File - Sylvie`s PageEsl Teacher du Triolet High School

Transcription

English as a Second Language
Cycle 1
du Triolet High School
Name: _________________
Gr: _________
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Money, Fractions, Decimals, Phone Numbers and Calculations
P. 3
Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
P. 4
Days, Dates, Months and Years
P. 5
Demonstratives: This, That, These, Those
P. 6
Articles: A – An – The
P. 7
Using THE
P. 8
Pronouns
P. 9
The Plural of Nouns and exceptions
P.10
There Is/ There Are (il y a)
P. 13
Prepositions (in, on, under…)
P. 14
Expressions Requiring Specific Prepositions
P. 15
Questions (who, what, when…)
P. 16
Capitalization
P. 17
Simple Sentence Structures
P. 18
Compound Sentence Structure
P. 19
Complex sentence Structure
P. 20
Compound-Complex Sentence Structure
P. 20
Problematic Sentences
P. 21
Punctuation ( . ? ! , )
P. 23
Transitional Words or Connectors (then, also, but…)
P. 24
Writing a text: Introduction, a Paragraph, a Conclusion
P. 25
Adjectives
P. 26
Comparison of adjectives
P. 27
Gerunds and Full Infinitives
P. 29
Verb Tenses: The Simples
P. 31
Verb Tenses: The Progressives
P. 32
Verb Tenses: The Perfects
P. 33
List of Regular Verbs
P. 34
List of Irregular Verbs
Conjugating Verbs in English:
P. 36
To Be
P. 38
To Have
P. 39
To Play
P. 40
To Go
P. 41
To Like
P. 42
Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, would…)
P. 43
“If…” Clauses
P. 44
Competency 1: Speaking Strategies
P. 45
Competency 2: Listening Strategies
P. 46
Competency 2: Reading Strategies
P. 47
Competency 3: Writing Strategies
P. 48
Useful Tips to Become Better in English
P. 49
Common Mistakes ESL Learners make
P. 50
Code de revision
P. 51
All verbs (French)
P. 53
2
©Julie Harvey and Sylvie Higgins
MONEY
Coins
•
•
•
penny
nickel
dime
quarter
loonie
toonie
In English you write the dollar sign ($) before the number. Ex: $4.00
$5.24… you can say, 5 dollars and 24 cents or in spoken English,
you may hear five, twenty-four.
$0.53 … 53 cents.
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS
•
We say simple fractions like this:
− 1/8 ………….
− 3/7………….
− ¾……………
− ½……………
− ¼……………
one eighth
three sevenths
three quarters
one half or a half
one quarter
•
More complex fractions can be expressed by using the word over.
− 304/510……
three hundred four OVER five hundred and
ten.
•
We write and say decimals like this:
− 0,375
− 4,7
zero point three seven five
four point seven
PHONE NUMBERS
•
We say each figure separately, pausing after groups of three or four.
− 560 4922……
five, six, zero, four, nine, two, two
− You may also hear: five, six, oh, four, nine double two
CALCULATIONS
2 + 2 = 4……
7 – 4 = 3……
3 x 4 = 12…..
9 ÷ 3 = 3……
3
2 and 2 is / are 4
4 from 7 is / leaves 3
3 times 4 is 12
9 divided by 3 is 3
OR
OR
OR
OR
2 plus 2 equals 4
7 minus 4 equals 3
3 multiplied by 4 equals 12
9 divided by 3 is / equals 3
CARDINAL NUMBERS
1 one
13 thirteen
25 twenty-five
90 ninety
2 two
14 fourteen
26 twenty-six
3 three
15 fifteen
27 twenty-seven
1 000 one thousand
4 four
16 sixteen
28 twenty-eight
2 000 Two thousand
5 five
17 seventeen
29 twenty-nine
10 000 Ten thousand
6 six
18 eighteen
30 thirty
11 000 Eleven thousand
7 seven
19 nineteen
31 thirty-one
50 000 Fifty thousand
8 eight
20 twenty
40 forty
100 000 One hundred thousand
9 nine
21 twenty-one
50 fifty
215 000 Two hundred fifteen thousand
10 ten
22 twenty-two
60 sixty
1 000 000 one million
11 eleven
23 twenty-three
70 seventy
12 twelve
24 twenty-four
80 eighty
2 345 934 two million, three hundred
forty-five thousand, nine
hundred thirty-four
100 one hundred
*For the numbers between 21 – 99 you must put a hyphen (-) between the two words. Ex: 21 = twenty-one
ORDINAL NUMBERS
11th eleventh
21st twenty-first
31st thirty-first
2nd second
12th twelfth
22nd twenty-second
40th fortieth
3rd
third
13th thirteenth
23rd twenty-third
50th fiftieth
4th
fourth
14th fourteenth
24th twenty-fourth
60th sixtieth
5th
fifth
15th fifteenth
25th twenty-fifth
70th seventieth
6th
sixth
16th sixteenth
26th twenty-sixth
80th eightieth
7th
seventh
17th seventeenth
27th twenty-seventh
90th ninetieth
8th
eighth
18th eighteenth
28th twenty-eighth
9th
ninth
19th nineteenth
29th twenty-ninth
20th twentieth
30th thirtieth
1st
first
10th tenth
4
100th one hundredth
1,000th one thousandth
1,000,000th one millionth
DAYS, DATES, MONTHS AND YEARS
Months
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
July
August
September
October
November
December
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
WEEK
2
January
February
March
April
May
June
Saturday
Sunday
WEEkEND
1
Days
* Always takes a capital letter
* Always takes a capital letter
How to write the date:
Start with the
day
MONTH
DATE
COMMA
*DON’T FORGET YOUR
CAPITAL LETTER
*DON’T FORGET
YOUR CAPITAL
LETTER
*DON’T FORGET THE
st, nd, rd, OR th
,
YEAR
Monday
Saturday
September
June
15th
2nd
,
,
2010
1999
Speaking: My birthday is ON March thirteenth.
It is IN March
My soccer practice is ON Saturday
It’s ON the twentieth
Years
• We normally say a year in two parts.
1978 (19/78) nineteen…..seventy-eight
1834 (18/34) eighteen….. thirty-four
• In the case of years ending in "00", we say the second part in
"hundred":
1900 nineteen hundred
• For the years 1000, 2000… we say them in “Thousands”
2000 two thousand
• There are two ways of saying years ending in "01" to "09"
1901 nineteen oh one or nineteen hundred and one
2009 two thousand and nine
• After 2010 dates are often said as normal
5
DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
Demonstratives
THIS
(singular)
ce, ceci,
cet,
cette,
celle-ci,
celui-ci
THESE
(plural)
ces,
ceux-ci,
celles-ci
When do we use it?
EXAMPLES
Chose, personne près
de toi
This book
This is my boy.
Le temps présent
This morning
This afternoon
Choses, personnes près
de toi
These boys are intelligent.
These keys are mine.
Le temps présent
In these times, she is popular.
These days, people are happy.
THAT
Chose, personne loin de
(singular)
toi
ce, cet,
cette,
celle-là,
Le temps passé
celui-là
THOSE
(plural)
ces,
ceux-là,
celles-là
6
That girl is my cousin.
That restaurant is popular.
At that time, I was a student.
That day, I went to Montreal.
Choses, personnes loin
de toi
Those books are yours.
Those girls are beautiful.
Le temps passé
In those days, I was a student.
In those days, I lived in Toronto.
ARTICLES: A – AN - THE
When do we use "a" and "an"?
A
un / une
An
Examples
Before a word starting with a
consonant sound.
Always singular
A book, a big apple, a teacher, a
chicken …
Before the sound [yü]
A university
Before a word starting by a vowel
sound.
Always singular
An apple, an igloo, an eraser, an
old book…
Before a silent “h”
An hour, an heir…
un / une
Use A or An when speaking about something in GENERAL.
For example: I live in a house.
There are many houses in Sherbroke, I live in one of them.
THE
Le/la/les
Can be singular or plural
the car, the cars, the dog, the dogs
Use THE when speaking about something specific.
For example: I live in the blue house.
There are many houses, but I live in the only one that is blue.
Using “A” or “An”
•
A man
•
A chair
•
A jewel
•
A witch
•
An old man
•
A house
•
A horse
•
An eight
•
An elephant
•
A universe
•
A good singer
•
An owl
•
A big
•
A boss
•
An excellent
•
An hour
•
A white owl
•
An interesting
•
A half
7
Using "THE"
*Be careful. In English it is not always necessary to put an article before a noun.
In front of…
Names of animals or things
Necessary
or not?
Yes
Example…
The elephant is big.
The table is square.
No
I like scrabble. He plays baseball.
Yes
He visited the United-States.
Names of oceans, seas and rivers
Yes
I swam in the Atlantic.
Names of lakes (except for the Great
Lakes)
No
We went to Lake Memphremagog.
Names of singular countries and
continents.
No
Canada is a big country.
Names of cities, provinces and states
No
Mont-Joli is in Quebec.
Yes
The blond girl is intelligent.
Names of games or sports
Names of countries that are plural
Name of specific things or people.
Names of things that are unique
Names of meals or foods in general
The dictionaries are in the bookcase.
Yes
The Earth, The Pacific Ocean etc…
No
Breakfast is important.
Pizza is good.
Names of musical instruments
Yes
She practices the guitar.
Names of diseases or illnesses
No
She has pneumonia.
Names of seasons, day, and months
No
I prefer winter.
Names of languages and school
subjects
No
I study Geography.
8
English is important.
PRONOUNS
subject pronouns
(before the verbs)
object pronouns
(after the verbs)
reflexive pronouns
I (je)
Me (moi)
Myself (moi-même)
You (tu)
You (toi)
Yourself (toi-même)
He (il)
Him (lui)
Himself (lui-même)
She (elle)
Her (elle)
Herself (elle-même)
It (le/la)
Itself (lui-même)
We (nous)
Us (nous)
Ourselves (nous-mêmes)
You (vous)
You (vous)
Yourselves (vous-mêmes)
They (ils/elles)
Them (eux/elles)
Themselves (eux-mêmes)
It (il mais pour un objet ou un
animal)
Possessive pronouns
Possessive Adjectives
Mine (le mien/les miennes)
My (mon/ma/mes)
Yours (le tien/la tienne)
(les tiens/les tiennes)
Your (ton/ta/tes)
His (le sien/la sienne/à lui/les siennes/les siens)
His (son/sa/ses)
Hers (le sien/la sienne/à lui/les siennes/les siens)
Her (son/sa/ses)
Its (son/sa/ses)
9
Ours (le(s), la nôtres/à nous)
Our (notre/nos)
Yours (le(s), la vôtres/à vous)
Your (votre/vos)
Theirs (le leur / la leur/ les leurs)
Their (leur/leurs)
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
RULE
PLURAL
EXAMPLES
Common nouns
Add an S
Cars, dogs, houses, pens
Proper nouns
Add an S
The Smiths, The Carons
Add ES
Churches, buses, wishes,
boxes, buzzes, glasses
Nouns finishing in …
ch, sh, s, ss, x, zz
Change F or FE for VES
F or fe
Y preceded by a consonant
Y preceded by a vowel
UM
O preceded by a consonant
O preceded by a vowel
Musical instruments ending in
O...
(Leaf) leaves, (wife) wives
Change Y for IES
(Story) stories
Add an S
Boys, toys
Change UM for A
(Maximum) Maxima
Add ES
Tomatoes, potatoes
Add S
(Zoo) zoos
Add S
Pianos, banjos...
EXCEPTIONS!!!!
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
child
man
mouse
foot
ox
stimulus
children
men
mice
feet
oxen
stimuli
fish
woman
goose
tooth
salmon
Chef
fish
women
geese
teeth
Salmon
chefs
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UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Words that you can’t count.
They are always SINGULAR:
bread
wine
rice
sugar…
SINGULAR UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
There’s milk on the table.
She bought some sugar.
I have a little petrol in the tank.
There’s a lot of money in the wallet.
Lucas doesn't have much sugar in the coffee.
There isn’t any rice left.
COMMON NOUNS WHICH ARE USUALLY UNCOUNTABLE
accommodation, advice, behaviour, bread, cooper (and all the other metals), English (and all the other
languages), furniture, health, information, knowledge, luggage, news, progress, research, rain, rice (and
all other grains and cereals), salt (and all other condiments), scenery, spaghetti, traffic, travel, trouble,
water (and all other liquids), weather, work.
NOUNS WHICH CAN BE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS WHICH ARE USED TO REFER TO PARTICULAR VARIETIES.
Would you like wine with your meal?
They produce a very good white wine on that island.
WORDS FOR DRINKS: COFFEE, TEA, BEER… THE COUNTABLE NOUN MEANS A GLASS OF, A
CUP OF, A BOTTLE OF…
Coffee is very expensive at the moment
People in Belgium drink beer more than wine
Why don’t we stop for a coffee?
There’s a beer in the fridge if you want one.
TIME, SPACE, ROOM, LIGHT, EXPERIENCE.
I’m sorry I don't have time to talk to you now
All this old wardrobe does is take up space
There’s room for one more in this compartment
Light travels at 300,000 km a second
We need a secretary with experience
11
We had a really good time at Joe’s party.
Fill in the spaces with a suitable word.
Have you got a single room with a shower?
A light was on in the house.
I had a strange experience yesterday
NOUNS WHICH CAN BE COUNTABLE OR UNCOUNTABLE
NOUNS WE THINK OF AS SINGLE THINGS OR SUBSTANCES.
• Egg
Would you like a hard boiled egg for breakfast?
You spilled egg on your tie
•
Chicken
I bought a chicken to have for Sunday lunch.
There was a choice between chicken or fish on the plane.
•
Iron
We’ll have to buy a new iron. This one just doesn’t get the creases out.
People learned to make implements from iron.
•
Glass
Pass me a glass and I’ll pour you a drink.
What did people use for windows before they invented glass?
•
Hair
Waiter! There’s a hair in my soup.
She has blond hair.
12
THERE IS, THERE ARE versus HE/SHE HAS…….
There is
il y a (singulier)
Example: There is a bird in the tree.
There are
il y a (pluriel)
Example: There are 7 days in a week.
There was
il y avait (singulier)
Example: There was an accident on the
boulevard yesterday.
There were
il y avait (pluriel)
Example: There were many students
absent last week.
There will be
Examples:
il y aura
There were many people at Example:
the show last
night.
There
will be an activity next
There will be a game tomorrow.
week.
Examples of there….
He/ She has
il a
Example: He has a dog. (le chien est à lui.)
There is
il y a
Example: There is a dog in the doghouse
(il y a un chien dans la maison.)
13
PREPOSITIONS
Types
Function
Examples
Give information as to
the location.
Give information as to
the moment.
Of place
Of time
At, to, above, under…
Before, after, at…
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
Preposition
French
translation
•
In
Dans
•
Inside
À l’intérieur
•
On
•
Preposition
French
Preposition
translation
French
translation
•
Behind
Derrière
•
Near
Près de
•
In back
of
Derrière
•
Along
Le long de
Sur
•
Between
Entre
•
From
En provenance
de
At
À
•
Below
En-dessous
•
Of
de
•
To
À
•
Under
En-dessous
•
Outside
À l’extérieur
•
Next to
À Côté
•
Above
Au-dessus
•
Out of
En dehors de
•
Beside
À Côté
•
Over
Au-dessus
•
Among
Parmi
•
In front
of
Devant
•
Across
from
De l’autre
côté
•
Against
Contre
PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
Preposition
French
translation
Preposition
French
translation
Preposition
French
translation
•
In
Dans
•
During
Pendant
•
Until
Jusqu’à
•
Before
Avant
•
For
Pour
•
Around
Aux alentours
de
•
After
Après
•
On time
À l’heure ou à
temps
•
On
Sur
•
At
À
•
Late
En retard
•
From
De
•
To
À
•
By
Par
14
EXPRESSIONS REQUIRING SPECIFIC PREPOSITIONS
AT
IN
ON
PRECISE TIME
MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and
LONG PERIODS
DAYS and DATES
at 3 o'clock
in May
on Sunday
at 10.30am
in summer
on Tuesdays
at noon
in the summer
on 6 March
at dinnertime
in 1990
on 25 Dec. 2010
at bedtime
in the 1990s
on Christmas Day
at sunrise
in the next century
on Independence
Day
at sunset
in the Ice Age
on my birthday
at the moment
in the past/future
on New Year's Eve
15
QUESTIONS
QUESTION WORDS
Question Word
•
Used for
Who
Question Word
•
Qui
How long
Used for
Combien de temps
(ou quelle longueur)
•
What
Quoi, quel, qu’est-ce que
•
Whose
À qui
•
When
Quand
•
Which
Lequel
•
Where
Où
•
What size
Quelle taille
•
Why
Pourquoi
•
What time
Quelle heure
•
How
Comment
•
What color
Quelle couleur
•
How many
Combien (se compte)
•
What kind
Quelle sorte
•
How much
Combien (se compte pas)
•
How old
Quelle âge
•
How far
À quelle distance
•
How often
À quelle fréquence
STRUCTURING QUESTIONS: ASVIR AND QASVIR
ASVIR =
Auxiliary + subject + verb(infinitive) + rest = YES or NO answer
Example:
Do
you
like
pizza ?
Yes
QASVIR= Question Word + Auxiliary + subject + verb(infinitive) + rest = Information
Example:
Where
do
you
go
to school? =
Du Triolet
When
will
they
have
an exam? =
tomorrow
How long
should
she
study
everyday? =
1 hour
EXCEPTIONS!!!!!
Who, what, whose and how many DO NOT ALWAYS RESPECT QASVIR
Examples:
Who prefers eating pizza?
Sally prefers pizza
Whose car was stolen?
Steve’s car was stolen.
Because the answer to the question becomes the subject.
16
CAPITALIZATION
Capital letter is necessary
example
At the beginning of a sentence
This is my favorite book.
The pronoun I
When I was a child, I played soccer.
Proper names
Julie is a good friend of Sylvie’s.
Languages
Lucas speaks French, English and Italian.
Streets
They live on St-Laurent Street.
Cities
We will go to Boston in May.
Days of the week
The last day of the week is Saturday.
Months of the year
My birthday is in September.
Holidays
We usually
cottage.
Every word in a title except for prepositions
The book is “Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secrets”.
17
spend
Christmas
at
my
SIMPLE SENTENCE STRUCTURE
A sentence MUST have:
A subject,
A verb,
And a complete idea
Here is how you should place your information in order to have a strong sentence:
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
I
have
a car.
They
play
tennis
Lisa
went
to a party.
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
PLACE
We
walked
together
to school.
Harry
is going
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT
PLACE
TIME
We
walked
together
to school
yesterday.
Harry
is going
to the park
at the
moment.
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT WITH AN ADJECTIVE
I
have
a blue
car.
Lisa
went
to a boring
party.
SUBJECT
VERB
OBJECT WITH AN ADVERB
They
play
tennis
terribly.
Lisa
went
to parties
frequently.
18
to the park.
COMPOUND SENTENCE STRUCTURE
What is a compound sentence?
2 simple sentences (subjects + verbs + rest) joined by a coordinating conjunction (and,
but, or, so)
SUBJECT
1
VERB 1
REST 1
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTION
SUBJECT
2
VERB 2
REST 2
I
play
soccer
AND
I
play
Tennis.
We
study
everyday
BUT
we
do not
study
on
weekends.
I
can try
this
OR
I
can try
that.
We
work
hard
SO
we
might
pass.
19
COMPLEX SENTENCE STUCTURE
What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence has 1 complete sentence (1 subject+ 1 verb + 1 rest and the idea is
complete) and another sentence that begins with a SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION. The
second sentence is incomplete (that means either it has no subject, no verb, or the idea is
incomplete).
Subect 1
Verb 1
I
We
Suzie
play
study
takes
Julian
did not
pass
Rest 1 (idea is
complete
Subordinating
Conjunction
tennis
every day
the bus to
school
his year
because
however
when
I
want
It
is raining.
although
he
worked
Subject 2
Verb 2
Rest 2
to become a pro.
not on Saturdays.
very hard last year.
COMPOUND-COMPLEX STRUCTURE:
What is a compound-complex sentence?
A sentence that contains 3 ideas, in which 2 sentences are complete and joined together
by a coordinating conjunction and 1 sentence that is incomplete or dependant. The
dependant sentence is joined to the other 2 using a subordinating conjunction.
I
We
play
have
soccer
homework
Coordinating
Conjunction
and
but
Sam
needs
to relax
and
Subject 1
20
Verb 1
Rest 1
Subject 2
Verb 2
I
we
play
have
he
needs
Rest 2
tennis
two days
to do it
to take a
vacation
Subordinating
conjunction
but
although
before
I hate it.
I will do it all
tonight.
he gets sick.
PROBLEMATIC SENTENCES
REMEMBER that a sentence MUST have 3 components:
A subject + a verb + the rest (and a complete thought)
If it does not have all 3 it is NOT A SENTENCE…….
Here are 3 problems that ESL students make when writing sentences in English.
1. THE RAMBLING SENTENCE:
This is a sentence that contains too many different details and is too long. If you have
more than 3 ideas, it is usually a sign of a RAMBLING sentence. Another clue to help
identify the RAMBLING is to read the text out loud. If it is not possible to read the
sentence in one single breath than chances are, it is a RAMBLING.
Example:
Julie is younger than Sylvie and she has less white hair, actually though her hair
is shorter and lighter, but Julie’s hair is thicker and smoother and she is able to
tie it up just the same even if her hair is shorter Julie can make a ponytail.
Chop it up into different sentences and use CONNECTORS.
Julie is younger than Sylvie and she has less white hair. Actually, Julie’s hair is
shorter and lighter, but it is thicker and smoother. However, Julie is able to tie it
up and make a ponytail even if her hair is shorter.
21
2. THE RUN-ON SENTENCE:
This is a sentence that contains two complete sentences BUT does not have any
CONJUNCTION.
Example:
Marc is tall, he is strong.
Add a CONJUNCTION
Marc is tall and he is strong.
3. THE FRAGMENT:
This is a part of a sentence. Either it does not have a subject OR it does not have a
verb OR the idea is incomplete.
Examples:
Arrived at the place we went to eat. (no subject)
Claude at the park. (no verb)
We went there. (idea is not complete or clear)
Add a subject or a verb or details to make it a
COMPLETE sentence.
When we arrived at the place, we went to eat.
Claude went to the park.
We went there after the party.
22
PUNCTUATION
Because……. You can't hold your breath forever…
It makes your ideas clearer and easier to follow.
We naturally make pauses when we speak.
Punctuation
Mark
Comma
Period
Colon
Semi-colon
Question mark
Exclamation
mark
Hyphen
Parentheses
Elipsis
23
What it
looks like
,
.
:
;
?
!
()
…
Used for
Example
To separate two ideas
that logically go together.
To separate ítems in a list.
I went to the park, then I went
home.
I need a pencil, an eraser, a
pen and paper.
To put an end to an idea.
We went to work last night.
To introduce a list.
You will need: paper, tape
and a pencil.
To separate two different
ideas that complete one
another.
I went to work; therefore, I
was tired.
To ask a question.
Do you like English?
To show expression.
Look! Santa Claus is here.
To show examples.
I went to the stores – Garage,
Toys-R-Us and HM.
To show examples.
To add information.
I went to the stores (Ardene,
Toys-R-Us and H&M).
Instead of writing etc.
I like pizza, spaghetti,
macaroni….
TRANSISTIONAL WORDS OR CONNECTORS
Showing cause /
result:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
For that reason…
So…
Therefore…
Then…
Consequently…
As a result…
Because of this…
In that case…
To clarify:
Sequencing Ideas:
•
•
•
•
•
• In other words…
• I mean…
• To put it another
way…
• For example…
• For instance…
• To be more
precise…
• In fact…
• To illustrate…
First of all…
To start with…
Then…
Second, third, fourth…
Finally…
Adding
information:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Too…
In addition…
Apart from…
Furthermore…
On top of that…
And besides…
Along with…
As well as…
In the same way…
Also…
Condition /
concession:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
To conclude:
In that case…
Otherwise…
If not…
However…
Nevertheless…
Despite this…
In any case…
24
•
•
•
•
•
Contrasting:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Whereas…
Instead of…
But…
On the other hand…
Although…
Otherwise…
Even though…
On the contrary…
To summarise…
To sum up…
In conclusion…
To conclude…
Given the above
point…
In light of the
above…
Finally…
Lastly…
As a result…
Therefore…
Illustrating:
•
•
•
•
For example…
Such as…
For instance…
In the case of…
WRITING...
Introduction
EXAMPLE
1. It introduces the topic, but does not give Have you ever been scared of dying? I
details. It can begin with a question, an have. When I was 10 years old, I had an
anecdote, an example,a fact, or a statistic… accident. First, I will tell you when and
(sujet amené)
where I was. Then, I will continue by
2. It mentions the subject of your text. (sujet posé)
telling you what happened.
3. It mentions the aspects you will write about.
(sujet divisé)
Paragraph
EXAMPLE
First of all, it was a Friday afternoon. It
was hot and sunny. The sun was so
5. It contains 1 main idea.
bright that it was difficult for me to see
6. The details, examples or information in the where I was going. Therefore, I could
paragraph explain the main idea.
not see the oncoming car.
4. It begins with a CONNECTOR.
*IF THE INFORMATION DOES NOT LOGICALLY FIT WITH
THE MAIN IDEA = DIFFERENT PARAGRAPH.
Then, I stopped and looked on both sides.
I thought I heard a car coming, but I
could not see one. So, I crossed the road.
All of a sudden, I felt a bump and
everything went black.
As a result, all I remember is waking up
in the hospital and being in pain. The
doctor told me that I was lucky because
the car was not going very fast. All I
had was a broken wrist and many
bruises. However, I was alive.
Conclusion
Example
7. It wraps up the text.
8.
It
summarizes
the
principaux)
9. It uses SYNONYMS.
main
points.
Finally, this was a terrifying experience
because I could have died. I am lucky
(aspects
because the driver of the car had slowed
down when he saw me crossing the
street.
*IT DOES NOT COPY SENTENCES USED IN THE
PARAGRAPHS OF THE TEXT.
25
ADJECTIVES
What they are used for
Where they are placed
How to write them
To describe, quantify or
qualify a noun.
Before a noun, not after
NO "S"
Example: I have two cars.
Example: This is a new book.
Dave eats Italian food.
She drives a green scooter.
Example: We have
four big dogs.
CAN YOU PUT MORE THAN 1 ADJECTIVE IN YOUR SENTENCE?
FOLLOW THE ORDER OF SUPERIORITY
Strongest
QUANTITY
Weakest
SIZE
DESCRIPTION
AGE
SHAPE
COLOR
ORIGIN
QUALITY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
One
Small
Beautiful
New
Round
Blue
Spanish
Many
Large
Terrible
Old
Triangular
Light
Canadian
A lot
Huge
Superb
Ancient
Square
Dark
Quebecker
Examples:
(1)
(2)
(3)
She has many ,huge, beautiful Windows.
(4)
(5)
(7)
Luke lives in an old, square, Italian style appartment.
26
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
TYPES OF COMPARISONS
COMPARATIVES
To compare 2 people
or objects
How to use it
examples
Bill is as tall as Jenny.
EQUALITY
…as + adjective + as…
*Bill est aussi grand que Jenny.
The carrot is not as good as the Apple.
INEQUALITY
…not as + adjective + as…
*La carotte n'est pas aussi bonne que la pomme.
Adjectives with 1 syllable
(and those ending in –Y)
Sylvie is oldER than Julie.
…adjective…. ER + than…
*Sylvie est plus vieille que Julie
SUPERIORITY
Adjectives with more than 2
syllables
Sara is more elegant than Bill.
…more + adjective + than…
*Sara est plus élégante que Bill.
Spiderman is less strong than Iron man.
INFERIORITY
…less + adjective + than…
*Spiderman est moins fort que Iron man.
27
TYPES OF COMPARISONS
SUPERLATIVES
How to use it
examples
Adjectives with 1 syllable
(and those ending in –Y)
Dany is the smallest person in the family.
… the + adjective…EST…
Dany
*Dany est le plus petit de la famille.
Adjectives with more than 2
syllables
A COMPARISON
BETWEEN MORE THAN
2 PEOPLE OR
OBJECTS.
Hawaii is the most beautiful place I've
ever visited.
…the most + adjective…
(positive comparison)
*Hawaii est le plus beau lieu que j'ai jamais visité.
Ted is the least careful driver in the
world.
…the least + adjective…
(negative comparison)
*Ted est le chauffeur le moins prudent au monde.
28
GERUNDS AND FULL INFINITIVES
GERUND
WHAT IS IT?
Looks like a continuous or
progressive tense verb
because of its ING
ending.
BUT
It is NOT a verb.
EXAMPLES
WALKING is a good way to
stay in shape.
Laurie goes DANCING every
Friday night.
These are my favourite
RUNNING shoes.
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
It can be the SUBJECT in
a sentence.
SKIING was my favourite sport
when I was younger.
It can be the OBJECT in a
sentence
Julie goes SHOPPING every
Monday night.
It can be an ADJECTIVE
that modifies a noun.
It is used after a
PREPOSITION.
She brought her
SWIMMING goggles.
She was working
on WRITING her resume.
If you notice NONE of the ING words above have the
auxiliary verb To Be before them !
RACING is a dangerous sport
CLUE TO HELP
YOU KNOW
WHEN TO USE A
GERUND
29
If you can replace the
GERUND with the word
“SOMETHING” and it
makes sense, THEN IT IS
O.K..
= SOMETHING is a dangerous
sport (O.K.)
RACING, John had an
accident
≠
Something, John had an
accident (NOT O.K..)
FULL INFINITIVE
WHAT IS IT?
HOW DOES IT
WORK?
EXAMPLES
Looks like simple present
tense verb.
BUT
It is NOT conjugated with
the subject.
Laurie goes TO SEE her
friends very Friday night.
Starts with TO and NEVER
FOR
These are my favourite
shoes TO RACE with.
It can begin a sentence.
TO WORK hard is a
good quality to have.
It can be placed after a
verb.
It can be placed at the
end of a sentence.
Walking is a good way
TO STAY in shape.
I like TO PLAY sports with
my brother.
He likes playing his
guitar TO RELAX.
If you notice NONE of the INFINITIVE verbs have the
word FOR before them!
30
THESE VERBS MUST
BE FOLLOWED BY
A GERUND
THESE VERBS MUST
BE FOLLOWED BY
A FULL INFINITIVE
Admit
Tolerate
Adore
Understand
Appreciate
Avoid
Celebrate
Confess
Deny
Describe
Detest
Discuss
Dislike
Enjoy
Finish
Imagine
Involve
Keep
Mind
Miss
Practise
Postpone
Recommend
Quit
Regret
Report
Suggest
Agree
Appear
Arrange
Ask
Attempt
Care
Choose
Come
Consent
Dare
Decide
Demand
Deserve
Determine
Expect
Fail
Forget
Get
Help
Hesitate
Hope
Hurry
Intend
Learn
Love
Manage
Need
Offer
Plan
Prepare
Pretend
Refuse
Say
Seem
Try
Want
Wish
CAN BE
FOLLOWED BY A
GERUND OR AN
INFINITIVE
Begin
Continue
Hate
Intend
Like
Prefer
Propose
Remember
Start
Stop
Simple Present
Positive sentence:
Subject + verb + rest
Simple Past
Simple Future
Positive sentence:
Subject + verb (past) + rest
Positive sentence:
Subject + aux.+ verb + rest
Example:
Max eats bananas.*
You play soccer.
Example:
Max ate bananas.*
You played soccer
Example :
Max will eat bananas.
You will play soccer.
* 3rd person singular
(he / she / it) : VERB + S
* Attention: Il y a des verbes réguliers: verb+ed
et des verbes irréguliers : le verbe change. (voir
liste)
Negative sentence:
Subject + aux. + not + verb + rest
Negative sentence:
infinitive
infinitive
Negative sentence:
infinitive
Example :
Example :
Max does not eat bananas.
infinitive
Example :
Max did not eat bananas.
Max will not eat bananas.
*Auxiliary:
*Auxiliary:
DO
-
DOES
DID
*Auxiliary:
WILL
Question:
Aux. + subject + verb + rest
Question:
infinitive
infinitive
Example :
infinitive
Example :
Does Max eat bananas?
*Auxiliary:
Example :
Did Max eat bananas?
*Auxiliary:
DO
Question:
-
DOES
Will Max eat bananas?
*Auxiliary:
DID
WILL
Time indicators : today - this week - these days – Time indicators: yesterday - last week - an hour Time indicators : tomorrow - next week - in an hour
nowadays – usually – frequently – often – every day ago – recently - a little while ago - a long time – soon - in the near future - way off in the future – all the time – sometimes …
eventually - later this evening – in 5 years - 2 days
ago - in the past - this morning…
from now…
Used for :
Facts
Routines
Descriptions
Preferences
Repetitive actions
Emotions
*Lorsqu’il y a un auxiliaire dans la phrase… le verbe reste à l’infinitif.
31
Present Continuous
Past continuous / Progressive
Positive sentence:
Subject +to be (present) + verb(+ing) + rest
Positive sentence:
Subject +to be (past) + verb(+ing) + rest
Example:
Example:
Max was eating bananas when I woke up.
You were playing soccer when the storm hit.
Max is eating bananas.
You are playing soccer.
Negative sentence:
Subject + to be (present) + not + verb(+ing) +
rest
Negative sentence:
Subject + to be (past) + not + verb(+ing) + rest
Example :
Max is not eating bananas.
Example :
Max was not eating bananas when I woke up.
*Auxiliary:
*Auxiliary:
TO BE (past)
TO BE (present)
Question:
To be (present) + subject + verb(+ing) + rest
Question:
To be + subject + verb(+ing) + rest
Example :
Example :
Was Max eating bananas?
Is Max eating bananas?
*Auxiliary:
*Auxiliary:
TO BE
TO BE
Time indicators: now - as we speak - at this Time indicators: when… - while… - at…
moment – right now – presently…
Used for: Actions that are in progress “en train Used for: Actions that were in progress in the
de” OR actions where you have the specific past but were interrupted by something. OR
time and date.
actions at a very specific time in the past.
32
Present Perfect
Positive sentence:
Subject +aux* + past participle of the verb + rest
Past Perfect
FORMING THE PAST PARTICIPLE
Positive sentence:
Subject +aux.*+ past participle of the verb + rest
Example:
Example:
Julie and Sylvie have worked together in the past. Julie and Sylvie had worked on this project before I
arrived.
Max has eaten a banana before today.
Max had eaten a banana when I woke up.
HOW TO FORM THE PAST PARTICIPLE…..
* Auxiliary :
* Auxiliary:
HAD
HAVE
BUT
* 3rd person singular
(he / she / it) :
HAS
Negative sentence:
Subject + aux* + not + past participle of the verb
+ rest
Negative sentence:
Subject + aux.* + not + past participle of the verb +
rest
Example :
Julie and Sylvie have not worked together before
today.
Max has not eaten a banana yet.
Example :
Julie and Sylvie had not worked on this project
before I arrived.
Max had not eaten a banana before I woke up.
*Auxiliary:
*Auxiliary:
HAVE - HAS
HAD
Question:
Aux*+ subject + past participle of the verb + rest
Question:
Aux. + subject + past participle of the verb + rest
Example :
Have Julie and Sylvie worked together before?
Has Max eaten a banana yet?
Example:
Example :
Had Julie and Sylvie worked on this project before? I have BEEN to Paris in the past.
Had Max eaten a banana before I woke up?
*Auxiliary:
HAVE -
REGULAR VERBS ADD “ED”
Example:
I have walked to school before.
IRREGULAR VERBS consult list + use column 3
*Auxiliary:
HAS
DID
Time indicators : before, yet, already, for, since, Time indicators: before, yet, already, for, since, never,
never, ever, just, recently, lately…
ever, just, recently, lately…
33
PRESENT
1. Add
SIMPLE PAST/
PAST PARTICIPLE
FRENCH
PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST/
PAST PARTICIPLE
FRENCH
Added
ajouter
34. Drown
Drowned
couler
2.
Agree
Agreed
être en accord
35. Dry
Dried
sécher
3.
Allow
Allowed
permettre
36. Empty
Emptied
vider
4.
Answer
Answered
répondre
37. End
Ended
mettre fin à
5.
Appear
Appeared
apparaître
38. Enjoy
Enjoyed
s’amuser
6.
Attend
Attended
assister à
39. Erase
Erased
effacer
7.
Avoid
Avoided
éviter
40. Fail
Failed
échouer
8.
Ask
Asked
demander
41. Fear
Feared
craindre
9.
Behave
Behaved
se comporter
42. Fill
Filled
remplir
10. Believe
Believed
croire
43. Finish
Finished
terminer
11.
Boiled
bouillir
44. Fish
Fished
pêcher
12. Breathe
Breathed
respirer
45. Fix
Fixed
réparer
13. Burn
Burned
brûler
46. Follow
Followed
suivre
14. Call
Called
appeler
47. Free
Freed
libérer
15. Carry
Carried
porter
48. Guess
Guessed
deviner
16. Check
Checked
vérifier / cocher
49. Happen
Happened
se passer
17. Chew
Chewed
mâcher
50. Help
Helped
aider
18. Climb
Climbed
grimper
51. Hope
Hoped
espérer
19. Close
Closed
fermer
52. Include
Included
inclure
20. Collect
Collected
collectionner
53. Indicate
Indicated
indiquer
21. Compete
Competed
rivaliser
54. Jump
Jumped
sauter
22. Contact
Contacted
contacter
55. Land
Landed
atterrir
23. Count
Counted
compter
56. Last
Lasted
durer
24. Cross
Crossed
traverser / croiser
57. Laugh
Laughed
rire
25. Cry
Cried
pleurer
58. Learn
Learned
apprendre
26. Dare
Dared
défier
59. Lift
Lifted
soulever
27. Deny
Denied
nier
60. Light
Lighted
allumer
28. Describe
Described
décrire
61. Like
Liked
aimer, apprécier
29. Deserve
Deserved
mériter
62. Listen to
Listened to
écouter
30. Die
Died
mourir
63. Live
Lived
vivre
31. Discover
Discovered
découvrir
64. Look
Looked
regarder
32. Discuss
Discussed
discuter
65. Love
Loved
aimer
33. Disturb
Disturbed
déranger
66. Mail
Mailed
expédier (par la poste)
Boil
34
PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST/
PAST PARTICIPLE
FRENCH
PRESENT
SIMPLE PAST/
PAST PARTICIPLE
FRENCH
67. Manage
Managed
se débrouiller
99. Skate
Skated
patiner
68. Marry
Married
marier
100. Skip
Skipped
passer / sautiller
69. Miss
Missed
manquer
101. Slow down
Slowed down
ralentir
70. Move
Moved
bouger
102. Smoke
Smoked
fumer
71. Need
Needed
avoir besoin
103. Solve
Solved
résoudre
72. Notice
Noticed
remarquer
104. Spell
Spelled
épeler
73. Owe
Owed
devoir
105. Stay
Stayed
rester /demeurer
74. Own
Owned
appartenir
106. Stretch
Stretched
s’étirer
75. Paint
Painted
peinturer
107. Study
Studied
étudier
76. Permit
Permitted
permettre
108. Succeed
Succeeded
réussir
77. Pick out
Picked out
choisir
109. Suggest
Suggested
suggérer
78. Pick up
Picked up
ramasser
110. Talk
Talked
parler
79. Plan
Planned
planifier
111. Tie
Tied
attacher
80. Play
Played
jouer
112. Train
Trained
s’entraîner
81. Please
Pleased
plaire
113. Travel
Traveled
voyager
82. Point
Pointed
pointer
114. Try
Tried
essayer
83. Practise
Practised
pratiquer
115. Turn
Turned
tourner
84. Produce
Produced
produire
116. Use
Used
utiliser
85. Provide
Provided
fournir
117. Use
Used
se servir
86. Pull
Pulled
tirer
118. Wait
Waited
attendre
87. Race
Raced
courser
119. Walk
Walked
marcher
88. Raise
Raised
lever
120. Want
Wanted
vouloir
89. Recognize
Recognized
reconnaître
121. Warm up
Warmed up
se réchauffer
90. Remain
Remained
rester
122. Warn
Warned
avertir
91. Remember
Remembered
souvenir
123. Wash
Washed
laver
92. Rent
Rented
louer
124. Waste
Wasted
gaspiller
93. Save
Saved
sauver
125. Watch
Watched
regarder
94. Save
Saved
sauvegarder
126. Weigh
Weighed
peser
95. Search
Searched
chercher
127. Welcome
Welcomed
accueillir
96. Select
Selected
sélectionner
128. Wish
Wished
souhaiter
97. Share
Shared
partager
129. Work
Worked
travailler
98. Shout
Shouted
crier
130. Worry
Worried
s’inquiéter
35
infinitive
past simple
past participle
French
translation
infinitive
past simple
past participle
French
translation
1.
to arise
arose
arisen
surgir
32.
to drink
drank
drunk
boire
2.
to awake
awoke
awoken
s’éveiller
33.
to drive
drove
driven
conduire
3.
to be
was / were
been
être
34.
to eat
ate
eaten
manger
4.
to beat
beat
beaten
battre
35.
to fall
fell
fallen
tomber
5.
to become
became
become
devenir
36.
to feed
fed
fed
nourrir
6.
to begin
began
begun
commencer
37.
to feel
felt
felt
se sentir
7.
to bend
bent
bent
courber / plier
38.
to fight
fought
fought
lutter / se
battre
8.
to bet
bet
bet
parier / gager
39.
to find
found
found
trouver
9.
to bite
bit
bitten
mordre
40.
to fly
flew
flown
voler (in the
air)
10.
to bleed
bled
bled
saigner
41.
to forbid
forbade
forbidden
interdire
42.
to forget
forgot
forgotten
oublier
11.
to blow
blew
blown
souffler /
gonfler
12.
to break
broke
broken
briser / casser
43.
to forgive
forgave
forgiven
pardonner
13.
to breed
bred
bred
élever /
accoupler
44.
to freeze
froze
frozen
geler
14.
to bring
brought
brought
apporter
45.
to get
got
got/gotten
obtenir
15.
to broadcast
broadcast
broadcast
diffuser
46.
to give
gave
given
donner
47.
to go
went
gone
aller
to build
built
built
construire /
bâtir
17.
to burn
burnt /
burned
burnt / burned
brûler
48.
to grow
grew
grown
croître /
grandir
18.
to burst
burst
burst
éclater
49.
to hang
hung
hung
suspendre
19.
to buy
bought
bought
acheter
50.
to have
had
had
avoir
20.
to catch
caught
caught
attraper
51.
to hear
heard
heard
entendre
21.
to choose
chose
chosen
choisir
52.
to hide
hid
hidden
cacher
22.
to come
came
come
venir
53.
to hit
hit
hit
frapper
23.
to cost
cost
cost
coûter
54.
to hold
held
held
tenir
24.
to creep
crept
crept
ramper
55.
to hurt
hurt
hurt
blesser
25.
to cut
cut
cut
couper
56.
to keep
kept
kept
garder
57.
to kneel
knelt / kneeled
s’agenouiller
58.
to knit
knit / knitted
tricoter
59.
to know
60.
16.
26.
to deal
dealt
dealt
distribuer /
gérer /
négocier
27.
to dig
dug
dug
creuser
28.
to dive
dove / dived
dived
plonger
29.
to do
did
done
faire
30.
to draw
drew
drawn
dessiner
31.
to dream
dreamt /
dreamed
dreamt /
dreamed
rêver
36
knelt /
kneeled
knit /
knitted
savoir /
connaître
placer /
poser/pondre
knew
known
to lay
laid
laid
61.
to lead
led
led
mener
62.
to leap
leapt /
leaped
leapt / leaped
sauter /
bondir
infinitive
past simple
past participle
French
translation
infinitive
past simple
past participle
French
translation
63.
to learn
learnt /
learned
learnt / learned
apprendre
94.
to speak
spoke
spoken
parler
64.
to leave
left
left
quitter, partir,
laisser
95.
to spell
spelt /
spelled
spelt / spelled
épeler
65.
to lend
lent
lent
prêter
96.
to spend
spent
spent
dépenser
66.
to let
let
let
laisser
97.
to spill
spilt /
spilled
spilt / spilled
renverser
67.
to lie
lay
lain
s’étendre
98.
to spin
spun
spun
tourner
68.
to light
lit / lighted
lit / lighted
allumer
99.
to spit
spat
spat
cracher
69.
to lose
lost
lost
perdre
100. to split
split
split
fendre /
diviser
70.
to make
made
made
101. to spoil
spoilt /
spoiled
spoilt / spoiled
gâcher / gâter
71.
to mean
meant
meant
102. to stand
stood
stood
se tenir / être
debout
72.
to meet
met
met
rencontrer
103. to steal
stole
stolen
voler
73.
to pay
paid
paid
payer
104. to stink
stank
stunk
puer
74.
to put
put
put
mettre
105. to strike
struck
struck
frapper
75.
to read
lire
106. to swear
swore
sworn
jurer / sacrer
76.
fabriquer /
faire
signifier /
vouloir dire
read
read
(pronounce “red”)
(pronounce “red”)
to ride
rode
ridden
se promener à
107. to sweat
sweat /
sweated
sweat / sweated
suer /
transpirer
77.
to ring
rang
rung
sonner
108. to sweep
swept
swept
balayer
78.
to run
ran
run
courir
109. to swim
swam
swum
nager
swung
swung
balancer /
osciller
79.
to say
said
said
dire
110. to swing
80.
to see
saw
seen
voir
111. to take
took
taken
prendre
81.
to sell
sold
sold
vendre
112. to teach
taught
taught
enseigner
82.
to send
sent
sent
envoyer
113. to tear
tore
torn
déchirer
83.
to shine
shone
shone
briller
114. to tell
told
told
dire / raconter
115. to think
thought
thought
penser
threw
thrown
lancer
understood
understood
comprendre
84.
to shoot
shot
shot
abattre, tirer,
lancer
85.
to show
showed
shown
montrer
116. to throw
86.
to shrink
shrank
shrunk
rétrécir
117.
to
understand
87.
to shut
shut
shut
fermer
118. to upset
upset
upset
être bouleversé
/ troubler
88.
to sing
sang
sung
chanter
119. to wake
woke
woken
se réveiller
sank
sunk
enfoncer /
couler
120. to wear
wore
worn
porter
sat
sat
s’asseoir
121. to weep
wept
wept
pleurer
won
won
gagner
wrote
written
écrire
89.
to sink
90.
to sit
91.
to sleep
slept
slept
dormir
122. to win
92.
to slide
slid
slid
glisser
123. to write
93.
to smell
smelt /
smelled
smelt / smelled
sentir
37
CONJUGATING VERBS IN ENGLISH
(Only Exception in English)
Simple Present
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
I am
I am not
Am I …?
You are
You are not
Are you…?
He/She/It is
He/She/It is not
Is he/she/it…?
We are
We are not
Are we…?
You are
You are not
Are you…?
They are
They are not
Are they…
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I was
I was not
Was I…?
You were
You were not
Were you…?
He/She/It was
He/She/It was not
Was he/she/it…?
We were
We were not
Were we…?
You were
You were not
Were you…?
They were
They were not
Were they…?
Simple Future
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will be
I will not be
Will I be..?
You will be
You will not be
Will you be…?
He/She/It will be
He/She/It will not be
Will he/she/it be…?
We will be
We will not be
Will we be…?
You will be
You will not be
Will you be…?
They will not be
Will they be…?
They will be
Present Continuous / Present Progressive
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I am being
I am not being
Am I being…?
You are being
You are not being
Are you being…?
He/She/It is being
He/She/It is not being
Is he/she/it being…?
We are being
We are not being
Are we being…?
You are being
You are not being
Are you being…?
They are being
They are not being
Are they being…?
Affirmative
Past Continuous / Past Progressive
Negative
Interrogative
I/He/She/It was being
I /He/She/It was not being
Was I/he/she/it being?
We/You/They were being
We/You/They were not being
Were we/you/they being?
38
Simple Present
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have
I do not have
Do I hav…?
You have
You do not have
Do you have…?
He/She/It haS
He/She/It doES not haVE
DoES he/she/it haVE…?
We have
We do not have
Do we have …?
You have
You do not have
Do you have …?
They have
They do not have
Do they have …?
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I had
I did not have
Did I have…?
You had
You did not have
Did you have…?
He/She/It had
He/She/It did not have
Did he/she/it have…?
We had
We did not have
Did we have…?
You had
You did not have
Did you have…?
They had
They did not have
Did they have…?
Affirmative
Simple Future
Negative
Interrogative
I will have
I will not have
Will I have…?
You will have
You will not have
Will you have …?
He/She/It will have
He/She/It will not have
Will he/she/it have…?
We will have
We will not have
Will we have…?
You will have
You will not have
Will you have…6
They will have
They will not have
Will they have…?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I am having
I am not having
Am I having…?
You are having
You are not having
Are you having…?
He/She/It is having
He/She/It is not having
Is he/she/it having…?
We are having
We are not having
Are we having…?
You are having
You are not having
Are you having…?
They are having
They are not having
Are they having…?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I/He/She/It was having
I /He/She/It was not having
Was I/he/she/it having…?
We/You/They were having
We/You/They were not having
Were we/you/they having…?
39
Simple Present
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I play
I do not play
Do I play…?
You play
You do not play
Do you play…?
He/She/It playS
He/She/It doES not plaY
Does he/she/it plaY…?
We play
We do not play
Do we play…?
You play
You do not play
Do you play…?
They play
They do not play
Do they play…?
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I playED
I did not play
Did I play…?
You playED
You did not play
Did you play…?
He/She/It playED
He/She/It did not play
Did he/she/it play…?
We playED
We did not play
Did we play…?
You playED
You did not play
Did you play…?
They playEd
They did not play
Did they play…?
Simple Future
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I will play
I will not play
Will I play…?
You will play
You will not play
Will you play…?
He/She/It wil playl
He/She/It will not play
Will he/she/it play…?
We will play
We will not play
Will we play…?
You will play
You will not play
Will you play…?
They will play
They will not play
Will they play…?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I am playing
I am not playing
Am I playing…?
You are playing
You are not playing
Are you playing…?
He/She/It is playing
He/She/It is not playing
Is he/she/it playing…?
We are playing
We are not playing
Are we playing…?
You are playing
You are not playing
Are you playing…?
They are playing
They are not playing
Are they playing…?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I/He/She/It was playing
I /He/She/It was not playing
Was I/he/she/it playing…?
We/You/They were playing
We/You/They were not playing
Were we/you/they playing…?
40
Simple Present
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I go
I do not go
Do I go…?
You go
You do not go
Do you go…?
He/She/It goES
He/She/It doES not gO
DoES he/she/it gO…?
We go
We do not go
Do we go…?
You go
You do not go
Do you go…?
They go
They do not go
Do they go…?
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I went
I did not go
Did I go…?
You went
You did not go
Did you go…?
He/She/It went
He/She/It did not go
Did he/she/it go…?
We went
We did not go
Did we go…?
You went
You did not go
Did you go…?
They went
They did not go
Did they go…?
Simple Future
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
I will go
I will not go
Will I go…?
You will go
You will not go
Will you go…?
He/She/It will go
He/She/It will not go
Will he/she/it go…?
We will go
We will not go
Will we go…?
You will go
You will not go
Will you go…?
They will go
They will not go
Will they go…?
Affirmative
Present Continuous/Present Progressive
Negative
Interrogative
I am going
I am not going
Am I going…?
You are going
You are not going
Are you going…?
He/She/It is going
He/She/It is not going
Is he/she/it going…?
We are going
We are not going
Are we going…?
You are going
You are not going
Are you going…?
They are going
They are not going
Are they going…?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I/He/She/It was going
I /He/She/It was not going
Was I/he/she/it going…?
We/You/They were going
We/You/They were not going
Were we/you/they going… ?
41
Simple Present
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I like
I do not like
Do I like…?.
You like
You do not like
Do you like…?
He/She/It likeS
He/She/It doES not likE
DoES he/she/it likE…?
We like
We do not like
Do we like…?
You like
You do not like
Do you like…?
They like
They do not like
Do they like…?
Simple Past
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I liked
I did not like
Did I like…?
You liked
You did not like
Did you like…?
He/She/It liked
He/She/It did not like
Did he/she/it like…?
We liked
We did not like
Did we like…?
You liked
You did not like
Did you like…?
They liked
They did not like
Did they like…?
Simple Future
Negative
Affirmative
Interrogative
I will like
I will not like
Will I like…?
You will like
You will not like
Will you like…?
He/She/It will like
He/She/It will not like
Will he/she/it like…?
We will like
We will not like
Will we like…?
You will like
You will not like
Will you like…?
They will like
They will not like
Will they like…?
Affirmative
Present Continuous/Present Progressive
Negative
Interrogative
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
STATIVE VERBS LIKE: believe, belong, hate, hear, know, like, love, own, possess, prefer,
remember, see, understand and want NEVER TAKE THE PROGRESSIVE/CONTINUOUS FORM.
42
MODAL AUXILIARIES
Modal auxiliaries give information as to
how the message should be interpreted.
For example: you should do your
homework is a SUGGESTION. You must do
your homework is an OBLIGATION.
Modal
French
Example
Can
Peux (verbe pouvoir)
I can speak English.
Can
Est-ce que je peux..
Can I have a sheet of paper?
Could
Pouvais ou Pourrais
When I was 10, I could run very fast.
Could
Pouvais-je ou Pourrais-je…
Could I have a sheet of paper?
Should
Devrais
You should eat more vegetables.
Should
Devrais-je
Should I eat more vegetables?
May
Peut-être
I may go to the party but I am not
certain.
May
Puis-je
May I have a sheet of paper?
Might
possiblement
I might go to the party but I am not
certain.
Must
Dois (verbe devoir)
You must do your homework, you
don’t have any choice.
Have/Has to
dois
He has to do his homework, he
doesn’t have any choice.
*The verb placed after the MODAL is always in the INFINITIVE.
Negative form: add the word NOT after the modal.
example: you may not go to the party.
43
"IF" CLAUSES
(SENTENCES)
Depending on the possibility of obtaining the result, you will need to change
verb tenses. It is not as easy as in French (les "si" mangent les "-rais")
Condition
Probability
Example
If you heat water, it boils.
0
Certain
If you work here, you get paid.
If you study, you will pass.
1st
Probable
2nd
Improbable but
not impossible
3rd
If you work hard, you will be
rewarded.
If you bought a lottery ticket,
you would win.
If he were at school, he would
learn something.
If you had known, you would
have helped.
Impossible
If he had taken the notes, he
would have had the answers.
Verb tenses
Simple Present +
Simple Present
Simple Present +
Simple Future
Simple Past + Would
and verb (infinitive)
Had + Past participle
Would + Have + Past
Participle
To form the past participle of verbs:
Irregular verbs: Consult the list in your toolkit (p.32-33) + Use column 3
Regular verbs: Simply add -ED
44
I Interact Orally in
English
Listening
Speaking
• I look at and listen to the person
talking.
• I start talking.
• I react to the message:
• I try to guess the message:
I use vocabulary and
I pay attention to words
expressions I know.
and expressions I know.
I ask for words and
I use visual clues (gestures,
expressions I don’t know.
facial expressions…).
I ask questions.
• I show that I understand.
• I continue talking.
I act.
I react.
45
I don’t panic.
I use resources.
I take risks.
I LISTEN to Texts
BEFORE
•
•
•
•
•
I
I
I
I
I
ask myself: What do I have to do?
look at the title.
look at the illustrations, the visuals…
think of what I know about the subject.
predict what will happen.
DURING
•
•
•
•
I listen to the text.
I don’t panic.
I concentrate.
To help me understand the text:
I listen to the intonation.
I listen for key elements: people, places, objects …
I keep in mind the words I
know.
AFTER
•
•
46
I check to see if my predictions were correct.
I show my understanding by doing the task.
I READ Stories
BEFORE
•
•
•
•
•
I
I
I
I
I
ask myself: What do I have to do?
read the title and subtitles.
look at the illustrations.
think of what I know about the subject.
predict what will happen.
DURING
•
•
I read the story.
To help me understand the story:
I look for important elements: people, places,
objects …
I notice the words I know.
I guess the meaning of words I don’t know:
- I look at the illustrations.
- I look at the words that come before and
after.
AFTER
•
•
47
I check to see if my predictions were correct.
I show my understanding by doing the task.
I WRITE Texts
I PREPARE TO WRITE.
•
•
•
•
I read the instructions.
I take out the resources I need (my books, my dictionary, my
bank of expressions…).
I look at the model.
I write down ideas in English.
I WRITE A DRAFT.
•
•
•
•
•
•
I look at the model again.
I follow the instructions.
I use my ideas.
I write short sentences in English. (subject/verb/object)
I use the vocabulary and expressions I know.
If I have a problem:
I ask for help, I use my bank of words…
I REVISE MY TEXT.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Did I follow instructions?
Did I follow the model?
Are my ideas original?
Using the resources I have:
I check the spelling.
I check the word order and the punctuation.
I ask a team-mate to revise my text.
I correct my text.
I WRITE MY FINAL TEXT.
•
•
•
48
Is it OK?
Is it neat?
Is it easy to read?
TIPS FOR IMPROVING YOUR ENGLISH
I watch at least 30 MINUTES of television in ENGLISH (no
subtitles and no watching it in French first) every day!
I read at least 15 minutes in ENGLISH (internet, magazines,
newspapers…) every day!
I adopt a POSITIVE ATTITUDE!
I accept that learning a language is DIFFICULT.
I accept NOT UNDERSTANDING every thing.
I make A LOT of EFFORT in class.
I make an EFFORT to speak ONLY IN ENGLISH in class.
I do activities on the internet (google: easy on-line
activities to learn English).
49
Common Mistakes ESL Learners Make!
Here is a list of some major errors and how to correct them.
THE ERROR
THE CORRECT WAY
EXAMPLE
The Montreal bus ARRIVED 2 minutes
ago. (L'autobus de Montréal est arrivé…)
In English, you ARRIVE at a destination.
ARRIVE
(avoir lieu)
In English, an event HAPPENS or TAKES
PLACE.
Happened
The accident arrived yesterday.
(L'accident s'est passé hier.)
The story TAKES PLACE in France.
(L'histoire se passe en France.)
FOR + VERB
In English, you can NOT put the word
"FOR" before a verb.
You must use the word TO.
ADJECTIVES
In English, ADJECTIVES NEVER take the
plural form.
TO
I went to the park FOR PLAY soccer.
(je suis allé au parc pour jouer au soccer.)
BEAUTIFUL
We have three beautifuls girls.
(Nous avons trois belles filles)
In English AUXILIARIES are placed
BEFORE the main action verb.
AUXILIARIES
The main action verb REMAINS in the
INFINITIVE PRESENT.
In English MANY and MUCH mean
“beaucoup”.
BUT
CAN HELP
Linda can helps you every Monday.
(Linda peut t'aider tous les lundis.)
MANY
She has much children.
MANY
MUCH
In English we MUST use MANY before
NOUNS that we can COUNT.
In English we MUST use MUCH before
NOUNS that we CANNOT COUNT, but
MEASURE.
INTENSIFIERS
50
In English, the most popular
INTENSIFIER is "VERY".
BUT
In English, "VERY" is NOT always
EASY to use. Try using REALLY
instead.
(Elle a beaucoup d'enfants.)
MUCH
The group drank too many water.
(Le groupe a bu beaucoup trop d'eau.)
REALLY
I very like to eat pizza.
(J'aime vraiment manger de la pizza.)
Or
I like to play sports VERY MUCH.
Révision
A
B
Phrases
Accord du
nom
Observations et vérifications
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sépare les phrases par un trait oblique
Vérifie si les phrases sont complètes (S + V + O)
Vérifie si les phrases ont du sens et si elle sont bien construites.
Vérifie la ponctuation. (majuscule, point selon le type de phrase, virgules, etc.)
1. Repère chaque nom commun et son adjectif.
2. Place chaque nom et adjectif entre crochets.
3. Fais les accords nécessaires.
C
1. Souligne chaque verbe. Pour les verbes à l’infinitif, inscris « inf.» audessus et encadre le « TO ».
2. Trace une flèche vers le sujet.
3. Lorsque le sujet est un nom, inscris le pronom au-dessus.
4. Vérifies le temps du verbe et accorde-le.
Simple present
3ième pers. du singulier (he, she, it)
verbe + s, es, ies
51
/
M.?!,
[ adj. + nom ]
* ATTENTION, l’adjectif est toujours placé devant un nom et il est invariable.
Accord du
verbe
Traces
I have [three blue balls] in
my bag.
he
Inf.
Paul likes to play soccer.
Simple past
Verbe régulier
Verbe + ed
Verbe irrégulier
Regarde sur ta liste de verbe
1. Place un astérisque au-dessus des mots dont tu doutes de l’orthographe
ou du sens.
2. Avant de chercher dans le dictionnaire, utilise d’autres stratégies. (affiches,
cahier de notes, manuel de l’élève…)
3. Cherche dans le dictionnaire.
D
Orthographe
*
La méthode et la patience sont les seuls vrais trucs pour bien corriger! Ne laisse pas le
hasard décider de ta réussite!
CHECKLIST FOR THE WRITING PROCESS
1. I prepare to write
Discuss and write down your ideas.
I brainstorm with others about ideas and topics.
I activate prior knowledge of the language to be
used
Write down an outline of the text.
Use various resources (dictionary, functional language).
2. I write a draft
Use your ideas and your outline.
Write down short complete sentences
Use language and vocabulary you know.
Ask for help or advice when needed.
3. I revise my text
Read your draft as if you were the target audience.
Rearrange, clarify and complete your ideas when needed.
Double-check your word choice.
Ask for another person’s feedback.
Rewrite your draft with the modifications you made.
4. I edit my text
Use resources like different models, dictionaries,
thesauruses and grammar references.
Ask for help or advice when needed.
5. I publish my text
Take into account your text type.
Make a polished copy.
Present your text to the target audience
52
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
FRENCH
abattre, tirer, lancer
accueillir
acheter
aider
aimer
aimer, apprécier
ajouter
aller
allumer
allumer
apparaître
appartenir
appeler
apporter
apprendre
apprendre
assister à
attacher
attendre
atterrir
attraper
avertir
avoir
avoir besoin
balancer / osciller
balayer
battre
blesser
boire
bouger
bouillir
briller
briser / casser
brûler
brûler
cacher
chanter
chercher
choisir
choisir
collectionner
commencer
comprendre
compter
conduire
construire / bâtir
contacter
couler
couper
courber / plier
courir
courser
53
ENGLISH
to shoot
to welcome
to buy
to help
to love
to like
to add
to go
to light
to light
to appear
to own
to call
to bring
to learn
to learn
to attend
to tie
to wait
to land
to catch
to warn
to have
to need
to swing
to sweep
to beat
to hurt
to drink
to move
to boil
to shine
to break
to burn
to burn
to hide
to sing
to search
to choose
to pick out
to collect
to begin
to understand
to count
to drive
to build
to contact
to drown
to cut
to bend
to run
to race
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
FRENCH
coûter
cracher
craindre
creuser
crier
croire
croître / grandir
déchirer
découvrir
décrire
défier
demander
dépenser
déranger
dessiner
devenir
deviner
devoir
diffuser
dire
dire / raconter
discuter
distribuer, gérer, négocier
donner
dormir
durer
échouer
éclater
écouter
Écrire
effacer
élever, accoupler
enfoncer , couler
enseigner
entendre
envoyer
épeler
épeler
espérer
essayer
être
être bouleversé, troubler
être en accord
étudier
éviter
expédier (par la poste)
fabriquer / faire
faire
fendre, diviser
fermer
fermer
fournir
ENGLISH
to cost
to spit
to fear
to dig
to shout
to believe
to grow
to tear
to discover
to describe
to dare
to ask
to spend
to disturb
to draw
to become
to guess
to owe
to broadcast
to say
to tell
to discuss
to deal
to give
to sleep
to last
to fail
to burst
to listen to
to write
to erase
to breed
to sink
to teach
to hear
to send
to spell
to spell
to hope
to try
to be
to upset
to agree
to study
to avoid
to mail
to make
to do
to split
to shut
to close
to provide
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
133.
134.
135.
136.
137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.
154.
155.
156.
FRENCH
frapper
frapper
fumer
gâcher, gâter
gagner
garder
gaspiller
geler
glisser
grimper
inclure
indiquer
interdire
jouer
jurer, sacrer
laisser
lancer
laver
lever
libérer
lire
louer
lutter, se battre
mâcher
manger
manquer
marcher
marier
mener
mériter
mettre
mettre fin à
montrer
mordre
mourir
nager
nier
nourrir
obtenir
oublier
pardonner
parier, gager
parler
parler
partager
passer, sautiller
patiner
payer
pêcher
peinturer
penser
perdre
54
ENGLISH
to hit
to strike
to smoke
to spoil
to win
to keep
to waste
to freeze
to slide
to climb
to include
to indicate
to forbid
to play
to swear
to let
to throw
to wash
to raise
to free
to read
to rent
to fight
to chew
to eat
to miss
to walk
to marry
to lead
to deserve
to put
to end
to show
to bite
to die
to swim
to deny
to feed
to get
to forget
to forgive
to bet
to speak
to talk
to share
to skip
to skate
to pay
to fish
to paint
to think
to lose
157.
158.
159.
160.
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
187.
188.
189.
190.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208.
FRENCH
permettre
permettre
peser
placer, poser, pondre
plaire
planifier
pleurer
pleurer
plonger
pointer
porter
porter
pratiquer
prendre
prêter
produire
puer
quitter, partir, laisser
ralentir
ramasser
ramper
reconnaître
regarder
regarder
remarquer
remplir
rencontrer
renverser
réparer
répondre
résoudre
respirer
rester
rester, demeurer
rétrécir
réussir
rêver
rire
rivaliser
s’agenouiller
s’amuser
s’asseoir
s’entraîner
s’étendre
s’étirer
s’éveiller
s’inquiéter
saigner
sauter
sauter, bondir
sauvegarder
sauver
ENGLISH
to allow
to permit
to weigh
to lay
to please
to plan
to weep
to cry
to dive
to point
to wear
to carry
to practise
to take
to lend
to produce
to stink
to leave
to slow down
to pick up
to creep
to recognize
to look
to watch
to notice
to fill
to meet
to spill
to fix
to answer
to solve
to breathe
to remain
to stay
to shrink
to succeed
to dream
to laugh
to compete
to kneel
to enjoy
to sit
to train
to lie
to stretch
to awake
to worry
to bleed
to jump
to leap
to save
to save
209.
210.
211.
212.
213.
214.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.
221.
222.
223.
224.
225.
226.
227.
228.
229.
230.
231.
232.
233.
234.
235.
236.
237.
238.
239.
240.
241.
242.
243.
244.
245.
246.
247.
248.
249.
250.
251.
252.
253.
FRENCH
savoir, connaître
se comporter
se débrouiller
se passer
se promener à
se réchauffer
se réveiller
se sentir
se servir
se tenir, être debout
sécher
sélectionner
sentir
signifier, vouloir dire
sonner
souffler, gonfler
souhaiter
soulever
souvenir
suer, transpirer
suggérer
suivre
surgir
suspendre
tenir
terminer
tirer
tomber
tourner
tourner
travailler
traverser, croiser
tricoter
trouver
utiliser
vendre
venir
vérifier, cocher
vider
vivre
voir
voler
voler (in the air)
vouloir
voyager
55
ENGLISH
to know
to behave
to manage
to happen
to ride
to warm up
to wake
to feel
to use
to stand
to dry
to select
to smell
to mean
to ring
to blow
to wish
to lift
to remember
to sweat
to suggest
to follow
to arise
to hang
to hold
to finish
to pull
to fall
to spin
to turn
to work
to cross
to knit
to find
to use
to sell
to come
to check
to empty
to live
to see
to steal
to fly
to want
to travel
56

File - Sylvie`s PageEsl Teacher du Triolet High School

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