerned, these results provide forensic
scientists, investigators and legal system participants with a better understanding of the
scope and possibilities of the innocent transfer of biological cells and the necessity to
consider all possible transmission options in applicable “touch DNA” cases.
Key Words: Touch DNA, transfer, firearm
- 43 -
Session 2
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
8h 11h30
Beethoven
Ghislain Cormier
Sex determination of the scapula in a contemporary Chilean population
Tanya R. Peckmann, Ciara J. Logar and Susan Meek
The goal of this project is to evaluate the accuracy of discriminant functions, created using
an indigenous Guatemalan and contemporary Mexican population, when applied to a
contemporary Chilean sample for determination of sex from the scapula.
Method
The length of the glenoid cavity and breadth of the glenoid cavity were measured. The
sample included 114 individuals with age ranges from 17 to 85 years old. Two sample ttests were used to compare the mean measurements from Guatemalan, Mexican and
White American populations to the Chilean population. Multivariate and univariate
discriminant function analyses were used to generate discriminant function equations for
the Chilean population.
Summary of Results
When the Guatemalan discriminant functions were applied to the Chilean sample they
showed higher accuracy rates for sexing male scapulae (94.8% to 89.6%) than for sexing
female scapulae (80.3% to 53.4%). When the Mexican discriminant functions were applied
to the Chilean sample they showed higher accuracy rates for sexing female scapulae
(96.4% to 82.1%) than for sexing male scapulae (89.6% to 56.9%). Size comparisons were
made to a Guatemalan, Mexican, White American, and Greek population. Overall, in
males and females of the Chilean population both left and right scapulae were larger
than in the Guatemalan population but smaller than in the Mexican, White American, and
Greek samples. Population-specific discriminant functions were created for the Chilean
population with an overall sex classification accuracy rate of 86.8% to 80.7%.
Conclusions
This study demonstrates the need for population-specific discriminant functions for
determination of sex from the scapula.
Key
Words: forensic anthropology population
determination, discriminant functions, Chile.
- 44 -
data,
adults,
scapula,
sexual
Development of Criteria for Reporting the Presence of Sperm Cells in the
Absence of Serological Testing
Gerry Alderson a, Hanna Gurevitchb, Tania Casimiroa, Barb Reida, Dr. Jonathan Millmana
a
Centre of Forensic Sciences, 25 Morton Shulman Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M3M 0B1
of Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde, 204 George Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XW
b Centre
The Centre of Forensic Sciences (CFS) implemented a ‘Direct to DNA’ (DTD) approach for
the examination of relevant samples from sexual assault (SA) cases in 2012 and
discontinued the practice of preliminary serological semen identification on vaginal, oral,
rectal, external genitalia, and skin swabs. Samples are directly subjected to differential
extraction and quantitation using a dual quantification system without any prior screening
for the presence of semen. Benefits of this include a decreased turnaround time,
elimination of sample loss during the screening process, and increased sensitivity to detect
DNA isolated from semen compared to serological testing methods. However, one issue
that must be considered is the co-extraction of non-sperm (blood and saliva) male DNA
in the sperm fraction during the differential extraction procedure. Although generally
observed in much lower quantities than DNA originating from spermatozoa, it is important
to differentiate between sperm and non-sperm male DNA in order to provide informed
opinions regarding the source of a DNA profile (semen or non-semen) in the case of an
alleged sexual assault. This study focusses on the circumstances under which a DNA profile
can be reliably attributed to spermatozoa.
Method
Prepared dilutions of blood, semen, and saliva from known donors were deposited on
various substrates (cotton swatches, condoms, vaginal swabs, female underwear worn
under multiple scenarios) and sampled. Underwear was also collected and sampled from
females who participated in a separate study involving cunnilingus. Samples were
subjected to differential extraction [separating DNA into epithelial (non-sperm) and sperm
fractions] and purification, using the EZ-1 Advanced XL system, followed by qPCR using the
Plexor® HY dual quantification system. Total quantity of male DNA in the sperm fraction [Y]
and enrichment of male DNA in the sperm fraction [Y]sperm/[Y]sperm+epithelial was
calculated for all samples. Additionally, samples from the cunnilingus study were
subjected to autosomal STR analysis using the Identifiler® Plus STR typing system to assess
the extent of apparent male enrichment in the sperm vs. epithelial fractions based on
electrophoretic results alone.
Summary of Results
Blood:
A total of 18 blood samples (fabric swatches and condom swabs) were processed with
only two samples yielding detectable amounts of DNA (5pg each) in the sperm fraction.
The highest enrichment obtained was .05%.
Saliva:
A total of 129 saliva samples (on fabric swatches, condom swabs, vaginal swabs,
underwear, and buccal swabs from male volunteers) were processed. The maximum
amount of male DNA observed (in the sperm fraction) was 10.41ng (6.36% enrichment)
- 45 -
from neat saliva on a vaginal swab. The greatest enrichment ratio observed was 7.73%
(88pg male DNA in the sperm fraction) from saliva on underwear worn multiple days.
Semen:
A total of 78 semen samples (on fabric swatches, condom swabs, vaginal swabs, and
underwear) were processed. Overall, the minimum amount of male DNA observed was
90pg (65.5% enrichment) from a 1:1000 dilution of semen deposited on underwear worn
multiple days. The lowest enrichment observed was 52.56% (230pg male DNA) from a
1:1000 dilution of semen deposited on underwear worn multiple days.
Electropherogram Peak Height Enrichment:
Three semen-free samples from the cunnilingus study exhibited peak height enrichment in
the sperm fraction: 88pg, 148pg, and 83pg total male DNA with 7.73%, 5.41%, and 1.00%
enrichment respectively.
Conclusions
The results of this study support a 50% enrichment threshold in conjunction with the current
CFS amplification threshold as a guideline for indicating spermatozoal presence in the
absence of serological testing. This is a general threshold, applicable to all sample types
(underwear, clothing, swabs, condoms) tested. Through this study, the “Direct to DNA”
approach has been shown to be robust in situations where small quantities of male DNA
(originating from semen) are mixed with large quantities of epithelial DNA. The DTD
approach is similarly robust with samples containing large quantities of male DNA
(originating from semen) combined with little to no epithelial DNA (e.g. condom swabs).
We further demonstrate that, in order to opine that semen is present, enrichment
calculations must be based on the measured quantity of male and total DNA in each
fraction – apparent enrichment based on electrophoretic results alone can be erroneously
interpreted to indicate the presence of spermatozoa in a semen-free sample.
Key Words: Semen, DTD, enrichment
The Biological Identification of Blowfly Species (Diptera, Calliphoridae) Using
Mitochondrial Genetic Markers
Marvhin-Dane Tumolva
The purpose of this study is to improve the accuracy and reliability of the COI5P
(Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I - 5’ end) barcode for species identification within the family
Calliphoridae by analyzing the COI3P locus for those species that are unable to be further
distinguished by the COI5P locus. The significance of this research will help to: inform
forensic entomologist that particular species may require further analysis, to improve
species level diagnosis and to evaluate the discriminatory power of the COI3P locus.
Method
A library of the COI5P barcode locus is compiled, to screen for those species found to have
< 3% difference between their sequences (divergence). The sequence alignment tool,
MUSCLE, calculates the pairwise divergence of sequences obtained through the
- 46 -
International Barcode of Life and Genbank. Using the COI3P locus, further distinction is
observed between those pairs with < 3% divergence, to examine whether there is an
improved divergence.
Summary of Results
123 species of Calliphoridae were screened using the COI5P locus and 59 pairs were
established to be < 3% divergence based on the pairwise sequence alignment. The 59
pairs represented 50 different species. Twenty-eight out of the 50 species were identified
to have a COI3P locus.
The twenty-eight species represented 22 of the 59
undistinguishable pairs. The pairwise sequence alignment, analyzing the 22 pairs found 17
pair < 3% and 5 pairs > 3%. Those 17 pairs remaining undistinguishable with the COI5P and
COI3P locus were further analyzed using the combined sequences of the COI5P and
COI3P and found no improvement, remaining < 3% divergent. Within a single species
multiple COI5P sequences are available ranging from 1 – 2000 sequences. After a multiple
sequence alignment within each species, 2 individual species were unable to reach a
consensus having a 99% pairwise identity. Each individual species displayed characteristics
based on the phylogenetic tree’s to have 2 distinct strains. Geographical analysis of where
the strains were located for each species found that the strains could not be
geographically isolated having a shared region.
Conclusions
The COI5P locus alone is unsuitable for species level diagnosis especially having almost 50
percent of species being undistishable with another species. Relying on a single locus can
be dangerous having issues of hybrid species. In conclusion, a global review of the IBOL
database, pinpoints target area for other genetic markers to challenge and work in
combination with the COI5P barcode to provide species level diagnosis.
Key Words: Forensic science, Forensic Entomology, Calliphoridae, Mitochondrial DNA,
Cytochrome oxidase subunit 1, International Barcode of Life, Pairwise sequence divergence
Fingermark-SELEX: A Novel Approach to Develop DNA Aptamers for
Fingermark Detection
Lam R, Ruscito A, DeRosa MC, Spindler X, Lennard C, Roux C
Over recent years, there has been great interest to integrate highly sensitive and selective
molecular recognition probes into fingermark enhancement reagents. Aptamer-based
detection solutions may be a promising choice. Aptamers, or "synthetic antibodies", are
selected through an in vitro process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential
enrichment (SELEX) for various clinical and industrial applications. The goal of this research
was to develop aptamers for forensically relevant targets via a novel SELEX variation:
fingermark-SELEX.
Method
To mimic real-world scenarios, natural latent fingermarks from male and female donors
were deposited onto a black garbage bag and aged for different time intervals under
ambient lab conditions. They were then put through the SELEX process with an Atto 550-
- 47 -
modified DNA pool. Percent binding of DNA to fingermarks was monitored for all rounds
except the initial. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify
potential targets.
Summary of Results
Selection for the mixture of sebaceous and eccrine fingermark residues was performed
over a 4-month period. As the stringency conditions were increased (e.g. amount of DNA
used, age of the fingermarks), variations in percent binding of DNA to fingermark residues
deposited on the garbage bag (positive selection) were observed. Analyses by GC-MS
were able to identify known fingermark residue components, as well as other explainable
compounds. The results of this novel fingermark-SELEX approach will be presented and
discussed.
Conclusions
As a proof-of-concept study, the fingermark-SELEX process shows potential in developing
aptamers for fingermark residues, which could then be incorporated into a reagent for
fingermark detection.
Key Words: Fingermark; molecular recognition; in vitro selection
Evaluation and Comparison of Microcystin-LR ELISA Kits
Jessica Lim¹, Dr. Kathy McKague²
¹University of Toronto Mississauga, ²Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change
Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin, is commonly found in algal blooms within lakes and
rivers, and can cause severe liver damage. The Safe Drinking Water Act (2002) of Ontario
requires drinking water to be screened for microcystin-LR, and to meet a limit of 1.5 μg/L.
A comparison and evaluation of the accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of
microcystin-LR ELISA kits produced from different manufacturers was performed.
Method
The QuantiPlate™ Kit for Microcystins, the Microcystin-ADDA Enhanced Sensitivity ELISA test
kit, and the Microcystin(ADDA)-DM ELISA test kit were compared and evaluated by testing
five different microcystin-LR concentrations (n=5) to determine intra-assay accuracy and
precision, and between-day repeatability. Kit performance was also evaluated using field
samples (n=30) and study samples (n=23).
Summary of Results
Significant differences were found between the three immunoassays in three of the five
concentrations tested, and an additional two unknown concentrations that were tested
in a separate assay. The testing of field samples and study samples further showed
differences between the three immunoassays attributed to the differing cross-reactivities
of each of the kits. The Microcystin(ADDA)-DM ELISA test kit demonstrated better accuracy
and precision from intra-assay testing, with exceptions to the concentrations of 0.05 and
0.1 μg/L. The Microcystin-ADDA Enhanced Sensitivity ELISA test kit demonstrated better
between-day repeatability, however the Microcystin(ADDA)-DM ELISA test kit also
demonstrated good between-day repeatability with exceptions of the concentrations of
- 48 -
0.05 and 0.1 μg/L. The QuantiPlate™ Kit for Microcystins demonstrated poor between-day
repeatability. A survey of past microcystin ELISA results and LC-MS/MS results (n=1612)
indicate that there is no correlation (R^2=0.381) between the total microcystin
concentration (μg/L) reported from the two methods.
Conclusions
The Microcystin(ADDA)-DM ELISA test kit was determined to be the most accurate and
precise kit with good inter-assay repeatability and consistent, known cross-reactivity. It is
recommended that results from different ELISA kits should not be compared due to
significant differences in the reported microcystin concentration found between the
immunoassays as a result of differing cross-reactivities.
Key Words: Forensic Science, Environmental Forensics, Immunosorbant Assay, Microcystin
Dynamic of sex-linked genes in a large population and lessons for forensic
genetics
Alexandra Doyon, Claudia Moreau, Damian Labuda and Emmanuel Milot
DNA is perceived as the golden standard for evidence in the courtroom due to its high
power for individualization. Yet, the interpretation of DNA evidence typically assumes that
1) reference samples used to calculate match probabilities are representative of the
populations of interest and 2) the genetic diversity is stable over space and time. While
sex-linked markers on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or the Y chromosome have a great
potential in forensics, they are less likely to comply with these assumptions due to their
mode of inheritance. Our overall objective is to test this empirically using the large FrenchCanadian population from Québec for which we can infer a haplotype for up to millions
of individuals. We will determine how haplotype frequencies have changed across space
and time and what are the major demographic factors responsible for this variation. Here
we present preliminary results for mtDNA data.
Method
Analysis of haplotype frequencies, diversity and population structuring is done with models
combining molecular data with genealogical data spanning from the population foundation
(1608) up to 1960. mtDNA data come from 875 individuals connected to the genealogy.
Summary of Results
In the global population, genetic diversity, which is an indication of the probability to draw
at random two different haplotypes in the population, increased steadily over time after
the population foundation and stabilised abruptly after c.a. 1760, corresponding to the
Conquest of New France by English. Genetic distance among successive time periods was
generally small (FST mostly <1%). However, there was a marked genetic difference
between the generations who lived just after the foundation (up to 1750) and later. This
was followed by a long period of genetic stability up to 1960. Genetic diversity was similar
in five major regions of Québec. An analysis of molecular variance indicated that limited
mitochondrial variation was partitioned among regions (FST < 0.02) and it decayed slightly
over time.
- 49 -
Conclusions
The stability of mtDNA diversity and the absence of an important temporal structure (apart
from early founder effects) support the assumption of the stability of mtDNA frequencies
for probative interpretation. Next steps will involve looking at small-scale (e.g. cities)
variation in genetic diversity, evaluating sample size effects, and performing similar
analyses on Y-STR markers.
Key Words: Population genetics, forensic DNA, mitochondrial DNA, Y-STR, genealogy
Taphonomy and DNA Recovery in Bone
Bonnie To
The purpose of the research is to discover the effects of four taphonomic conditions, and
the choice of using cortical versus cancellous bone, on the yield and quality of DNA
extracted from bone.
Method
Cattle femora were exposed to four controlled taphonomic conditions (buried, surface
exposure, salt water and burning). The quantity and quality of nuclear DNA obtained from
cortical and cancellous bone samples were compared for each taphonomic condition.
The total demineralization method was employed to overcome the challenge of DNA
extraction from bone. The extracted DNA were quantified using the Quantus Fluorometer
and the quality of the extracted DNA was assessed by analyzing the PCR products
generated with StockMarks Bovine kit.
Summary of Results
Burning is the most destructive to DNA in bones, with no successful STR profile obtained
from bones in this condition. In general cancellous bones showed higher concentration of
DNA although a 2-tailed t-test show that the concentration of DNA extracted from
cancellous bone is significantly higher only in the conditions of buried and surface
exposure. Except for burnt samples, cortical bone gives better quality STR profiles with less
peaks drop out. It may be due to the fact that DNA is better protected in the more
compact cortical bone. Cattle bones were used in this research project due to ethical
considerations and lack of human samples. Although there are noted differences
between the microstructure of human and cattle bone, the extractable DNA from the
same amount of cortical bone of the two species are similar. The proposed protocol should
give similar results for human bones with minimal modifications.
Conclusions
Despite the fact that cancellous bone showed higher DNA concentration in general,
cortical bone is preferable for DNA extraction because it produces better quality profiles.
Burning is the most destructive out of the four conditions.
Key Words: forensic science, DNA extraction, bone, anthropology, taphonomy, total
demineralization, cortical bone, cancellous bone
- 50 -
Scientific, Legal, and Political Aspects of Canada's 1969 Breathalyzer Law:
Who Won Turner's Bet?
James G. Wigmore
In 1969, amid much controversy Canada's first Breathalyzer law was enacted. This
presentation will study the scientific, legal and political aspects of the new law. Due to the
newly formed CSFS Alcohol Test Committee being unable to find a suitable approved
breath container, the law was nearly found to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
of Canada. Events leading up to the law such as the film Point Zero Eight, the Canadian
Bar Association recommendations and the formation of the CSFS Alcohol Test Committee
will be examined.
Method
A detailed review will be presented using contemporary newspaper articles, biographies,
scientific papers and the author's own research on the fascinating and complex events
surrounding Canada's Breathalyzer Law in 1969.¹
Summary of Results
The new Breathalyzer Law was declared valid by the Supreme Court of Canada on June
26th 1970 by a narrow 5-4 decision. Approved breath containers were never used in
Canada and are no longer in the Criminal Code.
Conclusions
The Breathalyzer Law helped shape public opinion about drinking and driving and was
found to cause an overall annual 18% reduction in the number of fatally injured drinking
drivers².
¹ Lucas, DM, "Alcohol and Driving: The Development of Law Enforcement Countermeasures in
Canada", CSFS Journal, 42(1): 237-251, 2009. ² Asbridge, M., Mann, R.E., Flam-Zalcman, R., and
Stoduto, G., "The Criminalization of Impaired Driving in Canada: Assessing the Deterrent Impact of
Canada's First Per Se Law', Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 65: 450-459, 2004.
Key Words: Breathalyzer, Drinking and Driving, Legal history
- 51 -
The Mouth Alcohol Effect: 5, 10, 15, 20 Minutes or More?
James G. Wigmore
The mouth alcohol effect is the major factor that can adversely affect breath alcohol
testing. Various studies have been conducted on the mouth alcohol effect for over 150
years and produce apparently contradictory results. An extensive review will be
conducted from the author's own alcohol database of over 10,300 studies to elucidate
and resolve this issue.
Method
A detailed review will be conducted of over 300 published studies on the mouth alcohol
effect and categorized into endogenous sources (such as GERD) and exogenous sources
(beverage and non-beverage alcohol) to determine the magnitude and duration of the
mouth alcohol effect.
Summary of Results
Endogenous sources of alcohol cause mouth alcohol effect of small magnitude and
duration. Exogenous sources of alcohol potentially cause the greatest mouth alcohol
affect. Factors such as rinsing vs. swallowing, talking, salivary flow rate, and volume and
alcohol concentration of the exogenous source of alcohol causes mouth alcohol effect
variability.
Conclusions
Under typical field conditions of breath alcohol testing by the police in Canada, the mouth
alcohol effect is of little consequence. But its potential to falsely increase the breath
alcohol test should be recognized and prevented by proper testing procedures
Key Words: Breathalyzer, Mouth Alcohol Effect
- 52 -
Session 3
Date:
Heure/Time :
Salle/Room :
Vendredi 20 mai
8h 11h
Opus 2
Ghislain Cormier
Friday May 20
Identifying the unidentified of Miami-Dade County
Sandra Boyd, Ciara Logar and, Tanya R. Peckmann
With the coupling of forensic techniques and the availability of public access to the
information of unidentified remains through NAMUS, it has facilitated the identification of
individuals that have been deceased for decades. The goal of this project is to identify the
methods used by the MDME to examine the number of identified individuals since the
launch of NamUs in 2009.This article will also be reviewing certain cases which highlight the
importance of interdisciplinary work in order to achieve identification.
Method
By reviewing old case files at the Miami Dade County Medical Examiner's Department,
and using the NAMUS database, researchers assessed the most effective ways in which
individuals who were previously categorized as 'unidentified' became identified.
Summary of Results
Miami Dade County Medical Examiner's Department was established in 1957 and has
investigated hundereds of unidentified remains. They have approximately 350 unidentified
remains that they are currently investigating, of which 166 have yet to be entered into the
NamUs database. NamUs, coupled with the advancements of identification technologies
(DNA, fingerprint technologies, antemortem - postmortem radiograph comparisons, tattoo
identification etc.) has assisted in solving cases that have remained open for decades.
Since the launch of NamUs, the MDME has had 24 NamUs assisted identifications. The
review of three cases highlight the methods employed and how the NamUs database has
facilitated the identification of previously unidentified remains.
Conclusions
Having a single source for information regarding finding a missing person, or identify a set
of unidentified remains, is an accomplishment, and has been very successful in the MiamiDade County. NamUs facilitates the organization and accessibility of information
submitted by pathologists, death investigators, and loved ones allowing for success in
establishing the identity of unknown human remains.
Key Words: NAMUS, unidentified remains, Miami-Dade Medical Examiner's Department
- 53 -
Qualitative Determination of 122 Drugs in Urine by Ultra High Performance
Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)
Doina Roman1, Cameron Power, Brent Cahill, and Matthew Gibb
Toxicology Section, Centre of Forensic Sciences, 25 Morton Shulman Ave., Toronto, ON
[email protected]
This work describes the development and validation of a simple, rapid, sensitive and
selective method by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem
mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) to detect commonly encountered drugs and
metabolites in urine. This method increases efficiency and reduces cost per analysis by
simultaneously identifying 122 drugs and metabolites without the need for lengthy
hydrolysis or solid phase extraction steps.
Method
Samples were prepared by 1:10 dilution followed by centrifugation and filtration. Target
analytes were separated on a Kinetex 2.6µ Biphenyl 100x3mm column using a gradient
elution and a 17.00 minute analysis time (mobile phase A 0.1% formic acid in water/ mobile
phase B 0.1% formic acid in methanol). The tandem mass spectrometer utilised
electrospray ionisation in positive mode and scheduled multiple reaction monitoring
(sMRM) using 2 MRM transitions as the method of detection. Validation of the method was
performed using two different lots of synthetic urine negative controls and three different
blank urines from anonymous donors. The 122 analytes were separated into three sets of
positive controls spiked with forensically relevant concentrations. Isotopically labelled
analogues were used as internal standards for the majority of the analytes.
Summary of Results
The assay successfully identified 121 analytes including illicit compounds (e.g.,
phencyclidine, mephedrone, cocaine and benzoylecgonine), over-the-counter
medications (e.g., chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, and pseudoephedrine) and
prescription drugs (e.g., opioids, benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antiepileptics).
Validation data demonstrated that coefficient of variation calculated as response ratio
was less than 20% for 77% of analytes and less than 30% for 91% of analytes. Coefficient of
variation for MRM ratio was less than 30%. Three drugs (methadone, ephedrine and MDA)
had greater than 30% variation in response ratio due to low concentration and sensitivity
of their internal standards; results were improved by increasing internal standard
concentration. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its internal standard were not
recovered after sample preparation due to filter retention and were removed from the
method. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric data will be presented demonstrating
the reliability of this method in the identification of a large number of drugs and
metabolites (including conjugated metabolites), with reduced cost and analysis time
relative to the prior methods, which utilised enzymatic digestion with beta-glucuronidase
followed by solid phase extraction.
- 54 -
Conclusions
This method represents an efficient, specific and reproducible tool for the analysis of urine
samples in forensic toxicology casework with particular relevance to suspected drug
facilitated sexual assault and drug-impaired driving investigations.
Key Words: LC-MS/MS- Scheduled MRM; forensic toxicology; urine drug screening; method
validation; drug facilitated sexual assault; drug-impaired driving
Reconstruction of obliterated serial number in polymers through Micro-Raman
spectroscopy
Cédric Parisien, Gitanjali Kolhatkar, Frank Crispino, Andreas Ruediger
Our main research objective is to demonstrate the potential of spectral imaging to recover
obliterated serial numbers in polymers. Since there is currently no reliable method for this
type of samples, our goal is to develop an effective and nondestructive technique for
revealing the identification marks erased on a plastic substrate.
Method
Our approach consists by measuring the mechanical strains in the polymers by spectral
imaging techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. Indeed, the marking process of a serial
number induces mechanical strain in the material. These deformations, which can remain
present even if the serial number is no longer visible, induce a shift of Raman peaks that
we measure.
Summary of Results
We have showed that Raman spectroscopy is sensitive to the detection of mechanical
strain in polymers. This allowed us to conduct a feasibility study for the reconstruction of a
serial number obliterated on a polycarbonate sample.
By monitoring the strains on a marked surface and on an obliterated area, we were able
to reconstruct the erased character. We then determined the detection threshold by
conducting measures on a cross-section of the sample. Through these measures, we were
able to estimate the depth of the obliteration from which it will be impossible to perform
the reconstruction.
We are able to demonstrate the potential of forensic spectral imaging techniques such as
Raman spectroscopy for the reconstruction of obliterated serial numbers in polymers
effectively and non-destructively.
Conclusions
We were able to reconstruct an obliterated serial number in a polymer sample by using a
Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. The technique we used is a non-destructive and efficient
technique. We showed the forensic potential of spectral imaging in order to recover
obliterated serial numbers in polymers.
Key Words: Raman, Serial Numbers, Polymers, Spectral imaging, mechanical strain,
Recovery
- 55 -
Innovative forensic studies based on pattern recognition techniques
C. Y. Suen, K. Sun, P. Atighehchian, A. Al Frajat, M. T. Sharifi, S. Khazaee, D. Tamarafinide,
Center for Pattern Recognition, Suite EV 3.403, Concordia University, Montreal, H3G 1M8
Our research centre is engaged in projects related to computer recognition of
handwritten characters and words, facial and iris features, banknotes and coins. This
presentation is related to our research on the detection of fake coins and banknotes.
Method
1. Coins and banknotes are first captured by a #D scanner with high resolution.
2. The digital images are then cleaned and segmented by a pre-processing
procedure.
3. Features are extracted from the images to obtain the profiles of the figure head,
letters, and numbers such as the country name, year, and denomination minted
on the coins. Both locations and sizes are also calculated.
4. Fake coin images are then compared with trained genuine samples to find their
differences.
Summary of Results
Fake coins are identified by their feature distances from genuine ones. Very encouraging
results (above 99%) have been obtained when tested on hundreds of samples of coins,
and we shall present them at the conference.
On banknotes, they are scanned and digitized. The denominations are located and
recognized by pattern recognition techniques with high accuracy. Fake banknotes have
also been detected.
Conclusions
Based on pattern recognition and image processing techniques, fake coins can be
detected automatically. Banknotes can be processed in a similar manner.
Key Words: coins banknotes, fake money, pattern recognition
- 56 -
Comparison of Various Alkyl Cyanoacrylates for Fingerprint Development
Paméla Casault, Nicolas Gilbert and Benoit Daoust
Despite its widespread use, the cyanoacrylate (CA) fuming technique is considerably
limited to ethyl cyanoacrylate and, rarely, to its methylic equivalent. There is however a
considerable amount of alkyl cyanoacrylates which should, theoretically, polymerize
under similar conditions. Their use for the fuming of fingerprints could therefore be
considered. The main goal of this study was to test this possibility by comparing the
fingerprint detection potential of four alkyl CAs: methyl, ethyl, n-butyl and 2-octyl.
Method
After optimizing a fingerprint development process, the effectiveness of CAs was
compared. Depletion series of fingerprints on three surfaces and kept for three aging times
were developed with each CA. Fingerprints were evaluated and statistical tests were
applied to compare CA efficiency. Processed fingerprints were observed by scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) to study the relationship between CA microstructures and
development efficiency.
Summary of Results
For samples on glass, ethyl and butyl CA produced similar results for developing fresh
fingerprints, with butyl proving slightly more sensitive. Ethyl CA, gave the best results with
week-old fingerprints. Methyl CA produced results equivalent to ethyl for month-old
fingerprints: the use of methyl CA is thus recommended since it is more affordable.
For fresh and week-old fingerprints on metal, ethyl CA gave results that were equivalent to
other CAs, but remained the best choice because of its low cost. Ethyl was however
surpassed by butyl and octyl CAs for month-old fingerprints.
As for plastic surfaces, butyl CA generally performed better than the others, with the
exception of fresh fingerprints, for which ethyl and butyl were equivalent.
Observations by SEM supported these results. On natural fingerprints, butyl and ethyl CAs
produced the highest quantity of noodle and twisted ribbon structures. Fingerprints
composed of these types of microstructures, which scatter light more, show a better
contrast. This explains the generally higher quality of fingerprints processed with ethyl and
butyl CAs. It was also observed that sebaceous secretions contribute more to the
formation of polymer clusters than eccrine secretions.
Conclusions
On most age/surface pairs tested, butyl CA produced equivalent or even better results
than ethyl CA. SEM showed that ethyl and butyl CAs generally formed polymer
microstructures that scatter light more effectively than methyl and octyl, hence allowing
higher visibility of prints processed with these CAs.
To go forward with this project, toxicity of each CA, persistence of developed fingerprints
and compatibility with dyes should be considered.
Key Words : methyl cyanoacrylate, ethyl cyanoacrylate, n-butyl cyanoacrylate, 2-octyl
cyanoacrylate, fingerprint, microstructure
- 57 -
Was it washed? Detection, serological testing and genetic analysis of semen
stains unwashed and washed multiple times
Cathy Provencher, Sarah Noël, Karine Lagacé, Sylvain Raymond, Dominic Granger, Sarah
Bourgoin, Christine Jolicoeur, Diane Séguin
Laboratoire de Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale, Service Biologie/ADN, 1701
Parthenais, 12e étage, Montréal, Québec, Canada
[email protected]
Abstract
Forensic biologists testifying in sexual assault cases are sometimes asked if they can
determine how long ago a semen stain was deposited. Although it is not possible to answer
this question yet, we decided to address part of the stain status issue by determining if
biological analysis results could at least provide indications on whether a semen stain has
been washed or not. We investigated the serological and genetic properties of washed
and unwashed semen stains. Detection with the naked eye or under a forensic light
source, acid phosphatase (AP) and PSA testing, and microscopy analysis results were
evaluated with unwashed semen stains and semen stains washed up to six times. We then
sampled the stains with two different methods (swabbing and cutting) to compare the
DNA quantities and the resulting genetics profiles that could be obtained. Throughout all
experiments, four semen donors, three different washing machines and two detergents
were tested.
Results show that some semen stains washed six times can still be detected using a
combination of forensic light source and PSA testing, and that most will generate a
complete genetic profile when sampled by cutting. Notably, swabbing reliably collected
significant amounts of DNA only from unwashed stains.
Results from this study will help assess if a semen stain has been washed or not. Our findings
will also provide some insight to optimize the semen detection and sampling strategies
according to the circumstances of the case and whether the forensic biologist is looking
for a fresh semen stain (ex: sexual assault in a hotel room) or a stain that may have been
washed multiple times (ex: underwear from a child who reported a sexual assault several
days after the event).
Key Words: Forensic Science, Washed semen stains, Semen detection, sampling strategies
- 58 -
Posters
Date:
Jeudi 19 et Vendredi 20 mai Thursday May 19 and Friday May 20
Heure/Time : Jeudi/Thursday 9h 16h30, Vendredi/Friday 8h 10h
Interprétation de spectres GC-MS provenant de gazoline évaporée sur des
semelles de souliers
Julie Toupin
Description des objectifs
-
-
Objectiver, à l’aide de données semi-quantitatives, les variations de concentration
de différents composés de la gazoline en fonction de leur temps d’évaporation
lors d’analyse par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de
masse (GC-MS).
Évaluer si la méthode d’extraction par dosimètre passif interfère dans l’analyse de
gazoline évaporée.
Évaluer l’influence que peut présenter un substrat, tel que des semelles de souliers,
sur ce type d’analyse.
Méthode utilisée
L’extraction de la gazoline est effectuée par dosimètre passif avec du charbon activé
suivi d’une désorption au disulfure de carbone. Les prélèvements d’accélérant sont
analysés par chromatographie gazeuse couplée à un spectromètre de masse (GC-MS).
Par la suite, une analyse semi-quantitative d’une vingtaine de composés sélectionnés
dans la gazoline est complétée par détermination d’aires sous les pics
chromatographiques
Résumé des résultats
Des résultats préliminaires de l’étude seront présentés au colloque. Un résumé des
performances analytiques ainsi que des spectres de gazoline évaporée sur des souliers
seront rapportés. Les résultats présentés incluront une discussion sur les différents facteurs
pouvant interférer dans l’interprétation de ce type de spectres.
Conclusion
À l’issue de ce projet en cours, nous sommes confiants que nos travaux de recherche
pourront apporter une meilleure compréhension du phénomène d’évaporation de la
gazoline sur des souliers portés par des incendiaires. Tels, qu’anticipé, nos résultats
démontrent l’importance de certains facteurs pouvant interférer dans les spectres de la
gazoline : notamment l’influence de la méthode d’extraction, ainsi que celle associée aux
phénomènes de persistance des accélérants sur certains substrats. Dans un proche avenir,
nous espérons que ces observations faciliteront le travail d’interprétation des chimistes
spécialisés dans l’analyse de débris d’incendie.
Mots clés: Analyse de débris d’incendie, Accélérant, Incendie criminel, Persistance
- 59 -
Forensic Analysis of automobile paints using electrothermal vaporization
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ETV-ICP-OES)
Lily Huang, Diane Beauchemin
The objective of this research project was to study the application of direct solid sampling
with electrothermal vaporization-inductively coupled plasma-optical emission
spectrometry (DSS-ETV-ICP-OES) to the forensic analysis of automotive paint chips. In hitand-run cases, tiny paint chips are typically left at the scene of the crime, which require
careful analysis in order to match them to specific vehicles. The paint data query (PDQ)
was developed to this end, which contains information on thousands of unique patterns
of paint layers. However, the infrared diamond cell technology that is used for matching
samples can be subjective and time consuming. A faster and more objective method
would be useful. Elemental profiles may provide unique patterns for each vehicle type,
allowing the identification of colour, year of production, manufacturer and model.
Method
Sixteen metal pieces from the roofs of vehicles were collected by the Royal Canadian
Mounted Police (RCMP) in junkyards located in Edmonton, AB, and sent to Queen’s
University. Using a utility knife, paint flakes were lifted off from the metal plate and cut to
sample weights ranging from 2-4 mg. They were used to build the model. Additional
samples were collected locally from junkyards in Kingston, and Glenburnie, ON and used
as blind samples to test the model. All samples were cleaned with high-purity water. These
samples were then placed in graphite boats for automated introduction into the ETV
furnace, whose temperature program and gas flow rates were optimized for the analysis
of the automotive paints. Internal standardization with an argon emission line was done to
compensate for sample loading effects on the plasma. Peak area was then integrated
during the vaporization step.
Summary of Results
Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and principal component analysis (PCA), two
multivariate statistical analysis techniques, were used to identify patterns in the peak areas
of the elements. A set of elements, As, Ni, Li, Hg, W, Pt, Ca, and Tl, was found to be capable
of matching the correct manufacturer for 17 samples using LDA, a mix of paint chips from
Alberta and Ontario. This set of elements was identified with assistance of the PCA score
and loading plots, which can indicate the high variability of different groups of paints.
Cross-validation in the LDA with the same elemental profiles produced 15/17 correct group
placement, with misplacement of a Kia and a GM car.
Conclusions
The LDA model resulted in a high probability of correct matching, making DSS-ETV-ICP-OES
a possible fast method for the analysis of paint chips. In contrast, PDQ requires information
on chemical components in the different layers of the paint chip using infrared analysis,
thereby requiring careful slicing of the paint chip with a sharp scalpel to expose the layers.
The DSS-ETV-ICP-OES method is far less labour-intensive, as whole flakes of paint chips can
be introduced into the system with little preparation. However, drawbacks include a
minimum sample mass of 2 mg and the fact that the DSS-ETV-ICP-OES method is
destructive.
Key Words: ETV, ICP, OES, paints
- 60 -
Récupération de l’ADN et des traces digitales sur les armes à feu
Joanie Pichette, Virgine Redoute Minzière, Isabelle Bachand, Alexandre Beaudoin,
Emmanuel Milot
Des armes à feu sont couramment récupérées sur les scènes de crime, puis analysées pour
la recherche d’indices pouvant aider à reconstituer les événements. Cependant, il
n’existe pas de consensus quant à la séquence des analyses devant être effectuées. La
révélation des traces digitales peut venir altérer l’ADN alors que la récolte d’ADN peut
détruire ou altérer les détails des traces digitales. L’objectif de ce projet est d’établir la
séquence optimale de collecte de traces sur une arme à feu.
Method
Nous utilisons les données de prélèvements d’ADN effectués sur les armes à feu par le
Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et médecine légale. Des modèles de régression
linéaires ont permis d’étudier les facteurs influençant la probabilité d’obtenir un profil
d’ADN d’une arme à feu qui soit de qualité suffisante pour fins de comparaison. Des
statistiques de la révélation de traces digitales ont été obtenues de la Sûreté du Québec.
Summary of Results
Des résultats préliminaires montrent que, pour les années 2012 à 2015, 7%, de traces
digitales valides pour comparaison sont, en moyenne, retrouvées sur les armes à feu tandis
que le taux de récupération d’ADN de contact est de 20%. De plus, le taux de succès
dans l’obtention de profils valides pour comparaison varie selon l’endroit du prélèvement
sur l’arme et le type d’infraction dans lequel elle a été impliquée.
Conclusions
Ces résultats préliminaires suggèrent qu’il sera possible de proposer des façons d’orienter
la recherche de traces sur les armes afin d’augmenter le taux de succès pour des fins
d’identification.
Key Words: Arme à feu, ADN, Traces digitales
Forensic use of spice powders for fingerprint development
Audrée Gareau-Léonard, Marie-Jo Lajoie
Our objective is to evaluate the potential of spice powders to develop fingerprints. These
powders are i) non-toxic (compared to the usual ones), ii) come in various colors and iii)
possess interesting properties well suited for fingerprint development.
Method
We first evaluated the fluorescence properties of a dozen of spice powders. According to
their potential, we then grind some of them during different time. To determine the optimal
grinding time, the powdering of fingerprints was undertaken. One time of grinding was
selected for each spice. After, we measured the size of particles with microscopy
techniques to determine the optimal size of each spice. Reproducibility and sensibility was
evaluated
- 61 -
Summary of Results
We found that grinding the spices was mandatory in order to obtain particles that were
fine enough to efficiently adhere to fingerprints. We found out that a lot of the selected
spices had interesting fluorescent properties, relevant for their use on multicolor and dark
surfaces. We demonstrated that the various colors of spice powders could be used to
increase fingerprints contrast on specific surfaces (compared to conventional fingerprint
powders). We also report level 3 characteristics (pores and ridge edges) while using spice
powders.
We are presently carrying out experiments in order to evaluate if spice powders can be
used after superglue fuming. We are also testing the reproducibility of the method by using
fingerprints from different donors.
Conclusions
Spice powders can be used to reveal fingermarks on crime scenes. In the future, we intend
to study the use spice solutions and/or suspensions for fingerprint development on wet
surfaces. Also, we want to evaluate the effect of adding different components to spice
powders and see if they increase or decrease powder retention on the brush and on the
fingerprint.
Key Words: spice, fingerprints, development powder
Evaluation and Modification of a Micromanipulation Technique and
Stubbing Method for the Collection of Touch DNA
Melissa Kay (B.Sc.) and Michèle Bobyn (M.Sc)
The object of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a micromanipulation technique
proposed by Farash et al. in their paper "Enhanced genetic analysis of single human
bioparticles recovered by simplified micromanipulation from forensic ‘'touch DNA’
evidence”. Several modifications were made to the protocol, including the use of a
modified SEM stub as a tapelifting method. Additionally, the extraction process involved
the comparison of two different DNA extraction kits, PrepFiler Express™
and PrepFiler
Express BTA™.
Method
Three substrates (wood, clothing, and writing apparatuses) were sampled for touch DNA
using the modified SEM stub. The tapelift was mounted to a microscope slide to confirm
the collection of bioparticles. Using a tungsten needle with a water-soluble adhesive on
the end, three to seven bioparticles were collected from the tapelift and dissolved in one
of two lysis buffers.
Summary of Results
The PrepFiler Express DNA extraction kit had an allele recovery that ranged from 0-100%.
There was the only full DNA profile that was obtained, and it originated from the wood
substrate. There were also two samples in this extraction that resulted in zero alleles present
from a wood sample and a clothing sample. The PrepFiler Express BTA DNA extraction kit
had an allele recovery that ranged from 0-72%. There was one sample that came from the
wood that had one foreign allele, but no alleles from the major contributor. The highest
allele recovery for this extraction was recovered from a wood substrate as well.
- 62 -
Conclusions
The micromanipulation and stubbing methods that were used and modified in this study
work well independently or in tandem. Many partial profiles could be obtained, and one
full profile. It would be interesting to look at the results if the maximum number of
bioparticles were collected. In future studies, the PrepFiler Express extraction kit would
suffice for this particular micromanipulation protocol, using the water-soluble adhesive.
Key Words : Forensic Science, Touch DNA, Micromanipulation, Tapelifting
A four-year retrospective study of the approved instrument DataMaster
DMT-C control tests
Jacques Tremblay, Geneviève Huppé, Bernard Mathieu, Pascal Mireault
To establish the accuracy, precision and stability of the approved instrument DataMaster
DMT-C and simulators currently in use in the province of Quebec.
Method
The results obtained for control tests on the DataMaster DMT-C and the temperature of the
simulators were collected for the period ranging from January 2011 to December 2015.
Basic statistical values were calculated to obtain the accuracy and precision of the
instrument and simulators. The stability was evaluated from the difference in alcohol level
and temperature between the first and second control tests within the same sequence.
Summary of Results
Based on 332 pairs of control tests, the average of DataMaster DMT-C control results is 99.9
± 0.14 mg/100 mL (99% CI), with an accuracy within 0.1% and a precision (coefficient of
variation) of 1.4%. The instrument also showed great stability with 58% of control sets having
the same result and 93% falling within 1 mg/100 mL or less of each other. Two different types
of simulators were used to produce the alcohol vapors. The temperature average of the
Guth Laboratories Inc (Guth) 12V500 (n=267 pairs) is 34.00 ±0.002°C (99% CI), with an
accuracy within 0.01% and a precision of 0.04%. For the Guth 2100 (n=65 pairs), the
average temperature obtained is 34.0 ±0.001°C (99% CI) with an accuracy 0.002% and a
precision of 0.01%. Of note, the 2100 simulator has only 1 decimal while the 12V500 has 2,
this explains the lower values obtained with the 2100. Both simulators showed great stability
as all paired temperatures were the same for the 2100 while 91% of results were within
0.01°C for the 12V500.
Conclusions
The accuracy, precision and stability of the approved instrument DataMaster DMT-C and
associated simulators provide great confidence in the results obtained in the field. Its
performance is equal to or better than the 2 previously used instruments in the province of
Quebec, the Intoxilyzer® 5000C and the Alco-Sensor IV - RBT IV. Based on this study, it is
false to say that the error on this alcohol breath test instrument is ± 10 mg/100 mL.
Key Words: approved instrument, DataMaster DMT-C, control tests
- 63 -
Analysis of polymers in false travel and identity documents: A new
contribution to a forensic intelligence
Caroline Mireault1,2,*, Simon Baechler3, Roland Côté1, Benoit Daoust1 and Frank Crispino1,2
Département de Chimie, biochimie et physique, Laboratoire de recherche en criminalistique
(www.uqtr.ca/LRC ), Québec, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 boulevard des Forges,
Trois-Rivières (QC) G9A 5H7, Canada
2 Centre international de criminologie comparée (http://www.cicc.umontreal.ca/en )
3 Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015, Lausanne, Suisse
1
* Corresponding author: [email protected]
The use of a polymeric substrate in the manufacture of travel and identification documents
is becoming more and more widespread and popular across the world. Polymers have
various characteristics that facilitate the use of many security elements and techniques.
However, this does not make these documents forgery- or counterfeit-proof, and they are
still altered by various criminals and even terrorists to mask their identity and carry out their
activities.
Method
The presentation introduces the method and results of a research study that aims to
evaluate the relevance and contribution of polymer analysis in a forensic intelligence
framework. Combined with visual examination and description of the documents, nondestructive to destructive analysis methods (such as FTIR, Raman, …) were used on sets of
genuine and false identity documents to provide information on the chemical
composition of documents (support, printings, imitated security elements) and about the
technology used in their manufacture.
Summary of Results
The results of such forensic analysis methods provide insights and intelligence on the various
modus operandi used by criminals to forge documents. It provides as well the ability to link
false documents seized at different places and times, which eventually leads to identify
criminal networks. It enables also to review and increase detection methods of false
documents, and even to guide the design of future documents and their control.
Conclusions
Analysis of polymers are used here with travel and identity documents but may prove to
be as much of interest for counterfeit money-related cases in countries that have plastic
currency as well, such as Australia, New Zealand and Canada.
Key Words: polymer, identity documents, forensic intelligence
Talar articular facet morphology: Utilization of the calcaneus for assessment
of biological affinity in South Africa.
Kayla Orr, BSc, Dip FrSc, MSc APSC Candidate and Susan Meek, PhD
The current study observed calcanei of South African (SA) blacks, whites, and colouredsto
compare talar articular facet morphology between these population groups and assess
the accuracy of utilizing this feature for classification of biological affinity. Morphological
analysis of the calcaneus was tested by Bidmos (2006) for estimation of biological affinity
- 64 -
with SA black and white individuals. The present study aimed to improve the statistical
power by observing both left and right calcanei, using a larger sample size, and include
SA coloureds.
Method
The sample consisted of left and right calcanei of 501 (246 male; 255 female) South African
individuals belonging to three population subgroups. Morphological assessment of
biological affinity was based on the observation of the number of articular facets present
on the calcaneus; Category 1: one facet present, Category 2: two facets present,
Category 3: three facets present, and Category 4: mixed number of talar articular facets
present.
Summary of Results
There was a higher incidence of Category 2 morphology in South African blacks and
coloureds than the incidence of Category 2 morphology in South African whites. There
was a higher incidence of Category 3 morphology in South African whites than the
incidence of Category 3 morphology in South African blacks and coloureds. There were
no differences of incidence for Category 2 or Category 3 between South African blacks
and South African coloureds. The differences between the population groups were
statistically significant at a level of P < 0.05 for the chi-squared and 2 proportions tests. There
was a significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) between the incidence of Category 4 morphology
and Category 1, Category 2, or Category 3 morphology, where more individuals were
classified into Category 2 than Category 4, more individuals were classified into Category
3 than Category 4, and less individuals were classified into Category 1 than Category 4.
Conclusions
Variations in the number of the talar articular facets on the calcaneus in samples of South
African black, white, and coloured individuals were observed in this study. However, the
differences in morphology do not provide enough evidence for accurate biological
affinity classification. Further research should look at asymmetry in calcanei and other
marked variations in talar articular facet morphology for assessment of biological affinity.
Key Words: forensic anthropology; calcaneus; biological affinity; morphology; South Africa
The proceedings in the field security, transport, storage and final disposal of
hazardous evidence process in Polish Law
Aneta Lyzwa
This paper is dedicated to the issues of dealing with the so-called difficult trial evidence
(DTE), namely objects and substances posing a threat to life or health, on the basis of Polish
criminal proceedings. The authors focus on legal regulations which should be followed by
authorities empowered to dispose of objects and substances referred to in the course of
preparatory proceedings. The attention focuses mainly on the powers vested in this
respect to the police, due to the fact that in practice it is Police which is mostly responsible
for securing, storing, and sometimes disposal of such evidence. On the basis of Polish
legislation a number of legal acts is identified which contain norms of behaviour in relation
to this type of trial evidence, yet a detailed analysis of their content leads to a conclusion
that some of them are incomplete, while others raise many questions of interpretation. The
paper briefly presents current solutions adopted in this respect in the Polish legal system.
- 65 -
Moreover, authors make an attempt to identify areas that require amendments and also
present proposals for appropriate changes in legislation.
Method
Analysis of national regulations has been carried out on the basis of formal-dogmatic
method.
Summary of Results
1. A legal definition of material evidence was developed, the regulations concerning
issues in this regard, the decision process and forms of appeal were formed in relation to
proposed amendment to Section V “Evidence” of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
2. Specific solutions in dealing with DTE were suggested under Regulation of Council of
Ministers of 14 December 2012 On entities authorized to store and destroy objects and
substances posing a danger to life or health in criminal proceedings (above all the
introduction of a definition of “disposal of DTE” – next to the already existing definition of
“destruction”, the introduction of obligatory participation of the authority conducting the
criminal investigation in the destruction or disposal activities of DTE, requiring validation of
the decision of the court regarding the destruction or disposal of DTE.
Conclusions
The solutions adopted in the Polish legislation in the field presented above are in certain
areas incomplete and sometimes unclear.
Key Words: Police, evidence criminal trial, the legal system, hazardous substances,
danger, transportation, storage, preservation, traces of forensic, examinations
Modern Technologies in Forensics. Preservation of Forensic samples of
evidence with the use of mobile robitic sytem
Magdalena Zubanska
Without the participation of forensics many crimes remain unsolved – in other words, the
detection of crime generally requires the involvement of forensic science. The richest
source of information about crime and criminals is the place of the incident. From the point
of view of forensics the examination of the crime scene is the primary activity of inquiry
and it is the core action at the scene. However, there are scenes in which conditions
threaten the health and lives of investigators, e. g. an illegal laboratory of controlled
substances. However, there is a need to disclose, transport and store the obtained
evidence, which is a source of danger, for the purposes of criminal proceedings. Annually
about 20 such places are liquidated in Poland. This country is not seen merely as a transit
country when it comes to drug trafficking, yet it is treated as a “serious” producer of
amphetamines and “serious” client. Poland is indicated in 30% cases of seizures of
amphetamine sulphate.
Method
Development of new technologies conducive to forensics and a systematic development
in research is observed, which result in innovative solutions and tools to simplify and support
the work of SOCOs and experts. One of the modern solutions in forensics are, inter alia,
mobile robotic systems. However, it cannot be expected that during the examination of
- 66 -
the crime scene a robot will replace SOCOs. The assumption is that, if possible, the robot
will replace humans in conditions where harmful factors make it impossible for them to
work safely, e.g. in an illegal laboratory of controlled substances. Police Academy in
Szczytno (Poland) conducts a research project, which aims at the development of
innovative solutions and technology that will enable proper and effective protection,
transport, storage and disposal of hazardous material evidence. A solution that would
eliminate these risks is a robotic system for taking forensic samples (e.g. samples of reaction
mixtures). With a view to safety of SOCOs the proposed solution is of major importanc
Summary of Results
As part of one of the tasks a device for sampling liquids and a tool for sampling powders
were designed, produced and tested under operational conditions (this refers to
substances known as: difficult trial evidence). The system design is based on a robot
developed by Industrial Research Institute for Automation and Measurements, which is a
partner of the Police Academy in the realization of the project. Works began by defining
the conditions to be met by automatic sampling of evidence during inspection of the
crime scene. Tests of model technology have been carried out in conditions similar to real
ones. They showed the correctness of the concept in the context of observing the working
space of the device by robot cameras. Then, a project of the device in the form of a 3D
computer model was developed. The next step consisted of testing of manipulation
capacity of model device, prepared with the use of rapid-prototyping technology. The
basis of mobile robotic system is an unmanned platform through which the robot during
the examination gets to the place where a sample needs to be collected. The mobile
platform is equipped with suitable equipment for taking liquid samples and samples of
powder substances. The operator controls the robot through a control desk.
Conclusions
The innovativeness of the proposed solution in the framework of this research and
development project manifests itself primarily in the fact that it is a comprehensive solution
to help solve issues related to securing (for legal purposes) samples of substances – proved
to be difficult trial evidence (for instance substances being corrosive, poisonous,
flammable or heterogeneous mixtures). Currently, such a solution does not exist. Robotic
system for sampling the evidence will minimize the exposure of health and life of SOCOs
to harmful substances, and further streamline the process of securing evidence.
Key Words : crime scene; preservation of forensic samples; evidence material; modern
technologies in forensics; mobile robotic system.
Analysis of Promethazine, Chlorpromazine and Metabolites in Decomposed
Skeletal Remains by UPLC-PDA and UPLC-qTOF-MS: Characterization of
Phenothiazine Degradation Products Arising in Sample Preparation
Courtney Campbell and James Watterson
Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University,Sudbury, Ontario
The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method for the analysis of
selected phenothiazine drugs and their respective desmethyl- and sulphoxide metabolites
in decomposed skeletal remains of rats. A secondary objective was the characterization
of unknown compounds detected in analysis of calibrants and bone samples from drug-
- 67 -
positive animals, but not detected in drug-free (negative control) rat that arose during
sample preparation.
Method
Rats exposed to the phenothiazine drugs were euthanized and decomposed to skeleton
outdoors. Skeletal remains were collected, sorted, and pulverized. Analytes were
extracted from pulverized bone by methanolic microwave assisted extraction (MAE).
Extracts were further prepared by solid-phase extraction, using promazine as an internal
standard, and analyzed by UPLC-PDA, and ultimately by UPLC-qTOF-MS.
Summary of Results
Method validation used calibrators in drug-free bone tissue extract, and was done
according to SWGTOX standards. The response ratio was linear from 10ng/ml to 5000ng/ml
(R2=0.990-0.999). The limit of detection was approximately 10ng/ml for each analyte, and
the limit of quantification for the method was approximately 25ng/ml for each analyte.
The majority each analytes were recovered after 30min extraction interval. Analytes were
stable under the microwave extraction for at least 60min.
During validation, precision reliably met SWGTOX criteria, while bias was frequently
unacceptable. Extraneous peaks were observed in the chromatograms of calibrators and
bone samples from drug-positive animals, but not in negative controls. Investigation of the
source of these peaks by UPLC-qTOF-MS revealed they were the result of analyte oxidation
under elution solvent conditions, involving oxidation of the sulphur atom on the
phenothiazine backbone, primarily generating the corresponding sulphoxide and
sulphone, as well as some other oxidation products in a highly reproducible manner.
Extraction conditions (elution solvent) or SPE type (mixed-mode vs. filtration/phospholipid
removal platforms) highly influenced the extent of oxidation.
Conclusions
The generation of the oxidized drugs and metabolites may influence measured drug
concentrations, but may be minimized through judicious sample preparation techniques.
The oxidation was observed in analyses of bone extract and of blood. Formation of
sulphoxide metabolites from the parent compounds may confound interpretation of drug
and metabolite distribution in blood and tissues.
Key Words: PHENOTHIAZINE, OXIDATION, UPLC-QTOF, BONE, FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
Analysis of Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan in Decomposed Skeletal
Tissues following Acute and Repeated Dextromethorphan Administration
James Watterson, Lucas Morrison and Kirk Unger
Department of Forensic Science, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relative distribution of dextromethorphan
(DXM) and dextrorphan (DXT) in decomposed skeletal remains following acute and
repeated DXM exposures in rats using a method based on one previously published using
microwave assisted extraction, microplate solid phase extraction and GC/MS (MAE-SPEGCMS), and to determine whether the two exposure patterns could be discriminated using
toxicological measurements.
- 68 -
Method
Rats received DXM as one acute dose (n = 5, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) or three doses (n = 5, 25
mg/kg, i.p.), roughly 40 min apart, before euthanasia,. Perimortem heart blood plasma
and pulverized bone from decomposed remains underwent MAE-SPE- GCMS. Levels of
DXM and DXT were expressed as mass normalized response ratios (RR/m) for analysis of
relative distribution. The ratio of DXM and DXT levels (DXT/DXM) also underwent analysis of
relative distribution.
Summary of Results
Levels (RR/m) of DXT did not differ significantly between exposure types in any of the 7
bone types examined or when all bone measurements for each dosing pattern were
pooled for comparison (Mann–Whitney, p > 0.05). However, levels of DXM and the ratios
of analyte levels (DXT/DXM) differed significantly between dosing patterns for 5/7 and 6/7
bone types analyzed, respectively, and when all bone measurements for each dosing
pattern were pooled for comparison (Mann–Whitney, p < 0.05). Bone DXM and DXT levels,
as well as the ratios of analyte levels (DXT/DXM) were poorly correlated to corresponding
plasma measurements (r < 0.6 in 2/14 analyses, DXT; r < 0.6 in 14/14 analyses, DXM; r < 0.6
in 14/14 analyses, DXT/DXM).
Conclusions
While bone drug analysis remains largely qualitative, the relative analytical response of
DXM and DXT in bone (i.e., DXT/DXM) showed promise in discrimination in the dosing
patterns used here, suggesting potential for the use of relative measurements of drug
and metabolite response to provide information about the nature of the drug exposure
in analysis of skeletal remains.
Key Words: DEXTROMETHORPHAN, GC/MS, BONE, FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY
- 69 -
Exposants
Date:
Exhibitors
Mercredi 18, Jeudi 19 et Vendredi 20 mai
Wednesday May 18, Thursday May 19 and Friday May 20
Heure/Time : Mercredi/Thursday 17h , Jeudi/Thursday 8h 17h
Vendredi/Friday 8h
Salle/Room : Interlude
10h30
Orchid PRO-ADN, une division de Dynacare, se spécialise dans l’analyse médicolégale
par ADN, incluant l’analyse d’ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire. Nous sommes le seul
laboratoire privé au Canada qui offre quatre types d’analyse d’ADN à des fins
médicolégales : ADN mitochondrial, Y-STR, STR et Indice PRO-ADNMD. L'analyse de
l’ADN mitochondrial est critique dans les cas où l'analyse d'ADN nucléaire n'est pas
possible, par exemple pour l’analyse de cheveux (sans racine) trouvés sur les lieux d'un
crime, de vestiges squelettiques pour l'identification de personnes disparues ou
lorsqu'il y a une quantité insuffisante d'ADN nucléaire. Nous offrons également des
tests d’identification par ADN pour déterminer la paternité et la filiation, qui peuvent
être utilisés dans un contexte judiciaire ou d’immigration. Nos installations situées à
Laval, Québec, sont accréditées par le Conseil canadien des normes (ISO 17025) en
tant que laboratoire d’analyse d’ADN pour fins médicolégales, de filiation et d’autres
liens familiaux.
Orchid PRO-DNA, a division of Dynacare, specializes in forensic DNA testing, including
mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analysis. We are the only private laboratory in Canada
providing four types of forensic DNA analyses: mitochondrial DNA, Y-STR, STR and
PRO-DNA® Lead. Mitochondrial DNA testing is crucial in cases where nuclear DNA
testing is not possible, such as for shed hairs at crime scenes, identification of missing
persons (skeletal remains with degraded DNA), and when there is insufficient nuclear
DNA. We also provide DNA tests for paternity and other family relationships, which
can be used for legal or immigration purposes. Our facilities in Laval, Quebec, are
accredited by the Standards Council of Canada (ISO 17025) as DNA testing laboratories
for forensics, parentage and other familial relationships.
Contact Information:
Orchid PRO-DNA
T 1.800.565.4505
[email protected]
www.orchidprodna.ca
- 70 -
Bruker Corporation is a leading provider of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry
instruments and solutions for the Analytical Sciences. Our innovative and easy-to-use
product families (ESI-QTOF, Ion Trap, FTMS, MALDI-TOF, LC-Triple Quads and GC-Triple
Quads) provide the highest performance, ruggedness and value for a wide range of
applications in the food, environmental, forensic, industrial, pharmaceutical, and life
science research markets.
Laurie Allan
Bruker Corporation
555 Steels Avenue E
Milton, Ontario L9T 1Y6
905-876-4641
QIAGEN is the world’s leading provider of innovative Sample to Insight technologies, and
a key player in the forensic community. A global company, with subsidiaries in 20
countries and a global distribution network in 70 countries, QIAGEN offers a broad range
of more than 500 core products to meet the special requirements of its more than
500,000 customers worldwide. It has also developed complete instrument solutions that
enable full automation of laboratory procedures, as well as a broad range of universal
product offerings for the NGS workflow, from initial sample to final result.
QIAGEN has been supplying reagents and instrumentation for sample preparation
through to analysis to forensic laboratories for over 15 years, and has established a
reputation for quality and reliability with customers. With its strong commitment to
quality, QIAGEN has been a forerunner in quality initiatives for the human identity testing
and forensics market.
John Pickert
Sales Development Manager, HID Northeast
[email protected]
(860) 307-0460
- 71 -
Neogen offers simple sensitive solutions for the detection of drugs and/or their
metabolites in a wide range of forensic toxicology samples including oral fluid, whole
blood, urine, serum, plasma, meconium and other forensic matrices. Our simple assay
protocols are designed for both the high volume and low volume laboratories and can be
run on our complete line of automated and semi-automated instruments.
We are pleased to feature our NeoSal™ Oral Fluid Collection System. The NeoSal offers
confident collection for the collection facility and provides a simplified process for the
testing laboratory.
Arnold “AJ” Coffey
[email protected]
Neogen Corporation | 944 Nandino Blvd. | Lexington, KY 40511
800.477.8201 (USA & Canada) or 859.254.1221 x8300
www.neogen.com
Les Produits Scientifiques ESBE est un distributeur de produits et instruments de
laboratoire de propriété canadienne à 100%. Nous présenterons des
consommables inviolables qui protègent la chaine de traçabilité, des
échantillonneurs de salive et des écouvillons pour surface diverses et pourrons
aussi vous procurer de l’information sur les analyseurs de drogues de rues, la
numérisation d’images en pathologie, les hottes biologiques, congélateurs,
centrifugeuses, incubateurs et autres instruments pour usage générale en
criminalistique.
ESBE Scientific, a 100% Canadian laboratory supply company, is exhibiting
products for the forensic laboratories. Products include evidence analyzers, digital
imaging systems, biosafety cabinets, new technology ultra-low freezer,
centrifuges, incubators, as well as general laboratory apparatus.
[email protected]
www.esbe.com
800-268-3477
- 72 -
DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Inc.
DAVTECH, proudly serving customers for 22 years now, is a leader in the supply of product
solutions for Law Enforcement and Public Safety. Headquartered in Ottawa, Ontario,
DAVTECH has sales and service locations across Canada. Primary product offerings include
forensic evidence collection and crime scene investigation products, presumptive drug
testing kits, flashlights and remote area lighting units, protective cases, alcohol breath
testing products (including calibration equipment and supplies), speed management
devices (radar, lidar/compact lidar, RDD, speed signs, and traffic analyzers), impaired
driving prevention tools and now introducing license plate recognition and facial
recognition technology.
DAVTECH Analytical Services (Canada) Inc.
133 Walgreen Road
Ottawa, ON
K0A 1L0
DAVTECH Services Analytiques (Bureau du Québec)
8617 Chemin Dalton
Mont-Royal, QC
H4T 1V5
Tel: 613-831-6009
Toll Free: 1-800-331-5815
Fax: 613-831-6610
www.davtech.ca
Sylvain Arsenault, Account Manager, Quebec | [email protected] | 800.331.5815 x 302
Christine Welch, Inside Sales Representative | [email protected] | 800.331.5815x219
Alcohol Countermeasure Systems (ACS) is a Canadian-based corporation with a
vision of developing life saving innovations that keep people safe. Since 1976 ACS has
been focused on the design, development and manufacturing of innovative breath
alcohol testing technology, serving multiple markets including automotive, industrial,
law enforcement, criminal justice, public and commercial transportation and
personal safety. Headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, ACS provides sales and customer
support through international offices in the USA, Sweden, France, the UK, Australia,
Hong Kong and Colombia and through an extensive global network of authorized
dealers.
- 73 -
ACS’s focus on innovation, including the application of toxicology and metrology in
the development of products and services that measure and monitor impairment, is
backed by over four decades of industry expertise and research. A proud and longstanding partner of safety organizations such as the Traffic Injury Research
Foundation (TIRF), the European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) and non-profit
organizations such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), ACS remains
committed to innovation in the areas of Science, Safety and Security.
For further information on ACS please visit www.acs-corp.com
Tony Power
Marketing Manager
T 416 619 3500 x3614
ALCOHOL COUNTERMEASURE SYSTEMS CORP
60 International Boulevard
Toronto, Ontario M9W 6J2 CANADA
- 74 -

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