la pauvreté urbaine au japon

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1
L’indicateur IPH-2, calculé à partir des indicateurs de longévité, d’instruction, de conditions de
vie et d’exclusion
2
OCDE, Shotoku kakusa to hinkon [disparité de revenus et pauvreté], février 2005
1
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3
S. Paugam, « Les trois formes de la pauvreté en Europe », Sciences humaines, n°168,
2006
4
OCDE, Economic Survey of Japan 2006, volume 2006, n°13
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5
C’est une des définitions possibles : aujourd’hui cette catégorie touche aussi les plus de 34
ans, et plus particulièrement les femmes
6
Les travailleurs à mi-temps gagnent environ 40% du salaire horaire d’un travailleur à plein
temps
7
parasaito shinguru [célibataires parasites], expression apparue en 2000 désignant les jeunes
entre 20 et 35 ans qui vivent chez leurs parents
3
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8
Le travail journalier est toujours légal au Japon
Voir le travail pionnier d’A. Gonon, Précarité et isolement social, le monde des travailleurs
journaliers, Tokyo, Maison Franco-Japonaise, 1995
10
P. Pons, Misère et crime au Japon, Paris, Gallimard, 1999
9
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5
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Findings from the San’ya Day Labor Survey, 2000, Working Paper Series
12
Jeux de hasard entre le flipper et la machine à sous.
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13
Le terme sans-abri me semble le plus neutre pour désigner cette population, bien que le
terme japonais nojuku seikatsusha (personne qui vit dehors) soit plus approprié.
14
Nakama (collègue, camarade, copain) : terme que les sans-abri emploient pour se désigner
les uns les autres
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15
Manifestations pour réclamer du travail, protester quand l’un d’entre eux a été tué, etc.
Hômuresu no jittai ni kansuru zenkoku chôsa [Enquête nationale sur les conditions des sansabri] (Ministère des Affaires Sociales) 2003 www.mhlw.go.jp/houdou/2003/03/h0326-5.html
16
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17
Tôkyô no hômuresu [les sans-abri de Tokyo], 2001, Tôkyôto fukushi kyoku [service d’aide
social de la mairie de Tokyo]
18
Tôkyô no homeless, op. cit.
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19
S. Roy, D. Laberge, « Pour être il faut être quelque part », Sociologie et sociétés, vol.33
n°2, 2001
20
O. Voirol, « Visibilité et invisibilité : une introduction », Réseaux, n° 129-130, Paris,
Lavoisier, 2005
21
Rapport des ONG sur l’engagement international des droits économiques, sociaux et
culturels, 2000, http://member.nifty.ne.jp/nojuku/english/NGOrep.html
22
O. Aoki. (dir), gendai nihon no « mienai » hinkon [la pauvreté invisible dans le Japon
actuel], Tokyo, Akashi shoten, 2005
10
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23
Les burakumin sont victimes d’une discrimination très ancienne qui perdure malgré des lois
pour leur émancipation. Ils descendent des eta (« êtres souillés »), spécialisés dans le travail du
cuir, et des hinin (« non-humains ») composés de mendiants, de saltimbanques et de gens
exclus de leur communauté.
24
S. Paugam, Les formes élémentaires de la pauvreté, Paris, PUF, 2005
25
S. Paugam, Naissance d’une sociologie de la pauvreté, in G. Simmel, Les pauvres, Paris,
PUF, 1998
26
E. Durkheim (1912), les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse. Le système totémique en
Australie. Paris, PUF, 1968, p609
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27
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aux familles le « devoir d’entretenir » les siens
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28
B. Bernier, « Le japon, société sans classes ? », Anthropologie et Sociétés, vol.18, n°1, 1994
Keizai Hakusho [Livre blanc sur l’économie], cité par M. Chûbachi et T. Kôji, in Japanese
Industrialization and Its Social Consequences, Hugh Patrick éd., 1976, p.431
29
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31
Les universités japonaises proposent aujourd’hui des départements d’« aide sociale » (shakai
fukushi).
32
O. Aoki, « Gendai nihon no « hinkonkan » ni kansuru anketo kekka chûkan hôkoku », kyoiku
fukushi kenkyu, n°12, 2006
33
Entre 75 et 88% des étudiants et des habitants citent ces réponses
34
iwakan : manque d’harmonie, malaise, désaccord
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35
Ce qui explique la multiplication de publication d’ouvrages type « manuel d’assistance
publique » depuis 2000-2001, et qui se vendent très bien.
36
T. Kozakai, entretien dans la revue synapse, novembre 2000, n°170
Malgré quelques travaux très intéressants [voir bibliographie : Aoki, Bitô, Iwata, Malinas…]
leur impact est souvent limité au milieu universitaire
37
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38
M. Messu, « Pauvreté et exclusion en France », in F. Merrien (dir.), Face à la pauvreté, Paris,
Les Editions de l’Atelier, 1994, p.144
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39
O. Voirol, op. cit.
21
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"
22