Volume - Caroline Imbert`s WebCV
Transcription
Volume - Caroline Imbert`s WebCV
/DUHYXH/LGLOHVWpGLWpH SDUOH/DERUDWRLUHGHOLQJXLVWLTXHHWGLGDFWLTXH GHVODQJXHVpWUDQJqUHVHWPDWHUQHOOHV/,',/(0 8QLYHUVLWp6WHQGKDO*UHQREOHHW,8)0GH*UHQREOH 1 ',5(&75,&('(/$38%/,&$7,21 )UDQoRLVH%RFK 5e'$&75,&((1&+() &DWK\)ULHU 6(&5e7$,5('(5e'$&7,21 0DULHOOH5LVSDLO 5HVSRQVDEOHVGHODUXEULTXH9DULD 0DULH3DXOH-DFTXHVHW9LUJLQLH=DPSD 5HVSRQVDEOHGHV1RWHVGHOHFWXUH 0DULHOOH5LVSDLO &20,7e'(5e'$&7,21 0DU\VH%LDQFR)UDQoRLVH%RFK&DWKHULQH%ULVVDXG)ORUHQFH&KHQX -HDQ3LHUUH&KHYURW)UDQFLV*URVVPDQQ0DULH3DXOH-DFTXHV$JQqV0LOOHW 0DULHOOH5LVSDLO$JQqV7XWLQ9LUJLQLH=DPSD &20,7e'(/(&785( *HRUJHV$QWRQLDGLV&ULVWHOOH&DYDOOD'DQLHO&RVWH-DFTXHV&ULQRQ %HUWUDQG'DXQD\-HDQ)UDQoRLV'H3LHWUR&KULVWLQH'HYHORWWH&pFLOH )UpURW)UDQoRLVH*DGHW6\OYLDQH*UDQJHU=ODWND*XHQWFKpYD0DULH&pFLOH *XHUQLHU%HQRvW+DEHUW$QQH+DOWp$OLFH+HQGHUVRQ7KpUqVH-HDQQHUHW 2OLYLHU.UDLI)UDQoRLV0DQJHQRW0DULQHWWH0DWWKH\0DULD$QWRQLD0RWD -HDQ3DXO1DUF\&RPEHV,YD1RYDNRYD-HDQ&KULVWRSKH3HOODW 0DULH&ODXGH3HQORXS0DULD$QWRQLHWWD3LQWR)UDQoRLV4XHW)UDQoRLVH 5DE\<YHV5HXWHU 3285&(180e52217e7e(12875(62//,&,7e63285e9$/8(5/(6$57,&/(6 (OL]DEHWWD&DUSLWHOOL6FRWW'H/DQFH\/XFLDQD6WRUWR%HQMDPLQ)DJDUG 'DQ)URVW&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG$LPpH/DKDXVVRLV0DWKLDV-HQQ\'LDQD/HH 6LPRQ*DLO7DLOOHIHU1LFRODV7RXUQDGUH6\OYLH9RLVLQ /DUHYXH/LGLODSSOLTXHOHVUHFRPPDQGDWLRQVRUWKRJUDSKLTXHVRIÀFLHOOHV GHORL7RXERQ (OOXJ 8QLYHUVLWp6WHQGKDO %3²*UHQREOHFHGH[ ,6%1 ,661 Typologie et description linguistiques : interfaces et interactions 1XPpURFRRUGRQQpSDU &DUROLQH,PEHUWHW1DWKDOLH9DOOpH /XFLH$PDUR 1RsOOLH%RQ 5RVHU*DXFKROD &ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG &DUROLQH,PEHUW &DPLOOH6LPRQ 1DWKDOLH9DOOpH $OLFH9LWWUDQW 0DULQH9XLOOHUPHW Pour une description typologique des langues &DUROLQH,PEHUWHW1DWKDOLH9DOOpH &HQXPpURFRQVDFUpjODOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHUpXQLWVHSWFRQWULEX WLRQVSURSRVDQWFKDFXQHO·HVTXLVVHG·XQSKpQRPqQHOLQJXLVWLTXHGDQV XQHRXSOXVLHXUVODQJXHVGDQVXQHDSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXH HWW\SRGHVFULSWLYHGHVODQJXHV 1. Qu’est-ce que l’« approche fonctionnelle-typologique » ? /·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHHVWXQHDSSURFKHQRQJpQpUDWLYH TXLDpWpPDMRULWDLUHPHQWDSSOLTXpHDX[GRPDLQHVGHODV\QWD[HHWGH ODPRUSKRV\QWD[HjODVXLWHGHVWUDYDX[GHV:HVW&RDVW)XQFWLRQDOLVWV WHOVTXH7RP*LYyQ6FRWW'H/DQFH\&ROHWWH&UDLJDOLDV*ULQHYDOG FRQWULEXWULFHGHFHQXPpUR&KDUOHV/L6DQGUD7KRPSVRQGDQVOHV DQQpHV/HIRUPDWGHFHWDUWLFOHLQWURGXFWLIQHSHUPHWWDQWSDVXQH SUpVHQWDWLRQH[KDXVWLYHRQSRXUUDDUWLFXOHUFHWH[SRVpDXWRXUGHFLQT QRWLRQVFOpVjQRWUHVHQVHVVHQWLHOOHVSRXUFRPSUHQGUHFHWWHDSSURFKH H[SOLFDWLRQIRQFWLRQPRWLYDWLRQG\QDPLTXHVIDFWHXUVH[WHUQHV 1.1. Explication &·HVWHQUpDFWLRQDXWUDQVIRUPDWLRQQDOLVPHIRUPHOGH1RDP&KRPVN\ TXHOHVIRQFWLRQQDOLVWHVGHOD&{WH2XHVWSDUIRLVHX[PrPHVLVVXVGH ODPRXYDQFHFKRPVN\HQQHF·HVWOHFDVGH&ROHWWH&UDLJFI*ULQHYDOG FHYROXPHHWVXUWRXWLPSOLTXpVGDQVGHVWHUUDLQVDX[ODQJXHVGLWHV ©H[RWLTXHVªVHVRQWOLWWpUDOHPHQWDFFURFKpVDX[WUDYDX[W\SRORJLTXHV &DUROLQH,PEHUWHVW0&)DX/DERUDWRLUH/,',/(0($8QLYHUVLWpGH *UHQREOH 1DWKDOLH9DOOpHHVW&5DX/DERUDWRLUH*,36$/DE8058QLYHUVLWp GH*UHQREOH &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( GH-RVHSK*UHHQEHUJSRXUOHVpWRIIHUG·XQFDGUHWKpRULTXHPpWKRGR ORJLTXHHWGHVFULSWLIHWGRQQHUDXWHUPH©W\SRORJLHªXQHFRQQRWDWLRQ ELHQVSpFLÀTXHjOHXUDSSURFKH/DFRQQRWDWLRQ©JpQpUDOLVWHªGXWHUPH ©W\SRORJLHªUHQYRLHpYLGHPPHQWDX[QRWLRQVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQHWGH FRPSDUDLVRQ(QVRPPHODW\SRORJLHFRQVLVWHHQXQHWD[LQRPLHOLQ JXLVWLTXHYLVDQWjGpJDJHUGHVVLPLOLWXGHVHWGHVGLIIpUHQFHVHQWUHOHV ODQJXHV &HSHQGDQWGpMjjFHVWDGHGHODGpÀQLWLRQO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQ QHOOHW\SRORJLTXHDPLVHQDYDQWVDSULVHGHGLVWDQFHDYHFOHWUDQVIRU PDWLRQQDOLVPHRXSUpJpQpUDWLYLVPHFKRPVN\HQ(QHIIHW7RP*LYyQ ,V·LQWHUURJHVLODW\SRORJLHFODVVHGHVVWUXFWXUHVOLQJXLV WLTXHVHQW\SHVSXLVUDVVHPEOHFHVW\SHVHQPpWDW\SHV©HQPpWDW\SHV GHTXRLªHVWRQFHQVpFODVVHUOHVW\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHV",OSURSRVHDORUV GHFODVVHUOHVW\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHVVHORQOHXUVIRQFWLRQVFIHWV·RS SRVHHQFHODjXQHFRQFHSWLRQSXUHPHQWVWUXFWXUDOLVWHGHODW\SRORJLH 4XDQWjODQRWLRQGHFRPSDUDLVRQHOOHHVWDXF±XUGXU{OHWKpRULTXH GHODW\SRORJLHODFRPSDUDLVRQWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHSHUPHWGHGpFRXYULU GHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHWVFKpPDVTXLQHVRQWYLVLEOHVTX·jO·pFKHOOHWUDQV OLQJXLVWLTXHHOOHSHUPHWGHGpJDJHUGHVVFKpPDVW\SRORJLTXHVYRLUH GHVWHQGDQFHVXQLYHUVHOOHVGDQVOHVODQJXHVTXHG·DXWUHVPpWKRGHVQH SHUPHWWHQW SDV GH YRLU HW G·DSSUpKHQGHU /·DSSURFKH IRQFWLRQQHOOH W\SRORJLTXHVXUFHSRLQWV·HVWWUqVW{WGpPDUTXpHGHO·DSSURFKHLQL WLDOHGH-RVHSK*UHHQEHUJVLFHGHUQLHUVHIRFDOLVHVXUO·XQLIRUPLWp GHVODQJXHVOHVIRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHVVHVRQWUDSLGHPHQWLQWpUHVVpV jODYDULDWLRQGDQVOHVVFKpPDVWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHV(QHIIHWTXLGLW YDULDWLRQGLWFRQWUDLQWH4XLGLWFRQWUDLQWHGLWSRVVLELOLWpG·LGHQWLÀHU OHVIDFWHXUVUHOLDQWWHOOHFRQWUDLQWHjWHOOHYDULDWLRQHWGRQFSRVVLELOLWp GHSUpYRLUODSUpVHQFHGHFHUWDLQVVFKpPDVGDQVOHVODQJXHVDLQVLTXH OHXUVpYROXWLRQVSRWHQWLHOOHV3DUDLOOHXUVGHVFRQWUDLQWHVUpFXUUHQWHV VXUGHVVFKpPDVGHYDULDWLRQSHXYHQWrWUHPRWLYpHVFIVHFWLRQ SDUGHVVFKpPDVFRJQLWLIVVRXVMDFHQWV²FHSRLQWGHFRQYHUJHQFHHQWUH OLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHHWOLQJXLVWLTXHFRJQLWLYHHVWHVVHQWLHOSRXUOHV IRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHVFIVHFWLRQ :LOOLDP&URIW&URIWQRXVVRXOLJQRQVSDUOHDLQVLGHODGLVWLQF WLRQ HQWUH XQUHVWULFWHG XQLYHUVDOV HW LPSOLFDWLRQDO XQLYHUVDOV©,PSOLFD WLRQDOXQLYHUVDOVFDSWXUHDSDWWHUQLQODQJXDJHYDULDWLRQDQGGLIIHUIURP XQUHVWULFWHGXQLYHUVDOVZKLFKDFFRXQWIRUXQLIRUPLW\QRWYDULDWLRQ$VVXFK LPSOLFDWLRQDOXQLYHUVDOVFDQQRWHYHQEHGLVFRYHUHGZLWKRXWFURVVOLQJXLVWLF FRPSDULVRQª 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 (QÀQO·DSSRUWPDMHXUGHFHVGHUQLHUVjODQRWLRQGH©W\SRORJLHª HVWG·H[SORLWHUV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWVDYDOHXUH[SOLFDWLYHHWQRQXQLTXH PHQWGHVFULSWLYH:LOOLDP&URIWGpVLJQHPrPHO·©H[SOLFD WLRQªHQW\SRORJLHVRXVOHQRPGHIXQFWLRQDOW\SRORJLFDOH[SODQDWLRQ /HVIRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHVSRLQWHQWO·DSSURFKHFKRPVN\HQQHFRPPH HVVHQWLHOOHPHQWGHVFULSWLYHPDOJUpVDULJXHXUHWVDYLVLRQ©VWUXFWXUD OLVWHªGHODW\SRORJLHFODVVHUGHVW\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHVHQSOXVJUDQGV W\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHVFHWWHYLVLRQVHUpVXPHUDLWÀQDOHPHQWDXVLPSOH ©FRPSWDJHªGHODGLYHUVLWpGHVVWUXFWXUHVSUpVHQWHVGDQVOHVODQJXHV VDQVMDPDLVUHQYR\HUDX[SRVVLEOHVPRWLYDWLRQVIRQFWLRQQHOOHVHWFRJQL WLYHVVRXVWHQGDQWFHWWHGLYHUVLWpHWGRQFVDQVMDPDLVWHQWHUG·H[SOL TXHUO·pPHUJHQFHHWO·pYROXWLRQFIGHVVWUXFWXUHVOLQJXLVWLTXHV 7RP*LYyQ,UHYLHQWVXUFHWWHRSSRVLWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[ DSSURFKHVTXLDXUDLWFRQGXLWGHVOLQJXLVWHVWHOVTXH/HRQDUG%ORRP ÀHOGjSHUGUHGHYXHO·LQWpUrWVFLHQWLÀTXHGHFRQVWUXLUH XQHW\SRORJLHHQVRXVHVWLPDQWO·LPSRUWDQFHYRLUHHQQLDQWODSHUWL QHQFHGHODUHFKHUFKHPrPHG·XQLYHUVDX[OLQJXLVWLTXHV 1.2. Fonction /·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHHVWIRQFWLRQQHOOHGDQVOHVHQVR OHVVFKpPDVWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHVOHV©W\SHVªTX·HOOHGpJDJHSHXYHQW rWUHDUWLFXOpVDXWRXUGHGRPDLQHVIRQFWLRQQHOVVSpFLÀTXHVWHOVTXHFHX[ DERUGpVGDQVFHYROXPHOD&ODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOH1RsOOLH%RQOD 9DOHQFHYHUEDOH$OLFH9LWWUDQW&DPLOOH6LPRQ5RVHU*DXFKRODRX HQFRUHO·(VSDFH0DULQH9XLOOHUPHW8QGRPDLQHIRQFWLRQQHOHVWXQ HQVHPEOH GH FRQFHSWV HJ 7UDMHFWRLUH /RFDOLVDWLRQ )LJXUH )RQG UHOLpVjXQHIRQFWLRQHJH[SUHVVLRQGHO·(VSDFHFHWWHIRQFWLRQUpSRQG jXQEHVRLQFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOGXORFXWHXUHJVHUHSpUHUHWUHSpUHU GHVHQWLWpVGDQVO·HVSDFH3RXUOHVIRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHVO·pWXGHGH ODODQJXHHVWDQFUpHGDQVOHVIRQFWLRQVTX·HOOHDVVXPHHWO·XVDJHTXH OHORFXWHXUHQIDLW$LQVLjO·LQVWDUGHQRPEUHXVHVDSSURFKHVUpFHQWHV LOVSUpIqUHQWUHFXHLOOLUOHXUVGRQQpHVGDQVXQUHJLVWUHRUDOHWFRXUDQW SOXW{WTX·pFULWHWVRXWHQX3OXVVSpFLÀTXHPHQWFHSHQGDQWOHXUVDQD O\VHVVRXOLJQHQWO·DUWLFXODWLRQHQWUHOHVQLYHDX[SKRQRORJLTXHPRU SKRV\QWD[LTXHVpPDQWLTXHSUDJPDWLTXHHWGLVFXUVLIDLQVLTX·HQWUHOHV IRUPHVHWOHVIRQFWLRQV&HVDQDO\VHVVHSODFHQWpJDOHPHQWHQUHODWLRQ pWURLWHDYHFODOLQJXLVWLTXHFRJQLWLYHHOOHVUHFRQQDLVVHQWTXHOHVIRQF WLRQVTX·HOOHVpWXGLHQWGDQVODODQJXHVRQWHOOHVPrPHVVRXVWHQGXHV SDUGHVSURFHVVXVFRJQLWLIV(QEUHIODODQJXHHVWXQV\VWqPHGHIRUPHV &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( GRQWO·REMHFWLIHVWGHWUDQVPHWWUHGHVLGpHVHWFKDFXQGHVpOpPHQWVGHFH V\VWqPHWHQGYHUVODUpDOLVDWLRQGHFHWREMHFWLI 1.3. Motivation &HWWHIRQFWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOOHGHODODQJXHLQWqJUHODQRWLRQGH PRWLYDWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHFI'H/DQFH\PV'DQVO·DSSURFKH IRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHO·pWXGHGHODODQJXHWURXYHVHVH[SOLFDWLRQV SRXU XQ SKpQRPqQH OLQJXLVWLTXH GRQQp GDQV O·pWXGH GHV IRQFWLRQV HOOHVPrPHVPDLVDXVVLGHVSURFHVVXVGLDFKURQLTXHVUpFXUUHQWVTXLVRQW IRQFWLRQQHOOHPHQWPRWLYpV/DODQJXHHVWGRQFDSSUpKHQGpHFRPPHXQ SURGXLWGHO·KLVWRLUHHQFRQVWDQWHpYROXWLRQHWWRXWHVWUXFWXUHDWWHVWpH HQV\QFKURQLHHVWOHUpVXOWDWG·XQHG\QDPLTXHGLDFKURQLTXHHOOHPrPH PRWLYpH²HWFRQWUDLQWH²SDUGHQRXYHOOHVIRQFWLRQVpPHUJHQWHV(Q VRPPH OHV VWUXFWXUHV Q·RQW ULHQ G·DUELWUDLUH HOOHV UpSRQGHQW j GHV UqJOHVPLVHVHQ±XYUHSDUGHVIDFWHXUVDXVVLELHQLQWHUQHVTX·H[WHUQHV OHVXQVHWOHVDXWUHVpWDQWpWURLWHPHQWLPEULTXpV7RP*LYyQ, UHPDUTXHOHVIRUWHVOLPLWDWLRQVSHVDQWVXUOHQRPEUHGHW\SHVGH VWUXFWXUHVSRVVLEOHVSRXUXQGRPDLQHIRQFWLRQQHOGRQQpLOVRXOLJQH DORUVODSHUWLQHQFHGHO·pWXGHGHVPRWLYDWLRQVHWFRQWUDLQWHVSRXUODOLQ JXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXH $VHULRXVWKHRU\RIXQLYHUVDOVVHHNVWRH[SODLQWKLVVHHPLQJSDXFLW\RI H[WDQWW\SHV7KDWLVLWLVKRQRUERXQGWRDVN>«@:KDWDUHWKHDGDS WLYHIDFWRUV³EHWKH\FXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLYHGHYHORSPHQWDOFRJQL WLYHQHXURORJLFDORUELRORJLFDO³WKDWFRQVWUDLQGLYHUVLW\VRVHYHUHO\" /H FRQFHSW GH PRWLYDWLRQ LQWpJUp WUqV W{W j OHXU DSSURFKH SDU OHV IRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHV FRQGXLW OHV OLQJXLVWHV WUDYDLOODQW GDQV OHXU VLOODJHjLQWpJUHUjOHXUGpPDUFKHGHGHVFULSWLRQODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHV G\QDPLTXHVGHV\VWqPHVHWFHOOHGHVIDFWHXUVH[WHUQHV ©8QH WKpRULH GHV XQLYHUVDX[ GLJQH GH FH QRP FKHUFKH j H[SOLTXHU FHWWH DSSDUHQWH SDXYUHWp GHV W\SHV H[LVWDQWV 'H IDLW RQ VH GRLW GH SRVHU OD TXHVWLRQVXLYDQWH>«@4XHOVIDFWHXUVDGDSWDWLIV²TX·LOVVRLHQWFXOWXUHOV FRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOVGpYHORSSHPHQWDX[FRJQLWLIVQHXURORJLTXHVRXELROR JLTXHV²FRQWUDLJQHQWVLIRUWHPHQWODGLYHUVLWp>OLQJXLVWLTXH@"ª7UDGXFWLRQ GH&DUROLQH,PEHUW 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 1.4. Dynamiques 8QHDSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHQ·DSDVGHVHQVVLRQODPqQH FRPPHXQHHQWUHSULVHVWULFWHPHQWV\QFKURQLTXH/·pWXGHGHO·pWDWV\Q FKURQLTXHGHVWUXFWXUHVYDULpHVH[SULPDQWXQHPrPHIRQFWLRQQHSHUPHW SDV G·HQ DIÀQHU OD FODVVLÀFDWLRQ HW HQFRUH PRLQV G·HQ H[SOLTXHU OHV PpFDQLVPHVG·pYROXWLRQ3RXUSDUDSKUDVHU7RP*LYyQ FRPSUHQGUHOHVVWUXFWXUHVVDQVFRPSUHQGUHOHVG\QDPLTXHVG·pYROX WLRQOHVD\DQWIDLWpPHUJHUQ·DVWULFWHPHQWDXFXQVHQVFDUOHVVWUXF WXUHVVRQWFHTX·HOOHVVRQWGXIDLWGHOHXUVDGDSWDWLRQVVXFFHVVLYHVj GHQRXYHOOHVIRQFWLRQV$XWUHPHQWGLWOHOLHQH[LVWDQWHQWUHVWUXFWXUH HWIRQFWLRQUpVLGHSUpFLVpPHQWGDQVODQRWLRQG·pYROXWLRQF·HVWjGLUH GHFKDQJHPHQWOLQJXLVWLTXH/·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHHVW GRQFGHIDFWRXQHDSSURFKHSDQFKURQLTXHFI6YRURXLH TXLQHGLVVRFLHSDVV\QFKURQLHHWGLDFKURQLH &HSHQGDQWODQRWLRQGHSDQFKURQLHPLVHHQDYDQWSDUO·DSSURFKH IRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHQHVHOLPLWHSDVjXQHDEVHQFHGHGLVWLQFWLRQ HQWUHV\QFKURQLHYVGLDFKURQLHFRQWUDLUHPHQWjFHTXHO·RQSHXWSDUIRLV HQWHQGUH)HUGLQDQGGH6DXVVXUHHWVRQVWUXFWXUDOLVPHPHWWDLHQWGpMj HQJDUGHFRQWUHXQHGLVWLQFWLRQWURSQHWWHHQWUHOHVGHX[HWVRXOLJQDLHQW O·DSSRUW GH O·XQH j O·DXWUH /HV IRQFWLRQQHOVW\SRORJXHV DSSXLHQW OHXUSHUVSHFWLYHSDQFKURQLTXHVXUGHX[QRWLRQVHVVHQWLHOOHVFHOOHGH PDFURJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHWFHOOHGHFRPSHWLQJPRWLYDWLRQVPRWLYD WLRQVHQFRPSpWLWLRQ 6LODQRWLRQ©FODVVLTXHªGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQLVVXHjO·RULJLQH G·$QWRLQH0HLOOHWLPSOLTXHVLPSOHPHQWODWHQGDQFHGHVpOpPHQWVG·XQH ODQJXHDXJOLVVHPHQWGXSOXVOH[LFDODXSOXVJUDPPDWLFDODXFRXUVGH OHXU pYROXWLRQ HOOH D pWp ODUJHPHQW GpEDWWXH HW UHPRGHOpH HW SRUWH DXMRXUG·KXLEHDXFRXSSOXVG·LPSOLFDWLRQVWKpRULTXHVTX·jO·RULJLQH &HVLPSOLFDWLRQVRQWpWpODUJHPHQWUHOD\pHVSDUO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQ QHOOHW\SRORJLTXHFDUHOOHVIRQWpFKRjSOXVLHXUVpOpPHQWVWKpRULTXHV IRQGDWHXUVGHFHWWHDSSURFKH&KULVWLDQH0DUFKHOOR1L]LD QRXVVRXOLJQRQVGDQVVRQRXYUDJHVXUODWKpRULHGHODJUDPPDWLFDOLVD WLRQVRXOLJQHQRWDPPHQW ©>/·DSSURFKHGHODJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQ@RSqUHXQGpFHQWUHPHQWGHOD UpÁH[LRQ WUDGLWLRQQHOOH HQ IRFDOLVDQW VRQ DWWHQWLRQ VXU O·DFWLYLWp GX ORFXWHXUHQWDQWTXHWHOOHVXUOHVSURFHVVXVFRJQLWLIVTXHO·XVDJHGX ODQJDJHDFWLYHFKH]OXL>«@/·KRPPHHQWDQWTXHORFXWHXUHVWDX FHQWUHGHFHWWHSURFpGXUHG·DQDO\VHª &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( $LQVLOHVVFKpPDVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHQVHIRFDOLVDQWVXUOHV VFKpPDVG·pYROXWLRQGHVVWUXFWXUHVV·DQFUHQWSUpFLVpPHQWGDQVOHOLHQ HQWUHVWUXFWXUHHWIRQFWLRQHWVRXOLJQHQWDLQVLODSULVHHQFRPSWHQpFHV VDLUHGHVVFKpPDVFRJQLWLIVVRXVMDFHQWVTXLPRWLYHQWFHOLHQGDQVWRXWHV OHVODQJXHVKXPDLQHV&HWWHYLVLRQGHODJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHVWODUJH PHQWSDUWDJpHDXVHLQGHO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXH 'HIDoRQSOXVFUXFLDOHXQHWHOOHYLVLRQSHUPHWG·pWHQGUHODQRWLRQ GHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQjO·pFKHOOHGHVFKpPDVGHV\VWqPHVOLQJXLVWLTXHV WRXWHQWLHUVFI$OLFH9LWWUDQWGDQVFHYROXPHVXUOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVj YHUEHV VpULHOV &KULVWLDQH 0DUFKHOOR1L]LD SDUOH DLQVL GH©PDFURJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQªLH©XQFKDQJHPHQWVWUXFWXUHOGX PDFURV\VWqPHJUDPPDWLFDOSDUXQHQRXYHOOHKLpUDUFKLVDWLRQRXXQ QRXYHDXGpFRXSDJHGHVXQLWpVGHODJUDPPDLUH>«@ª/DJUDPPD WLFDOLVDWLRQSHXWGRQFDIIHFWHUDXGHOjGHVPRWVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQVV\Q WD[LTXHVMXVTX·DX©V\VWqPHGHGLVWLQFWLRQVVXUOHTXHOVHIRQGHXQH JUDPPDLUHªLELG '·XQHSDUWODQRWLRQGHPDFURJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQLQWqJUHFHOOHGH JUDGLHQFHGHVFDWpJRULHVOH[LFRJUDPPDWLFDOHVDXWUHPHQWGLWODWHQ GDQFHFRXUDQWHGHVIRUPHVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQVjQHSDVSRXYRLUrWUHFODV VpHVGDQVXQHFDWpJRULHRXXQW\SHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQDYHFFHUWLWXGHj FKHYDXFKHUSOXVLHXUVFDWpJRULHVRXW\SHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQHQV\QFKURQLH HWjSDVVHUG·XQHFDWpJRULHRXG·XQW\SHjO·DXWUHDXFRXUVGHOHXUpYR OXWLRQFIQRWDPPHQW5RVFK/DNRII&URIW$DUWV '·DXWUHSDUWODPDFURJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHQWDQWTXHQLYHDXG·DQD O\VHOLQJXLVWLTXHIDLWDSSHOjXQHQRWLRQGH©UppTXLOLEUDJHªHQWUHV\V WqPHVGDQVODODQJXH ² O·pPHUJHQFHRXODVWDELOLVDWLRQG·XQV\VWqPHSHXWrWUHPRWLYpH SDUOHGpFOLQG·XQDXWUHV\VWqPHSDUXQPpFDQLVPHGHUHF\FODJH FRPPHFODLUHPHQWH[SOLTXpSDU5RJHU/DVVII >/DQJXDJHV@LQWKHLUVWUXFWXUHVKRZDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIEULFRODJHWKH\ DUHWRVRPHH[WHQWMXU\ULJJHGRUFREEOHGWRJHWKHUDQGWKHUHPQDQWV RIROGVWUXFWXUHVFDQEHUHFREEOHGLQWRQHZRQHV>«@/DQJXDJHVPD\ RSHUDWH¶ZDVWHIXOO\·GXPSLQJPDWHULDOWKDWQRORQJHUGRHVDQ\WKLQJ XVHIXORULQD¶FRQVHUYDWLRQLVW·PRGHE\UHF\FOLQJ7KLVPLJKWLQIDFW EHDXVHIXOSDUDPHWHUIRUWKHW\SRORJ\RIFKDQJH ©>/HVODQJXHV@PRQWUHQWXQFHUWDLQQLYHDXGHEULFRODJHGDQVOHXUVWUXFWXUH HOOHVIRQFWLRQQHQWGDQVXQHFHUWDLQHPHVXUHSDUGHVDVVHPEODJHVHWGHVFRP 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 ² O·pPHUJHQFHRXODVWDELOLVDWLRQG·XQV\VWqPHSHXWSURYRTXHUOH GpFOLQG·XQDXWUHV\VWqPHSDUXQMHXGHFRPSpWLWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOH HWFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOOHIDYRUDEOHDXPLHX[DGDSWpVRXVHQWHQGX DXV\VWqPHUpSRQGDQWOHPLHX[DX[EHVRLQVFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOV GHVORFXWHXUV²VHORQGHVFULWqUHVSRXYDQWrWUHGpWHUPLQpVjODIRLV SDUGHVIDFWHXUVH[WHUQHVHJpFRQRPLHLFRQLFLWpRXLQWHUQHV jODODQJXHHJSURGXFWLYLWpPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHWUDQVSDUHQFH VpPDQWLTXHFRWSUDJPDWLFRGLVFXUVLI &HVG\QDPLTXHVGHV\VWqPHVVRQWDSSHOpHVFRPSHWLQJPRWLYDWLRQV QRWDPPHQWSDU-RKQ'X%RLVHWSRVHQWOHSUREOqPHGHODFRH[LV WHQFHGHV\VWqPHVpPHUJHQWVVWDELOLVpVHWGpFOLQDQWV²TXHVWLRQSDUWL FXOLqUHPHQWpWXGLpHSDU&DUROLQH,PEHUWSRXUOHGRPDLQHIRQFWLRQQHOGH O·(VSDFHFI,PEHUW 1.5. Facteurs externes /·DGDSWDWLRQGHVVWUXFWXUHVDXFRXUVGHOHXUpYROXWLRQVHIDLWHQIRQFWLRQ GHIDFWHXUVLQWUDOLQJXLVWLTXHVPDLVpJDOHPHQWH[WUDOLQJXLVWLTXHV/HV VHFWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHVRQWSHUPLVG·pYRTXHUSOXVLHXUVGHFHVGHUQLHUV QRWDPPHQWOHVVFKpPDVFRJQLWLIVTXLFRQVWLWXHQWXQSRLQWGHFRQYHU JHQFHHQWUHOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHHWOLQJXLVWLTXHFRJQLWLYH&HVVFKp PDVQ·RQWSDVpWppWXGLpVTX·HQPRUSKRV\QWD[HPDLVpJDOHPHQWGDQV FHUWDLQVDVSHFWVGHODSKRQRORJLH²HVVHQWLHOOHPHQWOHFKRL[GHVHVXQLWpV SKRQqPHVWUDLWVHWOHXUFRPELQDLVRQV\OODEHVOHPPHV«FHVGHU QLHUVRQWpWppWXGLpVHQUHJDUGGHVSURFHVVXVGHSURGXFWLRQHWGHSHU FHSWLRQGHODSDUROHGDQVXQHGpPDUFKHDOOLDQWODW\SRORJLHGHVODQJXHV ELQDLVRQVGHIRUWXQHHWOHVUHVWHVG·DQFLHQQHVVWUXFWXUHVSHXYHQWrWUHUHFRP ELQpVHQQRXYHOOHVVWUXFWXUHV>«@/HVODQJXHVSHXYHQWSUDWLTXHUXQFHUWDLQ ´JDVSLOODJHµVHGpEDUUDVVDQWGHPDWpULDXQ·DFFRPSOLVVDQWSOXVULHQG·XWLOH RXDXFRQWUDLUHSUDWLTXHUXQFHUWDLQ´FRQVHUYDWLVPHµHQUHF\FODQW&HSRXU UDLWPrPHrWUHXQSDUDPqWUHXWLOHjSUHQGUHHQFRPSWHGDQVODW\SRORJLHGHV FKDQJHPHQWVOLQJXLVWLTXHVª7UDGXFWLRQGH&DUROLQH,PEHUW &DUROLQH,PEHUWDUJXPHQWHTXHO·XQGHVGpÀVGHVFULSWLIVSRVpVjO·DSSURFKH IRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHHVWGHPRQWUHUHQTXRLFHVG\QDPLTXHVGHV\V WqPHVVRQWXQPRWHXUHVVHQWLHOGHFKDQJHPHQWVW\SRORJLTXHV3DUDLOOHXUV TX·HVWFHTXLGpWHUPLQHOH©VXFFqVªG·XQV\VWqPHSDUPLSOXVLHXUVV\VWqPHV FRRFFXUUHQWVDVVXPDQWODPrPHIRQFWLRQ",QYHUVHPHQWGDQVFHWpWDWGH YpULWDEOH©WHQVLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHªSRXUTXRLFHUWDLQVV\VWqPHVGpFOLQHQWLOV ODLVVDQWOHXUVIRQFWLRQVjG·DXWUHVV\VWqPHVGpMjVWDELOLVpV" &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( HWGHVV\VWqPHVjODPRGpOLVDWLRQGHVW\SHVSUpGLFWLRQGHVV\VWqPHV HQSDVVDQWSDUO·H[SpULPHQWDWLRQHQSKRQpWLTXHHWHQSKRQRORJLH&HV WUDYDX[V·LQVFULYHQWGDQVO·KpULWDJHGHVWUDYDX[HQW\SRORJLHGH3KLOLS 6HGODNHWGHVWUDYDX[HQPRGpOLVDWLRQGHVDQQpHVTXLRQW SODFpODGLVWLQFWLYLWpDXFHQWUHGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHVV\VWqPHVGHVRQVGH ODSDUROH²G·XQSRLQWGHYXHDUWLFXODWRLUH6WHYHQVDFRXVWLTXH HWRXSV\FKRDFRXVWLTXH/LOMHQFUDQWVHW/LQGEORP3OXVSUpFLVp PHQWFHVWUDYDX[YLVHQWjGpPRQWUHUOHVOLHQVTXLH[LVWHQWHQWUHODSKR QRORJLHGHVODQJXHVHWOHVFDSDFLWpVVHQVRULPRWULFHVFISDUH[HPSOH OHVWUDYDX[GH'H%RHU'HPROLQ/LQGEORP /LQGEORPHWDO0DF1HLODJH'DYLV6FKZDUW]HWDO 9DOOpHHWDO9DOOpHHWDO (QÀQLOIDXWDMRXWHUjFHVIDFWHXUVH[WHUQHVFHOXLGHFRQWDFWHQWUH ODQJXHVVXUOHTXHOVHIRFDOLVHODOLQJXLVWLTXHDUpDOH²HOOHDXVVLKLV WRULTXHPHQWUHOLpHjODOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHFI1RsOOLH%RQFH YROXPH2XWUHOHVSKpQRPqQHVG·HPSUXQWVHWGHFUpDWLRQOH[LFDOHXQH ODQJXHSHXWVRXPHWWUHVRQV\VWqPHjGLYHUVSURFHVVXVGHJUDPPDWLFDOL VDWLRQHWPrPHVXELUXQFKDQJHPHQWW\SRORJLTXHSURJUHVVLIVXUODEDVH GHIDFWHXUVTXLQHVRQWSDVjO·RULJLQHLQWHUQHVjVRQV\VWqPHOLQJXLV WLTXHPDLVLQWpJUpVjFHGHUQLHUSDUFRQWDFWVOLQJXLVWLTXHV 2. La notion de typodescription 'XSRLQWGHYXHGHVPpWKRGHVGHGHVFULSWLRQO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOH W\SRORJLTXHDpWpKLVWRULTXHPHQWGpYHORSSpHSDUGHVOLQJXLVWHVGHWHU UDLQWUDYDLOODQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWVXUGHVODQJXHVSHXRXSDVGpFULWHV (OOH SRVH DXMRXUG·KXL OHV SULQFLSHV G·XQH QRXYHOOH GpPDUFKH GH WUDYDLOHQOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHFHOOHGHGHVFULSWLRQW\SRORJLTXH GHVODQJXHV&HWWHVWUDWpJLHGHVFULSWLYHDSSHOpHLFL©W\SRGHVFULSWLRQª SU{QHXQWUDYDLOPLQXWLHX[VXUGHVGRQQpHVGHSUHPLqUHPDLQHWO·LQ WHUDFWLRQSRVVLEOHHWQpFHVVDLUHHQWUHFDGUHWKpRULTXHFRQQDLVVDQFHV W\SRORJLTXHVHWGHVFULSWLRQG·XQHODQJXH&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG RSSRVHDLQVLjXQHYLVLRQ©KLpUDUFKLTXHªGHODWKpRULHHWGHODGHV FULSWLRQXQHYLVLRQ©KRUL]RQWDOHªYLDXQHUHODWLRQG·LQWHUGpSHQGDQFH HQWUHFHVGHX[DVSHFWVGHO·pWXGHOLQJXLVWLTXH$LQVLODWKpRULHHWOD W\SRORJLHQHGRLYHQWQLSUpFpGHUQLVXLYUHODGHVFULSWLRQPDLVHQIDLUH SDUWLHLQWpJUDQWHGDQVXQHUHODWLRQFRQVWDQWHHWKRUL]RQWDOHGH©YDHW YLHQWª6HORQO·DXWHXUXQHGHVFULSWLRQGHODQJXHGRLWrWUH OHIUXLWG·XQWUDYDLOG·DQDO\VH©DXWDQWQRXUULHGHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVGHV 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 GHUQLqUHVDYDQFpHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVW\SRORJLTXHVTX·jO·RULJLQHGHQRX YHOOHVDYDQFpHVª&HWWHSRVLWLRQSDUWDJpHSDU'HQLV&UHLVVHOVGDQVVHV WUDYDX[FI&UHLVVHOVPDLVpJDOHPHQWSDU1LFKRODV(YDQV $OODQ'HQFKQHYDSDVGHVRLSRXUWRXVOHVW\SRORJXHV&ROHWWH *ULQHYDOGFULWLTXHQRWDPPHQWXQHFHUWDLQHWHQGDQFHGHFHVGHUQLHUV jH[WUDLUHLVROpPHQWOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVG·XQHODQJXHHWjOHVFRPSDUHU HQWUHHOOHVVDQVWHQLUFRPSWHGHOHXUSODFHGDQVODJUDPPDLUHGDQVOH V\VWqPHGHODODQJXH6HORQ&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGFHWWHSODFHGHYUDLWDX FRQWUDLUHrWUHWUqVLPSRUWDQWHjODIRLVGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQGHVODQJXHVHW GDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLH2QYHUUDLFLXQHUpIpUHQFHjSHLQH YRLOpHDX[W\SRORJLHV©VWDWLVWLTXHVªjJUDQGHpFKHOOHFRPPHFHOOHVGX 6XUUH\0RUSKRORJ\*URXS60*GXSURMHW:$/6+DVSHOPDWKHWDO RXFRPPHOD©W\SRORJLHFDQRQLTXHªGH*UHYLOOH&RUEHWW LVVXHGHVWUDYDX[GX60*&HVW\SRORJLHVPDQLHQWVRXYHQWGHVFHQ WDLQHVGHODQJXHVjODIRLVXQHGpPDUFKHGHW\SRGHVFULSWLRQpODUJLUD DXFRQWUDLUHOHSDQHOGHODQJXHVpWXGLpHVSHWLWjSHWLWHQSUHQDQWVRLQ GHUpSRQGUHjO·H[LJHQFHGHQHPDQLHUTXHGHVGRQQpHVGHSUHPLqUH PDLQ²DÀQGHPDLQWHQLUO·DQFUDJHGHO·DQDO\VHGDQVO·XVDJHFIVHF WLRQVHW0DLV&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGVHIDLWSDUDLOOHXUVFULWLTXH YLVjYLVGHVDSSURFKHVFRPSDUDWLVWHVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHVRXjYLVpHW\SR ORJLTXHQRWDPPHQW/D]DUGTXLHQYRXODQWPDLQWHQLUODSUDWLTXH G·XQHFRPSDUDLVRQWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHSRVWpULHXUHjODGHVFULSWLRQSHX YHQWSDVVHUjF{WpGHSKpQRPqQHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVPDMHXUVGDQVODODQJXH DXFRXUVGHVDGHVFULSWLRQ$LQVLG·XQHSDUWGHVFRQQDLVVDQFHVW\SR ORJLTXHVSUpOLPLQDLUHVGHYUDLHQWpODUJLUOHVSHFWUHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHW VFKpPDVVRXVMDFHQWVTXHOHOLQJXLVWHV·DWWHQGjWURXYHUGDQVODODQJXH TX·LOGpFULW²FHFLVXSSRVHGRQFTXHODW\SRORJLHSUHQQHHQFRPSWHOD SODFHGHFHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHWVFKpPDVDXVHLQGHVV\VWqPHVOLQJXLV WLTXHV'·DXWUHSDUWOHSURFHVVXVGHGHVFULSWLRQG·XQHODQJXHGHYUDLW HQUHWRXUYHQLUHQULFKLUODW\SRORJLHHWFHDXFRXUVGHODGHVFULSWLRQHW HQIRQFWLRQGHVSDUWLFXODULWpVLQWHUQHVDXV\VWqPHGHODODQJXH&HWWH GpPDUFKHGH©W\SRGHVFULSWLRQªFRQVWLWXHVHORQ&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGXQH GpPDUFKHHVVHQWLHOOHGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQHDSSURFKHPRGHUQHGHODGLYHU VLWpGHVODQJXHV(QRXYHUWXUHGHFHVUpÁH[LRQVHWGHPDQLqUHLQWpUHV VDQWHGDQVOHFDGUHGHFHQXPpURGH/LGLOO·DXWHXUVRXOLJQH TXHO·LQWHUIDFHPrPHHQWUHW\SRORJLHHWGHVFULSWLRQSHXWrWUHDSSUR FKpHGHPDQLqUHGLIIpUHQWHHWrWUHUpDOLVpHHQLQWHUDFWLRQVGLIIpUHQWHV UHFRQQDLVVDQWDLQVLO·KpWpURJpQpLWpGHSDUFRXUVHWG·DQFUDJHWKpRULFR GHVFULSWLIGHVOLQJXLVWHVPDQLDQWDXMRXUG·KXLFHWWHLQWHUIDFH &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( ,WZRXOGVHHPWKDWGRLQJW\SRORJ\WDNHVPDQ\VKDSHVWRGD\OLQJXLVWV WHQGLQJWRHVSRXVHDSSURDFKHVDQGLVVXHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHNLQGVRI UHODWLRQVWKH\KDYHWRODQJXDJHGDWDWRWKHW\SHVRIODQJXDJHVWKH\ ZRUNZLWKDQGFHUWDLQO\DFFRUGLQJWRERWKWKHLUOLQJXLVWLFWUDLQLQJDQG SHUVRQDOSUHIHUHQFHV 3. Pourquoi ce numéro ? /D©OLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHªQ·HVWSDVXQHDSSURFKHPRQROLWKLTXHHW jFHWLWUHFHTX·HOOHLPSOLTXHFRPPHRXWLOVWKpRULTXHVPpWKRGRORJLTXHV HWGHVFULSWLIVVHVTXDOLWpVHWVHVOLPLWDWLRQVQHIRQWSDVO·REMHWG·XQ FRQVHQVXVSDUPLVHVFRQWULEXWHXUVSDVSOXVTXHFKH]VHVGpWUDFWHXUV 7HOOLQJXLVWHpYRTXHUDDXVVLW{W-RVHSK*UHHQEHUJ©OHIRQGDWHXUªVHV WUDYDX[VXUODSK\ORJpQpWLTXHGHVODQJXHVHWVHVFODVVHPHQWVGHVWUXF WXUHVYLVDQWjGpJDJHUOHVIDPHX[©XQLYHUVDX[OLQJXLVWLTXHVªWDQGLV TX·XQDXWUHIRUPHUDOHY±XTX·RQQHOLPLWHSDVOHWHUPH©W\SRORJLHª jFHVpWXGHVFHUWHVSLRQQLqUHVPDLVHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWWD[LQRPLTXHV7HO OLQJXLVWHpYRTXHUDHQ)UDQFHOHVWUDYDX[GH*LOEHUW/D]DUGVHVWUDYDX[ VXUO·DFWDQFHRODQRWLRQGH©IRQFWLRQªWURXYHXQHSODFHSOXVFHQ WUDOHTXHFHOOHGHVWUXFWXUHWDQGLVTX·XQDXWUHSRLQWHUDODSHUVLVWDQFH G·XQHXWLOLVDWLRQGHODW\SRORJLHFRPPHRXWLOGHFRPSDUDLVRQHWQRQGH GHVFULSWLRQFHTXLDERXWLUDLWHQFRUHjXQHDSSURFKHWD[LQRPLTXHFHOOH GHVIRQFWLRQVSOXW{WTXHGHVVWUXFWXUHV7HOOLQJXLVWHpYRTXHUDOHV:HVW &RDVWIXQFWLRQDOLVWVQRWDPPHQW7RP*LYyQ6FRWW'H/DQFH\&ROHWWH &UDLJ 6DQGUD7KRPVRQ &KDUOHV /L ©OHV KpULWLHUV GpWUDFWHXUVª GX VWUXFWXUDOLVPHHWGXGLVWULEXWLRQQDOLVPHSRXUTXLODIRQFWLRQHVWWRXWOD V\QFKURQLHULHQVDQVODGLDFKURQLHHWODODQJXHXQRUJDQLVPHV·DGDSWDQW jXQHQYLURQQHPHQWWDQGLVTX·XQDXWUHUHJUHWWHUDO·DEDQGRQGXIRU PDOLVPHHWGHVDULJXHXUSDUSXUUHMHWGH1RDP&KRPVN\HWGHVRQ DSSURFKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQQHOOHG·DORUV &HVWURLVJUDQGHVWHQGDQFHVGDQVQRPEUHGHGLVFXVVLRQVDXWRXUGH O·KLVWRLUHHWGHOD©YDOHXUªGHODOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXHQHVRQWSDV OHVVHXOHVHWWRXWHVOHVUDPLÀFDWLRQVGHFHWWHGHUQLqUHQHSRXUUDLHQWrWUH ©,O VHPEOH TXH IDLUH GH OD W\SRORJLH SHXW SUHQGUH SOXVLHXUV IRUPHV DX MRXUG·KXLOHVOLQJXLVWHVD\DQWWHQGDQFHjDGRSWHUDSSURFKHVHWSUREOpPD WLTXHVVHORQODUHODWLRQTX·LOVHQWUHWLHQQHQWDYHFOHVGRQQpHVOHVW\SHVGH ODQJXHV VXU OHVTXHOV LOV WUDYDLOOHQW HW FHUWDLQHPHQW VHORQ OHXU IRUPDWLRQ OLQJXLVWLTXH HW OHXUV SUpIpUHQFHV SHUVRQQHOOHVª 7UDGXFWLRQ GH &DUROLQH ,PEHUW 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 pYRTXpHVGDQVODSUpVHQWHLQWURGXFWLRQ2QSHXWFHSHQGDQWQRWHUXQ SRLQWUpFXUUHQWGHUDVVHPEOHPHQWRXGHGLVFRUGHSDUPLFHVWHQGDQFHV FHOXLGHODIURQWLqUHHQWUHOHFRPSDUDWLVWHOHFRQWUDVWLIHWOHW\SRORJLTXH $XSOXVFKDXGGHVGpEDWVODYLVpHFRPSDUDWLVWHVHUDLPPDQTXDEOHPHQW WD[pHG·DUFKDwVPHHWGH©PRQRPDQLHSK\ORJpQpWLTXHªHQUpIpUHQFHjOD JUDPPDLUHFRPSDUpHHWjVHVQRPEUHXVHVpWXGHVVXUO·LQGRHXURSpHQ ODYLVpHFRQWUDVWLYHIHUDO·REMHWG·XQHPLVHjSDUWH[SpGLWLYHSRXUVRQ PDQTXHG·DPELWLRQHQQHVpOHFWLRQQDQWTXHWURSSHXGHODQJXHVHWHQVH SURMHWDQWSOXVGDQVO·DSSOLTXpTXHGDQVOHIRQGDPHQWDOODYLVpHW\SR ORJLTXHVHUDkSUHPHQWFULWLTXpHSRXUVDGLVSHUVLRQWRXWDXVVLH[WUrPH HWVDSRVWXUHDUURJDQWHG·DSSURFKHSRVWPRGHUQHQ·D\DQWULHQLQYHQWp 2QSHXWVHQWLUSRLQGUHGDQVWRXWHVFHVGLVFXVVLRQVHQ)UDQFHHWj O·pWUDQJHUTXHOOHTXHVRLWODYLVpHHWO·pFROHWKpRULTXHHPEUDVVpHOD TXHVWLRQGHODSODFHGHODSURGXFWLYLWpHWGHODSHUWLQHQFHGXVLPSOHIDLW GHPHWWUHHQSHUVSHFWLYHSOXVLHXUVODQJXHVIDPLOOHVRXJURXSHVGHODQ JXHVFHWWHPLVHHQSHUVSHFWLYHGRLWHOOHSUpFpGHURXVXLYUHODGHVFULS WLRQ"(VWHOOHDQQH[HRXQpFHVVDLUH"4X·DSSRUWHWHOOHjODOLQJXLVWLTXH GHVFULSWLYH"2UF·HVWHQ)UDQFHTXHGHSXLVXQHYLQJWDLQHG·DQQpHVVH FRQVWUXLWHWV·pWRIIHXQHYLVLRQGHODGHVFULSWLRQRWKpRULHW\SRORJLHHW GHVFULSWLRQSURSUHPHQWGLWHQHV·LQVFULYHQWSOXVGDQVXQHUHODWLRQ©GH SUpHWGHSRVWªGDQVXQHUHODWLRQKLpUDUFKLTXHRXO·XQHJRXYHUQHUDLW O·DXWUH&HWWHDSSURFKH©W\SRGHVFULSWLYHªLQWURGXLWHSOXVKDXWDpWp DUGHPPHQWGpIHQGXHHWDUJXPHQWpHGDQVOHWURLVLqPHYROXPH GHV&DKLHUVGH)DLWVGH/DQJXHVSDU&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGODTXHOOHRXYUH OHSUpVHQWQXPpURGH/LGLO &·HVWODYRFDWLRQGHFHQXPpURGHSUrWHUXQDXGLWRLUHYDULpGHVFULS WLYLVWHVGLGDFWLFLHQVWKpRULFLHQVDFTXLVLWLRQQLVWHVGRQWFHX[GX)/(j FHWWHDSSURFKHEkWLHSDUGHVOLQJXLVWHVGHWHUUDLQHQJDJpVDXVVLELHQGDQV ODGHVFULSWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHTXHODGRFXPHQWDWLRQGHVODQJXHV0DLVF·HVW DXVVLVDYRFDWLRQGHSUrWHUODYRL[DX[KpULWDJHVYDULpVGHFHVW\SRGHV FULSWLYLVWHVTXHO·RQYHUUDWUDQVSDUDLWUHGDQVOHXUVFRQWULEXWLRQV &HVGHUQLqUHVIRUPHQWXQHSDOHWWHG·HVTXLVVHVGHO·$PpULTXHGX 6XGjO·$VLHHQSDVVDQWSDUO·(XURSHHWOD]RQHRFFLWDQHRFKDTXHOLQ JXLVWHQRXVSDUOHGHVDODQJXHGHWHUUDLQGHVHVGRQQpHVHWGHVHVFKRL[ G·DSSURFKHSRXUOHVpFODLUHU,OIDXWVRXOLJQHUODSUpVHQFHSDUWLFXOLqUH PHQWDSSX\pHGDQVFHQXPpURGHMHXQHVOLQJXLVWHVLOpWDLWLPSRUWDQW SRXUQRXVpGLWULFHVGHFHQXPpURGHPrOHUOHVYRL[GHFKHUFKHXUVFKH YURQQpVjFHOOHVGHGRFWRUDQWVHWMHXQHVSRVWGRFWRUDQWV1RWUHDSSHOj FRQWULEXWLRQHQFRXUDJHDLWFHVGHUQLHUVjQRXVIDLUHSDUWGHOHXUVWUDYDX[ GHOHXUSRLQWGHYXHVXUOHXUVKpULWDJHVjODIRLVWKpRULTXHHWGHVFULSWLIHW &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( DXVVLELHQGHOHXUVFHUWLWXGHVTXHGHOHXUVLQWHUURJDWLRQVTXDQWjO·DSSRUW GHODW\SRORJLHGDQVOHXUGpPDUFKHGHGHVFULSWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXH 4. Présentation des contributions &ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGRXYUHFHGRVVLHUSDUVHVUpÁH[LRQVVXUO·LQWHUIDFH W\SRORJLHGHVFULSWLRQHWOHVLQWHUDFWLRQVTX·HOOHVHQWUHWLHQQHQWDXFRXUV GHODSURGXFWLRQG·XQH©W\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHªZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\FI *ULQHYDOGGHVV\VWqPHVOLQJXLVWLTXHV/DW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYH V·LQVFULWGDQVXQHGpPDUFKHGHW\SRGHVFULSWLRQDQFUpHGDQVXQHPpWKR GRORJLHGHWHUUDLQ&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGGpIHQGO·LGpHTXHSRXUOHVOLQ JXLVWHVV·HQJDJHDQWjODIRLVGDQVXQHPLVVLRQVFLHQWLÀTXHGHGHVFULSWLRQ HWGDQVXQHPLVVLRQVRFLRFXOWXUHOOHGHGRFXPHQWDWLRQOHUDSSRUWDX[ GRQQpHVHQWUDLQHVRXYHQWHWDSSHOOHODQpFHVVLWpGHFHWWHLQWHUDFWLRQ FRQVWDQWHHW©KRUL]RQWDOHªHQWUHW\SRORJLHHWGHVFULSWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHV 3RXUDSSX\HUVRQSURSRV&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGRIIUHjFHQXPpURODV\Q WKqVHLQpGLWHG·XQHSDUWLHGHVHVWUDYDX[GHFKHUFKHXUHQQRXVPRQ WUDQWFRPPHQWDXFRXUVGHVDFDUULqUHHOOHDPHQpO·pODERUDWLRQG·XQH W\SRORJLHGHOD&ODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHSDUWLUGHGRQQpHVGXMDNDOWHN SRSWL·ODQJXHPD\DGX*XDWHPDODHWWHUUDLQG·RULJLQHGHO·DXWHXUFHWWH GHUQLqUHDGDPHQGHUHWpWRIIHUVDW\SRORJLHDXÀOGHVGpÀVSRVpVSDU G·DXWUHVV\VWqPHVDPD]RQLHQVHWDXVWUDOLHQVHWSOXVUpFHPPHQWSDU XQV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQpJ\SWLHQKLpURJO\SKLTXH(QÀQO·DU WLFOHRXYUHO·DSSOLFDWLRQGHODW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHjG·DXWUHVGRPDLQHV IRQFWLRQQHOVFRPPHO·H[SUHVVLRQGHO·(VSDFHHWGHOD7UDMHFWRLUHHW SURSRVHGHVSHUVSHFWLYHVSRXUODUHFKHUFKHOLQJXLVWLTXHIXWXUH (Q GURLWH OLJQH GH O·DSSURFKH SURSRVpH SDU &ROHWWH *ULQHYDOG 1RsOOLH%RQDERUGHOHV\VWqPHGH&ODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHHQVWLHQJ ODQJXHP{QNKPHUGX&DPERGJHGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHIRQFWLRQQHOOH W\SRORJLTXHHWDUpDOH/·DXWHXUFRQFHQWUHVRQDQDO\VHVXUXQV\VWqPHGH ©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GHWULªHQSURSRVHXQHGHVFULSWLRQWRXWHQ OHVPHWWDQWHQSHUVSHFWLYHDYHFO·HQVHPEOHGXV\VWqPHGH&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ QRPLQDOHGHODODQJXH(QSDUWDQWGHFHTXHODW\SRORJLHGHVFODVVLÀ FDWHXUVQRXVHQVHLJQHVXUFHW\SHGHV\VWqPHV1RsOOLH%RQV·DSSOLTXH WRXWG·DERUGjGLVWLQJXHUOHVGLIIpUHQWVVRXVV\VWqPHVREVHUYpVHQVWLHQJ QRPVGHFODVVHYVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSXLVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[YV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWULSXLVSURSRVHXQHGHVFULSWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHPRU SKRV\QWD[LTXHVpPDQWLTXHHWSUDJPDWLFRGLVFXUVLYHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QXPpUDX[GHWULWRXMRXUVHQOHVIDLVDQWFRQWUDVWHUDYHFOHVDXWUHVVRXV 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 V\VWqPHV/DGHVFULSWLRQVpPDQWLTXHHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWpWRIIpHDYHF XQHpYDOXDWLRQSUpFLVHGHVGLIIpUHQWVFULWqUHVHQWUDQWGDQVODGLIIpUHQ FLDWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHHQWUHpOpPHQWVDXVHLQGHO·LQYHQWDLUHGHVFODVVL ÀFDWHXUV,OV·DJLWG·XQHGHVFULSWLRQQRXYHOOHG·XQV\VWqPHQRQHQFRUH GpFULWGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHGRQWO·DSSRUWjODW\SRORJLHHWDX[ODQJXHV P{QNKPHUHVWG·DXWDQWSOXVLQWpUHVVDQWTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQHGHVFULSWLRQ G\QDPLTXHDUWLFXOpHDXWRXUG·XQSDUDPqWUHG·DQDO\VHIRQGDPHQWDOGHV V\VWqPHVGH&ODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHFHOXLGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHW SOXVSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWGHPDFURJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQ 0DULQH 9XLOOHUPHW VH FRQFHQWUH VXU OH GRPDLQH IRQFWLRQQHO GH O·(VSDFHHWSURSRVHXQHDQDO\VHÀQHGHO·H[SUHVVLRQGX©PRXYHPHQW DVVRFLpªHQHVHHMMD/·H[SUHVVLRQGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpHVWXQSKpQR PqQHRULJLQHOOHPHQWGpFULWGDQVOHVODQJXHVDXVWUDOLHQQHVSXLVLGHQWLÀp GDQVXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHODQJXHVDPpULQGLHQQHVQRWDPPHQWHQ$PD ]RQLHGDQVGHVODQJXHVGHODIDPLOOHWDNDQDGRQWIDLWSDUWLHO·HVHHMMD /HPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpDSSDUWLHQWDXSDUDGLJPHYHUEDOHWSHUPHWG·DV VRFLHUXQPRXYHPHQWjO·DFWLRQGpFULWHGDQVOH3URFqV3RXUUHSUHQGUH OHVPRWVGHO·DXWHXULOLQVFULW©O·DFWLRQGDQVXQFRQWH[WHVSDWLDOGH ODPrPHPDQLqUHTXHOHVPDUTXHVGHWHPSVVLWXHQWO·DFWLRQGDQVXQ FRQWH[WH WHPSRUHOª 0DULQH 9XLOOHUPHW QRXV PRQWUH VRQ FKHPLQH PHQWjWUDYHUVOHVGRQQpHVGHVDODQJXHGHWHUUDLQHWGpPRQWUHDXÀO GHFHFKHPLQHPHQWO·LQWpUrWW\SRGHVFULSWLIGHVHVGRQQpHVLOV·DJLW G·XQHSDUWG·HQULFKLUODW\SRORJLHGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpHQFRUHWURS SHXSRXUYXHHWG·DXWUHSDUWG·DIÀQHUO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGXPRXYHPHQW DVVRFLpVRXYHQWFRQIRQGXGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHVDPpULQGLHQQHVDYHF GHVV\VWqPHVGHW\SHGLUHFWLRQQHOVRXPRWLRQFXPSXUSRVH$LQVLVL ODW\SRORJLHDSHUPLVjO·DXWHXUG·LGHQWLÀHUFHSKpQRPqQHHQHVHHMMD O·HVHHMMDYLHQWHQUHWRXUDPHQGHUODW\SRORJLHHWGRQQHUXQHEDVHGHV FULSWLYHSOXVVROLGHjO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpjO·pFKHOOH WUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXH /·DSSRUWGHO·DQDO\VHW\SRORJLTXHGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQGHFRQVWUXF WLRQVOLQJXLVWLTXHVFRPSOH[HVHWGHOHXUIRQFWLRQQHPHQWHVWFODLUHPHQW GpPRQWUpSDU$OLFH9LWWUDQWGDQVVRQpWXGHQRYDWULFHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV jYHUEHVVpULHOV&96GXELUPDQ/HV&96IRQWDFWXHOOHPHQWO·REMHWGH QRPEUHXVHVGLVFXVVLRQVTXDQWjOHXUGpÀQLWLRQHWOHXUFDUDFWpULVDWLRQOD QRWLRQGHVpULDOLVDWLRQYHUEDOHQHUHQYR\DQWSDVjXQSKpQRPqQHPRQR OLWKLTXH/·DQDO\VHSURSRVpHSDU9LWWUDQWPHWHQpYLGHQFHjSDUWLUG·XQ HQVHPEOHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVVpULHOOHVTXHGHVIRUPHVGHVXUIDFHLGHQ WLTXHVSHXYHQWFRUUHVSRQGUHjGHVVWUXFWXUHVVRXVMDFHQWHVGLIIpUHQWHV $LQVLHOOHPHWHQOXPLqUHTXDWUHW\SHVGH&96HQELUPDQHWSURSRVH &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( GHOHVSODFHUVXUXQFRQWLQXXPOH[LFDOLVDWLRQJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQFRQ ÀUPpSDUGHVpWXGHVGLDFKURQLTXHVVXUOHVSURFHVVXVGHVpULDOLVDWLRQ &RQFHUQDQW pJDOHPHQW OD PRUSKRV\QWD[H YHUEDOH O·DUWLFOH GH &DPLOOH 6LPRQ FRQIURQWH HW FRPELQH OHV HQVHLJQHPHQWV GH /D]DUG *LYyQHW&UHLVVHOVVXUOD9DOHQFHHWODYRL[&HFLODFRQGXLWjUHPHWWUH HQFDXVHFHUWDLQHVEDVHVGHODGHVFULSWLRQGHVV\VWqPHVGH9DOHQFHYHU EDOHHQPRQWUDQWTXHO·H[DPHQGHODYDULDWLRQGHOD9DOHQFHVpPDQ WLTXHSOXW{WTXHV\QWD[LTXHHVWSHUWLQHQWHSRXUGpÀQLUXQFKDQJHPHQW GHODVWUXFWXUHDFWDQFLHOOHGXYHUEHHQWLEpWDLQ6DGpPRQVWUDWLRQV·DS SXLH VXU O·LPSOLFDWLRQ RX QRQ SDU OH YHUEH GH OD SUpVHQFH G·XQ 3DUWL FLSDQWGDQVO·pQRQFpRXGDQVOHFRQWH[WHHQWHVWDQWOHFKDQJHPHQWRX QRQGH9DOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHjSDUWLUGHODUpDFWLRQG·XQORFXWHXUQDWLI ORUVGHO·pFRXWHGHFHVpQRQFpV/HFULWqUHGHOD9DOHQFHVpPDQWLTXH HVW G·DERUG DSSOLTXp SRXU GLVWLQJXHU OHV DFWDQWV FHQWUDX[ HW OHV DFWDQWV SpULSKpULTXHV SXLV SRXU DQDO\VHU OD UpDOLVDWLRQ PRUSKRV\QWD[LTXH GHV DFWDQWVHWOHXUU{OHV\QWD[LTXH&HWWHGpPDUFKHSHUPHWj&DPLOOH6LPRQ GHPRQWUHUO·H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[W\SHVGHGLDWKqVHHQWLEpWDLQUpRUJDQL VDWLRQGHVU{OHVV\QWD[LTXHVHWVpPDQWLTXHVQRQPDUTXpHSDUXQPRU SKqPHYHUEDOGHYRL[HWGHFRQVLGpUHUG·DXWUHVSURFHVVXVGHPDUTXDJH FDVXHOGHVDFWDQWVTXLQHIRQFWLRQQHQWSDVFRPPHXQPpFDQLVPHGH YRL[ 'DQV XQH GpPDUFKH PrODQW XQH LQVSLUDWLRQ FODLUHPHQW FRQWUDVWLYH j XQH SHUVSHFWLYH IRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXH 5RVHU *DXFKROD UHYL VLWHODYRL[SDVVLYHHQIUDQoDLVHWHQHVSDJQRO/DYRL[SDVVLYHHVWLFL FRQVLGpUpHVHORQODIRQFWLRQGH3DUWLFLSDWLRQTXLVLWXHOHUDSSRUWHQWUH OH3DUWLFLSpOHYHUEHHWOHV3DUWLFLSDQWVV\QWDJPHVQRPLQDX[/DSDV VLYDWLRQ\HVWGpFULWHFRPPHDFWLRQSURWRW\SLTXHFDUDFWpULVDEOHSDUGHV WUDLWVUHOHYDQWGHVIRQFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVpPDQWLTXHHWFRPPXQLFDWLYH /·DQDO\VHFRQWUDVWLYHGHVWHFKQLTXHVSDVVLYDQWHVGDQVOHVGHX[ODQJXHV HVWGpFOLQpHSDUO·DXWHXUHQGHX[W\SHVOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSpULSKUDV WLTXHVHWOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVUpÁH[LYHV/·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHSHUPHW j5RVHU*DXFKRODGHGpFULUHjODIRLVOHVYDULDWLRQVPRUSKRORJLTXHVHW FHOOHVGXVFKpPDDFWDQFLHOHQGpPRQWUDQWO·LPSRUWDQFHGXÁX[DWWHQ WLRQQHOGHVORFXWHXUVGDQVOHVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQ/·DQD O\VHGH5RVHU*DXFKRODV·DQFUHGRQFGDQVSOXVLHXUVQLYHDX[G·DQDO\VH pWURLWHPHQWLPEULTXpVODPRUSKRORJLHODV\QWD[HODVpPDQWLTXHHW O·LQWHUIDFHSUDJPDWLFRGLVFXUVLYH /XFLH$PDURFO{WFHYROXPHSDUXQHHVTXLVVHSKRQRORJLTXHHWGLD OHFWRORJLTXHG·XQHYDULpWpRFFLWDQHOHSDUOHUDOSLQG·8VVHDX[(OOH VH FRQFHQWUH GDQV FHWWH YDULpWp VXU OHV ©SRO\pYROXWLRQVª SKRQROR 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 JLTXHVDWWHVWpHVGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQFRQVHUYDWLRQUKRWDFLVPH YRFDOLVDWLRQHQV·DSSX\DQWDXVVLVXUG·DXWUHVGRQQpHVV\QFKURQLTXHV HWGLDFKURQLTXHVGHO·HVSDFHRFFLWDQ7RXWHQPDLQWHQDQWXQDQFUDJH IRUWGDQVODWUDGLWLRQGHVFULSWLYHGHVRQWHUUDLQSHUVSHFWLYHUpVROXPHQW GLDOHFWRORJLTXHDSSRUWGHGRQQpHVKLVWRULTXHVHWFRPSDUDWLYHVDXVHLQ GHO·DLUHGLDOHFWDOH/XFLH$PDURWHQWHG·XQHSDUWXQHLQFXUVLRQGDQVFH TXHO·RQVDLWG·DXWUHVYDULpWpVOLQJXLVWLTXHVURPDQHVQRWDPPHQWSRU WXJDLVUKpWRURPDQIUDQoDLVHVSDJQROLWDOLHQHWSRXVVHG·DXWUHSDUW O·H[SORUDWLRQYHUVG·DXWUHVJURXSHVLQGRHXURSpHQVWHOVTXHOHJHUPD QLTXHYDULDWLRQVGLDOHFWDOHVGHO·DQJODLVHWOHJUHF&HSRVLWLRQQHPHQW jODIRLVGDQVODGLDOHFWRORJLHURPDQHHWDXVHXLOGHVGLIIpUHQWHVRXYHU WXUHVSRVVLEOHVYHUVODW\SRORJLHSRVHLQÀQHODTXHVWLRQGHO·LQWpJUD WLRQG·XQHYLVpHW\SRGHVFULSWLYHjXQHWHOOHpWXGHTXHOHVWO·DSSRUWGH FHWWHLQWpJUDWLRQHWVXUWRXWFRPPHQWGRLWHOOHVHIDLUHORUVTXHjGpIDXW G·DYRLUFRQVWLWXpG·HPEOpHXQHGpPDUFKHGHVFULSWLYHGDQVO·DQDO\VH FHWWHGHUQLqUHO·LQFRUSRUHDXÀOGHVRQGpYHORSSHPHQW" RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $$576%6\QWDFWLFJUDGLHQFH7KHQDWXUHRIJUDPPDWLFDOLQGHWHU PLQDF\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %/220),(/'//DQJXDJH1HZ<RUN+HQU\+ROWDQG&R &25%(77*©&DQRQLFDOW\SRORJ\VXSSOHWLRQDQGSRVVLEOHZRUGVª /DQJXDJH &5(,66(/6'6\QWD[HXQHLQWURGXFWLRQW\SRORJLTXH3DULV+HUPqV &52)7:6\QWDFWLF&DWHJRULHVDQG*UDPPDWLFDO5HODWLRQV7KH &RJQLWLYH2UJDQL]DWLRQRI,QIRUPDWLRQ&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR 3UHVV &52)7:7\SRORJ\DQG8QLYHUVDOV&DPEULGJH0$&DPEULGJH 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV '(%2(5%©6HOIRUJDQL]DWLRQLQYRZHOV\VWHPVª-RXUQDORISKR QHWLFV '(/$1&(<6PV/HFWXUHVRQ)XQFWLRQDO6\QWD['LVSRQLEOHVXU KWWSSDJHVXRUHJRQHGXGHODQFH\VEIVKWPO! '(02/,1'©3KRQRORJLFDO8QLYHUVDOVDQGWKHFRQWURODQGUHJX ODWLRQRIVSHHFKSURGXFWLRQªGDQV0-6ROp02KDODHW3%HGGRU GLU([SHULPHQWDODSSURDFKHVWRSKRQRORJ\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHU VLW\3UHVV '(02/,1'©7KH)UDPHFRQWHQW7KHRU\DQGWKHHPHUJHQFHRI FRQVRQDQWVªGDQV.=MDGRHW%'DYLVGLU7KHV\OODEOHLQ6SHHFK 3URGXFWLRQ2[IRUG/DXUHQFH(UOEDXP &$52/,1(,0%(57(71$7+$/,(9$//e( '8%2,6-©&RPSHWLQJPRWLYDWLRQVªGDQV-+DLPDQGLU,FR QLFLW\LQV\QWD[$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV (9$161HW'(1&+$©,QWURGXFWLRQ&DWFKLQJ/DQJXDJHªGDQV ).$PHND$'HQFKHW1(YDQVGLU&DWFKLQJ/DQJXDJH7KH 6WDQGLQJ&KDOOHQJHRI*UDPPDU:ULWLQJ%HUOLQ1HZ<RUN0RXWRQ GH*UX\WHU *,9Ð176\QWD[$QLQWURGXFWLRQ$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV *5,1(9$/'&©'HODW\SRORJLHFRQWH[WXDOLVpHª/DW\SRORJLHHQ )UDQFHDXMRXUG·KXLH-RXUQpHVFLHQWLÀTXHGHOD&HOOXOHGH5HFKHUFKH HQ/LQJXLVWLTXH&5/8QLYHUVLWpGH3DULVPDL *5,1(9$/'&©2QFRQVWUXFWLQJDZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\RIWKHH[SUHV VLRQRISDWKª)DLWVGH/DQJXHVOHV&DKLHUV3DULV2SKU\V +$63(/0$7+0'5<(506*,/'HW&205,(%GLU7KH:RUOG $WODVRI/DQJXDJH6WUXFWXUHV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV'LVSR QLEOHVXUKWWSZDOVLQIR! ,0%(57&6\VWHPVG\QDPLFVDQGIXQFWLRQDOPRWLYDWLRQVLQ3DWK FRGLQJ$W\SRORJLFDOGHVFULSWLRQRI+RPHULF*UHHNDQG2OG(QJOLVK WKqVHGHGRFWRUDW&1568QLYHUVLWp/\RQGLVSRQLEOHHQOLJQH ,0%(57&©0XOWLSOHSUHYHUEDWLRQLQ+RPHULF*UHHN$W\SROR JLFDOLQVLJKWª&RJQL7H[WHV'LVSRQLEOHVXUKWWSFRJQLWH[WHVUHYXHV RUJ! ,0%(57&*5,1(9$/'&HW6g5(6$©/DFDWpJRULHGH´VDWHOOLWHµ GH7UDMHFWRLUHSRXUXQHDSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHª)DLWV GH/DQJXHVOHV&DKLHUV3DULV2SKU\V /$.2)) * ©&RJQLWLYH PRGHOV DQG SURWRW\SH WKHRU\ª GDQV 81HLVVHUGLU&RQFHSWVDQGFRQFHSWXDOGHYHORSPHQW&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /$665©+RZWRGRWKLQJVZLWKMXQNH[DSWDWLRQLQODQJXDJHHYROX WLRQª-RXUQDORI/LQJXLVWLFV /$=$5'*eWXGHVGHOLQJXLVWLTXHJpQpUDOHW\SRORJLHJUDPPDWL FDOH/HXYHQ3DULV3HHWHUV /,/-(1&5$176-HW/,1'%/20%©1XPHULFDOVLPXODWLRQRIYRZHO TXDOLW\V\VWHPV7KHUROHRISHUFHSWXDOFRQWUDVWª/DQJXDJH /,1'%/20%©7KHLQWHUSOD\EHWZHHQSKRQHWLFHPHUJHQWVDQGWKH HYROXWLRQDU\DGDSWDWLRQVRIVRXQGSDWWHUQVª3KRQHWLFD /,1'%/20%0$&1(,/$*(3)HW678''(57.(11('<0©6HOI RUJDQL]LQJ SURFHVVHV DQG WKH H[SODQDWLRQ RI ODQJXDJHV XQLYHUVDOVª GDQV%%XWWHUZRUWK%&RPULHHW2'DKOGLU([SODQDWLRQRI/DQ JXDJH8QLYHUVDOV7KH+DJXH0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU 0$5&+(//21,=,$&*UDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHWFKDQJHPHQWOLQJXLV WLTXH/RXYDLQ'XFXORW 328581('(6&5,37,217<32/2*,48('(6/$1*8(6 0$&1(,/$*(3)HW'$9,6%/©2QWKH2ULJLQRI,QWHUQDO6WUXF WXUHRI:RUG)RUPVª6FLHQFHV 526&+(©3ULQFLSOHVRIFDWHJRUL]DWLRQªGDQV(5RVFKDQG%% /OR\GGLU&RJQLWLRQDQGFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ+LOOVGDOH1-(UOEDXP 6&+:$57=-/%2Ê/-9$//e(1HW$%5<&©7KH'LVSHU VLRQ)RFDOL]DWLRQ7KHRU\RI9RZHO6\VWHPVª-RXUQDORI3KRQHWLFV 6('/$.3©7\SRORJLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVRIYRZHOTXDOLW\V\VWHPVª :RUNLQJ3DSHUVRQ/DQJXDJH8QLYHUVDOV6WDQIRUG8QLYHUVLW\ 67(9(16.©7KH4XDQWDO1DWXUHRI6SHHFK(YLGHQFHIURP$UWL FXODWRU\$FRXVWLF'DWDªGDQV3%'HQHVGLU+XPDQ&RPPXQLFD WLRQD8QLÀHG9LHZ1HZ<RUN0F*UDZ+LOO 69252867KH*UDPPDURI6SDFH7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQ JXDJH$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV 9$//e(1%2Ê/-6&+:$57=-/%$',13HW$%5<&7KH ZHLJKWRIVXEVWDQFHLQSKRQRORJLFDOVWUXFWXUHWHQGHQFLHVRIWKHZRUOG·V ODQJXDJHV%HUOLQ=$63DSHUVLQ/LQJXLVWLFV 9$//e(15266$726HW52866(7,©)DYRXUHGV\OODELFSDWWHUQV LQWKHZRUOG·VODQJXDJHVDQGVHQVRULPRWRUFRQVWUDLQWVªGDQV)3HOOH JULQR(0DUVLFR,&KLWRUDQHW&&RXSpGLU$SSURDFKHVWRSKRQR ORJLFDO&RPSOH[LW\%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU Sur la notion de typologie évolutive : l’exemple d’une typologie de systèmes de classificateurs &ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG RÉSUMÉ &HWDUWLFOHUHWUDFHO·pODERUDWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODV VLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVHWGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQJpQpUDOTXLRQWIDLWO·REMHW G·XQWUDYDLOFRQFHUWpPDLVDXVVLGHFRQWURYHUVHVFHVGHUQLqUHVGpFHQ QLHV /H ÀO FRQGXFWHXU GH FH ©UpFLWª HVW O·DSSRUW GH OD OLQJXLVWLTXH IRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHGDQVFHGpEDWDVVRFLpHjXQHDSSURFKHW\SR ORJLTXHGLWH©pYROXWLYHªHWLOOXVWUpHSDUGHVDQDO\VHVGHV\VWqPHVGH FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHODQJXHVDPpULQGLHQQHVHWDXVWUDOLHQQHVPDLVDXVVLGH ODQJXHVDQFLHQQHV ABSTRACT 7KLVSDSHUWUDFHVEDFNWKHVWHSVLQWKHHODERUDWLRQRIDW\SRORJ\RI QRXQFODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVDQGFODVVLÀHUVLQJHQHUDOZKLFKKDYHEHHQWKH VXEMHFWRIFRQFHUWHGUHVHDUFKEXWDOVRRIVRPHFRQWURYHUV\RYHUWKH ODVWGHFDGHV7KHOHDGLQJWKHPHRIWKLV´QDUUDWLYHµLVWKHFRQWULEX WLRQRIIXQFWLRQDOW\SRORJLFDOOLQJXLVWLFVWRWKLVGHEDWHLQDVVRFLDWLRQ ZLWKDZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\DSSURDFKDQGZLWKLOOXVWUDWLRQVIURPDQDO\VHV RIFODVVLÀFDWLRQV\VWHPVLQ$PHULQGLDQDQG$XVWUDOLDQODQJXDJHVEXW DOVRLQDQFLHQWODQJXDJHV /HSUpVHQWDUWLFOHYLVHSULQFLSDOHPHQWjGpPRQWUHUHQTXRLFRQVLVWH XQHFHUWDLQHDSSURFKHGHODW\SRORJLHFHOOHG·XQHW\SRORJLHGLWH©pYR &ROHWWH *ULQHYDOG HVW 35 DX /DERUDWRLUH ''/ 805 8QLYHUVLWp /\RQ /·DXWHXU HVW pJDOHPHQW FRQQXH VRXV OH QRP GH &UDLJ MXVTX·HQ SpULRGH TXL FRwQFLGH DYHF OD SUHPLqUH SDUWLH GH VD FDUULqUH GH OLQ JXLVWHPHQpHVXUOD&{WH2XHVWGHVeWDWV8QLV &HWDUWLFOHV·LQVFULWGDQVOHVDFWLYLWpVGHUHFKHUFKHGX/DERUDWRLUH'\QD PLTXHGX/DQJDJHjWUDYHUVVRQD[H©'HVFULSWLRQ7\SRORJLHHW9DULDWLRQª &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' OXWLYHª ²H[SUHVVLRQ XWLOLVpH SRXU OH PRPHQW IDXWH GH PLHX[ HW TXL Q·HVWTXHODWUDGXFWLRQLPSDUIDLWHGHO·H[SUHVVLRQDQJORSKRQH©ZRUNLQJ W\SRORJ\ª /D MXVWLÀFDWLRQ HW OH SULQFLSH PrPH G·XQH W\SRORJLH GH QDWXUH©pYROXWLYHªFRQVWLWXHQWOHWKqPHGHODVHFWLRQ/DVHFWLRQ LOOXVWUHEULqYHPHQWFHWWHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHDYHFXQHpYRFDWLRQGHV pWDSHVGHGHVFULSWLRQG·XQSKpQRPqQHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGDQVXQHODQJXH G·$PpULTXH&UDLJEFSXLVGHVpWDSHVG·pODER UDWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLHTXLVLWXHFHSKpQRPqQHGDQVOHFRQWH[WHG·DXWUHV V\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQRPLQDX[&UDLJ&HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QRPLQDX[VRQWjOHXUWRXUVLWXpVGDQVOHFRQWH[WHSOXVODUJHGHO·HQ VHPEOHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQGHQRPVF·HVWjGLUHDXGHOjGH FHOXLGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHX[PrPHV&UDLJF6HQIW*ULQH YDOG/DQDWXUH©pYROXWLYHªGHO·DSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXH HQTXHVWLRQHVWGpPRQWUpHHQVHFWLRQLODIDOOXDGDSWHUODW\SRORJLH SRXUUpSRQGUHjGHQRXYHOOHVGRQQpHVHQSURYHQDQFHGHGLYHUVHVUp JLRQV GX PRQGH $XVWUDOLH GDQV:LONLQV HW *ULQHYDOG $IULTXHHW$PD]RQLHGDQV&UHLVVHOV*ULQHYDOGHW*ULQH YDOG6HLIDUW/DVHFWLRQFRQFOXWFHWDUWLFOHHQPHQWLRQQDQW O·DSSOLFDWLRQGHODW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHjO·DQDO\VHGHGHX[DXWUHVSKpQR PqQHVGDQVOHEXWGHGpPRQWUHUVDYDOHXUKHXULVWLTXH/·XQGHFHVSKp QRPqQHVUHVWHGDQVOHGRPDLQHGHODFODVVLÀFDWLRQHWFRUUHVSRQGDX[ FODVVLÀFDWHXUVFRQQXVVRXVOHQRPGH©GpWHUPLQDWLIVªGDQVO·pWXGHGHV KLpURJO\SKHVpJ\SWLHQV&KDPSROOLRQ*ROGZDVVHU *ROGZDVVHU*ULQHYDOG/LQFNH.DPPHU]HOOO·DXWUH SKpQRPqQHHVWFHOXLGHO·H[SUHVVLRQGHOD7UDMHFWRLUHTXLDpWpOHWKqPH GHO·XQGHVSURMHWVGHOD)pGpUDWLRQGH7\SRORJLH*ULQHYDOGE ,PEHUW*ULQHYDOG6|UHV HWVRQD[H©/DQJXHVHQ'DQJHU'HVFULSWLRQ7HUUDLQHW5HYLWDOLVDWLRQªSRXU OHVSUDWLTXHVGHFROOHFWHGHGRQQpHVVXUGHVODQJXHVjWUDGLWLRQRUDOHHWHQ GDQJHU3DUDLOOHXUVFHWDUWLFOHHVWHQSDUWLHLQVSLUpGHGHX[FRQIpUHQFHV HQFRUHMDPDLVUpGLJpHV*ULQHYDOGHWDLQVLTXHGHQRPEUHXVHV SUpVHQWDWLRQVGHVpPLQDLUHVj/\RQHWDX[eWDWV8QLVUpFHPPHQWjO·8QLYHU VLWpG·2UHJRQHWjO·8QLYHUVLWpGH&DOLIRUQLH6DQWD%DUEDUD *ULQHYDOGHVWXQHYHUVLRQSOXVFRXUWHHWHQIUDQoDLVGH*ULQHYDOG GRQWOHFRQWHQXHQSUDWLTXHDFRPPHQFpjFLUFXOHUGqV *ULQHYDOGHVWXQHYHUVLRQSOXVFRXUWHHWHQIUDQoDLVGH*ULQHYDOG 6HLIDUW 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( 1. Sur la notion de « typologie évolutive » /HVGHUQLqUHVGpFHQQLHVRQWYXO·HVVRUG·XQHIIRUWFRRUGRQQpGHGHV FULSWLRQVGHODQJXHVjWUDGLWLRQRUDOHHWSDUGpÀQLWLRQHQGDQJHUHIIRUW TXLVHFRQMXJXHGHSOXVHQSOXVDYHFGHVDYDQFpHVHQW\SRORJLHOLQ JXLVWLTXHHOOHVPrPHVDOLPHQWpHVSDUFHVGHVFULSWLRQV/·DSSDULWLRQGH O·DSSURFKHGLWHGHW\SRORJLH©pYROXWLYHªSUpVHQWpHLFLHVWQpHGXGLD ORJXHHQWUHFHWWHQRXYHOOHDFWLYLWpGHGHVFULSWLRQHWOHGpYHORSSHPHQW G·XQHDSSURFKHGLWHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXH 1.1. À propos de description et de typologie ,OH[LVWHDXMRXUG·KXLGLYHUVHVSUDWLTXHVGHODW\SRORJLHPDLVFHOOHGRQW LOV·DJLWLFLHVWFODLUHPHQWWRXUQpHYHUVOHVGpÀVGHVFULSWLIVSRVpVSDU FHUWDLQVSKpQRPqQHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVGDQVXQFDGUHW\SRORJLTXH,OV·DJLW GHSURGXLUHGHV©GHVFULSWLRQVW\SRORJLTXHVªTXLSHUPHWWHQWXQWUDYDLO WUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHDÀQGHFRQWULEXHUjO·pODERUDWLRQGHW\SRORJLHVTXL HQULFKLVVHQWODOLQJXLVWLTXHJpQpUDOHHWIDFLOLWHQWOHVQRXYHOOHVGHVFULS WLRQV&·HVWGDQVFHFRQWH[WHTX·LQWHUYLHQWODQRWLRQGH©W\SRORJLHpYR OXWLYHªTXLFRQVLGqUHODW\SRORJLHFRPPHXQJXLGHSRXUO·H[SORUDWLRQ GHGRQQpHV²XQJXLGHFDSDEOHGHV·DGDSWHUHQUHWRXUDX[QRXYHOOHV GHVFULSWLRQVSURGXLWHVJUkFHjOXL ,OHVWjQRWHUTXHFHWWHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHV·DSSOLTXHDXVVLELHQ jODSURGXFWLRQGHQRXYHOOHVGRQQpHVGDQVOHFDGUHGHODGHVFULSWLRQGH QRXYHOOHVODQJXHVTX·jODUpLQWHUSUpWDWLRQGHGRQQpHVGpMjDFFHVVLEOHV GHODQJXHVGpMjFRQQXHVDX[TXHOOHVRQSRVHGHQRXYHOOHVTXHVWLRQV 0DLVFHWWHDSSURFKHHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFUXFLDOHDXMRXUG·KXLTXDQGLO V·DJLWGHUHOHYHUOHGpÀTXHFRQVWLWXHODSUDWLTXHSDUIRLVWUqVGLIÀFLOH G·XQHOLQJXLVWLTXHGHWHUUDLQTXLYLVHjSURGXLUHGHVGHVFULSWLRQVGHODQ JXHVHQFRUHSHXRXSDVGpFULWHV&HTX·LOIDXWUHFRQQDLWUHF·HVWjTXHO SRLQWODOLQJXLVWLTXHG·RULHQWDWLRQW\SRORJLTXHGHVGHUQLqUHVGpFHQQLHV V·HVWQRXUULHGHFHWWHPDWLqUHOLQJXLVWLTXHQRXYHOOHSURGXLWHSDUFHWWH SUDWLTXHGHODOLQJXLVWLTXHGHWHUUDLQ&HWWHGHUQLqUHDVRXYHQWUpYpOp GHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVHWGHVSKpQRPqQHVHQFRUHSHXRXSDVGpFULWV/DGHV FULSWLRQHWODW\SRORJLHVRQWGRQFGHX[GRPDLQHVDXMRXUG·KXLUHFRQQXV 3RXU OH GpÀ GX WUDYDLO GH WHUUDLQ VXU GHV ODQJXHV HQ GDQJHU YRLU *ULQH YDOG%HUWHWFHUWDLQHVpWXGHVFRPPH*ULQHYDOGHW2VSLQD %R]]LSRXUGHVFDVG·$PpULTXHODWLQHRX%RQSRXUXQFDVHQ $VLH²FHVWURLVGHUQLqUHVpWXGHVSURYHQDQWGHWURLVOLQJXLVWHVjGLIIpUHQWHV pWDSHVGHOHXUFDUULqUHVHQLRUMXQLRUHWpWXGLDQWH &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' FRPPHpWDQWpWURLWHPHQWLPEULTXpVO·XQGDQVO·DXWUHGDQVXQHUHODWLRQ GHFRPSOpPHQWDULWpWUqVSURGXFWLYH 1.2. À propos de « typologie évolutive » /HOLHQHQWUHODQRWLRQGHW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHHWO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQ QHOOHW\SRORJLTXH²FIQRWDPPHQW*LYyQHW,PEHUW 9DOOpHFHYROXPH²YLHQWHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWGHODQDWXUHPXOWLGLPHQ VLRQQHOOHGHFHWWHGHUQLqUH(QHIIHWO·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SROR JLTXHSHUPHWGHVGHVFULSWLRQVULFKHVTXLHOOHVPrPHVSHUPHWWHQWXQH FRPSUpKHQVLRQSOXVVRSKLVWLTXpHGXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWUpHOGHVODQJXHV PDLVHPSrFKHQWHQFRQVpTXHQFHGHSDUOHUWUqVIDFLOHPHQWGHVLPSOHV ©W\SHVªELGLPHQVLRQQHOVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQV'HIDLWODOLQJXLVWLTXHIRQF WLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHFURLVHG·DERUGLQIRUPDWLRQVGLVFXUVLYHHWVpPDQ WLTXHPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHHWV\QWD[LTXHHWOHVFURLVHHQVXLWHDYHFOHV DVSHFWVG\QDPLTXHVGXV\VWqPHpWXGLpHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHVSURFHVVXVGH JUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHWGHOH[LFDOLVDWLRQ/HVV\VWqPHVQHSHXYHQWGRQF rWUHFRPSDUpVTX·jWUDYHUVO·H[SUHVVLRQGHGLIIpUHQWVSDUDPqWUHVHWOHXUV VWDGHVG·pYROXWLRQGDQVO·H[SUHVVLRQGHFHVSDUDPqWUHVHWOHVVLPSOLÀ FDWLRQVW\SRORJLTXHVVRQWGRQFH[FOXHV2QQHSDUOHSOXVGH©W\SROR JLHVGHODQJXHVªPDLVGH©W\SRORJLHVGHSKpQRPqQHVSDUWLFXOLHUVªHW RQUHFRQQDLWTXHWRXVOHVV\VWqPHVGDQVOHXUDFWXDOLVDWLRQSDUWLFXOLqUH GDQVWHOOHRXWHOOHODQJXHRQWGHVIRUPHVXQLTXHVIRUPHVTXHO·RQSHXW FHSHQGDQWUpXQLUGDQVGHVIDPLOOHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVGRQWOHVPHPEUHV VRQWSOXVRXPRLQVSURWRW\SLTXHVRXFDQRQLTXHV &RPPHPHQWLRQQpGDQVO·LQWURGXFWLRQO·H[SUHVVLRQ©W\SRORJLHpYR OXWLYHªHVWODWUDGXFWLRQIUDQoDLVHHWHQFRUHHQGLVFXVVLRQSURSRVpHLFL 3RXUXQHGLVFXVVLRQSOXVGpWDLOOpHGHVUHODWLRQVHQWUHGHVFULSWLRQWKpRULH HWW\SRORJLHDXFRXUVGHVTXDWUHGHUQLqUHVGpFHQQLHVHWjWUDYHUVOHPRQGH eWDWV8QLV&{WH(VWHW&{WH2XHVW(XURSHFI*ULQHYDOGE /HFROOHFWLIGHOLQJXLVWHVjO·RULJLQHGHFHWWHDSSURFKHOLQJXLVWLTXHV·HVWUpXQL UpJXOLqUHPHQWGDQVOHVDQQpHVHWjO·LQLWLDWLYHGH7RP*LYyQ&H FROOHFWLIDSURGXLWXQHVpULHGHSXEOLFDWLRQVGDQVODFROOHFWLRQGH-RKQ%HQ MDPLQV7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH/HJURXSHLQFOXDLWOHVOLQJXLVWHVGH O·8QLYHUVLWpG·2UHJRQFRPPH7RP*LYyQ&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG&UDLJ6FRWW 'H/DQFH\'RULV3D\QHHWXQUpVHDXSOXVRXPRLQVÁXLGHPDLVGRQWOHV SOXVUpJXOLHUVpWDLHQW-RDQ%\EHH:DOO\&KDIH-RKQ+DLPDQ%HUQG+HLQH 0DULDQQH0LWKXQ0LFKDHO1RRQDQ6DQGUD7KRPSVRQDX[TXHOVV·DMRX WDLHQW G·DXWUHV VSpFLDOLVWHV FRPPH 50: 'L[RQ *HRUJH /DNRII 'DQ 6ORELQHQIRQFWLRQGHVWKqPHVWUDLWpV 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( SRXU©ZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\ª/HPRW©ZRUNLQJªHVWOjSRXUpYRTXHUOD QRWLRQGHWUDYDLOFRPPHGDQVXQHW\SRORJLHTXLSURSRVHXQWUDYDLO G·HQTXrWHVXUXQVXMHWSDUWLFXOLHUODFODVVLÀFDWLRQGHVQRPVRXO·H[ SUHVVLRQGHOD7UDMHFWRLUHSDUH[HPSOH7RXWHW\SRORJLHGRLWGRQQHU OHVPR\HQVGHVWUXFWXUHUXQTXHVWLRQQHPHQWV\VWpPDWLTXHjWUDYHUVGHV SURSRVLWLRQVGHVWUDWpJLHVGHVFULSWLYHV3DUH[HPSOHXQHW\SRORJLHGH V\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSURSRVHSOXVLHXUVW\SHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHW GHVDUJXPHQWVSRXUSHUPHWWUHGHOHVGLVWLQJXHUHWXQHW\SRORJLHGHOD 7UDMHFWRLUHGpFRPSRVHODQRWLRQGH7UDMHFWRLUHHQGLYHUVVRXVGRPDLQHV HWHQSURSRVHOHVSRVVLEOHVUHODWLRQVOHWRXWFRQWH[WXDOLVpSDUO·REVHU YDWLRQGHVG\QDPLTXHVREVHUYpHVHWO·pYDOXDWLRQGXGHJUpGHJUDPPD WLFDOLVDWLRQGHVV\VWqPHV 6DQVGHWHOVJXLGHVOHVGHVFULSWLRQVGHFHVSKpQRPqQHVQHVHIH UDLHQWSUREDEOHPHQWSDVGDQVODPHVXUHROHV©GRQQpHVªG·XQHODQJXH QHSUHQQHQWIRUPHTX·jO·LQWpULHXUG·XQFDGUHG·DQDO\VHTXLSHUPHWGH SRVHUGHVTXHVWLRQVHWG·HQDQDO\VHUOHVUpSRQVHV(QHIIHWLOHVWLPSRU WDQWGHVRXOLJQHUjTXHOSRLQWOHVGRQQpHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVQHVRQWSDVGHV ©SkTXHUHWWHVªTXHOHOLQJXLVWHYD©FXHLOOLUªVXUOHWHUUDLQOHV©GRQ QpHVªQHVH©YRLHQWªSDVjO·±LOQXHWVRQWHQUpDOLWpOHUpVXOWDWG·XQ WUDYDLOODERULHX[G·pODERUDWLRQG·DQDO\VHV/D©GHVFULSWLRQªG·XQHGHFHV PLOOLHUVGHODQJXHVQRQHQFRUHGpFULWHVHWGHVHVSDUWLFXODULWpVSURFqGH GRQFSDUpWDSHVDXJUpGHO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHGRQQpHVGHOHXULQWHUSUp WDWLRQGHODUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHOHXUDGpTXDWLRQRXSDVDYHFGHVSURSR VLWLRQVW\SRORJLTXHVHWWKpRULTXHV /·DXWUHVHQVGXPRW©ZRUNLQJªpYRTXHFRPPHQWGDQVOHFDGUH G·XQHDSSURFKHGHW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHODW\SRORJLHVH©UHWUDYDLOOHª HOOHHVWUHIRUPXOpHSRXULQWpJUHUOHVQRXYHOOHVLQIRUPDWLRQVMXVTXHOj LQFRQQXHVHWSURYHQDQWG·XQHJUDQGHGLYHUVLWpOLQJXLVWLTXHSOXVLHXUV H[HPSOHVVHURQWGRQQpVFLGHVVRXVWRXVOLpVjODGHVFULSWLRQGHODQ JXHVG·$PpULTXH$LQVLGDQVFHWWHDSSURFKHLOQ·HVWSDVWDQWTXHVWLRQ G·LQÀUPHUXQHSURSRVLWLRQGHW\SRORJLHTXHGHODUHSUHQGUH'DQVFHWWH FDSDFLWpPrPHG·DGDSWDWLRQXQHWHOOHSUDWLTXHGH©W\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHª SHXWDXVVLDLGHUjFRUULJHUGHX[WHQGDQFHVGHODWUDGLWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHTXL VHIRQWpFKR/DSUHPLqUHHVWODWHQGDQFHjSUHQGUHV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQW ODSUHPLqUHGHVFULSWLRQG·XQSKpQRPqQHFRPPHFHOOHG·XQSURWRW\SH SDUH[HPSOHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVFKLQRLVFRPPHOHSURWRW\SHGHVFODV VLÀFDWHXUVHWOHVFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVEDQWRXHVFRPPHOHSURWRW\SHGHV FODVVHVQRPLQDOHV/DGHX[LqPHWHQGDQFHSRXUEHDXFRXSHQUpDFWLRQ jODSUHPLqUHFRQVLVWHjWURS©H[RWLVHUªOHVODQJXHVOHVSOXVUpFHPPHQW GpFULWHVHQOHVWUDLWDQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWFRPPHGHVH[FHSWLRQVTXL &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' LQÀUPHQWOHWUDYDLOW\SRORJLTXHSUpFpGHQW4XHOTXHVH[HPSOHVPRQ WUHQWGDQVFHWDUWLFOHFRPPHQWODW\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFD WLRQQRPLQDOHDpWpUpDMXVWpHVXLWHjGHQRXYHOOHVGRQQpHVG·$XVWUDOLH VHFWLRQHWG·$PD]RQLHVHFWLRQ 2. Sur l’élaboration d’une typologie de systèmes de classification nominale /·pODERUDWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDpWpLQL WLDOHPHQWPRWLYpHSDUOHGpÀSRVpSDUO·DQDO\VHHWODGHVFULSWLRQG·XQ SKpQRPqQHSDUWLFXOLHUGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGDQVXQHODQJXHG·$PpULTXH ODWLQHFHFLFRQVWLWXHXQHSDUIDLWHLOOXVWUDWLRQG·XQGHVDVSHFWVGHOD UHODWLRQHQWUHGHVFULSWLRQHWW\SRORJLH4XDQWjODJHQqVHGHODW\SRORJLH SOXVJpQpUDOHGHVGLYHUVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHSURSRVpH GDQV*ULQHYDOGHOOHGpFRXOHGXEHVRLQJUDQGLVVDQWG·HQUD\HU ODFRQIXVLRQW\SRORJLTXHHWWHUPLQRORJLTXHDPELDQWHHWTXLSHUVLVWH HQFRUHGHQRVMRXUVDÀQGHSRXYRLUVLWXHUOHV\VWqPHSDUWLFXOLHUGH FHWWHODQJXHG·$PpULTXHSDUPLOHVDXWUHV 2.1. La description des classificateurs de noms du jakaltek popti’ /HMDNDOWHNSRSWL·HVWXQHODQJXHPD\DGX*XDWHPDOD8QHGHVHVFDUDF WpULVWLTXHVQRWRLUHVHVWTX·HOOHSRVVqGHXQV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV GHQRPVSHXFRPPXQHWG·XQW\SHLQFRQQXGHVOLQJXLVWHVDXPRPHQW GHPDUHQFRQWUHDYHFFHWWHODQJXHGDQVOHVDQQpHV&HTXLVXLW UHWUDFHO·KLVWRLUHGHODGHVFULSWLRQGHFHV\VWqPHSRXUPRQWUHUFRPPHQW FKDTXHpWDSHGHODGHVFULSWLRQDUpSRQGXjGHVTXHVWLRQVGHOLQJXLVWLTXH IRUPXOpHVjO·pSRTXH /HQRPGHODODQJXHDpYROXpGHSXLVVDGpQRPLQDWLRQLQLWLDOHSDUGHVpWUDQ JHUVGH-DFDOWHFRODQJXHGXERXUJGH-DFDOWHQDQJRGDQVOHV&XFKXPDWDQHV GX *XDWHPDOD FKDQJpH RUWKRJUDSKLTXHPHQW HQ MDNDOWHNR ORUV GH O·RIÀ FLDOLVDWLRQGHVDOSKDEHWVGHVODQJXHVPD\DVGX*XDWHPDODSRXUGHYHQLUOH SRSWL·SDUGpFUHWGHV0D\DVHX[PrPHV/HFKRL[LFLHVWGHUHWHQLUOHQRP GHMDNDOWHNSRXUIDLUHOHOLHQDYHFOHVSXEOLFDWLRQVVXUODODQJXHPDLVGDQV O·RUWKRJUDSKHRIÀFLHOOHDYHF©NªHWG·\DMRXWHUFHOXLGHSRSWL·SDUOHTXHO HOOHHVWQRPPpHPDLQWHQDQWDX*XDWHPDOD &HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQ·RQWSDVpWpGLIÀFLOHVjLGHQWLÀHUFDULOVVRQWRPQLSUp VHQWVHWDYDLHQWGpMjpWpUHFRQQXVHWQRPPpVSDUH[HPSOHSDUO·DQWKURSR ORJXH&KULVWRSKHU'D\ 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( 'DQVODSUHPLqUHSXEOLFDWLRQ&UDLJTXLSRUWDLWVXUODVWUXF WXUHGHVSKUDVHVFRPSOH[HVGHODODQJXHFHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQHVRQW WUDLWpVTXHSRXUOHXUYDOHXUV\QWD[LTXHHWVRQWDVVLPLOpVjGHVGpWHUPL QDQWVHWGHVSURQRPVDQDSKRULTXHVjUDSSURFKHUG·pOpPHQWVVHPEODEOHV GDQVOHVODQJXHVHXURSpHQQHV /HSUHPLHUWUDYDLOVXUFHV\VWqPHGH©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªHQWDQWTXH WHO &UDLJ E V·LQVFULW GDQV O·pODQ GH OD OLQJXLVWLTXH FRJQLWLYH GHV DQQpHV DXWRXU GHV WUDYDX[ GH *HRUJH /DNRII FI /DNRII HW ,O FRQWLHQW XQH GHVFULSWLRQ GpWDLOOpH GH OD VpPDQ WLTXH GH FH V\VWqPH HW LGHQWLÀH GDQV OH FDGUH DORUV UpFHQW GH OD UH FKHUFKHVXUODFDWpJRULVDWLRQHWOHVSURWRW\SHVOHVQLYHDX[GHFDWpJR ULVDWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHWOHVSURWRW\SHVGHVFDWpJRULHV/HMDNDOWHN GLVWLQJXHGHVFODVVHV©JpQpUDOHVªDQLPDOSODQWHVPLQpUDOVSpFL ÀTXHVPDwVÀOWLVVXHWFRUGHHWXQLTXHVFKLHQVHO3DUDLOOHXUVOH V\VWqPHUHÁqWHG·XQHIDoRQUHPDUTXDEOHODFXOWXUHMDFDOWqTXHWUDGLWLRQ QHOOHSDUH[HPSOHjWUDYHUVVHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVSpFLÀTXHVSRXUFHTXL HVWGHODFXOWXUHPD\DGXPDwVODWUDGLWLRQGXWLVVDJHHWGXWUHVVDJHGX YLOODJHGH-DFDOWHQDQJRHWODUHODWLRQVSpFLDOHGHO·KRPPHMDFDOWqTXHj VRQFKLHQSDUVRQFODVVLÀFDWHXUXQLTXHGHFKLHQ /·DUWLFOHVXLYDQW&UDLJHVWFRQoXHQUHYDQFKHGDQVOHFDGUH GHQRXYHOOHVGLVFXVVLRQVHQFRXUVVXUOHVSKpQRPqQHVGHJUDPPDWL FDOLVDWLRQ,OSURSRVHXQHGLVFXVVLRQGHVVRXUFHVOH[LFDOHVQRPLQDOHV GHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHWGpPRQWUHOHXUGpVpPDQWLVDWLRQSDUH[WHQVLRQGH FODVVHVFRPPHSRXUOHFODVVLÀFDWHXU©URFKHªTXLGHYLHQWOHFODVVLÀ FDWHXUGHVPDFKLQHVGHODPRGHUQLWpFDPLRQVHWDYLRQV,OGpPRQWUH VXUWRXWOD©V\QWDFWLVDWLRQªGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVTXLHQVRQWYHQXVjMRXHU XQU{OHSXUHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHGDQVOHPDUTXDJHGHODFRUpIpUHQWLDOLWp 4XHOTXHVDQQpHVSOXVWDUG&UDLJRIIUHXQHYXHGLDFKURQLTXH GXV\VWqPH(OOHGpPRQWUHTX·LOHVWOHUpVXOWDWG·XQHLQQRYDWLRQGHOD ,VVXHG·XQHWKqVHGHGRFWRUDWGH+DUYDUGPDLVpODERUpHHQJUDQGH SDUWLHDYHFGHVOLQJXLVWHVGX0,7G·LQVSLUDWLRQDORUVODUJHPHQWFKRPVN\HQQH &ROHWWH &UDLJ *ULQHYDOG pWDQW DORUV j O·8QLYHUVLWp G·2UHJRQ HW *HRUJH /DNRIIjO·8QLYHUVLWpGH&DOLIRUQLHj%HUNHOH\HWPHPEUHGXFROOHFWLIUpXQL DXWRXUGH7RP*LYyQFRPPHPHQWLRQQpSOXVKDXW 9RLU(OHDQRU5RVFK0LFKDHO3RVQHUHW7RP*LYyQGDQV&UDLJD 3DUOHELDLVG·XQHUqJOHV\QWD[LTXHG·HIIDFHPHQWGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDX[FRQ GLWLRQVWUqVLQWpUHVVDQWHV&HSKpQRPqQHDIDVFLQpFHUWDLQVOLQJXLVWHVGX0,7 GHO·pSRTXHTXLWUDYDLOODLHQWVXUODTXHVWLRQGHVHIIDFHPHQWVHWGHVWUDFHV V\QWD[LTXHV &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' EUDQFKHT·DQMRE·DODQHGHODIDPLOOHPD\DLQQRYDWLRQTXLDHQVXLWHpWp SDUWLHOOHPHQWLPLWpHVHXOHPHQWGDQVOHFDVGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSRXUOHV KXPDLQVSDUGHVODQJXHVG·XQHDXWUHEUDQFKHGHODIDPLOOHPD\DPDP L[LOHWFHGDQVXQHSUREDEOHVLWXDWLRQGHFRQWDFW &HVDUWLFOHVRQWGRQFSURJUHVVLYHPHQWFRXYHUWWRXVOHVDVSHFWVGX V\VWqPHVRQLQYHQWDLUHHWVDVpPDQWLTXHVRQXVDJHHWVDV\QWD[HVHV RULJLQHVHWVRQSURFHVVXVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQDLQVLTXHVRQFDUDFWqUH LQQRYDQWGDQVODIDPLOOHPD\D0rPHVLFHVSXEOLFDWLRQVUHSUHQDLHQW jFKDTXHIRLVOHIDLWTX·LOV·DJLVVDLWG·XQW\SHVSpFLDOGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV DSSHOpV©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVªFHPHVVDJHQHVHPEODLWSDVrWUH HQWHQGXORUVTXHOHV\VWqPHpWDLWPHQWLRQQpSDUG·DXWUHVOLQJXLVWHVLO pWDLWFRPPXQpPHQWDVVLPLOpDXW\SHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVOHSOXVFRQQX jO·pSRTXHFHOXLGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GHVODQJXHVG·$VLHGX 6XG(VWWHOVFHX[GHODODQJXHFKLQRLVH 2.2. L’élaboration d’une typologie de systèmes de classification nominale IRUFHG·DFKDUQHPHQWjDUJXPHQWHUTXHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXMDNDOWHN Q·pWDLHQWSDVFRPPHFHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[PLHX[FRQQXVGH O·$VLHGX6XG(VWHVWQpHODSURSRVLWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHV GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSUpVHQWpHLQLWLDOHPHQWGDQV&UDLJ/DSURSR VLWLRQHVWSOXVGpYHORSSpHGDQV*ULQHYDOGRHOOHHVW pODUJLHDXFRQWH[WHG·XQHW\SRORJLHSOXVJpQpUDOHGHV\VWqPHVGHFODV VLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOH 5DSSHORQV TXH FH WUDYDLO G·pODERUDWLRQ G·XQH W\SRORJLH GHV V\V WqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHV·HVWIDLWDXWUDYHUVGHQRPEUHXVHV FRQVXOWDWLRQVGHFKHUFKHXUVIDPLOLHUVGHQRPEUHX[DXWUHVV\VWqPHV,O \HXWHQSDUWLFXOLHUGHX[JUDQGHVUpXQLRQVGHWUDYDLOVXUODTXHVWLRQ XQHHQ2UHJRQ&UDLJDDXWRXUGHVTXHVWLRQVGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQ GDQVXQHRULHQWDWLRQFRJQLWLYHHWXQHDXWUHDX03,GH1LPqJXH6HQIW G·RULHQWDWLRQSOXVW\SRORJLTXHHWDQWKURSRORJLTXH 'DQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVOHWUDYDLOV·HVWFRQFHQWUpVXUXQHW\SRORJLH GHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVTXLLVRODLWOHV\VWqPHMDNDOWHNGDQVVD 8QHUpFHQWHSXEOLFDWLRQ+RSNLQVGpPRQWUHTXHOHV\VWqPHUHOHYp GDQVODEUDQFKHT·DQMRE·DODQHHVWOXLPrPHXQHPSUXQWjGHVODQJXHVGHOD IDPLOOHRWRPDQJXpHQQHGX0H[LTXHHWGRQFLVVXOXLDXVVLG·XQHVLWXDWLRQ GHFRQWDFW &IQRWH 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( SDUWLFXODULWpGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVGLIIpUHQWVGXSURWRW\SHGHVFODV VLÀFDWHXUVHWFHVXUODEDVHGHSOXVLHXUVW\SHVG·DUJXPHQWV D $UJXPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHFROORFDWLRQ&UDLJ HW*ULQHYDOGODFROORFDWLRQGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVXUGLIIp UHQWVpOpPHQWVGHODSKUDVHSHUPHWO·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQGHVVRXVV\VWqPHV VXLYDQWV/HVFKpPDHVWVLPSOLÀpSDUUDSSRUWj*ULQHYDOGFDULO QHPHQWLRQQHSDVOHVGpPRQVWUDWLIVHWOHVDGMHFWLIV3DUDLOOHXUVLOVHUD TXHVWLRQSOXVWDUGGXEHVRLQGHFKDQJHUFHWWHWHUPLQRORJLHGDQVXQ FDGUHGHW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYH FODVVLÀFDWHXUV >3266&/ JpQLWLYDX[ 1XPpUDO&/ QXPpUDX[ &/120@ 9(5%(&/ GHQRP YHUEDX[ E $UJXPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHFRRFFXUUHQFHGLIIpUHQWVV\V WqPHVSHXYHQWFRH[LVWHUGDQVXQHPrPHODQJXHFRPPHHQSRQDSpHQ FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[HWJpQLWLYDX[5HKJRXGDQVOHVODQ JXHVT·DQMRE·DODQHVPD\DFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[HWGHQRP=DYDOD F $UJXPHQWVpPDQWLTXHGLIIpUHQWV©SURÀOVVpPDQWLTXHVªSHX YHQWrWUHpWDEOLVVHORQOHW\SHPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUGRQ QDQWDLQVLGHVFDWpJRULVDWLRQVGLIIpUHQWLHOOHV²SDUODIRUPHSRXUOHV QXPpUDX[SDUODPDWLqUHSRXUOHVQRPLQDX[SDUODIRQFWLRQSRXUOHV JpQLWLYDX[6HORQOHW\SHGHV\VWqPHSDUH[HPSOHXQFDQRsHVWGRQF FDWpJRULVp VRLW SDU VD IRUPH ORQJXH FODVVLÀFDWHXU QXPpUDO VRLW VD PDWLqUHYpJpWDOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUGHQRPVRLWSDUVDIRQFWLRQGHPRGH GHWUDQVSRUWFODVVLÀFDWHXUJpQLWLYDO 2.3. Élargissement de la typologie aux systèmes de classification nominale en général 'DQV OH FRQWH[WH GH FH TXL VHPEODLW GHYHQLU XQH FRQIXVLRQ JpQpUD OLVpH R WRXV OHV V\VWqPHV GH FODVVLÀFDWLRQ GH QRP FRPPHQoDLHQW jrWUHDSSHOpVV\VWqPHVGH©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªOHEHVRLQDpPHUJpGH ©UHGpOLPLWHUªOHVGLIIpUHQWVV\VWqPHV2QREVHUYHjO·RULJLQHGHX[ $UJXPHQWjRSSRVHUjODW\SRORJLHSURSRVpHSDU:LOOLDP&URIWIRQ GpHVXUGHVFULWqUHVGHVpPDQWLTXHOHVTXHOVVRQWWUqVGLIÀFLOHVjPDQLSXOHU VXUOHWHUUDLQ²ODPRUSKRV\QWD[HpWDQWEHDXFRXSSOXVDFFHVVLEOHHWYpUL ÀDEOH²HWOHVTXHOVGRQQHQWGHVUpVXOWDWVQRQVDWLVIDLVDQWVGDQVODPHVXUH ROHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVHUHWURXYHQWXQHIRLVGHSOXVFRQVLGpUpVFRPPHGHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' SRVLWLRQVVXUOHVXMHWHQSDUWLHjFDXVHG·XQHTXHVWLRQG·DWWLWXGHHWHQ SDUWLHjFDXVHGHO·DWWHQWLRQGRQQpHDXQLYHDXG·DQDO\VHG·XQF{Wp LO\DOHVOLQJXLVWHVTXLWUDLWHQWWRXVOHVV\VWqPHVGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQGH ©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªGHO·DXWUHFHX[TXLIRQWGHVGLVWLQFWLRQVHQWUHGLIIp UHQWVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQHWQHUpVHUYHQWOHPRWGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV TX·jXQVRXVHQVHPEOHGHV\VWqPHV&HX[TXLYHXOHQWDSSHOHUWRXVOHV V\VWqPHV©V\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVªVHIRFDOLVHQWVXUOHXUIRQFWLRQ GHFDWpJRULVDWLRQPDLVLOVLJQRUHQWDORUVOHEHVRLQGHIDLUHODGLVWLQFWLRQ HQWUHOHVV\VWqPHVjXQDXWUHQLYHDXSOXVVWULFWHPHQWOLQJXLVWLTXH 0DSURSRVLWLRQLFLHVWGHIDLUHODGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHV\VWqPHVGHFODV VLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHGHQDWXUHOH[LFDOHHWFHX[GHQDWXUHJUDPPDWLFDOH HQUHFRQQDLVVDQWGqVOHGpEXWTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQFRQWLQXXPOH[LFRJUDP PDWLFDO'DQVOHVFKpPDSURSRVpFLGHVVRXVODFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHVV\V WqPHVGH©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªSURSUHPHQWGLWHVWTX·LOVVRQWGHVV\VWqPHV LQWHUPpGLDLUHVOLpVDXOH[LTXHSDUOHXUVRULJLQHVFODLUHPHQWOH[LFDOHVHW jODPRUSKRV\QWD[HSDUOHXUFRPSRUWHPHQWJUDPPDWLFDO /H[LTXH0RUSKRV\QWD[H! QRPVGHFODVVH©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVJHQUHV WHUPHVGHPHVXUH /·H[SUHVVLRQ DQJORSKRQH XWLOLVpH GDQV *ULQHYDOG E HVW FHOOH GH ©OXPSHUVªYV©QRQOXPSHUVªFHX[TXLPpODQJHQWHWFHX[TXLQHPpODQ JHQWSDV$OH[DQGUD$LNKHQYDOGHW:LOOLDP&URIW VHPEOHQWSDUH[HPSOHDSSDUWHQLUDX[SUHPLHUVFHX[TXLPpODQJHQWHWRQW WHQGDQFHjV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWWRXWDSSHOHU©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVªWDQGLVTXHGH PRQF{Wp*ULQHYDOGDEM·DSSDUWLHQVFODLUH PHQWDX[VHFRQGVFRPPHOHPRQWUHODW\SRORJLHSURSRVpHLFL 6\VWqPHVOH[LFDX[LHTXLFUpHQWGHVHQWLWpVOH[LFDOHVSDUIRLVDSSHOpVFODV VLÀFDWHXUVFRPPHOHV©QRPVGHFODVVHªGHW\SH¶VWUDZEOXHEODFNEHUU\· RXOHV©WHUPHVGHPHVXUHªFRPPH¶JRXWWHWDVVHOLWUHG·HDX·V\VWqPHV JUDPPDWLFDX[FRPPHOHVFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVEDQWRXHVRXOHJHQUHGHVODQ JXHVHXURSpHQQHV %RQGDQVFHYROXPHSURSRVHXQHGHVFULSWLRQGHVV\VWqPHVGXVWLHQJ&DP ERGJHTXLIDLWODGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHV\VWqPHVGH©QRPVGHFODVVHªHW©FODVVL ÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ªV\VWqPHVSDUDLOOHXUVSUREDEOHPHQWOLpVSDUOHIDLWTXH OHVGHUQLHUVWURXYHQWOHXURULJLQHGDQVOHVSUHPLHUV 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( 3. Exemples de typologie « évolutive » : ajustement de la typologie proposée dans Grinevald (2000) /DSXEOLFDWLRQGH*ULQHYDOGHVWVRXYHQWFLWpHFRPPHUpIpUHQFH GHODW\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHPDLVHOOHD EHVRLQG·rWUHRIÀFLHOOHPHQWPLVHjMRXUFDUHOOHDGHSXLVpYROXpFRPPH DUJXPHQWpGDQV*ULQHYDOG/·pYLGHQFHGHFHWWHpYROXWLRQ H[LVWHPDLVVDYLVLELOLWpHVWHQJUDQGHSDUWLHGLPLQXpHSDUGHVSXEOLFD WLRQVGLVSHUVpHVHWVHUDGRQFEULqYHPHQWUHFRQVWLWXpHLFLFRPPHLOOXV WUDWLRQGHODQDWXUH©pYROXWLYHªGHFHWWHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXH 3.1. Sur le degré de grammaticalisation des systèmes de classification : un défi australien /DSURSRVLWLRQG·RULJLQH'L[RQpWDLWTXHOHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVHV QRPLQDOHVpWDLHQWSOXVJUDPPDWLFDOLVpVTXHOHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFD WHXUVFHFLVXUODEDVHG·XQHFRPSDUDLVRQGHVV\VWqPHVFRQQXVDORUV FHX[GHVFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVEDQWRXHVUpJXODULVpHVHWWUqVJUDPPDWLFD OLVpHVHWFHX[GHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[VXUODEDVHGHV\VWqPHV DVLDWLTXHVSULQFLSDOHPHQW -·DYDLVLPSOLFLWHPHQWUHSULVFHW\SHG·DQDO\VH*ULQHYDOG HQVLJQDODQWTXHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVGXMDNDOWHNSRSWL·FRQVWL WXDLHQWXQV\VWqPHWUqVJUDPPDWLFDOLVp2U'DYLG:LONLQVFRQ WHVWHO·H[DFWLWXGHGHFHWWHSURSRVLWLRQGH*ULQHYDOGHQGpWDLOODQW OHEDVQLYHDXGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQGXV\VWqPHGHO·DUUHUQWHODQJXH DXVWUDOLHQQHHWHQSUHQDQWODGHVFULSWLRQGXV\VWqPHMDNDOWHNWUqVJUDP PDWLFDOLVpFRPPHXQHQRUPHRXXQSURWRW\SH&·HVWOHEHVRLQG·XQH UpSRQVHDUWLFXOpHGDQV*ULQHYDOGTXLDSUREDEOH PHQWFRQVWLWXpOHGpFOHQFKHPHQWGHO·LGpHGH©W\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHª $LQVLFHTXLHVWSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQHFRQWURYHUVHQ·HQHVWSDVXQHPDLV SOXW{WO·RFFDVLRQG·XQHOHoRQVXUOHIDLWTX·LOIDXWGpWDFKHUODQRWLRQGH GHJUpGHJUDPPDWLFDOLWpGXW\SHSDUWLFXOLHUGHV\VWqPH 'HYDQWOHGpÀSUpVHQWpSDUFHWWHODQJXHDXVWUDOLHQQHGHVSUHXYHV RQWpWpUDVVHPEOpHVjWUDYHUVOHVGRQQpHVGLVSRQLEOHVSRXUGpPRQWUHU TXHWRXWV\VWqPHSRXYDLWVHWURXYHUjQ·LPSRUWHTXHOQLYHDXGHJUDP PDWLFDOLVDWLRQFRPPHLOOXVWUpFLGHVVRXV &IQRWH &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' GHJUpGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQGHVRXVW\SHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPV ² ² 7]RW]LO 7KDw &DEHFDU -DNDOWHN 3RSWL· $UUHQWH 0DP -DNDOWHN 3RSWL· Tableau 1. – Degrés différents de grammaticalisation de systèmes de classificateurs (Grinevald, 2002). 3.2. Preuve additionnelle de l’indépendance du paramètre de grammaticalisation : un défi amazonien O·RFFDVLRQGHWUDYDX[VXUOHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQGHODQJXHV DPD]RQLHQQHVODTXHVWLRQGXGHJUpGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQGHFHUWDLQV V\VWqPHVV·HVWGHQRXYHDXSRVpHGRQWFHOXLGHV\VWqPHVGHFODVVHV QRPLQDOHVFRPPHSUpVHQWpGDQV*ULQHYDOG/·DQDO\VHGH*UL QHYDOG 6HLIDUW RIIUH XQH FRPSDUDLVRQ HQWUH FODVVHV QRPL QDOHVEDQWRXHVHWFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVGXPLUDxDODQJXHDPD]RQLHQQHGH &RORPELH(OOHGpPRQWUHSOXVLHXUVSRLQWVDjTXHOSRLQWOHV\VWqPH EDQWRXHVWSULVFRPPHXQSURWRW\SHDORUVTXHOHIDLWTX·LOVRLWGHYHQX OHV\VWqPHUpIpUHQWSURWRW\SLTXHHQOLQJXLVWLTXHJpQpUDOHHVWSOXW{WGX UHVVRUWGHODFKURQRORJLHGHODUHFKHUFKHETXHO·DSSDUHQFHGHJUDP PDWLFDOLVDWLRQVWULFWHGHVODQJXHVEDQWRXHVHVWHQJUDQGHSDUWLHGXHjXQ HIIHWGpIRUPDQWG·XQSURFHVVXVGHVWDQGDUGLVDWLRQSRXVVpTXLHVWGHIDLW DPSOHPHQWFRQWUHGLWSDUODSUDWLTXHRUDOHGHVORFXWHXUV²FHSRLQWHVW GpPRQWUpJUkFHjODJUDQGHIDPLOLDULWpGH'HQLV&UHLVVHOVDYHFOHVODQ JXHVEDQWRXHV&UHLVVHOVFTXHO·DQDO\VHGXPLUDxDGRLWGRQF rWUHFRQWH[WXDOLVpHHOOHDUULYHWDUGGDQVODFKURQRORJLHGHODUHFKHUFKH VXUOHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQHOOHQHVHIDLWTXHVXUGHVGRQQpHV RUDOHVG·XQHODQJXHHQFRUHQRQGpFULWHHWQRQpFULWHHWHOOHDSSDUWLHQWGH WRXWHVIDoRQVjXQV\VWqPHW\SLTXHPHQWDPD]RQLHQHWWUqVSHXJUDPPD WLFDOLVp /HVGHX[V\VWqPHVGHFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVVHGLVWLQJXHQWGRQFVXU WRXWSDUOHXUVGLIIpUHQWVGHJUpVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQ,OVFRQIRUWHQW 'DQVOHFDGUHGHVpPLQDLUHVHQ&RORPELHDX&&(/$HWGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQ JURXSHGHWUDYDLODSSHOp&/$1/,1&TXLDSURGXLWGHVGHVFULSWLRQVGHV\V WqPHVGHSOXVLHXUVODQJXHVGRQWOHPLUDxDGpFULWSDU)UDQN6HLIDUWHWGLVFXWp GDQV*ULQHYDOG6HLIDUW 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( ODSRVLWLRQVXUODTXHOOHODW\SRORJLHVHGRLWG·LQVLVWHUOHSDUDPqWUHGH JUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQHVWLQGpSHQGDQWGXW\SHPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHFHTXL V·RSSRVHjODSRVLWLRQGHVSUHPLqUHVpWXGHVVXUFHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀ FDWLRQWHOOHVTXHFHOOHVGH5REHUW'L[RQ$XSDVVDJHFHW H[HUFLFHGHFRPSDUDLVRQWUDQVDWODQWLTXHSHUPHWGHSRVHUXQQRXYHDX UHJDUGVXUOHVV\VWqPHVEDQWRXVHWVXUWRXWUHSODFHOHXUGHVFULSWLRQGDQV XQFRQWH[WHVRFLROLQJXLVWLTXHHWGLVFXUVLITXLIDLWERXJHUODSHUFHSWLRQ GXV\VWqPHSURGXLWSDUGHVpFULWVGHQDWXUHQRUPDWLYH/DW\SRORJLH ©WUDYDLOOHªDLQVLGDQVOHVGHX[VHQVHOOHSHUPHWGHGpFULUHOHV\VWqPH DPD]RQLHQHWOXLGRQQHXQHSODFHGDQVODW\SRORJLHVDQVOHWUDLWHUGH V\VWqPHGpYLDQWRXH[RWLTXHPDLVHOOHFRQVHQWDXVVLjUHYHQLUVXUOD FRQQDLVVDQFHGHVV\VWqPHVEDQWRXVHWFHUWDLQVGHVHVDVSHFWVTXLQHVRQW HQJpQpUDOSDVH[SOLFLWpVHWTXLSHXYHQWGRQFrWUHUHPLVHQTXHVWLRQ 4. Conclusion : sur la valeur heuristique d’une typologie « évolutive » (QJXLVHGHFRQFOXVLRQFHWWHVHFWLRQVHSURMHWWHVXUGHX[DXWUHVSURMHWV HQFRXUVTXLGRLYHQWXQHERQQHSDUWLHGHOHXUH[LVWHQFHjO·H[HUFLFH G·pODERUDWLRQG·XQHW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHGpYHORSSpHjO·RULJLQHVXUOH WKqPHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHFRPPHGpPRQWUpGDQV OHVVHFWLRQVSUpFpGHQWHV 4.1. Le cas des classificateurs des hiéroglyphes égyptiens 7RXMRXUVGDQVODWKpPDWLTXHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVFHWWHSUR SRVLWLRQ GH W\SRORJLH D SURGXLW UpFHPPHQW XQH WRXWH QRXYHOOH GHV FULSWLRQGXSKpQRPqQHGHVIDPHX[©GpWHUPLQDWLIVªGHVKLpURJO\SKHV pJ\SWLHQVjO·RULJLQHGpFULWVGHIDoRQV\VWpPDWLTXHSDUOH'DXSKLQRLV -HDQ)UDQoRLV&KDPSROOLRQ&·HVWODUHQFRQWUHG·XQHpJ\SWR ORJXHDYHFXQHSXEOLFDWLRQVXJJpUDQWTXHFHVGpWHUPLQDWLIVpWDLHQWGHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGDQVODFROOHFWLRQGH&UDLJDMXVWHPHQWTXL DSRXVVpO·pJ\SWRORJXH2UO\*ROGZDVVHUjH[SORUHUFHWWHVXJJHVWLRQ ,OHQDUpVXOWpXQHSUHPLqUHVpULHG·pWXGHVWUDLWDQWGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV $UWLFOHSURSRVpSDUXQGRFWRUDQWGHO·8QLYHUVLWpG·2UHJRQ1RHO5XGH OLQJXLVWHQRQVSpFLDOLVWHHWpWXGLDQWOHVKLpURJO\SKHVHQDXWRGLGDFWH1RHO 5XGHDIDLWOHOLHQHQWUHGpWHUPLQDWLIVHWFODVVLÀFDWHXUVORUVGHO·DWHOLHUj O·RULJLQHGHODSXEOLFDWLRQ&UDLJD &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' *ROGZDVVHUTXLVHSURORQJHDXMRXUG·KXLjWUDYHUVGHV pWXGHVPHQpHVHQFRPPXQ*ROGZDVVHU*ULQHYDOG /HVVWUDWpJLHVGHVFULSWLYHVXWLOLVpHVGDQVOHFDGUHGHODW\SRORJLHGHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVDSHUPLVGHGpWHUPLQHUOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHVGpWHUPL QDWLIVHWGHOHVFRQVLGpUHUFRPPHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV,OV·DJLWHQHIIHW D G·XQ©V\VWqPHªRPQLSUpVHQWGpPRQWUDEOHSDUIUpTXHQFHHWUp JXODULWpGDQVOHVWH[WHV E GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVHWQRQGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ JpQLWLYDX[HWFDYHFÁH[LRQVH[WpULHXUHVDXFODVVLÀFDWHXU F G·XQLQYHQWDLUHDXSURÀOVpPDQWLTXHUHFRQQDLVVDEOHJpQpULTXH HWSDUHVVHQFHVKXPDLQVDQLPDX[SODQWHVOLTXLGHVHWF G G H FODVVLÀFDWHXUV RSpUDQW GHV FDWpJRULVDWLRQV j GLIIpUHQWV QL YHDX[XQJpQpULTXHGHVJUDQGHVFODVVHVGHVFODVVHVUHVWUHLQWHV GHVXQLTXHVGHV©UHSHDWHUVªHWF H G·XQHPLQHGHSUHXYHVG·pYROXWLRQGXV\VWqPHGRQWGHVSUHXYHV G·H[WHQVLRQGHFODVVHVVpPDQWLTXHVFRPPHSDUH[HPSOHGDQVOH FDVGHVDQLPDX[HWGHO·KDELWDW (Q UHWRXU LO HVW FODLU TXH FH V\VWqPH D GHV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHV TXL GpÀHQWODW\SRORJLHGDQVVRQpWDWDFWXHOHWGHPDQGHXQUpDMXVWHPHQW XQHpYROXWLRQGHODSURSRVLWLRQW\SRORJLTXH/HVGpÀVUHOqYHQWGHFHU WDLQHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVREVHUYpHVVpSDUpPHQWGDQVGLIIpUHQWVV\VWqPHV GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVRXELHQLQFRQQXHVGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQGHV\VWqPHV GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVPDLVIDFLOHPHQWUHFRQQDLVVDEOHVSDUDLOOHXUVGDQVOD GHVFULSWLRQGHODQJXHVRUDOHV,OV·DJLWSDUH[HPSOHGXIDLWTXH D FHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV SHXYHQW DSSDUWHQLU j GHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV TXL FRUUHVSRQGHQWVRLWjGHVFRPSRVLWLRQVOH[LFDOHVSDUH[HPSOH ©JHQV KRPPHIHPPHª©YHXYH IHPPHFKHYHX[GpIDLWVª ©ÁHXYH HDXFDQDOªVRLWjGHO·LQFRUSRUDWLRQQRPLQDOHSDU H[HPSOH©ERLUH ERLUHGHO·HDXª©GpFRXSHU DFWLRQGHIRUFH DYHFXQFRXWHDXª 'DQVOHFDGUHGX3URMHW&267$©6WDELOLW\DQGDGDSWDWLRQRIFODVVLÀFD WLRQV\VWHPVLQDFURVVFXOWXUDOSHUVSHFWLYHª7KHNOD:LHEXVKGLUHFWULFH 2UO\*ROGZDVVHUYLFHGLUHFWULFH &HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQHVRQWSDVHQWLqUHPHQWQRPLQDX[FDULOVFODVVLÀHQWDXVVL GHVYHUEHVFI.DPPHU]HOOjSDUDLWUHPDLVODSODFHPDQTXHLFLSRXUHQWUHU SOXVDYDQWGDQVFHWKqPH 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( E OHV\VWqPHFRPELQHGRQFFODVVLÀFDWLRQGHQRPVDYHFFODVVLÀFD WLRQGHYHUEHVGDQVXQVHXOV\VWqPHYHUEHVGHGpSODFHPHQW YHUEHVGHORFXWLRQGHQRXUULWXUHGHSHQVpHHWF /·H[SORUDWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHVKLpURJO\SKHVpJ\SWLHQVDGRQF RXYHUWXQYDVWHFKDQWLHUGHUHFKHUFKHHWODSURPHVVHHQWUHDXWUHVG·XQH pWXGHGLDFKURQLTXHVXUGHVPLOOLHUVG·DQQpHVFRPPHLOHVWDEVROXPHQW LPSRVVLEOHGHOHFRQFHYRLUGDQVOHWUDYDLOVXUGHVODQJXHVGXFRQWLQHQW DPpULFDLQSDUH[HPSOH 4.2. Sur l’élaboration d’une typologie de l’expression de la trajectoire /DPrPHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHDFRQWULEXpjO·pODERUDWLRQG·XQHW\SR ORJLHGHO·H[SUHVVLRQGHOD7UDMHFWRLUH/HWUDYDLOVHIDLWDFWXHOOHPHQW GDQVOHFDGUHGXSURMHW7UDMHFWRLUHGHOD)pGpUDWLRQGH7\SRORJLHHIIRUW FROOHFWLIGpFULWGDQV)RUWLV*ULQHYDOG9LWWUDQW8QHSURSR VLWLRQJpQpUDOHGHW\SRORJLHGHOD7UDMHFWRLUHHVWSUpVHQWpHGDQV*UL QHYDOG E WDQGLV TX·XQH W\SRORJLH SOXV FLEOpH GH VDWHOOLWHV GH 7UDMHFWRLUHHVWDUWLFXOpHGDQV,PEHUW*ULQHYDOG6|UHV 'DQVODSURSRVLWLRQSUpVHQWpHSDUOH3URMHW7UDMHFWRLUHSUpVHQWp GDQV*ULQHYDOGEHWFRQWUDLUHPHQWjODSRVLWLRQSULVHSDUG·DXWUHV FKHUFKHXUVVXUOHVXMHWODQRWLRQGH7UDMHFWRLUHPrPHQ·HVWSDVVWULFWH PHQWDVVRFLpHjODQRWLRQGH0RXYHPHQW&HWWHGLVWLQFWLRQUHSRVHVXU O·REVHUYDWLRQGHSOXVLHXUVODQJXHVGLIIpUHQWHVPDLVQRWDPPHQWjQRX YHDXVXUGHVIDLWVGHODODQJXHMDNDOWHNSRSWL·(QHIIHWOHVGRQQpHVGH FHWWHODQJXHLPSRVHQWXQHGLVVRFLDWLRQGHODQRWLRQGH0RXYHPHQWGH FHOOHGH7UDMHFWRLUHVXUODEDVHGXIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHVRQV\VWqPHGH GLUHFWLRQQHOV²VXIÀ[HVVSDWLDX[JUDPPDWLFDOLVpVjSDUWLUGHYHUEHVGH PRXYHPHQW&HV\VWqPHRPQLSUpVHQWV·DSSOLTXHHQHIIHWDXWDQWjGHV VLWXDWLRQVGHGpSODFHPHQWTX·jGHVVLWXDWLRQVVDQVGpSODFHPHQWPDU TXDQWWRXMRXUVSUpFLVpPHQWODUHODWLRQVSDWLDOHHQWUHOD)LJXUHHWOH)RQG VDFRQÀJXUDWLRQDLQVLTXHOHSRLQWGHYXHFKRLVLSDUOHORFXWHXUFRPPH XQHIIHWGHFDPpUDOHWRXWWUDoDQWXQHOLJQHRULHQWpHGDQVO·HVSDFHTXL &RPPH PHQWLRQQp FLGHVVXV OH VXMHW GHV V\VWqPHV GH FODVVLÀFDWLRQ GHV YHUEHVQ·HVWSDVDERUGpLFLPDLVFRQVWLWXHXQDXWUHFDVGHO·H[WHQVLRQGHOD W\SRORJLHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDUULYpSOXVUpFHPPHQWHWHQFRUHHQFRXUVG·DQD O\VHFI6FKXOW]H0DF*UHJRUSRXUFHWWHH[WHQVLRQHWFHSKpQR PqQHHQ$XVWUDOLH &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' GpÀQLWXQH©WUDMHFWRLUHª&HFLDSRXUUpVXOWDWO·HPSORLV\VWpPDWLTXH GHGLUHFWLRQQHOVGDQVGHVVLWXDWLRQVVWDWLTXHVGDQVGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV ORFDWLYHVGHEDVHRXDYHFGHVYHUEHVGHORFXWLRQSDUH[HPSOH'RQF HQMDNDOWHNSRSWL·VLRQGLWGHTXHOTX·XQTX·LO©SDUOHªRQGRLWSUpFLVHU REOLJDWRLUHPHQWTXHODSHUVRQQH©SDUOHKRUL]RQWDOHPHQWHQPRQWDQW HQGHVFHQGDQWYHUVLFLRXYHUVOjEDVªDYHFXQJUDQGGpWDLOGHVXI À[HVYHUEDX[GLUHFWLRQQHOVTXLSUpFLVHQWREOLJDWRLUHPHQWO·DUUDQJHPHQW VSDWLDO&HWWHODQJXHHVWODVHXOHGHODIDPLOOHjOHIDLUHVLV\VWpPDWLTXH PHQWWDQGLVTXHG·DXWUHVODQJXHVjGLUHFWLRQQHOVOHVXWLOLVHQWGHIDoRQ SOXVGLVFXUVLYH'HVGRQQpHVGHODQJXHVGHODPrPHIDPLOOHPRQWUHQW TXHSOXVLHXUVV\VWqPHVGHGLUHFWLRQQHOVSHXYHQWVHVLWXHUjGLIIpUHQWV GHJUpVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQ '·DXWUHVODQJXHVPD\DVQ·DWWHVWHQWSDVGXWRXWGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVD WLRQGHOHXUVYHUEHVGHPRXYHPHQWHQGLUHFWLRQQHOVHWDIÀFKHQWG·DXWUHV VWUDWpJLHVWHOOHVGHV©VpTXHQFHVªGHSKUDVHVUpSHUWRULpHVGDQVOHFDGUH GX3URMHW7UDMHFWRLUHGDQVXQHW\SRORJLHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSUpVHQWpH SDU )RUWLV 9LWWUDQW 'RQF SDU H[HPSOH RQ QH ©VRUWª SDV G·XQHSLqFHHQ\XFDWHFRXKXDVWHFPDLVRQ©PDUFKHª©VRUWª ©YLHQWYHUVªOHWRXWH[SULPpSDUWURLVSURSRVLWLRQVFRQVpFXWLYHVHW GLVWLQFWHV '·XQDXWUHF{WpO·K\SRWKqVHG·XQHDV\PpWULHGDQVO·H[SUHVVLRQGX %XWHWGHOD6RXUFHG·XQH7UDMHFWRLUHGpYHORSSpHSDU$QHWWD.RSHFNDHW 0L\XNL,VKLEDVKLDSHUPLVGHUHYLVLWHUGHVGRQQpHVGXMDNDOWHN SRSWL·VRXVFHWDQJOHHWGHUHFRQQDLWUHXQHVWUDWpJLHLQWpUHVVDQWH&RPPH DUJXPHQWpGDQV*ULQHYDOGDLOH[LVWHXQHDEVHQFHWRWDOHGHPDU TXDJHGH%XWHW6RXUFHGDQVOHVDGQRPLQDX[GDQVFHFDVGHVQRPVGH ORFDOLVDWLRQLQWHUQHRXQRPVUHODWHXUVTXLQ·H[SULPHQWTXHODUHODWLRQ WRSRORJLTXHHQWUH)LJXUHHW)RQGWDQGLVTXHOHVGLUHFWLRQQHOVjHX[ VHXOVH[SULPHQW%XWHW6RXUFHGHPDQLqUHWRWDOHPHQWV\PpWULTXH (QÀQO·DUWLFOHGH0DULQH9XLOOHUPHWFHYROXPHGRQWOHVGRQQpHV RQWpWpQRWDPPHQWDQDO\VpHVGDQVOHFDGUHGX3URMHW7UDMHFWRLUHYLHQW VRXOLJQHUODQpFHVVLWpGHIDLUHODGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHOHVV\VWqPHVGHGLUHF WLRQQHOVH[SULPDQWOD7UDMHFWRLUHFRPPHHQMDNDOWHNSRSWL·HWOHVV\V WqPHVH[SULPDQWXQHQRWLRQGH©PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpªGDQVG·DXWUHV ODQJXHVG·$PpULTXH²HQO·RFFXUUHQFHGDQVGHVODQJXHVG·$PD]RQLH &HVUpÁH[LRQVHWFRQVWDWVGDQVOHGRPDLQHIRQFWLRQQHOGHO·(VSDFH HWGHOD7UDMHFWRLUHVRXOLJQHQWHQFRUHXQHIRLVODUHODWLRQHQWUHGHVFULS WLRQHWW\SRORJLHHWWRXWOHVHQVGHODSUDWLTXHG·XQHW\SRORJLHpYROX WLYHTXLLQFRUSRUHGHQRXYHDX[IDLWVGHODQJXHVSDVVpVVRXVVLOHQFHSDU PDQTXHGHFDGUHGDQVOHTXHOOHVLGHQWLÀHUHWOHVDQDO\VHU 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( 4.3. Retrospective et Perspective &RPPHGLWH[SOLFLWHPHQWDXGpEXWGHFHWpFULWO·DSSURFKHG·XQHW\SR ORJLHGLWHpYROXWLYHDpWpSHQVpHWRXWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWGDQVOHFRQWH[WH GXGpÀGHODGHVFULSWLRQGHVODQJXHVHQFRUHSHXRXSDVGpFULWHV/H IRFXV HVW SRUWp VXU O·DSSRUW GH GRQQpHV GH ODQJXHV j WUDGLWLRQ RUDOH TXLSDUWLFLSHQWGHODGLYHUVLWpGHVODQJXHVGXPRQGHHWGRQWODJUDQGH PDMRULWpHVWFRQVWLWXpHGHODQJXHVHQGDQJHU&HODLPSOLTXHXQWUDYDLO GHWHUUDLQWUqVFRPSOH[HHWXQHDWWHQWLRQWRXWHSDUWLFXOLqUHSRUWpHVXU OHVPpWKRGHVGHFROOHFWHGHGRQQpHV'DQVFHVFRQGLWLRQVLOGHYLHQW LPSRUWDQWGHVHSUpRFFXSHUGHODÀDELOLWpGHVGRQQpHVGHOHXUDPSOHXU HWGHOHXUULFKHVVH'DQVFHWWHFRQMRQFWXUHXQFDGUHOLQJXLVWLTXHGH QDWXUHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHSHUPHWGHFDSWHUODODQJXHGDQVVD FRPSOH[LWpXQHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHGHW\SHpYROXWLIFRQVWLWXHXQ JXLGHG·XQJUDQGVHFRXUVWRXWHQVHQRXUULVVDQWGHQRXYHOOHVGRQQpHV HWDQDO\VHV /·DSSURFKHDpWpIUXFWXHXVHDXFRXUVGHVGHUQLqUHVGpFHQQLHVPDU TXpHVSDUXQJUDQGHVVRUGHODOLQJXLVWLTXHW\SRORJLTXH/HPRGqOHD IDLWVHVSUHXYHVHWV·LODpWpTXHVWLRQLFLVXUWRXWGHODQJXHVG·$PpULTXH HWG·$XVWUDOLHSUHXYHDDXVVLpWpGRQQpHTX·LODIDFLOLWpGHQRXYHOOHV DQDO\VHVGHODQJXHVDQFLHQQHV/·HVSDFHQHOHSHUPHWWDQWSDVLOQ·DSDV pWpTXHVWLRQGHGpYHORSSHULFLOHVDSSRUWVGXPRGqOHjODGHVFULSWLRQGH ODQJXHVGHVVLJQHVSDUH[HPSOHPDLVLOUHVWHjQRWHUTXHOHWUDYDLOVXU GHWHOOHVODQJXHVGDQVFHWWHRSWLTXHHVWDXVVLHQFRXUVHWSURPHWWHXU RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $,.+(19$/'$&ODVVLÀHUVD7\SRORJ\RI1RXQ&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ 'HYLFHV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV $,.+(19$/'$©&ODVVLÀHUVLQVSRNHQDQGVLJQODQJXDJHVKRZ WRNQRZPRUHªGDQV.(PPRUH\GLU3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ&ODVVLÀHU &RQVWUXFWLRQVLQ6LJQ/DQJXDJH0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP $VVRFLDWHV $,.+(19$/'$ 7KH ODQJXDJHV RI WKH$PD]RQ 2[IRUG 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %21 1 ©,WLQpUDLUHV G·XQH DSSUHQWLH HQ URXWH YHUV OHV 6WLHQJ &DPERGJHªGDQV&*ULQHYDOGHW0%HUWGLU/LQJXLVWLTXHGHWHU UDLQVXUODQJXHVHQGDQJHU/RFXWHXUVHWOLQJXLVWHV9ROXPHWKpPD WLTXHGH)DLWVGH/DQJXHV2SKU\V &+$032//,21 -)*UDPPDLUHpJ\SWLHQQHSULQFLSHVJpQpUDX[GH O·pFULWXUHVDFUpHpJ\SWLHQQH3DULV7\SRJUDSKLHGH)LUPLQ'LGRW)UqUHV &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' &5$,*&D1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHV LQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV &5$,*&E©-DFDOWHF1RXQ&ODVVLÀHUV$6WXG\LQ/DQJXDJHDQG &XOWXUHªGDQV&&UDLJGLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ$PV WHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV &5$,*&F©-DFDOWHF1RXQ&ODVVLÀHUV$6WXG\LQ*UDPPDWLFDOL]D WLRQª/LQJXD &5$,*&©/RVFODVLÀFDGRUHVGHQRPEUHHQ-DFDOWHFRXQDLQQRYD FLyQNDQMREDODQDªGDQV1(QJODQGGLU/HFWXUDVVREUHODOLQJtVWLFD PD\D$QWLJXD*XDWHPDOD&,50$ &5$,*&©&ODVVLÀHUVLQDIXQFWLRQDOSHUVSHFWLYHªGDQV0)RU WHVFXH 3+DUGHU HW /.ULVWRIIHUVHQ GLU /D\HUHG 6WUXFWXUH DQG 5HIHUHQFH LQ D )XQFWLRQDO 3HUVSHFWLYH 3DSHUV IURP WKH )XQFWLRQDO *UDPPDU&RQIHUHQFHLQ&RSHQKDJHQ &5(,66(/6 ' ©/HV V\VWqPHV GH FODVVHV QRPLQDOHV GHV ODQJXHV 1LJHU&RQJRSURWRW\SHHWYDULDWLRQVªGDQV$6|UHVHW&0DUFKHOOR 1L]LDGLU,QYDULDQWVHWYDULDEOHVGDQVOHVODQJXHVeWXGHVW\SROR JLTXHV/LQ[1DQWHUUH8QLYHUVLWp3DULV; &52)7:©6HPDQWLFVXQLYHUVDOVLQFODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVª:RUG '$<&7KH-DFDOWHF/DQJXDJH%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV ',;215©1RXQFODVVLÀHUVDQGQRXQFODVVHVªGDQV5'L[RQ GLU´:KHUHKDYHDOOWKHDGMHFWLYHVJRQH"µDQGRWKHUHVVD\VLQVHPDQ WLFVDQGV\QWD[%HUOLQ0RXWRQ'H*UX\WHU ',;215©1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG1RXQ&ODVVLÀFDWLRQLQ7\SRORJLFDO 3HUVSHFWLYHªGDQV&&UDLJGLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ 7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ %HQMDPLQV )257,6-0*5,1(9$/'&.23(&.$$HW9,775$17$©/·H[ SUHVVLRQGHODWUDMHFWRLUHSHUVSHFWLYHVW\SRORJLTXHVª)DLWVGH/DQ JXHV/HV&DKLHUV2SKU\V )257,6-0HW9,775$17$©/·RUJDQLVDWLRQV\QWD[LTXHGHO·H[ SUHVVLRQGHODWUDMHFWRLUHYHUVXQHW\SRORJLHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVª)DLWV GH/DQJXHV/HV&DKLHUV2SKU\V *,9Ð1 7 2Q 8QGHUVWDQGLQJ *UDPPDU 1HZ <RUN $FDGHPLF 3UHVV *,92176\QWD[$Q,QWURGXFWLRQYRO$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHO SKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV *2/':$66(523URSKHWV/RYHUVDQG*LUDIIHV:RU/G&ODVVLÀ FDWLRQLQ$QFLHQW(J\SW:LHVEDGHQ+DUUDVVRZLW] 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( *2/':$66(52©$&RPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ&ODVVLÀHU/DQJXDJHDQG &ODVVLÀHU6FULSW7KH&DVHRI$QFLHQW(J\SWLDQªGDQV**ROGHQEHUJ GLU$)HVWVFKULIWIRU+DQV-DNRE3RORWVN\-HUXVDOHP0DJQHV3UHVV *2/':$66(52HW*5,1(9$/'&©:KDW$UH'HWHUPLQDWLYHV*RRG )RU"ªGDQV(*URVVPDQ63ROLVHW-:LQDQGGLU/H[LFDO6HPDQ WLFVLQ$QFLHQW(J\SWLDQ*|WWLQJHQ/LQJXD$HJ\SWLD6WXGLD0RQRJUD SKLFD *5,1(9$/'&©7\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPL QDOHªGDQV)DLWVGH/DQJXHV2SKU\V *5,1(9$/'&©$PRUSKRV\QWDFWLFW\SRORJ\RIFODVVLÀHUVªGDQV *6HQIWGLU6\VWHPVRI1RPLQDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DP EULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV *5,1(9$/'&D©0DNLQJVHQVHRIQRPLQDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQV\VWHPV QRXQFODVVLÀHUVDQGWKHJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQYDULDEOHªGDQV,:LVFKHU HW*'LHZDOGGLU1HZUHÁHFWLRQVRQ*UDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ7\SROR JLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMD PLQV *5,1(9$/'&E©&ODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDW\SRORJ\ RIQRPLQDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQªGDQV.(PPRUH\GLU3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ &ODVVLÀHU&RQVWUXFWLRQVLQ6LJQ/DQJXDJHV0DKZDK1-/DZUHQFH (UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHV *5,1(9$/'&©7\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPL QDOHOHGpÀDPD]RQLHQª)DLWVGH/DQJXHV2SKU\V *5,1(9$/'&HW6(,)$57)©1RXQFODVVHVLQ$IULFDQDQG$PD]R QLDQ/DQJXDJHVª/LQJXLVWLF7\SRORJ\ *5,1(9$/'&©'HODW\SRORJLHFRQWH[WXDOLVpHª/D7\SRORJLHHQ )UDQFHDXMRXUG·KXLFROORTXHGHOD&HOOXOHGHUHFKHUFKHHQOLQJXLV WLTXH3DULVPDL *5,1(9$/'&7\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXH pYROXWLRQHWPLVHjMRXU6RFLpWpOLQJXLVWLTXHGH3DULVQRY *5,1(9$/'&©/LQJXLVWLTXHGHWHUUDLQVXUGHX[ODQJXHVHQGDQJHU ORFXWHXUVHWPpWKRGHVª)DLWVGH/DQJXHV2SKU\V *5,1(9$/'&D©7KHH[SUHVVLRQRISDWKLQ-DNDOWHN3RSWL0D\DQ :KHQGLUHFWLRQDOVGRLWDOOªGDQV5*XWLHUUH]%UDYR/0LNNHOVHQHW (3RWVGDPGLU5HSUHVHQWLQJ/DQJXDJH(VVD\VLQKRQRURI-XGLWK $LVVHQ8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD *5,1(9$/'&E©2QFRQVWUXFWLQJDZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\RIWKHH[SUHV VLRQRISDWKª)DLWVGH/DQJXHV/HV&DKLHUV2SKU\V *5,1(9$/'&HW%(570GLU/LQJXLVWLTXHGHWHUUDLQVXUODQ JXHVHQGDQJHU/RFXWHXUVHWOLQJXLVWHVYROXPHWKpPDWLTXHGH)DLWV GH/DQJXHV2SKU\V &2/(77(*5,1(9$/' +23.,16 $1 ©7KH 1RXQ &ODVVLÀHUV RI &XFKXPDWiQ 0D\DQ /DQJXDJHV$&DVHRI'LIIXVLRQ)URP2WRPDQJXHDQª,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI$PHULFDQ/LQJXLVWLFV ,0%(57 & *5,1(9$/' & HW 6g5(6$ ©3RXU XQH FDWpJRULH GH ´VDWHOOLWHµGHWUDMHFWRLUHGDQVXQHDSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHW\SRORJLTXHª )DLWVGH/DQJXHV/HV&DKLHUV2SKU\V .$00(5=(//)jSDUDLWUH©(J\SWLDQYHUEFODVVLÀHUVª3URFHHGLQJVRI WKHWK,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQJUHVVRI(J\SWRORJLVWV5KRGHV8QLYHUVLW\ RIWKH$HJHDQ .23(&.$$HW,6+,%$6+,0©/·DV\PpWULHGDQVO·H[SUHVVLRQGH OD6RXUFHHWGX%XW3HUVSHFWLYHWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHª)DLWVGH/DQJXHV /HV&DKLHUV /$.2))*©&ODVVLÀHUVDVD5HÁHFWLRQRI0LQGªGDQV&&UDLJ GLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQ JXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV /$.2))*:RPHQ)LUHDQG'DQJHURXV7KLQJVZKDWFDWHJRULHV UHYHDODERXWWKHPLQG&KLFDJR&KLFDJR8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV /,1&.((6HW.$00(5=(//)©(J\SWLDQFODVVLÀHUVDWWKHLQWHU IDFHRIOH[LFDOVHPDQWLFVDQGSUDJPDWLFVªGDQV(*URVVPDQ63ROLV HW-:LQDQGGLU/H[LFDO6HPDQWLFVLQ$QFLHQW(J\SWLDQ*|WWLQJHQ /LQJXD$HJ\SWLD6WXGLD0RQRJUDSKLFD 0&*5(*25:9HUEFODVVLÀFDWLRQLQ$XVWUDOLDQODQJXDJHV%HUOLQ 0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU 263,1$%2==,$0©&KH]OHV<XKXSQRPDGHVGH&RORPELHª GDQV&*ULQHYDOGHW0%HUWGLU/LQJXLVWLTXHGHWHUUDLQVXUODQJXHV HQGDQJHU/RFXWHXUVHWOLQJXLVWHVYROXPHWKpPDWLTXHGH)DLWVGH /DQJXHV2SKU\V 58'(1©*UDSKHPLF&ODVVLÀHUVLQ(J\SWLDQ+LHURJO\SKLFVDQG 0HVRSRWDPLDQ&XQHLIRUPªGDQV&&UDLJGLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG &DWHJRUL]DWLRQ$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV 6&+8/7=(%(51'7(6LPSOHDQGFRPSOH[YHUEVLQ-DPLQJMXQJD VWXG\LQHYHQWFDWHJRUL]DWLRQLQDQ$XVWUDOLDQODQJXDJHWKqVHGHGRF WRUDW8QLYHUVLWpGH1LPqJXH3D\V%DV 6(1)7* GLU 6\VWHPV RI 1RPLQDO &ODVVLÀFDWLRQ &DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 9,775$17$©&ODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVDQGQRXQFDWHJRUL]DWLRQGHYLFHV LQ%XUPHVHª%HUNHOH\/LQJXLVWLF6RFLHW\ :,/.,16'©$QWV$QFHVWRUVDQG0HGLFLQHDVHPDQWLFDQGSUDJ PDWLFDFFRXQWRIFODVVLÀHUFRQVWUXFWLRQVªGDQV*6HQIWGLU6\VWHPV RI1RPLQDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 685/$127,21'(7<32/2*,(e92/87,9( =$9$/$5©0XOWLSOHFODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVLQ$NDWHN0D\DQªGDQV *6HQIWGLU6\VWHPVRI1RPLQDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DP EULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV Les classificateurs numéraux du stieng du Cambodge 1 1RsOOLH%RQ RÉSUMÉ &HWDUWLFOHWUDLWHGXV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQVWLHQJODQJXHP{Q NKPHUJURXSHEDKQDULTXHVXGXQHODQJXHSHXGpFULWHSDUOpHDX9LHWQDP HWDX&DPERGJHGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHW\SRORJLTXHHWDUpDOH/DGHV FULSWLRQV·DWWDFKHGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVjVRXOLJQHUFHUWDLQVFULWqUHV PRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHVjVDYRLUO·RUGUHGHVFRQVWLWXDQWVODGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUH FODVVLÀFDWHXUVHWGHX[DXWUHVW\SHVGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQQRPLQDOHQRPV GHFODVVHHWFODVVLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[HWOHVH[WHQVLRQVIRQFWLRQQHOOHV 3XLVVRQWPHQWLRQQpVGLIIpUHQWVDVSHFWVD\DQWWUDLWjODFDWpJRULVDWLRQGX V\VWqPHLQYHQWDLUHQLYHDX[GHFDWpJRULVDWLRQRULJLQHDYHFHQÀQXQH GHVFULSWLRQVpPDQWLTXHGpWDLOOpH ABSTRACT 7KLVSDSHUFRQVLGHUVWKHFODVVLÀHUV\VWHPRI6WLHQJ0{Q.KPHUODQ JXDJH6RXWK%DKQDULFJURXSDYHU\OLWWOHGHVFULEHGODQJXDJHVSRNHQ LQ9LHWQDPDQG&DPERGLDLQDW\SRORJLFDODQGDUHDOSHUVSHFWLYH7KH GHVFULSWLRQÀUVWSUHVHQWVVRPHPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFDVSHFWVRIWKHV\VWHP QDPHO\WKHFRQVWLWXHQWRUGHUWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQFODVVLÀHUVDQG WZRRWKHUW\SHVRIQRPLQDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQFODVVWHUPVDQGPHQVXUDO FODVVLÀHUVDQGIXQFWLRQDOH[WHQVLRQV7KHVWXG\WKHQH[DPLQHVVRPH FDWHJRUL]DWLRQDVSHFWVRIWKHV\VWHPLQYHQWRU\OHYHOVRIFDWHJRUL]D WLRQRULJLQIROORZHGE\DGHWDLOHGVHPDQWLFGHVFULSWLRQ 5HPHUFLHPHQWVj&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGFRGLUHFWULFHGHPDWKqVHDX/DERUD WRLUH''/8QLYHUVLWp/\RQSRXUOHVGLVFXVVLRQVDXWRXUGHVDW\SRORJLH 6FRWW'H/DQFH\8QLYHUVLW\RI2UHJRQFRGLUHFWHXUGHPDWKqVHSRXUVHV VXJJHVWLRQVDLQVLTXH'HWK7KDFK0DLWUHGHFRQIpUHQFHjO·,1$/&2SRXU VDV\QWKqVHVXUOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXNKPHU7RXWHVOHVpYHQWXHOOHVHUUHXUVRX LPSUpFLVLRQVVRQWQpDQPRLQVGHPDSURSUHUHVSRQVDELOLWp 1RsOOLH%RQHVWGRFWRUDQWHDX/DERUDWRLUH''/8058QLYHUVLWp /\RQ 12Ê//,(%21 1. Introduction &HSDSLHUGpFULWOHV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GHODODQJXH VWLHQJXQHODQJXHP{QNKPqUHGXJURXSHEDKQDULTXHVXGGDQVXQH SHUVSHFWLYHW\SRORJLTXH/HVWLHQJXWLOLVHHQHIIHWFRPPHRXWLOGHFDWp JRULVDWLRQQRPLQDOHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ORUVTX·LOV·DJLWGH FRPSWHUGHVREMHWV&HWWHGHVFULSWLRQHVWHIIHFWXpHGDQVXQFDGUHIRQF WLRQQHOW\SRORJLTXHHWVRXOLJQHDLQVLOHVSURFHVVXVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVD WLRQLPSOLTXpVGDQVO·H[LVWHQFHGHFHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV &LGHVVRXVVRQWSUpVHQWpVTXHOTXHVH[HPSOHVGXV\VWqPHGRQWLOHVW TXHVWLRQGDQVFHSDSLHU KHM !κÖQ NnÖQ ÌκPκW GXÖ 6*6 DYRLU HQIDQW GL[ &/SHUVRQQH µ-¶DLGL[HQIDQWV¶²(OL.K03 KHM !ΩÖQ IRZ SXDQ ERN 6*6 DYRLU YDFKH TXDWUH &/WrWH µ-¶DLTXDWUHYDFKHV¶²(OL79L-1 SΩU'M ÌΩPΩW WÓΩP FLJDUHWWH GL[ µGL[FLJDUHWWHV¶²(OL.K03 &/WURQF &HWWHpWXGHV·DSSXLHVXUGHVGRQQpHVFROOHFWpHVHQHW GDQVOHYLOODJHGH'H\.UDKDPUpJLRQGH.UDWLH&DPERGJHDXSUqVGH GHX[ORFXWULFHVSULQFLSDOHVHWTXDWUHORFXWHXUVRFFDVLRQQHOV&HVGRQ QpHVSURYLHQQHQWQRQVHXOHPHQWGHWH[WHVQDWXUHOVFRXUWV7PDLV DXVVLG·pOLFLWDWLRQVEDVpHVVXU ² GHVWH[WHVQDWXUHOV(OL7 ² GHVFRXUVGHNKPHUpOLFLWDWLRQVFROOHFWpHVGDQVXQHGpPDUFKH SHUVRQQHOOHG·DSSUHQWLVVDJHGHODODQJXHVWLHQJ(OL.K03 /HVWLHQJHVWXQHODQJXHjWUDGLWLRQRUDOHHQGDQJHUORFDOLVpHDX&DPERGJH HWDX9LHWQDPGRQWOHQRPEUHH[DFWGHORFXWHXUVHVWjFHMRXUPpFRQQX /DFRPPXQDXWpUHJURXSHQpDQPRLQVHQYLURQPHPEUHVVXUOHVGHX[ SD\V/HVWLHQJDX&DPERGJHHVWVpYqUHPHQWPHQDFpSHXjSHXUHPSODFp SDUOHNKPHUODQJXHRIÀFLHOOHHWQDWLRQDOHGXSD\V /DUpIpUHQFHGXFRUSXVHVWVWUXFWXUpHGHODPDQLqUHVXLYDQWH7\SHGHGRQQpH pOLFLWDWLRQWH[WHVWLPXOL«²7KqPH7LWUH²LQLWLDOHVGXORFXWHXUQRGH SKUDVH /HVWH[WHVFRXUWVVpOHFWLRQQpVSRXUFHWDUWLFOHVRQWDXQRPEUHGHTXDWUHHW WRWDOLVHQWPLQXWHV /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( ² GHVVWLPXOLYLVXHOVjVDYRLU XQHFRPSLODWLRQGHSKRWRJUDSKLHVG·REMHWVGXPRQGHUpHO H[LVWDQWVGDQVFHYLOODJHOHVTXHOVVRQWSUpVHQWpVSDUSDLUHV WULSOHWVHWF6WL&/ GHVGHVFULSWLRQVG·LOOXVWUDWLRQVGHOLYUHVSRXUHQIDQWVWH[WHV 6WL,O GHVGHVFULSWLRQVGHYLGpRVFRXUWHVGHVWLQpHVjO·DQDO\VHGH O·H[SUHVVLRQGHODWUDMHFWRLUH6WL75$- XQHOLVWHGHPRWVpOLFLWpVGDQVXQFRQWH[WHGHFRPSWDJH DÀQGHYpULÀHUODFDWpJRULVDWLRQHQGLIIpUHQWHVFODVVHVVpPDQ WLTXHV/L&//L&/ /·DUWLFOHH[SRVHGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVGHVDVSHFWVW\SRORJLTXHVHW DUpDX[GHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDÀQGHVLWXHUOHVRXVW\SHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QXPpUDX[VHFWLRQ6RQWHQVXLWHGpFULWHVGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVPRU SKRV\QWD[LTXHVGXV\VWqPHjVDYRLUO·RUGUHGHVFRQVWLWXDQWV ODQDWXUHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDLQVLTXHGLIIpUHQWHVIRQFWLRQVGXV\V WqPHGDQVODODQJXH/DSDUWLHVXLYDQWHFRQFHUQHGHVDVSHFWVGH FDWpJRULVDWLRQGXV\VWqPHHWSUpVHQWHDLQVLO·LQYHQWDLUHGHVFODVVLÀ FDWHXUVGXVWLHQJOHXURULJLQHHWOHXUVQLYHDX[UHVSHFWLIVGH FDWpJRULVDWLRQ8QHGHVFULSWLRQVpPDQWLTXHHVWHQVXLWHSURSRVpH DFFRPSDJQpHGHFRPPHQWDLUHVVXUOHVYDULDWLRQVLGLROHFWDOHV(QÀQ O·DUWLFOHFRQFOXWHQGRQQDQWXQHRXYHUWXUHVXUGHVDVSHFWVDUpDX[HW G\QDPLTXHVGHFHV\VWqPH &HWWHpWXGHUHSUpVHQWHODSUHPLqUHGHVFULSWLRQGpWDLOOpHGXV\VWqPH GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHFHWWHODQJXHGDQVXQFDGUHIRQFWLRQQHOW\SROR JLTXHDERUGDQWGLIIpUHQWVDVSHFWVGXV\VWqPH(OOHVHYHXWSDUDLOOHXUV SOXVFRPSOqWHHWSOXVVWUXFWXUpHTXHOHVGHVFULSWLRQVH[LVWDQWHVSRXUOHV DXWUHVODQJXHVEDKQDULTXHVOHVTXHOOHVQ·HQWUHQWSDVV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQW GDQVXQFDGUHW\SRORJLTXH &RPSLODWLRQGHYLGpRVUpDOLVpHVGDQVOHFDGUHGXSURMHW7UDMHFWRLUH²SUR JUDPPH)5GHOD)pGpUDWLRQGH7\SRORJLHHWG·8QLYHUVDX[/LQJXLV WLTXHV78/²-HDQ0LFKHO)RUWLV&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG$OLFH9LWWUDQWUHVS /HVNHWFKJUDPPDWLFDOGXVWLHQJSURSRVpSDU9HUD0LOOHUQHGUHVVHTX·XQH OLVWHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV 9RLUQRWDPPHQW'DYLG7KRPDVTXLSURSRVHXQHOLVWHGHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXFKUDXHW6\OYDLQ9RJHOTXLV·LQVFULWGDQV XQHDSSURFKHFXOLROLVWHSRXUOHSKQRQJ 12Ê//,(%21 2. Aspects typologiques et aréaux 2.1. Types de catégorisation nominale et types de systèmes de classificateurs 3DUPLOHVGLYHUVHVSURSRVLWLRQVGHW\SRORJLHVGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVFHWWH pWXGHVHEDVHVXUODW\SRORJLHGH&ROHWWH&UDLJHW&ROHWWH *ULQHYDOGTXLFRQVLGqUHOHVV\VWqPHVGHFODV VLÀFDWHXUVFRPPHXQW\SHGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQQRPLQDOHSDUPLG·DXWUHV W\SHVWHOVTXHOHVQRPVGHFODVVHVV\VWqPHVOH[LFDX[²YRLUOHV V\VWqPHVGHFODVVHVQRPLQDOHVFRPPHFHX[GHVODQJXHVEDQWRXHVHW OHVV\VWqPHVGHJHQUHVFDUDFWpULVpVSDUOHXUVV\VWqPHVG·DFFRUGVJUDP PDWLFDX[/HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVHPDQLIHVWHQWFRPPHGHVPRUSKqPHVRX GHVPRWVDGGLWLRQQHOVTXLQ·DSSDUDLVVHQWTX·XQHIRLVHWTXLQHIRQWGRQF SDVO·REMHWGHSKpQRPqQHVG·DFFRUGFRPPHRQSHXWOHFRQVWDWHUGDQV OHVV\VWqPHVGHJHQUHVRXGHFODVVHVQRPLQDOHV $XVHLQGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHQRPVRQGLVWLQJXHSDU DLOOHXUVVRXVW\SHVVHORQGHVFULWqUHVPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHVjVDYRLU VHORQODQDWXUHGHODWrWHDXSUqVGHODTXHOOHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVHSOD FHQW2QUHFHQVHDLQVLOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQRPLQDX[OHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QXPpUDX[OHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVYHUEDX[HWOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVJpQLWLYDX[ TXLUHVSHFWLYHPHQWDSSDUDLVVHQWDWWDFKpV²RXGDQVGHVSRVLWLRQVDGMD FHQWHV²jGHVQRPVjGHVQXPpUDX[jGHVYHUEHVRXjGHVSRVVHVVLIV 3DUPLFHVTXDWUHW\SHVOHV\VWqPHGXVWLHQJHVWXQV\VWqPHGHFODV VLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[&RPPHQRXVOHYHUURQVHQOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QXPpUDX[FRPSUHQQHQWjOHXUWRXUGHX[VRXVW\SHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV GHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV GH WUL RX YUDLV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV HW GHV PHQVXUDX[ RXTXDQWLÀHXUVPHQVXUDWLIV*ULQHYDOG'DQVFH 1RWDPPHQW-RVHSK*UHHQEHUJ5REHUW'L[RQHW$OH[DQGUD $LNKHQYDOG /DPrPHOLQJXLVWHVRXVOHQRPGH&UDLJMXVTX·HQSXLVGH*ULQHYDOG 9RLUDXVVLO·DQQH[HSDU&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGGDQV*ROGZDVVHU*ULQHYDOG 'DQVWRXVOHVFDVFHVRQWELHQGHVQRPVTX·LOVFDWpJRULVHQW1RWRQVTX·LO H[LVWHSDUDLOOHXUVGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHYHUEHVTXLFDWpJRULVHQWQRQSDVGHV QRPVPDLVGHVYHUEHV2QOHVWURXYHGDQVGHVODQJXHVG·$XVWUDOLHHWG·$Pp ULTXHFI*ROGZDVVHU*ULQHYDOGDQQH[H eTXLYDOHQWVDX[WHUPHVGHPHVXUHGDQVOHVODQJXHVGpSRXUYXHVGHFODVVL ÀFDWHXUV /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( SDSLHUQRXVQRXVLQWpUHVVRQVSUpFLVpPHQWDX[FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ GHWULGXVWLHQJ Figure 1. – Systèmes de catégorisation nominale 13. 2.2. Aspects aréaux des classificateurs numéraux /·XWLOLVDWLRQGHV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[HVWXQWUDLWDUpDO GHVODQJXHVDVLDWLTXHV2QHQWURXYHpJDOHPHQWGDQVGHVODQJXHVG·2Fp DQLH HW GHV $PpULTXHV DLQVL TXH GDQV TXHOTXHV ODQJXHV G·$IULTXH &LGHVVRXVODFDUWHGXSURMHW:$/6KWWSZDOVLQIR!GH/HLS]LJ LOOXVWUHODGLVWULEXWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GDQVOHPRQGHHW WpPRLJQHGHODGHQVLWpGHWHOVV\VWqPHVHQ$VLHGX6XG(VWO·DEVHQFH GHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[HVWQRWpHSDUGHVPDUTXHVEODQFKHVOHXU SUpVHQFHRSWLRQQHOOHSDUGHVPDUTXHVJULVFODLUHWOHXUSUpVHQFHREOLJD WRLUHSDUGHVPDUTXHVJULVIRQFp 3DUPLOHVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPp UDX[ VRQW OHV SOXV FRXUDQWV HW MXVTX·LFL OHV SOXV pWXGLpV (Q FH TXL FRQFHUQHFHX[GHVODQJXHVG·$VLHRQWURXYHHQHIIHWGHQRPEUHX[WUD YDX[WHOVTXHFHX[GH.DUHQ$GDPV1DQF\&RQNOLQ0DU\ (UEDXJK:LOOLDP&URIWLQWHUDOLDDLQVLTXHGHVVHFWLRQV DXVHLQGHGHVFULSWLRQVQRWDPPHQWVXUGHVGLDOHFWHVRXGHVODQJXHV DSSDUHQWpHVDXVWLHQJFRPPHOHVWLHQJEXOR0LOOHUOHEXQRQJ SKQRQJ9RJHOOHFKUDX7KRPDVRXHQFRUHOHNKPHU 9RJHO+DLPDQ7KDFKFSXQHODQJXHJpQpWLTXH PHQWSOXVpORLJQpHPDLVTXLSDUFRQWDFWDFRQVLGpUDEOHPHQWLQÁXHQFp OHVWLHQJ 3RXUGHVUDLVRQVGHÁXLGLWpGHOHFWXUHQRXVOHVQRPPRQVSDUGpIDXWOHV ©FODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GXVWLHQJªGDQVOHSUpVHQWDUWLFOH ,OOXVWUDWLRQVFKpPDWLTXHEDVpHVXUODW\SRORJLHGH*ULQHYDOGVXLWHj GHVGLVFXVVLRQVDYHFO·DXWHXUHWDYHFVRQDSSUREDWLRQ 12Ê//,(%21 Carte 1. – Répartition aréale des classificateurs numéraux du WALS 14. /HVpFULWVVXUOHVTXHOVFHWWHpWXGHV·DSSXLHSULQFLSDOHPHQWVRQWFHX[ GH:DOWHU%LVDQJTXLWUDLWHQRWDPPHQWGHODVWUXFWXUH HWGHODIRQFWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GDQVOHVODQJXHVG·$VLH YRLUHWHW.DUHQ$GDPVDHWE TXLSURSRVHXQHFROOHFWLRQGHWUDYDX[W\SRORJLTXHVVXUOHVFODVVLÀFD WHXUVGHVODQJXHVDXVWURDVLDWLTXHVHQVHEDVDQWSULQFLSDOHPHQWVXUGHV FULWqUHVVpPDQWLTXHVWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHVFIVHFWLRQ 3. Classificateurs numéraux du stieng : morphosyntaxe et fonction 3.1. Ordre des constituants : classificateur postposé au numéral /HV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV GX VWLHQJ ODQJXH LVRODQWH VRQW GHV PRUSKqPHV OLEUHVO·RUGUHGHVFRQVWLWXDQWVGDQVOHJURXSHQRPLQDOpWDQW 1>180 &/@FRPPHLOOXVWUpHQ 'RQQpHV FDUWRJUDSKLTXHV 0DS/LQN 7HOH$WODV '·DSUqV 'DYLG *LO '·DSUqV OD W\SRORJLH GH:DOWHU %LVDQJ LO H[LVWH XQ PRGqOH DUpDODVLDWLTXHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVjFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVHORQXQD[H1RUG6XGOHV ODQJXHVGX1RUGDVLDWLTXHRQWWHQGDQFHjDGRSWHUXQRUGUHGHW\SHPRGLÀHXU WrWH>180&/@1WDQGLVTXHOHVODQJXHVGX6XGDVLDWLTXHVXLYHQWO·RUGUHWrWH PRGLÀHXU1>180&/@/HVWLHQJODQJXHGX6XGHVWGRQFÀGqOHjFHPRGqOH /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( KHM !κÖQ 1 180 NnÖQ ÌκPκW GXÖ 6*6 DYRLU HQIDQW GL[ &/SHUVRQQH µ-¶DLGL[HQIDQWV¶ ±(OL.K03 &/ 1RWRQVTXHGDQVOHJURXSHQRPLQDOO·RUGUHSURWRW\SLTXHHVWGHW\SH WrWHPRGLÀHXUFRPPHLOOXVWUpHQ !κQ 1 $'9 N 'M $'- K WHK PκW OλZ WURN OXQH JUDQG WUqV VXU FLHO µ ,O \ D XQH WUqV JUDQGH OXQH HQ KDXW GDQV OH FLHO¶ ± 6WL,O)5 00 (;,67 /·XVDJHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQ·pWDQWSDVREOLJDWRLUHRQQRWH1>180 &/@/HXUDEVHQFHRXOHXUSUpVHQFHVHUDLWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWJRX YHUQpHSDUGHVFULWqUHVSUDJPDWLTXHVHQFRUHQRQpOXFLGpV 6DFKDQWTXHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVRQWXQHRULJLQHQRPLQDOHODSOXSDUW GHVQRPVHQTXHVWLRQIDLVDQWHQFRUHSDUWLHGXOH[LTXH²FIOHFUL WqUHHVVHQWLHOSHUPHWWDQWGHGLIIpUHQFLHUXQFODVVLÀFDWHXUG·XQQRPHVW G·RUGUHV\QWD[LTXHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUHVWWRXMRXUVSRVWSRVpDXQXPpUDO WDQGLVTXHOHQRPHVWWRXMRXUVDQWpSRVp D1 NnÖQ 180 EDÖU HQIDQW GHX[ ¶'HX[HQIDQWV·²(SN.M03 E1 WλκPSDÖV 180 &/ SXDQ WλκP FRWRQQLHU TXDWUH &/WURQF ¶4XDWUHFRWRQQLHUV·²/N&/ 180 F1 SκU'M EDÖU FLJDUHWWH GHX[ µ'HX[FLJDUHWWHV¶²(OL.K03 &/ GXÖ &/SHUVRQQH &/ WλκP &/WURQF 8QH DXWUH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH V\QWD[LTXH GHV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV HVW OHXU ©VpSDUDELOLWpªSDUUDSSRUWDX[JURXSHVQRPLQDX[OHVFRQVWLWXDQWV >180&/@SHXYHQWDSSDUDLWUHHQGHKRUVGXJURXSHQRPLQDOVpSDUpVSDU XQFRQVWLWXDQWH[WpULHXUDX*1FRPPHXQYHUEHRXXQHSDUWLFXOH &IOHFDVGXNKPHUR-RKQ+DLPDQSDUOHGH©VHSDUDELOLW\ª 12Ê//,(%21 (QOHFRQVWLWXDQW>180&/@HVWVpSDUpGXQRPSDUOHYHUEHVnZ ©YRLUª'DQVFHWH[HPSOHFHFRQVWLWXDQWSHXWrWUHFRQVLGpUpFRPPH D\DQWXQHIRQFWLRQG·DQDSKRULTXHUHSUHQDQWOHQRP¶JUHQRXLOOH·FI (QODWrWHQRPLQDOHHWOHFRQVWLWXDQW>180&/@VRQWVpSDUpV SDUXQHFRSXOHORFDWLYH Y Pκ! 1L Y SDÖMNλWL VnZ UHJDUGHU JUHQRXLOOHL YRLU >180 SKDÖP &/@L !κNL KXLW &/L ¶ (QUHJDUGDQWOHVJUHQRXLOOHVRQHQYRLWKXLW·¶'HVJUHQRXLOOHV RQHQYRLWKXLW·²6WL,O)60. &23/2&>180 &/@ 1 !ΩQZDƾEDÖUNΩOHΩÕQLÖ InN EDÖU !ΩN (;,67YLOODJHGHX[ &/HQGURLWPDLVRQ&23/2&GHX[ µ,O\DGHX[YLOODJHVHWGHX[PDLVRQV¶²6WL,O)500 &/ 3.2. Classificateurs vs autres types de classification nominale en stieng /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJVRQWjGLIIpUHQFLHUGHGHX[DXWUHVV\VWqPHV GHFDWpJRULVDWLRQQRPLQDOHOHVQRPVGHFODVVHHWOHVTXDQWLÀHXUVRX FODVVLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[ 3.2.1. Classificateurs vs noms de classe a) Classificateur et noms de classe : deux types de catégorisation nominale &RPPHGDQVODSOXSDUWGHVODQJXHVDVLDWLTXHVLOH[LVWHXQODUJH LQYHQWDLUHGHQRPVFRPSRVpVGDQVOHOH[LTXH2QHQUHFHQVHSOXVLHXUV W\SHVSDUPLOHVTXHOVXQW\SH +<3(521<0(+<321<0(/·K\SHURQ\PH GDQVFHFDVOjUHSUpVHQWHXQQRPGHFODVVHGDQVODPHVXUHRLOFDWp JRULVHOHQRPTXLOHVXLWHQOXLDWWULEXDQWXQHFODVVHSDUWLFXOLqUH1RQ REOLJDWRLUHLOSHXWQpDQPRLQVrWUHUHTXLVSRXUOHYHUGHVDPELJXwWpV QRWDPPHQWGDQVOHVFDVG·KRPRSKRQLHDYHFG·DXWUHVHQWUpHVOH[LFDOHV ²H[FHSWpORUVTXHOHFRQWH[WHGXGLVFRXUVUHQGOHVHQVGXQRPpYLGHQW 9RLFLGDQVOHWDEOHDXTXHOTXHVH[HPSOHVGHQRPVFRPSRVpVDYHF GHVQRPVGHFODVVHVDSSDUWHQDQWDXFKDPSOH[LFDOGHVYpJpWDX[ &RPPHGDQVOHFDVGHSDÖMEHÖK¶VHUSHQW·YVEHÖK¶YLQ·ROHQRPGHFODVVH SDÖM¶DQLPDO·HVWUHTXLVSRXUGLIIpUHQFLHU¶VHUSHQW·GH¶YLQ· /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( $UEUHV D E F WλκP16SpFLÀTXH ¶WURQF·1 WλκPSDÖV WURQFFRWRQ WλκPSUHW WURQFEDQDQH WλκPÈXΰ WURQFFRFR ¶FRWRQQLHU·/H[ ¶EDQDQLHU· /H[ ¶FRFRWLHU· /H[ )HXLOOHV D E F ODÖ16SpFLÀTXH ODÖFKÓÖ ODÖSUκÈÓÖ ODÖWXκU ¶IHXLOOH·1 IHXLOOHERLV ¶IHXLOOH· /H[ IHXLOOHpSLQDUG ¶pSLQDUG· /H[ IHXLOOHRUHLOOH ¶RUHLOOH· /H[ )UXLWV D E F S'M16SpFLÀTXH S'MEXκW S'MGLDS S'MVκZDÖM ¶IUXLW·1 IUXLWPDwV IUXLWSRPPH FDQQHOOH IUXLWPDQJXH ¶PDwV· /H[ ¶SRPPH /H[ FDQQHOOH· ¶PDQJXH· /H[ 7XEHUFXOHVPEXP16SpFLÀTXH¶WXEHUFXOH·1 D PEXPNOLDP WXEHUFXOHPDQLRF¶PDQLRF· /H[ E PEXPGnP WXEHUFXOHURXJH ¶UDGLV· /H[ Tableau 1. – Noms de classe du stieng : champ lexical des végétaux. /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHWOHVQRPVGHFODVVHDSSDUWLHQQHQWjGHX[V\V WqPHVGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQQRPLQDOHGLVWLQFWVOHVQRPVGHFODVVHFRQVWL WXHQWXQRXWLOOH[LFDOGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQYRLUSDURSSRVLWLRQDX[ FODVVLÀFDWHXUVTXLHQFRQVWLWXHQWXQRXWLOJUDPPDWLFDO 8Q SUHPLHU DUJXPHQW HVW G·RUGUH PRUSKRV\QWD[LTXH OHV QRPV GHFODVVHVIRUPHQWDYHFOHXUFRPSRVpXQHXQLTXHWrWHQRPLQDOHTXL SDUDLOOHXUVSHXWHOOHPrPHrWUHPRGLÀpHSDUXQQXPpUDOVXLYLG·XQ FODVVLÀFDWHXU 1&/$66(1 180 &/ DNnÖQG!XDU EDÖU GXÖ HQIDQWÀOOH GHX[ &/SHUVRQQH ÀOOH ¶'HX[ÀOOHV·²(OL.K03 ENnÖQVRZ EDÖU ERN HQIDQWFKLHQ GHX[ &/WrWH FKLRW ¶'HX[FKLRWV·²6[N&/ FSDÖMVRZ EDÖU ERN DQLPDOFKLHQ GHX[ &/WrWH FKLHQ ¶'HX[FKLHQV·²/L&/ 12Ê//,(%21 GSDÖM!LDU EDÖU ERN DQLPDOSRXOH GHX[ &/WrWH SRXOH ¶'HX[SRXOHV·²/L&/ &HUWDLQV H[HPSOHV LOOXVWUHQW GHV FDV G·KRPRSKRQLH HQWUH QRP GHFODVVHHWFODVVLÀFDWHXUFRPPHHQFHTXLMXVWLÀHO·H[LVWHQFH GHGHX[V\VWqPHVGLVWLQFWV&RPPHQRXVOHYHUURQVSDUODVXLWHFHV H[HPSOHVWpPRLJQHQWG·XQSKpQRPqQHG·pFKRHQWUHQRPGHFODVVHHW FODVVLÀFDWHXU /H[LFDO 1&/$66(L1 180 *UDPPDWLFDO &/L DWλκPSDÖV SXDQ WλκP WURQFFRWRQ TXDWUH &/WURQF FRWRQQLHU µ4XDWUHFRWRQQLHUV¶²/L&/ EODÖSUHW EDÖU ODÖ IHXLOOHEDQDQH GHX[ &/IHXLOOH IHXLOOHGHEDQDQLHU ¶'HX[IHXLOOHVGHEDQDQLHU·²/L&/ FIUDSUκOκN EDÖU IUDS JUDLQHSDVWqTXH GHX[ &/JUDLQH JUDLQHGHSDVWqTXH ¶'HX[JUDLQHVGHSDVWqTXH·²6WL&/ GS'MÈXΰ EDÖU S'M IUXLWFRFR GHX[ &/IUXLW QRL[GHFRFR ¶'HX[QRL[GHFRFR·²6WL&/ b) Noms de classe et classificateurs dits « repeaters » ,OH[LVWHXQSKpQRPqQHWUqVUpSDQGXSDUPLOHVODQJXHVjFODVVLÀFD WHXUVROHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVRQWXQHIRUPHLGHQWLTXHDXQRPTX·LOVFODVVL ÀHQWGDQVODOLWWpUDWXUHRQSDUOHGH©UHSHDWHUVªRXFODVVLÀFDWHXUVpFKRV SRXUODEHOOLVHUFHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV*ULQHYDOG&HSKpQR PqQHHVWWUqVUDUHGDQVOHVGRQQpHVGXVWLHQJXQHVHXOHRFFXUUHQFH SUpVHQWpHHQHVWjFHMRXUSUpVHQWHGDQVOHFRUSXV FKHM SHM FKHM FRUGH WURLV &/FRUGH µ7URLVFRUGHV¶±6WL&/ /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( (QUHYDQFKHFRPPHQRXVO·DYRQVpYRTXpDYHFOHVH[HPSOHVSUp VHQWpVHQLOH[LVWHGHVFDVWpPRLJQDQWG·XQSKpQRPqQHG·pFKR HQWUHFODVVLÀFDWHXUHWQRPGHFODVVH(QG·DXWUHVWHUPHVO·pFKRVHSUR GXLWQRQSDVDYHFXQQRPVLPSOHRXXQHWrWHGHQRPFRPSRVpFRPPH FHVHUDLWOHFDVSRXUXQUHSHDWHUSURWRW\SLTXHPDLVDYHFXQPRUSKqPH pWDQWGpMjOXLPrPHXQpOpPHQWGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQjVDYRLUOHQRPGH FODVVH&HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSDUWLFXOLHUVVHPEOHQWFRQVWLWXHUXQHYDULDQWH GHUHSHDWHUTXHQRXVQRPPRQVLFL©FODVVUHSHDWHUVªRXFODVVLÀFDWHXUV pFKRVGHFODVVH&HVH[HPSOHVWpPRLJQHQWDLQVLG·XQHVRUWHGHSKpQR PqQHHQFDVFDGHRO·RQDXUDLWXQSUHPLHUV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ VLWXpGLUHFWHPHQWVXUOHQRPQRPGHFODVVHHWXQVHFRQGV\VWqPHSRVW SRVpDXQXPpUDOFODVVLÀFDWHXU &HSKpQRPqQHHVWDVVH]FRXUDQWHQVWLHQJGHPrPHTXHGDQVGHV ODQJXHVGHODUpJLRQWHOOHVTXHOHELUPDQ9LWWUDQWRXOHWKDw 'H/DQFH\'·XQSRLQWGHYXHGLDFKURQLTXHHWG\QDPLTXH 6FRWW'H/DQFH\HWVXJJqUHTXHFHVRQWOHVQRPVGH FODVVHTXLVRQWPDMRULWDLUHPHQWjO·RULJLQHGXGpYHORSSHPHQWGHVFODV VLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[RQDGRQFXQSUHPLHUV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ OHV\VWqPHGHQRPVGHFODVVHTXLVHPEOHVHUHSURGXLUHVXUXQV\VWqPH SOXVUpFHQWOHV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[ 3DUDLOOHXUV.DUHQ$GDPVFLWpHSDU&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG >7UDGXFWLRQSDU1RsOOLH%RQ@FRQVWDWH©ODUpFXUUHQFHWUqVpWHQGXHG·XQ LQYHQWDLUHWUqVUHVWUHLQWHWVSpFLÀTXHGHQRPVOH[LFDX[TXLDIDLWpPHUJHU GHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSDUWRXWGDQVOHPRQGH,OV·DJLWGHWURLVQRPVDSSDU WHQDQWDXGRPDLQHGHVSODQWHVDUEUHIHXLOOHHWIUXLWOHSUHPLHUpWDQW GHORLQODVRXUFHODSOXVXQLYHUVHOOHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUª/HVGRQQpHVGX VWLHQJVRQWHQDFFRUGDYHFFHFRQVWDW /H[LFDO *UDPPDWLFDO 180 &/L DWλκPSUHW EDÖU WλκP WURQFEDQDQH GHX[ &/WURQF EDQDQLHU ¶'HX[EDQDQLHUV·²/L&/¶ ES'MSUHW EDÖU S'M IUXLWEDQDQH GHX[ &/IUXLW EDQDQH ¶'HX[EDQDQHV·²/L&/¶E 1&/$66(L1 12Ê//,(%21 FODÖSUHW EDÖU ODÖ IHXLOOHEDQDQH GHX[ &/IHXLOOH IHXLOOHGHEDQDQLHU ¶'HX[IHXLOOHVGHEDQDQLHU·²/L&/¶D &RPPHQRXVOHYHUURQVSDUODVXLWHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVWλκPODÖHW S'MUHSUpVHQWHQWOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSULQFLSDX[GHVFODVVHVUHODWLYHVjOD IRUPHGHVREMHWV 3.2.2. Classificateur de tri vs classificateur mensural (quantifieur) 3DUPLOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[RQGLVWLQJXHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV GHWULGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[RXTXDQWLÀHXUV3OXVLHXUVFULWqUHV SHUPHWWHQWGHOHVGLIIpUHQFLHUGHVFULWqUHVVpPDQWLTXHVDHWGHVFUL WqUHVV\QWD[LTXHVE a) Distinction sémantique 18 '·XQSRLQWGHYXHVpPDQWLTXHRQGLVWLQJXHFHVGHX[W\SHVGHFODV VLÀFDWHXUVVXUODSRVVLELOLWpGHTXDQWLÀHUXQHHQWLWpGXPRQGHUpHOVRLW HQODFRPSWDQWVRLWHQODPHVXUDQW(QFHVHQVOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWUL VRQWXWLOLVpVSRXULQGLYLGXDOLVHUGHVXQLWpVGLVFUqWHV²OHUpIpUHQWGX QRPWrWHD\DQWSRXUYRFDWLRQG·rWUHFRPSWp 'HSOXVOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWULFDWpJRULVHQWOHVUpIpUHQWVGDQVGHV FODVVHVVHORQGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVTXLOHXUVRQWLQKpUHQWHVWHOOHVTXHOHV WUDLWV>DQLPp@>KXPDLQ@ODIRUPHODIRQFWLRQHWFFI /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[TXDQWLÀFDWHXUVTXDQWjHX[VRQW XWLOLVpVQRQVHXOHPHQWSRXUPHVXUHUGHVXQLWpVQRQGLVFUqWHVXQLWpV SK\VLTXHVRXQRQ²LHOLTXLGHVPDWpULDX[HWFPDLVDXVVLGHVXQLWpV 9RLU&ROHWWH*ULQHYDOGHWHWUpVXPpGDQV$OLFH 9LWWUDQWSRXUSOXVGHSUpFLVLRQVVXUODGLIIpUHQFHVpPDQWLTXH HQWUHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWULHWPHQVXUDX[ /HV QRPV UpIpUDQW j FHV XQLWpV VRQW WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW ODEHOOLVpV ©QRPV FRPSWDEOHVRXGpQRPEUDEOHVªHQJUDPPDLUHGXIUDQoDLVHWGHFRXQWQRXQV HQDQJODLV3DUSUpFDXWLRQQRXVpYLWRQVG·HPSOR\HUFHVWHUPHVFRQVLGpUDQW TXHOHVODQJXHVQHGpOLPLWHQWSDVIRUFpPHQWOHVQRPVFRPSWDEOHVGHVQRQ FRPSWDEOHVGHODPrPHIDoRQRQSDUWGXSULQFLSHTX·XQUpIpUHQWGRQQp SRXUUDLWWUqVELHQIRQFWLRQQHUFRPPHXQPDVVQRXQGDQVXQHODQJXH[PDLV FRPPHXQFRXQWQRXQGDQVXQHODQJXH\7HOHVWOHFDVHQVWLHQJSRXUOHV QRPV¶JLQJHPEUH·¶SRLYUH·¶VpVDPH·HWFTXLVRQWWUDLWpVFRPPHGHVFRXQW QRXQVSDURSSRVLWLRQDXIUDQoDLVTXLOHVWUDLWHFRPPHGHVPDVVQRXQV /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( GLVFUqWHVRUJDQLVpHVHQHQVHPEOHVG·XQLWpV&RPPHOHUDSSHOOH&ROHWWH *ULQHYDOGFHVPHQVXUDWLIVFRQVLGpUpVFRPPHGHVFODV VLÀFDWHXUVPHQVXUDX[VRQWHQIDLWSUpVHQWVGDQVWRXWHVOHVODQJXHVGX PRQGH /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJTXLQRXVLQWpUHVVHQWLFLDSSDUWLHQQHQWj XQV\VWqPHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWUL/DGLIIpUHQFHVpPDQWLTXHHQWUHOHV GHX[W\SHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWULHWPHQVXUDX[Q·HVWSDVWRXMRXUVpYL GHQWH&·HVWSRXUTXRLODV\QWD[HSHXWpJDOHPHQWrWUHXWLOHHWSHUWLQHQWH SRXUOHVGLIIpUHQFLHU b) Distinction syntaxique '·XQSRLQWGHYXHV\QWD[LTXHHQVWLHQJÞOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWUL VHFRPSRUWHQWGHODPrPHIDoRQTXHOHVPHQVXUDX[GDQVODPHVXUH RLOVDSSDUDLVVHQWH[DFWHPHQWDXPrPHHPSODFHPHQWGDQVOHJURXSH QRPLQDOQpDQPRLQVFRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[PHQVXUDX[GRQWO·XVDJHHVW REOLJDWRLUHO·XVDJHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGHWULHVWRSWLRQQHO ² GDQVOHFDVGHVQRPVUpIpUDQWjGHVXQLWpVQRQGLVFUqWHVO·RPLV VLRQGXPHQVXUDOTXLOHVPRGLÀHUHQGODSKUDVHDJUDPPDWLFDOH FRPPHLOOXVWUpHQ DKHM KHM !κQ !κQ EHÖK EHÖK EDÖU EDÖU ÈnκS 6*6 DYRLU YLQ GHX[ 47ERXWHLOOH ¶-·DLGHX[ERXWHLOOHVGHYLQ·²(SN79N-1 E!DSκκV !DSΩΩV SKHM SKHM SnÖK SnÖK IUDS DSSRUWHU UL] VHSW 06JUDLQ µ-¶DLDSSRUWpVHSWJUDLQVGHUL]¶±(OL79L-1 ² G DQVOHFDVGHVQRPVUpIpUDQWjGHVXQLWpVGLVFUqWHVO·RPLVVLRQGX PHQVXUDOPRGLÀHOHVHQVGHODSKUDVHFRPPHLOOXVWUpHQRQ SDVVHG·XQSURFHVVXVGHPHVXUHjXQSURFHVVXVGHFRPSWDJHRU ,OV·DJLWGHFHTXHO·RQQRPPHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWHQJUDPPDLUHGXIUDQ oDLVOHVQRPVLQGpQRPEUDEOHVRXQRQFRPSWDEOHVRXHQFRUHPDVVQRXQVHQ DQJODLV3RXUOHVUDLVRQVH[SOLFLWpHVSOXVKDXWSDUSUpFDXWLRQQRXVQ·XWLOL VRQVSDVFHVWHUPHVGDQVODSUpVHQWHpWXGH &RPPHYHUUHJRXWWHOLWUHGDQV©XQHYHUUHJRXWWHOLWUHGHYLQªRXHQFRUH SLOHUDQJpHFDUWRQGDQV©XQHSLOHUDQJpHFDUWRQGHOLYUHVªHQIUDQoDLV 'pFRUWLTXpHWEODQFKL 12Ê//,(%21 FHQ·HVWSDVOHFDVORUVTXHO·RQRPHWXQFODVVLÀFDWHXUGDQVXQH FRQVWUXFWLRQjFODVVLÀFDWHXU DSκU'M SκU'M EDÖU EDÖU NκFDS FLJDUHWWH GHX[ 06SDTXHW ¶'HX[SDTXHWVGHFLJDUHWWHV·²(OL.K03 E!κQ !κQ WκÖPWκQXκWEDÖU IκPGÓκFGDÖN WκÖPWκQXκWEDÖU GÓκF GDÖN SDOPLHU ¶ ,O \ D GHX[ ERVTXHWV GH SDOPLHUV SUqV GH O·HDX· ² (OL6WL,O )50. (;,67 GHX[ 06ERVTXHWSUqV HDX DSκU'M EDÖU WκÖP FLJDUHWWH GHX[ &/WURQF ¶'HX[FLJDUHWWHV·²(OL03 E!κQ WκÖPWκQXκWEDÖU WκÖPGÓκFGDÖN SDOPLHU ¶,O\DGHX[SDOPLHUVSUqVGHO·HDX·²6WL,O)50. (;,67 GHX[ &/WURQFSUqV HDX 3.3. Fonction des classificateurs du stieng '·DSUqV:DOWHU%LVDQJ©ODIRQFWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV QXPpUDX[HVWGHUHQGUHOHVQRPVFRPSWDEOHVpQXPpUDEOHVHQOHVLQGL YLGXDOLVDQWHWHQOHVFODVVLÀDQWODIRQFWLRQSUHPLqUHGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ Q·LPSOLTXDQW SDV IRUFpPHQW OH ¶FRPSWDJH·ª >WUDGXFWLRQ SDU 1RsOOLH %RQ@&RPPHQRXVO·DYRQVGpMjpYRTXpO·RSpUDWLRQGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ FRQVLVWH j LQFOXUH XQH HQWLWp GRQQpH GDQV XQH FODVVH SDUWLFXOLqUH HQ IRQFWLRQGHVSURSULpWpVGHFHWWHHQWLWp :DOWHU%LVDQJSURSRVHXQHW\SRORJLHUHJURXSDQWTXDWUHW\SHVGH ODQJXHVVHORQOHVFRPELQDLVRQVGHIRQFWLRQVDWWHVWpHVGDQVOHVGLWHVODQ JXHV%LVDQJ Figure 2. – Expansion fonctionnelle des classificateurs. '·DSUqV%LVDQJ>7UDGXFWLRQSDU1RsOOLH%RQ@ /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( 2XWUHOHVIRQFWLRQVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQG·LGHQWLÀFDWLRQHWG·LQGLYLGXD OLVDWLRQTXLG·DSUqV:DOWHU%LVDQJVRQWLQKpUHQWHVjWRXWHVOHVODQJXHV SRXUYXHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQ$VLHGHO·(VWHWGX6XG(VW OHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJVRQWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWFDUDFWpULVpVSDUGHV IRQFWLRQVGHUpIpUHQWLDOLVDWLRQHWGHUHODWLRQDOLVDWLRQ,OVVHPEOHQWpJD OHPHQWSRUWHUXQHIRQFWLRQGLVFXUVLYH²TXLH[SOLTXHUDLWQRWDPPHQWOH FDUDFWqUHIDFXOWDWLIGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQVWLHQJ²PDLVFHOOHFLQ·HVWSDV H[SRVpHGDQVOHSUpVHQWSDSLHUFDUHQFRUHQRQpOXFLGpH 3.3.1. Fonction de référentialisation : usage anaphorique '·DSUqV:LOOLDP&URIWXQHWHQGDQFHDUpDOHGHVODQ JXHVjFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHQ$VLHHVWO·XVDJHDQDSKRULTXHGHFHVFODVVLÀ FDWHXUVUHIHUHQFHWUDFNLQJSKpQRPqQHTXHO·RQUHWURXYHHQVWLHQJ DPκ! SDÖMNλWL VnZ SKDÖP !κNL KXLW &/L UHJDUGHU JUHQRXLOOHL YRLU ¶(QUHJDUGDQWOHVJUHQRXLOOHVRQHQYRLWKXLW·²(SN,S)60. E!κQ VκÖKVDODÖL KDQ ULDQ pFROLHUL DSSUHQGUHWURLV&/SHUVRQQHL P EXÖM XQ (;,67 DOOHU SHMGXÖL !DÖ PDWEDÖUGXÖ\ !DÖ NÓκM F{Wp GHYDQWGHX[&/SHUVRQQH\ F{Wp GHUULqUH µ,O\DWURLVpFROLHUVLTXLSDUWHQWDSSUHQGUHXQMGHYDQWGHX[\ GHUULqUH¶±(OL,O)500 &/SHUVRQQHM F!κQIRZLIRZMWκMRκΰPXDMMEHFPXDM\ (;,67YDFKHLYDFKHMrGHERXWXQMrDOORQJpXQ\ µ>«@LO\DGHVYDFKHVLXQHYDFKHMGHERXWXQH\FRXFKpH¶ ±(OL,O)500 $XYXGHVGRQQpHVFROOHFWpHVjFHMRXULOVHPEOHTXHFHWXVDJH VRLWUpVHUYpHQVWLHQJDX[HQWLWpV>KXPDLQHV@(QHIIHWGDQVOHFDVGHV HQWLWpV>KXPDLQHV@OHFODVVLÀFDWHXUpWDQWIDFXOWDWLIFRPPHHQF RQQHSHXWSDVDWWULEXHUFHWWHIRQFWLRQDXVLPSOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUPDLVDX JURXSHQXPpUDOFRPSOHW7DQGLVTXHGDQVOHFDVGHVKXPDLQVELO VHPEOHUDLWTXHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVRLWREOLJDWRLUH $YHFM\ L 'DYDQWDJHG·pOLFLWDWLRQVDYHFG·DXWUHVORFXWHXUVGRLYHQWrWUHUpDOLVpHVSRXU OHMXVWLÀHU 12Ê//,(%21 3.3.2. Fonction de relationnalisation /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVXWLOLVpVSRXUOHVKXPDLQVVHPEOHQWGDQVFHUWDLQV FDVDYRLUXQXVDJHGHFRPLWDWLIDYHFOHQXPpUDO¶GHX[· DMnZ InNEDÖUGXÖQDÖΰQLκ JGSqUH XQ &/SHUVRQQHrDVVLVGHX[&/SHUVRQQHMÀOOH'(0 ¶/HJUDQGSqUHHVWDVVLVDYHFFHWWHMHXQHÀOOH· /LW¶/HJUDQGSqUHHVWDVVLVjGHX[DYHFFHWWHMHXQHÀOOH· ²(SN,S)500 ENRκQGUHQEHF P EXÖ EDÖU!XÖVRZ HQIDQWGRUPLUrDOORQJp GHX[&/SHUVRQQHFKLHQ µ/¶HQIDQWGRUWDYHFOHFKLHQ¶ /LWµ/¶HQIDQWGRUWjGHX[DYHFOHFKLHQ¶±(OL,O)600 5HPDUTXH HQ OH JURXSH QXPpUDO ¶GHX[&/SHUVRQQH· SHXW V·H[SULPHU SDU GHX[ IRUPHV GLIIpUHQWHV GRQW XQH VHPEOH rWUH XQH UpGXFWLRQSKRQpWLTXHEDÖUGXÖHWEDÖU!XÖ&HWWHUpGXFWLRQQ·HVWRSpUpH TX·DSUqVOHQXPpUDOEDÖU¶GHX[· 4. Principes de catégorisation des classificateurs du stieng &HWWHVHFWLRQGpFULWOHVSULQFLSHVGHFDWpJRULVDWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV GXVWLHQJHQSUpVHQWDQWGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVOHXULQYHQWDLUHSXLV OHXURULJLQHOH[LFDOHHWHQÀQOHXURUJDQLVDWLRQVXUGLIIpUHQWVQLYHDX[GH FDWpJRULVDWLRQ 4.1. Inventaire des classificateurs du stieng /HVWLHQJFRPSWHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGDQVVRQV\VWqPH&HVGHUQLHUV VRQWOLVWpVGDQVOHWDEOHDXHWRUGRQQpVSDUWUDLWVpPDQWLTXH ,OHVWSDUDLOOHXUVLPSRUWDQWGHGRQQHUTXHOTXHVSUpFLVLRQVVXUOHV QXPpUDX[HWOHXUFRRFFXUUHQFHDYHFOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV ² WRXVOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVHPEOHQWSRXYRLUrWUHXWLOLVpVDYHFWRXVOHV FKLIIUHVH[FHSWpOHQXPpUDOGL¶XQ·TXLQHSHXWSDVDSSDUDLWUH DYHF!κN $YHFGHVYDULDWLRQVLGLROHFWDOHVTXLQHVRQWSDVSUpFLVpHVLFL 1RXVQHVDYRQVQpDQPRLQVSDVHQFRUHVLOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSHXYHQWrWUHXWL OLVpVDYHFGHVQRPEUHVDXGHOjGHODFHQWDLQHRXGXPLOOLHU &HTXLHVWFRKpUHQWG·XQSRLQWGHYXHVpPDQWLTXH!κNPDUTXDQWGDQVVRQ HPSORLOH[LFDOODSOXUDOLWp !κN NκWnNa NκOHκÕE IUÓκΰF ¶SOXVLHXUV· PRWRVYRLWXUHV« ¶PDFKLQH· WRXWHHQWLWp H[FHSWpDYHF180¶XQ· SDUWLHVGXFRUSVPHXEOHVXVWHQVLOHV FHUWDLQVYrWHPHQWV« PDLVRQVODFVYLOODJHVJURWWHV« SHWLWVIUXLWVSHUOHVODUPHV« WXEHUFXOHV IUXLWV IHXLOOHV FRXYHUWXUHVQDWWHV« µµ FRUGHVFROOLHUV« DUEUHVEDWRQVFUD\RQVFLJDUHWWHV« ¶HQGURLW· ¶JUDLQ· ¶IUXLW· S'M IUDS ¶IHXLOOHYpJpWDOH· ¶IHXLOOHGHSDSLHU· ¶ODQLqUH· ODÖ SOλκS SκQGDÖK ¶WXEHUFXOH· ¶FRUGH· FKHM PEXP ¶WURQF· WκÖP FKLHQVFRFKRQVERYLQVRLVHDX[« GLHX[ERQ]HVURLV« FKHIVJUDQGSDUHQWVKRPPHVIHPPHV HQIDQWV« 2EMHWV HPSUXQWVDXNKPHU D (PSUXQWDXSDOLYLDOHNKPHU!#Öΰ¶FODVVHGXVDFUp·7KDFKFS E (PSUXQWDXNKPHUNnQOD'Õ¶HQGURLW· F (PSUXQWDXNKPHUNUÓκΰXWLOLVpSRXUWRXWFHTXLHVWPpFDQLTXHLELG Tableau 2. – Inventaire des classificateurs du stieng. &ODVVLÀFDWHXUXQLYHUVHO '²SHWLWHWURQG '²WXEHUFXOH $EVHQFHGHFODVVLÀFDWHXU '²JURVHWURQG '²SODWHWÁH[LEOH RXULJLGH 0DFKLQHV '²ORQJHWÁH[LEOH '²ORQJHWULJLGH ¶WrWH· ¶VDFUp· !#ÖΰD ERN ¶XQHSHUVRQQH· ¶SHUVRQQHV· PEXÖ GXÖ 6HQVOH[LFDO &/VWLHQJ 1 /RFDWLRQ )RQFWLRQ 1DWXUH )RUPH >DQLPpKXPDLQ@ ¶$QLPDF\· >DQLPpKXPDLQ@ &ODVVH 7UDLW /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( 12Ê//,(%21 ² FRPPHGpMjSUpFLVpLOH[LVWHGHX[IRUPHVSRXUOHQXPpUDO¶XQ· VHORQ TXH O·RQ XWLOLVH RX QRQ XQ FODVVLÀFDWHXU RQ D GL&/ HW PXDM2QXWLOLVHGLDYHFWRXWHVOHVFODVVHVVDXIODFODVVHGHV >KXPDLQV@RPEXÖHVWHPSOR\p ² ODIRUPHEDÖU!κN180¶GHX[· &/XQLYHUVHOHVWVRXYHQWFRQ WUDFWpHHQEUκN /HWDEOHDXLOOXVWUHOHVGLIIpUHQWHVIRUPHVGHQXPpUDX[FRPPHQ WpHVFLGHVVXVHWOHXUFRRFFXUUHQFHDYHFOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV *ORVH 1 180&/ ¶XQEXIÁH· NUκÓÖ PXDM ¶GHX[EXIÁHV· GL !κN GL ERN PXDMERN ¶XQHSHUVRQQH· VκGLDΰ PXDM GL !κN P EXÖ PXDMEXÖ GL GXÖ *ORVH 1 180&/ NUκÓÖ EDÖU EDÖU!κNaEUκN EDÖUERN ¶GHX[SHUVRQQHV· VκGLDΰ EDÖU EDÖU!κNaEUκN EDÖUGXÖ (OL.K03 Tableau 3. – Formes des numéraux et co-occurrence avec les classificateurs. 4.2. Origine nominale des classificateurs du stieng /·RULJLQHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJHVWDLVpPHQWUHFRQQDLVVDEOHFHV GHUQLHUVSURYLHQQHQWGHQRPVTXLVRQWHQFRUHXWLOLVpVGDQVOHOH[LTXH ,OH[LVWHQpDQPRLQVXQHH[FHSWLRQOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUXQLYHUVHO!κNTXL GDQV VRQ HPSORL OH[LFDO HVW XQ DGYHUEH RX XQ DGMHFWLI PDUTXDQW OD SOXUDOLWp /HWDEOHDXLOOXVWUHTXHOTXHVIRUPHVGDQVOHXUHPSORLOH[LFDO $LQVLHQVWLHQJOHPrPHPRUSKqPHSHXWrWUHXWLOLVpGDQVGLIIp UHQWHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVVLPSOHQRPRXQRPFRPSRVpQRPGHFODVVH HWFODVVLÀFDWHXU/HVODQJXHVG·$VLHGX6XG(VWpWDQWLVRODQWHV©OHV IRUPHVOH[LFDOHVQHSHXYHQWrWUHLGHQWLÀpHVFRPPHDSSDUWHQDQWjXQH FODVVHIRQFWLRQQHOOHSDUWLFXOLqUHPDLVSHXYHQWDSSDUDLWUHGDQVSOXVLHXUV PEXÖHVWYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWXQHFRQWUDFWLRQGHPXDMEXÖ¶XQ&/SHUVRQQH· ¶WrWH· ¶FRUGH· ¶HQGURLW· ERN FKHM NκWnN Tableau 4. – Origine nominale des classificateurs : exemples. ¶EHDXFRXSSOXVLHXUV QRPEUHX[· EXÖ Pλΰ EDÖO P EXÖ Pλΰ ,03(566 ODQFHU EDOOH XQ &/ ODQFHU 352 ] 1 180 &/ 9 P EXÖ ÕnS EDÖO XQ &/ DWWUDSHU EDOOH 180 &/ 9 1 ¶2QODQFHODEDOOH8QHSHUVRQQHODQFHXQHSHUVRQQHDWWUDSHODEDOOH·²6[N75$-00 KHM InN OλZ ERN ÌXQ rWUHDVVLVVXU WrWH FHUI 6*6 352 9 35(3 1 1 ¶-HVXLVDVVLVVXUODWrWHG·XQFHUI·)60. EXÖ NDQ FKHM ,03(566 WHQLU FRUGH 352 9 1 ¶'HVJHQVWLHQQHQWXQHFRUGH>«@·²(SN,S)500 SDÖMVnW Eκ!ÓκO ELÖ NκWnN SDΰ DEHLOOH rVXUSULVHWIXLU GH HQGURLW 6*WVZZ 1 9 35(3 1 352 ¶/HVDEHLOOHVVRQWVXUSULVHVHWIXLHQWGHOHXUQLG·²(SN,S)600 WλκPNUXF QLκ S'M !κN PκW RUDQJHU FH IUXLW EFSQE[ WUqV 1 '(0 1 $'- $'9 ¶&HWRUDQJHUDGHWUqVQRPEUHX[IUXLWV·²(SN,S)500 ¶SURQRPLPSHUVRQQHO TXHOTX·XQOHVJHQV· PEXÖ !κN ([HPSOHHPSORLOH[LFDO 6HQVOH[LFDO &/6WLHQJ /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( 12Ê//,(%21 IRQFWLRQVJUDPPDWLFDOHVª$GDPVE>WUDGXFWLRQSDU 1RsOOLH%RQ@3RXUOHVGLIIpUHQFLHUGHVDXWUHVFRPPHVRXOLJQpSOXV KDXWRQUHSqUHOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSDUOHXUSRVLWLRQSRVWSRVpHDX QXPpUDO 4.3. Niveaux de catégorisation 29 2QUHFRQQDLWGLIIpUHQWVQLYHDX[GHFDWpJRULVDWLRQGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV VHORQODWDLOOHGHODFODVVHTX·LOVFDWpJRULVHQWHWODUHODWLRQVpPDQWLTXH TX·LOVHQWUHWLHQQHQWDYHFOHVQRPVTX·LOVFODVVLÀHQW2QGLVWLQJXHDLQVL OHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVVXLYDQWVVHORQOHXUSRUWpHGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ XQLTXHVSpFLÀTXHJpQpUDO!!SDUGpIDXW YRLUO·DQQH[HGH*ROGZDVVHU*ULQHYDOG 4.3.1. Classificateurs généraux /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVJpQpUDX[FDWpJRULVHQWOHVQRPVDXQLYHDXWD[R QRPLTXHHWSHXYHQWFODVVLÀHUWRXVOHVPHPEUHVGXWD[RQHQTXHVWLRQ 'DQV OH V\VWqPH GX VWLHQJ OH FODVVLÀFDWHXU SRXU OHV REMHWV ' S'M &/IUXLW²FIVHFWLRQVRXVVHFWLRQDSHXWrWUHXWLOLVpDYHFWRXV OHVQRPVVHUpIpUDQWjGHVIUXLWV'HPrPHPEXÖ HWGXÖ FODVVLÀHQWWRXVOHVKXPDLQVFIOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUERN&/WrWH²FI FDWpJRULVHWRXVOHVQRPVG·DQLPDX[HWF 4.3.2. Classificateurs spécifiques /HV FODVVLÀFDWHXUV VSpFLÀTXHV FDWpJRULVHQW GHV FODVVHV SOXV UHV WUHLQWHVHQVWLHQJSDUPLOHVREMHWV'LOH[LVWHXQHFODVVHVSpFLÀTXH SRXUOHVWXEHUFXOHVFDWpJRULVpHSDUOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUPEXP&/WXEHU²FI VHFWLRQVRXVVHFWLRQE 4.3.3. Classificateurs uniques /HVV\VWqPHVjFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDWWHVWHQWVRXYHQWGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV GLWV XQLTXHV TXL FDWpJRULVHQW GHV FODVVHV DYHF XQ VHXO PHPEUH WHO TXHFK\DNHQWKDwTXLQHFODVVLÀHTXHOHQRPSRXU¶pOpSKDQW·GDQVXQ FRQWH[WHKRQRULÀTXH*ULQHYDOGFHMRXUOHVGRQQpHV GXVWLHQJQ·DWWHVWHQWDXFXQFDVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVXQLTXHV &HWWHVHFWLRQV·DSSXLHVXUODSDUWLH/HYHOVRIFDWHJRUL]DWLRQGHO·DQQH[H SURSRVpHSDU*ULQHYDOG%DVLFVRQ&ODVVLÀHU6\VWHPVGDQV*ROGZDVVHU *ULQHYDOG ([FHSWpOHVDQLPDX[FRQVLGpUpVFRPPHGpSRXUYXVGHWrWHYRLU /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( 4.3.4. Classificateur universel (par défaut) (QÀQGDQVGHQRPEUHX[V\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[RQ WURXYHXQFODVVLÀFDWHXUSDUGpIDXWTXLQHSRUWHSDVGHYDOHXUVpPDQ WLTXH¶FDWpJRULVDQWH·&HFODVVLÀFDWHXUSHXWUHPSODFHUWRXVOHVDXWUHV (QVWLHQJLOV·DJLWGXFODVVLÀFDWHXU!κNTXLGDQVVRQHPSORLOH[LFDOHVW XQDGMHFWLIPDUTXDQWODSOXUDOLWp 1RWRQVSDUDLOOHXUVTXHGHQRPEUHX[REMHWVQ·RQWSDVGHFODVVLÀ FDWHXUSURSUHWHOVTXHOHVQRPVUpIpUDQWDX[SDUWLHVGXFRUSVPDLQV GRLJWVSLHGVHWFDX[XVWHQVLOHVGHFXLVLQHFXLOOqUHFRXWHDXJDPHOOHV YHUUHVPRUWLHUHWFDX[YrWHPHQWVHWKDPDFVDX[DQLPDX[FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH¶VDQVWrWH·HWF²FRPPHLOOXVWUpGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVHW /HVORFXWHXUVRQWDORUVGHX[SRVVLELOLWpVVRLWLOVXWLOLVHQWOHFODVVLÀFD WHXUXQLYHUVHO!κNORUVTXHOHQXPpUDOHVWVXSpULHXUjXQVRLWLOVQ·HQ XWLOLVHQWSDVGXWRXW DPUDÖPWLÖ SUDP !κN GRLJWPDLQ FLQT &/ ¶&LQTGRLJWV·²6WL&/ EVEHκNÌκΰ SXDQ !κN FKDXVVXUH TXDWUH &/ ¶4XDWUHFKDXVVXUHV·²6WL&/ FNDÖ SRLVVRQ GHX[&/ ¶'HX[SRLVVRQVFXLWVSRVpVGDQVO·DVVLHWWH·²6WL&/ EDÖU!κN W'! !XÖ ÌDÖP SRVHU 35(3 DVVLHWWH DNKDÖS GDÖN PXDM MDUUH HDX XQ ¶8QHMDUUHjHDX·²6WL&/ EQFLDQ PXDM EDJXH ¶8QHEDJXH·²6WL&/ELV XQ 5. Classes sémantiques des classificateurs du stieng *OREDOHPHQWG·XQSRLQWGHYXHVpPDQWLTXHOHV\VWqPHHVWÀGqOHjOD W\SRORJLHGH$GDPV&RQNOLQLOV·RUJDQLVHVHORQGHX[FUL ,OFRUUHVSRQGUDLWjXWLOLVHUOHVWHUPHV¶PDFKLQ·RX¶WUXF·HQIUDQoDLVSDU H[HPSOHOLWWpUDOHPHQWDVHUDLWWUDGXLW©GRLJWVFLQTWUXFVª 12Ê//,(%21 WqUHVSULQFLSDX[TXLUHSRVHQWVXUOHWUDLW>DQLPp@FULWqUH²HW GHVSDUDPqWUHVSK\VLTXHVSULQFLSDOHPHQWODIRUPHHWSDUH[WHQVLRQOD GLPHQVLRQQDOLWpFULWqUH²/HV\VWqPHHVWDXVVLFDUDFWpULVpSDU GHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVUHODWLIVjODIRQFWLRQRXODQDWXUHGHVREMHWV ,OH[LVWHTXHOTXHVYDULDWLRQVLGLROHFWDOHVFRQFHUQDQWO·XVDJHGHWHO RXWHOFODVVLÀFDWHXURXHQFRUHO·DSSDUWHQDQFHG·XQHHQWLWpjWHOOHRXWHOOH FODVVH&HVYDULDWLRQVVRQWSUpFLVpHVDXÀOGHODGHVFULSWLRQVpPDQWLTXH 5.1. Critère 1 : [+ animé] 5.1.1. [+animés, +humains] : mbuÖ, duÖ – ‘CL.personne’ ,OH[LVWHGHX[FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGLIIpUHQWVVHORQOHQRPEUHG·LQGLYLGXV GLIIpUHQFLDQWXQHHQWLWpGHSOXVLHXUVHQWLWpVPEXÖXQGXÖ DMnZ P EXÖ InN OλZ IU'M rWUHDVVLV VXU OLW JUDQGSqUHXQ ¶/HXQJUDQGSqUHHVWDVVLVVXUOHOLW>«@·(SN,S)500 EV!XDUVκOnZDÖQNnÖQVÓQ ÌκPκW GXÖ FRXSOHREWHQLUHQIDQWQHXI GL[ &/SHUVRQQH ¶1RWUHFRXSOHDHXQHXIGL[HQIDQWV·79N-1 FNnÖQ G!XDU EDÖU GXÖ HQIDQW ÀOOH GHX[ &/SHUVRQQH µGHX[¿OOHV¶(OL.K03 &/SHUVRQQH &HV\VWqPHQHFDWpJRULVHSDVODFODVVHVRFLRFXOWXUHOOHHWUHOLJLHXVH GHVHQWLWpVFRPSWpHVFRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[V\VWqPHVGHQRPEUHXVHVODQ JXHVGHODUpJLRQ$GDPV²YRLUH[HPSOHVDI3DUDLOOHXUV OHVHQWLWpVTXLQ·DSSDUWLHQQHQWSDVDXPRQGHUpHOIDQW{PHVJpQLHV GLHX[PRUWVHWFSHXYHQWrWUHFODVVLÀpHVDYHFFHVPrPHVFODVVLÀFD WHXUVLELG²YRLUH[HPSOHVDF,OH[LVWHQpDQPRLQVXQFODVVLÀ FDWHXU!#Öΰ¶&/VDFUp·TXLSHXWrWUHXWLOLVpDYHFOHVQRPVSRXU¶URL· DHW¶GLHX·D 5HPDUTXHFRPPHGpMjpYRTXpOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUGXÖSHXWrWUHUpDOLVp!XÖ UpGXFWLRQSKRQpWLTXH/DIRUPHGXÖHVWSDUDLOOHXUVXWLOLVpHFRPPHSURQRP LPSHUVRQQHOHWQRPGHFODVVHYRLU 5DSSHOHPSUXQWDXNKPHU!#ÖΰFODVVHGXVDFUp/·XWLOLVDWLRQGHFHFODV VLÀFDWHXUHVWFDUDFWpULVpHSDUXQHYDULDWLRQLQWHUORFXWHXUVFHUWDLQVO·XWLOL VHQWV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWWDQGLVTXHG·DXWUHVQHO·XWLOLVHQWSDVGXWRXW&HFL WpPRLJQHYUDLVHPEODEOHPHQWGXGHJUpGH©NKPpULVDWLRQªGXORFXWHXUSDU /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( DVGDF P EXÖ URL XQ ¶8QURL·²/N&/ E>«@ORNIUXÖ P EXÖ >«@SURIHVVHXU XQ ¶>«@8QSURIHVVHXU·²(SN,S)500 FQDNWDÖΰP EXÖ WLVVHUDQG XQ ¶8QWLVVHUDQG·²/N&/ GPLΰ P EXÖ WDQWH XQ ¶8QHWDQWH·²/N&/ HNnκQGUHQ P EXÖ EpEp XQ ¶8QEpEp·²/N&/ I QDNGXÖV P EXÖ SULVRQQLHU XQ ¶8QSULVRQQLHU·²/N&/ aGL!DÖΰ &/SHUVRQQH &/SHUVRQQH &/SHUVRQQH DEUDÖK P EXÖ &/SHUVRQQH &/SHUVRQQH aGL!DÖΰ GLHX ¶8QGLHX·²&/00 EVκGLDΰ FKκW P EXÖ VWLHQJ XQ ¶8QPRUW·²&/00 FQDNWDÖP EXÖ JpQLHXQ &/SHUVRQQH ¶8QJpQLH·²&/00 &/SHUVRQQHaXQ &/GLHX XQ &/SHUVRQQHaXQ &/VDFUp PRUW &/SHUVRQQH 5.1.2. [+animés ; -humains] : bok – ‘CL.tête’ 2QXWLOLVHHQUqJOHJpQpUDOHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUERNGRQWO·RULJLQHQRPL QDOHVLJQLÀH¶WrWH·DYHFOHVDQLPDX[FRPPHLOOXVWUpHQDE WLFXOLqUHPHQWORUVTXH²FRPPHGDQVFHFDVSUpFLV²OHQRPIDLWUpIpUHQFHj XQHHQWLWpFXOWXUHOOHPHQWWUqVPDUTXpH(QHIIHWOHV6WLHQJVRQWWUDGLWLRQQHO OHPHQWDQLPLVWHVPDLVDXMRXUG·KXLODSOXSDUWRQWpWpFRQYHUWLVDXERXGG KLVPHSDUOHV.KPHUVHWSUDWLTXHQWGpVRUPDLVXQV\QFUpWLVPHUHOLJLHX[G·R O·HPSUXQWGXFODVVLÀFDWHXUSRXU¶GLHX·DXNKPHU 12Ê//,(%21 DKHM !κÖQ IRZ SXDQ ERN 6*6 DYRLU YDFKH TXDWUH &/WrWH ¶-·DLTXDWUHYDFKHV·²(SN79N-1 ENnÖQVRZ EDÖU ERN FKLRW GHX[ &/WrWH µ'HX[FKLRWV¶²6WL&/ 1pDQPRLQVLOH[LVWHGHVQXDQFHVHWO·RQQHSHXWO·HPSOR\HUDYHF WRXVOHVDQLPDX[ ² O·XWLOLVDWLRQRXQRQGXFODVVLÀFDWHXUERNVHPEOHrWUHOLpHjODSHU FHSWLRQTXHOHVORFXWHXUVRQWG·XQDQLPDOFRPPHD\DQWXQHWrWH RXQRQSRXUFHUWDLQVOHVSRLVVRQVOHVIRXUPLVOHVVDQJVXHV HWFQ·DXUDLHQWSDVGHWrWHPDLVOHVDUDLJQpHVHWOHVDEHLOOHVOHV RLVHDX[HWPDPPLIqUHVHQDXUDLHQWXQH ² XQH ORFXWULFH SOXV kJpH XWLOLVH ERN ¶&/WrWH· SRXU FRPSWHU OHV HQIDQWV PDLV G·DXWUHV ORFXWHXUV HVWLPHQW TXH F·HVW LPSROL HW QH O·XWLOLVHQWTXHSRXUOHVDQLPDX[,OV·DJLWOjG·XQSKpQRPqQHGH UHFODVVLÀFDWLRQ ² GDQVOHVFRQWHVOHVDQLPDX[VRQWVRXYHQWSHUVRQQLÀpVHWO·RQXWL OLVHFRPPHFODVVLÀFDWHXUQRQSDVERNPDLVFHOXLRUGLQDLUHPHQW XWLOLVpSRXUOHVHQWLWpV>KXPDLQHV@ NRκQGUHQEHF EDÖU GRUPLUrDOORQJp GHX[ !XÖ VRZ HQIDQW &/SHUVRQQHFKLHQ ¶/·HQIDQWGRUWDYHFOHFKLHQ· /LWµ/¶HQIDQWGRUWjGHX[DYHFOHFKLHQ¶²(OL,O)600 5.2. Critère 2 : forme (paramètre physique pour les [-animés]) /HVHFRQGFULWqUHVpPDQWLTXHSULQFLSDOSRXULQYHQWRULHUOHVFODVVLÀFD WHXUVFRUUHVSRQGjODIRUPHF·HVWjGLUHO·H[WHQVLRQGHVREMHWVGDQVOHV WURLVGLPHQVLRQVVSDWLDOHV'ORQJ'SODW'URQG&HFULWqUHHVW DFFRPSDJQpGHSDUDPqWUHVVHFRQGDLUHVWHOVTXHODULJLGLWpODÁH[LELOLWp RXODWDLOOHUHODWLYH$XVHLQGHFHVHFRQGFULWqUHOHV\VWqPHHVWVXUWRXW EDVpVXUXQHWD[RQRPLHELRORJLTXHXWLOLVDQWQRWDPPHQWGHVQRPVUHOD /RUVGHVWHVWVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLWpDYHFGHVVWUXFWXUHVWHOOHVTXHNDÖEDÖUERN ¶WURLVSRLVVRQV·XQHGHVORFXWULFHVFRUULJHHQNDÖEDÖUHQMXVWLÀDQWTX·XQ SRLVVRQQ·DSDVGHWrWHOHVHQVGXQRPLQDOjO·RULJLQHGXFODVVLÀFDWHXUHVW HQFRUHDFWLI /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( WLIVDX[YpJpWDX[RXjGHVSDUWLHVGHYpJpWDX[FRPPHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV 8QHGHVH[SOLFDWLRQVjFHWHPSORLPpWDSKRULTXHHVWTXHOHVYpJpWDX[ VRQWWUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWXWLOLVpVFRPPHPDWpULDXGHEDVHSRXUODSOXSDUW GHVREMHWVGXTXRWLGLHQGHVORFXWHXUVGHFHVODQJXHV(UEDXJK 5.2.1. Objets 1D – longs a) Longs et rigides : tλκm – ‘CL.tronc’ 2QXWLOLVHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUWλκP²GRQWO·RULJLQHQRPLQDOHVLJQLÀH ¶WURQF·²SRXUOHVREMHWVORQJVHWULJLGHV DWcΩPSDÖVSXDQWλκP FRWRQQLHU TXDWUH&/WURQF ¶4XDWUHFRWRQQLHUV·²/N&/ ENOLP EDÖU WλκP SLTXHW GHX[ &/WURQF ¶'HX[SLTXHWV·²6[N&/ FEHF SXDQ WλκP FUD\RQ TXDWUH &/WURQF ¶4XDWUHFUD\RQV·²6[N&/ GSκU'M SHM WλκP FLJDUHWWH WURLV &/WURQF µ7URLVFLJDUHWWHV¶²6WL&/ b) Longs et flexibles : chej – ‘CL.corde’ 2Q XWLOLVH OH FODVVLÀFDWHXU FKHM GRQW O·RULJLQH QRPLQDOH VLJQLÀH ¶FRUGH·SRXUOHVREMHWVORQJVHWÁH[LEOHVOLDQHVFROOLHUVHWF DFKHM SHM FKHM FRUGH WURLV &/FRUGH ¶7URLVFRUGHV·²6[N&/ EZDU SHM FKHM OLDQH WURLV &/FRUGH ¶7URLVOLDQHV·²/N&/ FÕnκΰ FROOLHUGHSHUOHWURLV&/FRUGH ¶7URLVFROOLHUVGHSHUOH·²/N&/ GQDUUκNDDSHMFKHM PRQWUH ¶7URLVPRQWUHV·²/N&/ SHMFKHM WURLV&/FRUGH 12Ê//,(%21 5.2.2. Objets 2D – plats et flexibles SOλκS¶&/IHXLOOH·SDSLHU!SκQGDÖK¶&/ODQLqUH·!ODÖ¶&/IHXLOOH· YpJpWDOH /H VWLHQJ XWLOLVH XQ FODVVLÀFDWHXU SURYHQDQW GX QRP ODÖ ¶IHXLOOH YpJpWDOH·SRXUFODVVLÀHUOHVREMHWV'SODWVHWÁH[LEOHVODÖHVWQpDQ PRLQVH[FOXVLYHPHQWXWLOLVpDYHFGHVQRPVUHQYR\DQWjGHVYpJpWDX[ 2QHPSORLHSOλκS¶IHXLOOHGHSDSLHU·HWSκQGDÖK¶ODQLqUH·SRXUGHV HQWLWpVG·RULJLQHYpJpWDOHPDLVPRGLÀpHVSDUO·KRPPHWLVVXVQDWWHV HWF2QQHSHXWSDVHPSOR\HUFHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVDYHFWRXVOHVREMHWV SODWVHWÁH[LEOHVQRWDPPHQWGHVKDXWVHWSDQWDORQV'·DXWUHVQXDQFHV TXLQHVRQWSDVGpWDLOOpHVLFLH[LVWHQWSDUDLOOHXUV DODÖÈXΰEDÖUODÖSOλκS SκQGDÖK IHXLOOHFRFRWLHUGHX[&/IHXLOOH&/IHXLOOH &/ODQLqUH ¶'HX[IHXLOOHVGHFRFRWLHU·²/N&/ ENκQGLκOEDÖUODÖSOλκS QDWWHGHX[&/IHXLOOH&/IHXLOOH ¶'HX[QDWWHV·²6[N&/ FVURPWLÖEDÖUODÖSOλκSSκQGDÖK JDQWGHX[&/IHXLOOH&/IHXLOOH&/ODQLqUH ¶'HX[JDQWV·²6[N&/ GODÖWXκUGLODÖaGLSOλκSaGLSκQGDÖK RUHLOOH µ8QHRUHLOOH¶²/L&/ aSκQGDÖK a&/ODQLqUH XQ&/IHXLOOHaXQ&/IHXLOOHaXQ&/ODQLqUH 5.2.3. Objets 3D – ronds a) Ronds : p'j – ‘CL.fruit’ 2QXWLOLVHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUJpQpUDOS'M¶IUXLW·SRXUFODVVLÀHUOHVIUXLWV TX·LOVVRLHQWJURVDERXSHWLWVFG3RXUOHPRPHQWOHVGRQ QpHVQHPRQWUHQWDXFXQH[HPSOHDYHFGHVREMHWVJURVHWURQGVDXWUHV TXHGHVIUXLWV DSDMOκKnΰSHMS'M SDSD\H WURLV&/IUXLW ¶7URLVSDSD\HV·²6[N&/ 3OXVSUpFLVpPHQWODQLqUHYpJpWDOHREWHQXHDSUqVDYRLUUDVpOHERLV /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( EEOκQ DXEHUJLQHGHX[ ¶'HX[DXEHUJLQHV·²6[N&/ FS'MGLDQSHM ORQJDQ ¶7URLVORQJDQV·²6[N&/ GVLDΰ SHM S'M VRMD WURLV &/IUXLW a&/JUDLQ µ'HX[VRMDV¶²6WL&/ EDÖU S'M WURLV &/IUXLW S'M aIUDS &/IUXLW a&/JUDLQ aIUDS /HFODVVLÀFDWHXUFDWpJRULVHpJDOHPHQWGHVIUXLWVQRQSDVURQGVPDLV ORQJV&·HVWODWULGLPHQVLRQQDOLWpGHVREMHWVTXLVHPEOHrWUHUHWHQXH SRXUODFDWpJRULVDWLRQ DWRÖK SHM S'M WλκP KDULFRW WURLV &/IUXLW &/WURQF ¶7URLVKDULFRWV·²6[N&/ EUκSnΰ SHM S'M FRQFRPEUHWURLV &/IUXLW &/WURQF µ7URLVFRQFRPEUHV¶²6WL&/ WλκP b) Ronds et gros : mbum – ‘CL.tuber’ 2QXWLOLVHOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUVSpFLÀTXHPEXP¶WXEHUFXOH·SRXUFODVVL ÀHUOHVWXEHUFXOHVJLQJHPEUHWDURLJQDPH«2QQHSHXWSDVXWLOLVHU OHFODVVLÀFDWHXU&/IUXLWS'MDYHFFHVGHUQLHUV DFDÖ EDÖUPEXP S'M JLQJHPEUHGHX[&/WXEHU ¶'HX[JLQJHPEUHV·²/N&/ EPEXPGnPEDÖUPEXP S'M UDGLVURXJHGHX[&/WXEHU &/IUXLW 'HX[UDGLVURXJHV·²/N&/ FNκGHP EDÖUPEXP S'M DLO &/IUXLW ¶'HX[DXO[·²/N&/ GHX[&/WXEHU &/IUXLW 12Ê//,(%21 c) Ronds et petits : Irap – ‘CL.grain’ 2Q XWLOLVH OH FODVVLÀFDWHXU IUDS ¶JUDLQ· SRXU FODVVLÀHU OHV REMHWV URQGVHWSHWLWVSHWLWVIUXLWVHWJUDLQHVPDLVpJDOHPHQWSDUH[WHQ VLRQSHUOHV\HX[ODUPHVHWF DPκUDFZDU EDÖU IUDS SRLYUH GHX[ &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[JUDLQVGHSRLYUH·²/N&/ EIUDSUκOκN EDÖU IUDS JUDLQHGHSDVWqTXH GHX[ &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[JUDLQHVGHSDVWqTXH·²/N&/ FOκΰDÖ EDÖU IUDS VpVDPH &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[JUDLQVGHVpVDPH·²/N&/ GUκSnΰ SHM S'MIUDS ORQJDQ &/IUXLW&/JUDLQ ¶7URLVORQJDQV·²6[N&/ GHX[ WURLV DÕRκΰ EDÖU IUDS SHUOH GHX[ &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[SHUOHV·²/,&/ EOHZ EDÖU IUDS ERXWRQ GHX[ &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[ERXWRQV·²/,&/ FWDS EDÖU IUDS ±XI GHX[ &/JUDLQ ¶'HX[±XIV·²/N&/ GPDW EDÖU IUDS ±LO GHX[ &/JUDLQ µ'HX[\HX[¶²/L&/ 4XLSHXYHQWSUHQGUHDXVVLELHQOHFODVVLÀFDWHXUJpQpUDOS'M¶&/IUXLW·TXHOH FODVVLÀFDWHXUIUDS¶&/JUDLQ·FIH[HPSOHG /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( 5.3. Nature des objets 5.3.1. Entités géographiques : kκtnk ~ kκleκÕ – ‘CL.endroit’ /HVHQWLWpVJpRJUDSKLTXHVIRUrWVPDLVRQVHVFDOLHUVYLOODJHVUL YLqUHVJURWWHVHWFVRQWFODVVLÀpHVDYHFOHVPRUSKqPHVNκWnNRXNκOHκÕ GRQWO·RULJLQHOH[LFDOHVLJQLÀH¶HQGURLW·NκOHκÕXQHPSUXQWDXNKPHU NnQOD'ÕHVWEHDXFRXSSOXVIUpTXHPPHQWXWLOLVpTXHNκWnNWHUPHQDWLI VWLHQJ D>«@ QLÖ EDÖU NκWnNNκOHκÕ PDLVRQ GHX[ &/HQGURLW ¶>«@'HX[PDLVRQV·²(SN79N-1 EIXΰKDDZQLÖ GLNκWnNNκOHκÕ HVFDOLHU XQ&/HQGURLW µ8QHVFDOLHU¶±6WL&/ 5.3.2. Machines : IrÓŋ – ‘CL.machine’ 3RXUFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVPDFKLQHVPRWRVYRLWXUHVHWFRQXWLOLVH OHFODVVLÀFDWHXUIUÓκΰHPSUXQWpDXNKPHUNUÓκΰXWLOLVpDYHFOHPrPH HPSORLSULQFLSDO !ΩÖQPRWREDÖUIUÓΩƾ 6*6 DYRLUPRWRGHX[&/PDFKLQH µ-¶DLGHX[PRWRV¶±(OL.K03 KHM 6. Conclusion &HWDUWLFOHFRQVWLWXHXQH©QRXYHOOHªGHVFULSWLRQGXV\VWqPHGHFODV VLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GHWULG·XQHODQJXHP{QNKPqUH1RXVHQDYRQV VRXOLJQpSULQFLSDOHPHQWOHVDVSHFWVW\SRORJLTXHVPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHV HWVpPDQWLTXHV 1RWRQVSRXUFRQFOXUHTXHOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHFHV\VWqPHVRQW WUqVUpSDQGXHVHQ$VLHGX6XGHVWFRPPHVRXOLJQpGDQVODW\SRORJLHGH .DUHQ$GDPVDYHFXQHFODVVHG·DQLPpVDXVHLQGHODTXHOOHXQH GLVWLQFWLRQHVWFODLUHPHQWpWDEOLHHQWUHOHVKXPDLQVHWOHVDQLPDX[GLI IpUHQWHVFODVVHVSRXUOHVQRQDQLPpVpWDEOLHVVXUOHSDUDPqWUHSK\VLTXH TX·HVWODIRUPHORQJ'SODW'URQG'DFFRPSDJQpHVGHFULWqUHV ,OV·DJLWOjG·XQLQGLFHVXSSOpPHQWDLUHGHO·LQÁXHQFHGXNKPHUGDQVOHV\V WqPHGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJ 12Ê//,(%21 VHFRQGDLUHVWHOVTXHODULJLGLWpYVÁH[LELOLWpHWODWDLOOHUHODWLYHHW HQÀQGHVWHUPHVUHODWLIVDX[SODQWHVRXjGHVSDUWLHVGHSODQWHVXWLOLVpV SDUH[WHQVLRQPpWDSKRULTXHSRXUOHVFODVVHVGHIRUPHHWFHUWDLQVSDUD PqWUHVVHFRQGDLUHV$GDPVE &RPPHVRXOLJQpSRQFWXHOOHPHQWGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQVpPDQWLTXHRQ UHQFRQWUHXQFHUWDLQQRPEUHGHYDULDWLRQVLGLROHFWDOHV&HVYDULDWLRQV FRQFHUQHQWG·DERUGO·LQFOXVLRQG·XQREMHWGDQVWHOOHRXWHOOHFODVVH V·LOH[LVWHXQ©WURQFFRPPXQªXQFRQVHQVXVHQWUHWRXVOHVORFXWHXUVGHV GpVDFFRUGVVHPDQLIHVWHQWQpDQPRLQVSRXUFHUWDLQVREMHWVPRLQVSURWR W\SLTXHVHWVLWXpVDX[IURQWLqUHVVpPDQWLTXHVGHVFODVVHV2QQRWHpJD OHPHQWGHVGLYHUJHQFHVG·RUGUHSUDJPDWLTXHQRWDPPHQWUHODWLYHVDX GRPDLQHGHVFRGHVGHSROLWHVVHFIO·HPSORLGHERNSRXUOHVKXPDLQV RX HQFRUH G·RUGUH GLVFXUVLI VHORQ OHV EHVRLQV GH OD VLWXDWLRQ G·pQRQFLDWLRQ RQ LQVLVWH SOXV VXU WHOOH FDUDFWpULVWLTXH GH O·REMHW DX GpWULPHQWG·XQHDXWUHFHTXLLPSOLTXHO·HPSORLSRVVLEOHGHFODVVLÀFD WHXUVGLIIpUHQWVSRXUXQPrPHQRP&HW\SHGHYDULDWLRQHVWFRPPXQ GDQVOHVODQJXHVjFODVVLÀFDWHXUV$GDPVE (QÀQO·LQÁXHQFHGXNKPHUVXUFHV\VWqPH²LQÁXHQFHTXHQRXV DYRQVSXVRXOLJQHUjWUDYHUVOHVTXHOTXHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVHPSUXQWpV² DLQVLTXHOHFDUDFWqUHIDFXOWDWLIGHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUV²FDUDFWqUHTXHQRXV Q·DYRQVTXHSHXpYRTXp²SRVHQWSOXVLHXUVTXHVWLRQVTXDQWjODG\QD PLTXHGXV\VWqPHYRLU*ULQHYDOG ² ODSRVLWLRQGXV\VWqPHDXVHLQG·XQHYDJXHGHGLIIXVLRQSOXVYDVWH FODVVLÀFDWHXUVGDQVOHVODQJXHVG·$VLHHWGLIIXVLRQDUpDOH ² VRQkJHUpFHQWYVDQFLHQ ² VRQF\FOHGHYLHpPHUJHQWYVGpFOLQDQW ² VDSURGXFWLYLWpDFWLIHWRXYHUWYVÀJp ² VRQGHJUpGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQLFLHQO·RFFXUUHQFHSHXJUDPPD WLFDOLVp &HVGLIIpUHQWHVSUREOpPDWLTXHVG·RUGUHDUpDOHWG\QDPLTXHGHYURQW IDLUHO·REMHWGHIXWXUVWUDYDX[VXUOHVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVGXVWLHQJ /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( ABRÉVIATIONS 6*6 ,03(566 6*3266 $'- $'9 &/ &23/2& '(0 (;,67 0V 1 1&/$66( 180 35(3 352 Y ¶UHSHUVRQQHGXVLQJXOLHUVXMHW· ¶HSHUVRQQHLPSHUVRQQHOVXMHW· ¶HSHUVRQQHGXVLQJXOLHUSRVVHVVLI· ¶$GMHFWLI· ¶$GYHUEH· ¶&ODVVLÀFDWHXU· ¶&RSXOHORFDWLYH· ¶'pPRQVWUDWLI· ¶([LVWHQWLHO· ¶0HQVXUDO· ¶1RP· ¶1RPGHFODVVH· ¶1XPpUDO· ¶3UpSRVLWLRQ· ¶3URQRP· ¶9HUEH· RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $'$06./6\VWHPVRI1XPHUDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQLQWKH0RQ.KPHU 1LFREDUHVHDQG$VOLDQ6XEIDPLOLHVRI$XVWURDVLDWLF3K'GLVV8QLY RI0LFKLJDQ $'$06./D7KHLQÁXHQFHRIQRQDXVWURDVLDWLFODQJXDJHVRQ QXPHUDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQLQ$XVWURDVLDWLF6RXWKHDVW$VLDDVDOLQJXLVWLF DUHD&RQIHUHQFH8QLYRI&KLFDJRDYULO $'$06./E©1XPHUDO&ODVVLÀHUVLQ$XVWURDVLDWLFªGDQV&&UDLJ GLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQSURFHHGLQJVRIDV\PSRVLXP RQFDWHJRUL]DWLRQDQGQRXQFODVVLÀFDWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQ JXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV $'$06./6\VWHPVRI1XPHUDO&ODVVLÀFDWLRQLQWKH0RQ.KPHU 1LFREDUHVHDQG$VOLDQ6XEIDPLOLHVRI$XVWURDVLDWLF3DFLÀF/LQJXLV WLFVVHULHV%&DQEHUUD7KH$XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\ $'$06 ./ ©$ FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH 1XPHUDO &ODVVLÀFDWLRQ RI +XPDQVLQ0RQ.KPHUª0.6 $'$06./HW&21./,11)©7RZDUGD7KHRU\RI1DWXUDO&ODVVL ÀFDWLRQª3DSHUVIURPWKH1LQWK5HJLRQDO0HHWLQJ&KLFDJR/LQJXLVWLF 6RFLHW\ $,.+(19$/'$<HW*5((1'©3DOLNXUDQGWKHW\SRORJ\RIFODV VLÀHUVª$QWKURSRORJLFDO/LQJXLVWLFV 12Ê//,(%21 $,.+(19$/'$<&ODVVLÀHUVDW\SRORJ\RIQRXQFDWHJRUL]DWLRQ GHYLFHV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %,6$1*:©&ODVVLÀHUVTXDQWLÀHUVDQGFODVVQRXQVLQ+PRQJª 6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH %,6$1*:©&ODVVLÀHUVLQ(DVWDQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDQODQJXDJHV &RXQWLQJDQGEH\RQGªGDQV-*YR]GDQRYLFGLU1XPHUDOW\SHVDQG FKDQJHVZRUOGZLGH%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU &52)7:©6HPDQWLFXQLYHUVDOVLQFODVVLÀHUV\VWHPVª:RUG '(/$1&(<6©7RZDUGVDKLVWRU\RI7KDLFODVVLÀHUVV\VWHPªGDQV &&UDLJGLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQSURFHHGLQJVRIDV\P SRVLXPRQFDWHJRUL]DWLRQDQGQRXQFODVVLÀFDWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHV LQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV ',;21.0:©1RXQFODVVHVDQGQRXQFODVVLÀFDWLRQLQW\SR ORJLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHªGDQV&&UDLJGLU1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJR UL]DWLRQ SURFHHGLQJV RI D V\PSRVLXP RQ FDWHJRUL]DWLRQ DQG QRXQ FODVVLÀFDWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP3KLOD GHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV (5%$8*+06©7DNLQJVWRFNWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI&KLQHVHQRXQ FODVVLÀHUV KLVWRULFDOO\ DQG LQ \RXQJ FKLOGUHQª GDQV &&UDLJ GLU 1RXQ&ODVVHVDQG&DWHJRUL]DWLRQSURFHHGLQJVRIDV\PSRVLXPRQFDWH JRUL]DWLRQDQGQRXQFODVVLÀFDWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH $PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV *,/'©1XPHUDO&ODVVLÀHUVªGDQV06'U\HUHW0+DVSHOPDWK GLU7KH:RUOG$WODVRI/DQJXDJH6WUXFWXUHV2QOLQH0XQLFK0D[ 3ODQFN'LJLWDO/LEUDU\IHDWXUH$'LVSRQLEOHVXUKWWSZDOVLQIR IHDWXUH$! *5((1%(5*-+©1XPHUDOFODVVLÀHUVDQGVXEVWDQWLYDOQXPEHU 3UREOHPLQWKHJHQHVLVRIDOLQJXLVWLFW\SHª:RUNLQJSDSHUV,Q/DQ JXDJH8QLYHUVDOV *2/':$66(52HW*5,1(9$/'&©:KDWDUH´'HWHUPLQDWLYHVµJRRG IRU"ªGDQV(*URVVPDQ63ROLVHW-:LQDQGGLU/H[LFDO6HPDQWLFV LQ$QFLHQW(J\SWLDQ6WXGLD0RQRJUDSKLFDVHULHVRI/LQJXD$HJ\SWLD *5,1(9$/'&©7\SRORJLHGHVV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQQRPLQDOHª )DLWVGHODQJXHV©/DFDWpJRULVDWLRQGDQVOHVODQJXHVª *5,1(9$/'&©$PRUSKRV\QWDFWLFW\SRORJ\RIFODVVLÀHUVªGDQV *6HQIWGLU1RPLQDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQ&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHU VLW\3UHVV *5,1(9$/'&©0DNLQJVHQVHRIQRPLQDOFODVVLÀFDWLRQV\VWHPV QRXQFODVVLÀHUVDQGWKHJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQYDULDEOHª1HZUHÁHFWLRQV RQ JUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ7\SRORJLFDO 6WXGLHV LQ /DQJXDJH $PV WHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV /(6&/$66,),&$7(856180e5$8;'867,(1*'8&$0%2'*( *5,1(9$/' & ©&ODVVLÀHUVª GDQV &/HKPDQQ *%RRLM HW - 0XJGDQGLU0RUSKRORJ\D+DQGERRNRQLQÁHFWLRQDQG:RUG)RU PDWLRQ$UWLFOH%HUOLQ:DOWHUGH*UX\WHU +$,0$1-&DPERGLDQ.KPHU/RQGRQ2ULHQWDODQG$IULFDQ/DQ JXDJH/LEUDU\$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV -21(65%©&ODVVLÀHUFRQVWUXFWLRQVLQ6RXWKHDVW$VLDª-RXUQDO RIWKH$PHULFDQ2ULHQWDO6RFLHW\ 0,//(59*$QRYHUYLHZRI6WLHQJJUDPPDU6,/81' 9,775$17$©&ODVVLÀHU6\VWHPVDQG1RXQ&DWHJRUL]DWLRQ'HYLFHV LQ%XUPHVHª%HUNHOH\/LQJXLVWLFV6RFLHW\3URFHHGLQJVRIWKH$QQXDO 0HHWLQJ6 7+20$6''&KUDXJUDPPDU2FHDQLF/LQJXLVWLFV6SHFLDO3XEOL FDWLRQ+RQROXOX8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLL3UHVV 92*(/6©'pWHUPLQDWLRQQRPLQDOHTXDQWLÀFDWLRQHWFODVVLÀFD WLRQHQNKPHUFRQWHPSRUDLQª%()(2 92*(/6,QWURGXFWLRQjODODQJXHHWDX[GLWVWUDGLWLRQQHOVGHV 3KQRQJGH0RQGXONLUL3KQRP3HQKeGLWLRQV)XQDQ Une typologie en cheminement : contribution de l’ese ejja à l’étude du mouvement associé 0DULQH9XLOOHUPHW RÉSUMÉ /HVVXIÀ[HVYHUEDX[GH©PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpªSHUPHWWHQWG·DVVRFLHU XQ PRXYHPHQW j O·DFWLRQ H[SULPpH SDU OH YHUEH SULQFLSDO 'DQV FHW DUWLFOHXQHW\SRORJLHGHFHSKpQRPqQHHVWSURSRVpHVXUODEDVHGH ODGHVFULSWLRQGHVPRUSKqPHVGH©PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpªWURXYpVHQHVH HMMDHWGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHVSULQFLSDOHPHQWDXVWUDOLHQQHVHWDPD]R QLHQQHV/·DXWHXUHSURSRVHGHVpSDUHUOHVpOpPHQWVHVVHQWLHOVjFHWWH FDWpJRULHGHVHVpOpPHQWVIDFXOWDWLIVDÀQGHPLHX[GLVWLQJXHUXQWHO V\VWqPHG·DXWUHVV\VWqPHVDWWDFKpVjO·HVSDFH ABSTRACT 7KHYHUEDOVXIÀ[HVRI´DVVRFLDWHGPRWLRQµHQFRGHDPRWLRQDVVRFLDWHG WRWKHDFWLRQRIWKHPDLQYHUE7KLVSDSHUSUHVHQWVDW\SRORJ\RIWKLV SKHQRPHQRQEDVHGRQWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHDVVRFLDWHGPRWLRQV\VWHP IRXQGLQ(VH(MMDDQGUHSRUWHGLQRWKHUODQJXDJHVPDLQO\$XVWUDOLDQ DQG$PD]RQLDQODQJXDJHV2EOLJDWRU\HOHPHQWVDUHGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURP RSWLRQDORQHVVRDVWRWHOOVXFKDV\VWHPIURPRWKHUVOLQNHGWRWKHOLQ JXLVWLFH[SUHVVLRQRIVSDFH 1. Introduction /·HVHHMMDWDNDQDHVWXQHODQJXHDPD]RQLHQQHHQGDQJHUSDUOpHHQ %ROLYLHHWDX3pURX3DUPLVHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVW\SRORJLTXHVRQWURXYH 0DULQH9XLOOHUPHWHVWSRVWGRFWRUDQWHDX/DERUDWRLUH''/805 8QLYHUVLWp/\RQ &HWDUWLFOHHVWXQHYHUVLRQDYDQFpHHWUHWUDYDLOOpHG·XQDUWLFOHHQHVSDJQRO HQFRXUVGHSDUXWLRQ9XLOOHUPHWjSDUDLWUH/DOLVWHGHVPRUSKqPHVQ·HVW SDVH[DFWHPHQWODPrPHHWO·DQDO\VHGXSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHGLIIqUHpJDOHPHQW 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 QRWDPPHQWXQV\VWqPHFRPSOH[HGHGL[VXIÀ[HVYHUEDX[GLWVGH©PRX YHPHQWDVVRFLpª,OVSHUPHWWHQWG·DVVRFLHUXQPRXYHPHQWjO·DFWLRQ TXLHVWH[SULPpHSDUOHYHUEHSULQFLSDO'DQVOHFRQWH[WHGHODIRUPH YHUEDOHLOVLQVFULYHQWDLQVLO·DFWLRQGDQVXQFRQWH[WHVSDWLDOGHODPrPH PDQLqUHTXHOHVPDUTXHVGHWHPSVVLWXHQWO·DFWLRQGDQVXQFRQWH[WH WHPSRUHOLOVVRQWLOOXVWUpVHQJUDVGDQVO·H[HPSOH D(NZDQDWD[DWD[DxD \RDQL ,1&/$%6 ODYHU5('(1B$55,9$177(/356 ¶$UULYDQWXQHIRLVDUULYpVjODVRXUFHQRXVIDLVRQVODOHVVLYH· E.ZDMLNZDMLMHEH \RDQL FRXULU5('(1B5(175$177(/356 ¶,OUHYLHQWHQFRXUDQW/LW,OFRXUWUHYHQDQW· &HSKpQRPqQHFRQQXVRXVOHQRPGH©DVVRFLDWHGPRWLRQªDpWp GpFULWSRXUODSUHPLqUHIRLVGDQVGHVODQJXHVDXVWUDOLHQQHV.RFK :LONLQV(Q$PpULTXHGX6XG$QWRLQH*XLOODXPHD EGpFULWHQGpWDLOXQSDUDGLJPHGHRQ]HVXIÀ[HVGH©PRXYHPHQW DVVRFLpªSRXUOHFDYLQHxDXQHODQJXHV±XUGHO·HVHHMMD,OVRXOLJQHTXH FHSKpQRPqQHGRLWrWUHSOXVUpSDQGXGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHVDPpULQ GLHQQHVTX·LOQHO·DpWpUHFRQQXMXVTX·LFLFHVPRUSKqPHVVHPEOHQW HQFRUHVRXYHQWFRQIRQGXVDYHFG·DXWUHVPRUSKqPHVVpPDQWLTXHPHQW OLpVjO·HVSDFH*XLOODXPH /DVHFWLRQFRQVLVWHHQXQHSUpVHQWDWLRQGHODODQJXHHVHHMMDHWGH VHVORFXWHXUVHWSRVHOHVEDVHVGHODJUDPPDLUHHVHHMMDHWGHVHVSULQFL SDOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVW\SRORJLTXHV/DVHFWLRQGpFULWOHVPRUSKqPHV GH©PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpªHQHVHHMMD(QÀQODVHFWLRQSURSRVHXQH W\SRORJLHGXSKpQRPqQHGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpjWUDYHUVXQHFRPSD UDLVRQDYHFOHVV\VWqPHVGpFULWVGDQVOHVDXWUHVODQJXHVOHVpOpPHQWV HVVHQWLHOVjFHWWHFDWpJRULHVRQWVpSDUpVGHVHVpOpPHQWVIDFXOWDWLIV&HFL SHUPHWGHGLVWLQJXHUOHV\VWqPHGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpGHGLYHUVDXWUHV V\VWqPHVDWWDFKpVjO·HVSDFH 2. Les Ese Ejja et leur langue /·HVH HMMD IDLW SDUWLH GH OD IDPLOOH WDNDQD WRXW FRPPH O·DUDRQD OH FDYLQHxD OH UH\HVDQRPDURSD HW OH WDFDQD 7RXWHV FHV ODQJXHV VRQW SDUOpHVHQ$PD]RQLHEROLYLHQQHHWWRXWHVVRQWHQGDQJHUG·H[WLQFWLRQ &RQYHQWLRQVGHJORVHH[SOLFLWpHVjODÀQGHFHWDUWLFOH &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e QRWDPPHQWSDUFHTXHOHQRPEUHGHORFXWHXUVHVWWUqVUpGXLW$YHFVHV TXHOTXHORFXWHXUVO·HVHHMMDDOHSOXVJUDQGQRPEUHGHORFXWHXUV 2QUHFHQVHWURLVSDUOHUVHVHHMMDO·HVHHMMDEDDZDMDVRQHQHHWPDGLGL ELHQTXHOHVGHX[GHUQLqUHVYDULDQWHVQ·RIIUHQWDSSDUHPPHQWTXHGHV GLIIpUHQFHVPLQHXUHV9XLOOHUPHW /HV(VH(MMDKDELWHQWQHXIFRPPXQDXWpVpWDEOLHVOHORQJGHVÁHXYHV 0DGUHGH'LRVHW%HQLHWGHOHXUVDIÁXHQWV/DWUDQVPLVVLRQLQWHUJp QpUDWLRQQHOOHHVWSOXW{WELHQSUpVHUYpHSDUPLOHV(VH(MMDELHQTXHFH FULWqUHVRLWYDULDEOHG·XQHFRPPXQDXWpjO·DXWUH9XLOOHUPHWLELG(Q %ROLYLHSD\VRRQWpWpH[FOXVLYHPHQWFROOHFWpHVOHVGRQQpHVSUHVTXH WRXVOHV(VH(MMDVRQWELOLQJXHVDYHFXQHPDLWULVHSOXVRXPRLQVERQQH GHODODQJXHGRPLQDQWHO·HVSDJQROOHVKRPPHVOHVSOXVLPSOLTXpV GDQVODSROLWLTXHQDWLRQDOHGRPLQHQWPLHX[FHWWHGHX[LqPHODQJXHTXH OHVIHPPHVRXTXHOHVHQIDQWVVXUWRXWDYDQWOHXUVFRODULVDWLRQ/HV(VH (MMDRQWGDQVFHUWDLQVYLOODJHVDFFqVjXQHpGXFDWLRQELOLQJXHG·DXWUHV QRQELHQTXHFHGURLWVRLWLQVFULWGDQVOD&RQVWLWXWLRQGXSD\V/HVGRQ QpHVSURYLHQQHQWGHSOXVLHXUVWHUUDLQVPHQpVHQWUHHWGDQV ODFRPPXQDXWpGH3RUWDFKXHOR%DMRGLDOHFWHPDGLGLVLWXpHOHORQJGX %HQLHQDPRQWGH5LEHUDOWD /·HVHHMMDHVWXQHODQJXHjDOLJQHPHQWHUJDWLITXHO·RQSHXWQRWDP PHQWREVHUYHUSDUOHV\VWqPHGHPDUTXDJHGHVHVDUJXPHQWVO·DUJX PHQW8QLTXH8G·XQYHUEHLQWUDQVLWLIHVWjO·DEVROXWLIPDUTXDJH ]pURWRXWFRPPHO·DUJXPHQWSURWRW\SLTXHPHQW3DWLHQW3GXYHUEH WUDQVLWLIFRPPHO·LOOXVWUHQWOHVH[HPSOHVFLGHVVRXVHQDHWE %DDZDMDHVWOHQRPG·XQOLHXP\WKRORJLTXHHWGXYLOODJHSpUXYLHQRHVW SDUOpHFHWWHYDULDQWHODSOXVGLIIpUHQWHGHVWURLVYDULDQWHVHWODSOXVHQGDQJHU ODWUDQVPLVVLRQLQWHUJpQpUDWLRQQHOOHVHPEOHV·\rWUHLQWHUURPSXHHWVHXOVOHV ORFXWHXUVGHSOXVGHDQVODSDUOHQW6RQHQHHVWOHQRPHVHHMMDGXÁHXYH +HDWKHW0DGLGLOHQRPG·XQDIÁXHQWGX%HQL /HVGHX[SUHPLHUVWHUUDLQVHQRQWpWpDXWRÀQDQFpV/DIRQGDWLRQ+DQV 5DXVLQJ(QGDQJHUHG/DQJXDJH3URJUDP62$68QLYHUVLWpGH/RQGUHVD ÀQDQFpOHVPRLVGHWHUUDLQHQ/HWHUUDLQGHDpWpHIIHFWXpJUkFH DX)RQGVSRXUOHV/DQJXHVHQ'DQJHU(/)HWJUkFHDXSURMHW$15$IULTXH HW$PpULTXHODWLQH/DQJXHVHQ'DQJHU/HWHUUDLQGHDpJDOHPHQWpWp ÀQDQFpSDU$$//('-HUHPHUFLHWRXWHVFHVLQVWLWXWLRQVSRXUOHXUVRXWLHQ ÀQDQFLHUTXLP·DSHUPLVG·DYDQFHUGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQHWODGRFXPHQWDWLRQ GHO·HVHHMMD -HVXLVO·HQFRGDJHSURSRVpSDU'HQLV&UHLVVHOVOHVWURLVW\SHVG·DUJX PHQWVVRQW8$HW3SRXUO·DUJXPHQW8QLTXHG·XQYHUEHLQWUDQVLWLIHWSRXU OHVDUJXPHQWVSURWRW\SLTXHPHQW$JHQWHW3DWLHQWG·XQYHUEHWUDQVLWLI 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 UHVSHFWLYHPHQW(QUHYDQFKHO·DUJXPHQWSURWRW\SLTXHPHQW$JHQWG·XQ YHUEHWUDQVLWLIHVWPDUTXpSDUXQFOLWLTXHFDVXHOHUJDWLI DE D 0D 8 HVKR L HQD MR 3KUDVHLQWUDQVLWLYH ED H 3)1HQIDQW $%6HDX /2& ÁRWWHU356 ¶&HWHQIDQWHVW/LWÁRWWHGDQVO·HDX· E$ 'RNZH\ D\ D 3 3KUDVHWUDQVLWLYH HVKR L M\D RN\DM\DNDDQL FHUIJUDQG 3)1HQIDQW $%6pORLJQHUGHVFHQGUH'(35$356 ¶/HJUDQGFHUIMHWWHO·HQIDQWORLQGHOXL· '(0 (5* /·DOLJQHPHQWHUJDWLIHVWDXVVLPDUTXpSDUXQHLQGH[DWLRQGXVXMHW VXUOHYHUEHXQLTXHPHQWVXUOHVYHUEHVWUDQVLWLIVHWGRQFXQLTXHPHQW O·DUJXPHQW$HWXQLTXHPHQWOHVDUJXPHQWV$GHHSHUVRQQHOHYHUEH WUDQVLWLIHQEHVWGRQFREOLJDWRLUHPHQWVXIÀ[pSDUND¶$·DORUVTXH OHYHUEHLQWUDQVLWLIHQDQHO·HVWSDV /·HVH HMMD HVW XQH ODQJXH SRO\PRUSKpPLTXH HW DJJOXWLQDQWH IDLW LOOXVWUpSDUOHYHUEHGHO·H[HPSOHSUpFpGHQWM\D RN\DM\DNDDQLpORL JQHUGHVFHQGUH'(35$356HVWFRQVWLWXpGHFLQTPRUSKqPHV8QVHXO YHUEHSHXWLQFOXUHMXVTX·jTXDWUHLQIRUPDWLRQVVSDWLDOHVFRPSOpPHQ WDLUHVO·HVSDFHHQHVHHMMDpWDQWXQGRPDLQHVpPDQWLTXHWUqVÀQHPHQW GpFULW/HYHUEH\R\REHVDSRNLDQLHQHVWFRPSRVpGHTXDWUHPRU SKqPHVWRXVVHUDSSRUWDQWjO·HVSDFH/HSUHPLHUPRUSKqPH\R\R ¶UDPHU·VHUDSSRUWHjODPDQLqUHOHGHX[LqPHEHVD¶WUDYHUVHU·LQGLTXH ODWUDMHFWRLUHOHWURLVLqPHSRNL¶HQDOODQW·FDUDFWpULVHjTXHOPRPHQW G·XQHDFWLYLWpFHGpSODFHPHQWDOLHXHWHQÀQOHTXDWULqPHDQL¶DVVLV SUpVHQW·SUpFLVHODSRVWXUHGXVXMHWDLQVLTXHOHWHPSVGHO·DFWLRQ <R\REHVDSRNLDQL UDPHUWUDYHUVHU(1B$//$17DVVLV356 ¶1RXVWUDYHUVRQVHQUDPDQWDVVLVHWHQQRXVpORLJQDQW· &HWDUWLFOHVHOLPLWHFHSHQGDQW jO·H[DPHQ GX SDUDGLJPHDXTXHO DSSDUWLHQWOHWURLVLqPHPRUSKqPHSRNL¶HQDOODQW·TXLHVWXQPRU SKqPHGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLp ¶0DQLqUH·HW¶WUDMHFWRLUH·VRQWHQWHQGXVVHORQ7DOP\ 2QSHXWQRWHUDXSDVVDJHODORXUGHXUGHODWUDGXFWLRQIUDQoDLVH«HWDGPLUHU ODFRQFLVLRQGHODODQJXHHVHHMMD &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e 3. Le mouvement associé en ese ejja /HVPRUSKqPHVGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpVLJQDOHQWTX·jO·DFWLRQGXYHUEH HVWDVVRFLpXQGpSODFHPHQW,OVVRQWGRQFVXIÀ[pVjGHVYHUEHVG·DF WLRQSOXW{WTX·jGHVYHUEHVGHPRXYHPHQWFRPPHO·LQGLTXHO·H[HPSOH FLGHVVRXV %DNLNZH QLxD YRLU$//(5B)$,5(,03 ÀOOH(63 ¶ 9DYRLUSHWLWH· FRQWH[WHXQHSHWLWHÀOOHHVWVROOLFLWpHSRXU DOOHUYRLUVRQIUqUHTXLIDLVDLWODVLHVWHGDQVXQHPDLVRQjF{Wp HWTXHO·RQHQWHQGSOHXUHU /HVGL[PRUSKqPHVGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpGHO·HVHHMMDVRQWOLVWpV FLGHVVRXV'DQVOHWDEOHDXQRXVGLVWLQJXRQVWURLVFULWqUHVSULQFLSDX[ ² O·RULHQWDWLRQSDUUDSSRUWDXSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFH35²OHGp SODFHPHQWHVWHIIHFWXpHQGLUHFWLRQG·XQ35RXHQV·pORLJQDQWGH FHOXLFL ² ODUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHjO·pYqQHPHQWSULQFLSDO²OHPRXYHPHQW HVWDQWpULHXUVLPXOWDQpRXSRVWpULHXUjO·pYqQHPHQWH[SULPpSDU OHYHUEHSULQFLSDO ² O·DUJXPHQWFRQFHUQp²OHPRXYHPHQWVSpFLÀpVHUDSSRUWHVRLWj O·DUJXPHQWVXMHWVRLWjO·DUJXPHQWREMHW &HV WURLV SDUDPqWUHV VRQW FKDFXQ pWXGLpV GDQV XQH VRXVVHFWLRQ FLGHVVRXV 'HX[ DXWUHV SDUDPqWUHV O·LPSRUWDQFH GX EXW SDU UDSSRUW jO·DFWLRQHWOHFDUDFWqUHWUDQVLWRLUHRXQRQGXGpSODFHPHQWYDODEOHV SRXUWURLVPRUSKqPHVVHXOHPHQWVRQWGLVFXWpVGDQVXQHTXDWULqPHHW GHUQLqUHVRXVVHFWLRQ &HODHVWSRVVLEOHGDQVFHUWDLQVFDVUHVWUHLQWVPDLVOHPRUSKqPHGHPRXYH PHQWDVVRFLpSUHQGDORUVXQHVpPDQWLTXHSDUWLFXOLqUH /HSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFH35VLWXHO·pYqQHPHQWSDUUDSSRUWjXQHORFDOLVDWLRQ VDLOODQWHFKRLVLHSDUOHORFXWHXUHWTXLSHXWrWUHOHORFXWHXUOXLPrPHFHTXL OHGLIIpUHQFLHGXFHQWUHGpLFWLTXHTXLQHSHXWrWUHTXHOHORFXWHXU 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 2ULHQWDWLRQSDU UDSSRUWDX35 xD ¶(1B$55,9$17· xDNL ¶$55,9$17B756· NL ¶$//(5B)$,5(· (QV·pORLJQDQWGH ZD ¶9(1,5B)$,5(· (QGLUHFWLRQGH SRNL ¶(1B$//$17· (QV·pORLJQDQWGH MHEH ¶(1B5(175$17· (QGLUHFWLRQGH QDQD ¶)$,5($//(5· (QGLUHFWLRQGH (QV·pORLJQDQWGH QD ¶)$,5(5(175(5· (QGLUHFWLRQGH DHNL ¶)$,5(B&,/$· [HNL ¶9(1,53· ² (QGLUHFWLRQGH 5HODWLRQWHPSRUHOOH jO·pYqQHPHQW ` ` ` $UJXPHQW FRQFHUQp 0RXYHPHQWDQWpULHXU WUDQVLWLRQQHO 8$ EXWXQLTXHGXPRXYHPHQW EXWXQLTXHGXPRXYHPHQW 0RXYHPHQWVLPXOWDQp 0RXYHPHQWSRVWpULHXU 0RXYHPHQWDQWpULHXU 3 Tableau 1. – Les morphèmes de mouvement associé de l’ese ejja et leurs critères sémantiques. 3.1. L’orientation par rapport au point de référence /H PRXYHPHQW HQFRGp SDU FKDFXQ GHV PRUSKqPHV GH PRXYHPHQW DVVRFLp HVW HIIHFWXp HQ V·DSSURFKDQW G·XQ 35 RX HQ V·HQ pORLJQDQW NL ¶$//(5B)$,5(·LQGLTXHXQ PRXYHPHQWTXLV·pORLJQHGX 35 HW ZD ¶9(1,5B)$,5(· XQ PRXYHPHQW TXL V·HQ DSSURFKH /·H[HPSOH DE FRQWUDVWH GHX[ LQYLWDWLRQV j VH GpSODFHU SRXU DOOHU PDQJHU OD SUH PLqUHDHVWHIIHFWXpHSDUXQORFXWHXUTXLVHWURXYHGDQVODPrPH SLqFHTXHOHGHVWLQDWDLUHODGHX[LqPHEHVWODQFpHGHSXLVODFXLVLQH ²O·HQGURLWRVHVLWXHOHORFXWHXUHWROHGHVWLQDWDLUHHVWVRPPpGHOH UHMRLQGUH $//(59(1,5)$,5( D,[\DNLNZH PDQJHU$//(5B)$,5(,03 ¶9DPDQJHU· E,[\DZDNZH PDQJHU9(1,5B)$,5(,03 ¶9LHQVPDQJHU· /·H[HPSOHDEPHWpJDOHPHQWHQFRQWUDVWHO·RULHQWDWLRQSDUUDS SRUWDX35DYHFGHX[DXWUHVPRUSKqPHVODSUHPLqUHSKUDVHHQD HVWLVVXHGHV)URJ6WRULHV0D\HUHWGpFULWXQHDFWLRQHIIHFWXpH V\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWSDUXQHQIDQWjODUHFKHUFKHGHVDJUHQRXLOOHWRXWDX &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e ORQJGHVRQFKHPLQGHSXLVVDPDLVRQTXLHVWOH35/DVHFRQGHSKUDVH HQEpOLFLWpHVHUDLWO·KLVWRLUHG·XQKRPPHSDUWLGHFKH]OXLDYHFVD PRQWUHTXLODSHUGUDLWHQURXWHHWTXLODFKHUFKHUDLWGRQFVXUOHFKHPLQ GXUHWRXU IDLUH(1$//$175(175$17 D$NZL[DQL NZDQDRZD\DVD D[DNDSRNLQDMH DUEUHWURX 3/ $%6FKHUFKHU$(1B$//$173$6 ¶ ,O IRXLOOH WRXV OHV WURXV G·DUEUH VXU VRQ FKHPLQ GHSXLV VD PDLVRQ· E2ZD\DRMD UHORMVD D[DNDMHEHQDMH (5* ¶,OFKHUFKDVDPRQWUHVXUOHFKHPLQGXUHWRXU· *(1 PRQWUH FKHUFKHU$(1B5(175$173$6 /·H[HPSOH DE PHW HQ SDUDOOqOH GHX[ DFWLRQV O·XQH HIIHFWXpH DYDQWGHSDUWLUO·DXWUHDYDQWGHUHQWUHU(QDLOV·DJLWG·XQRUGUH FRQVHLOTXLP·pWDLWUpJXOLqUHPHQWGRQQpTXDQGPDIDPLOOHG·DFFXHLO TXLWWDLWODPDLVRQDORUVTXHM·\pWDLVRQPHGHPDQGDLWGHIHUPHUOD SRUWHjFOHIDXFDVRM·DXUDLVHXjP·HQDOOHU(QEXQHIHPPH UDFRQWHTXHVRQPDULUHQWUHDYDQWHOOHPrPHGDQVOHXUPDLVRQj6DQWD &UX]OD¶ODLVVDQW·GRQFDYDQWGHUHQWUHU IDLUHHW$//(55(175(5 D.D DQDQDNZH IHUPHU)$,5($//(5,03 ¶)HUPHDYDQWGHW·HQDOOHU· E(HQH\ RZD\D M\DNDQDMH VHXO ODLVVHU$)$,5(5(175(5)87 ¶,OYDPHODLVVHUVHXOHDYDQWGHUHQWUHU· (5* /HVGHX[PRUSKqPHVxD¶HQDUULYDQW·HWxDNL¶HQDUULYDQWWUDQ VLWRLUH·HQFRGHQWWRXVGHX[XQGpSODFHPHQWYHUVOH35RO·DFWLRQHVW HIIHFWXpHPDLVQ·RQWSDVG·pTXLYDOHQWVRSSRVpV(QDODORFXWULFH DUULYHGDQVXQHYLOOHHQEXVHW\PDQJHGqVVRQDUULYpHOH35HVWOD YLOOHGRQWHOOHV·HVWDSSURFKpH(QEOHORFXWHXUUDFRQWHFRPPHQW OHV(VH(MMDGRLYHQWIDLUHXQHSUHPLqUHKDOWHj%HOODÁRU35RLOV V·DVVH\HQWMXVTX·jFHTX·XQFDPLRQOHVSUHQQHSRXUDOOHUj5LEHUDOWD &HWWHSKUDVHDpWppOLFLWpHF·HVWjGLUHTX·HOOHQHSURYLHQWSDVG·XQGLVFRXUV VSRQWDQp,OV·DJLWLFLG·XQH¶GHPDQGHGHFRQWH[WXDOLVDWLRQ·FHWWHSKUDVH DpWpSURSRVpHjXQORFXWHXUTXLDDSSURXYpVDJUDPPDWLFDOLWpHWGpFULWOH FRQWH[WHSRXUOHTXHOHOOHDXUDLWSXrWUHSURGXLWH 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 D6DQWD5RVD MR H\D L[\DL[\DxDQDMH 6DQWD5RVD $%6 PDQJHU5('(1B$55,9$173$6 ¶-·DLPDQJpjPRQDUULYpHj7ULQLGDG· E.\DNL\R VH ¶ 1RXVDYRQVFKDXGHWQRXVQRXVDVVH\RQVHQDUULYDQWDYDQW TX·XQFDPLRQQHQRXVHPPqQHj5LEHUDOWD· 3)$FKDXG /2& DQLxDNLDQL ,1&/$%6DVVLV(1B$55,9$17B756356 /H PRUSKqPH [HNL ¶YHQLU3· Q·D SDV QRQ SOXV G·pTXLYDOHQW RSSRVpFHPRUSKqPHLQGLTXHTXHO·DUJXPHQW3GXYHUEHV·HVWUDS SURFKpGHO·DUJXPHQW$F·HVWjGLUHTXHOHSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHHVWO·DU JXPHQW$(QODIHPPHDUJXPHQW$SRVHXQHTXHVWLRQjVRQPDUL DUJXPHQW3TXLYLHQWG·DUULYHUDXSUqVG·HOOH 0DMR\D DMH SDRZHHZDQDVH DMDPDD D[DND[HNL \RDQLQDMH HQVXLWH ¶ (WOHPDULQHUDPHQDLWMDPDLVTXHGHVSOXPHV6DIHPPHOXL GHPDQGDLWWRXMRXUVDLQVLTXDQGLODUULYDLW©0DLVTX·HVWFHTXH F·HVWTXHoD"(WODYLDQGH"0DLVRHVWODYLDQGHGHFHVSOXPHV TXHWXDVUDPHQpHV"ª· ',6& 5(3 ',6& IHPPH (5* DLQVLGHPDQGHU$9(1,537(/+$%3$6 /HPRUSKqPH DHNL¶IDLUHFLHWOj·VHGLVWLQJXHDXVVLGHVDXWUHVHQFH TX·LOQ·DSDVGHGLUHFWLRQVSpFLÀTXHSDUUDSSRUWjXQ35FHPRUSKqPH LQGLTXHDXFRQWUDLUHODGLVSHUVLRQG·XQHDFWLRQ&HOOHFLQ·DGRQFSDV GH35SXLVTX·LOQ·\DSDVGH¶GpSDUW·QLGH¶UHWRXU·VSpFLÀTXHjXQOLHX VDLOODQW D$QLNZDML D[D DHNLHNL PD[DVKD DVVLV9,7((1B9$,1)$,5(B&,/356VHUSHQW(63 ¶/HVSXFDUDUDVHVSqFHGHVHUSHQWQHUHVWHQWMDPDLVORQJWHPSVDX PrPHHQGURLW/LW,OVV·DVVH\HQWUDSLGHPHQWVDQVEXWFLHWOj· E-DPD NDHE\R QH\ HVHMD DLQVL ,1&/*(1 DQFrWUHV SRND DHNLQHNLD SZD rWUH83/)$,5(B&,/+$%3$6/ 3$6/ ¶ 0DLVF·HVWFRPPHoDTXHQRVDQFrWUHVDYDLHQWDORUVO·KDELWXGH GHYR\DJHU/LWrWUHFLHWOj· &756GBDERUG ,176 EDED NZDQD 3/ /H PRUSKqPH M\D GH O·H[HPSOH E SRXUUDLW rWUH FDQGLGDW PRUSKqPH TXLHQFRGHUDLWO·pORLJQHPHQWGHO·DUJXPHQW3pORLJQpGH$0DLVLOH[LVWH SDUDLOOHXUVXQGpSUpFLDWLIM\DTXLLQGLTXHOHIDLWG·HIIHFWXHUXQHDFWLRQGH PDQLqUHEUXWDOHHWPpFKDQWH/HVH[HPSOHVGLVSRQLEOHVQHSHUPHWWHQWSDVGH &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e /HVPRUSKqPHVIRQFWLRQQHQWGRQFVRXYHQWSDUSDLUHVRQWURXYH XQHRSSRVLWLRQELQDLUHHQWUHXQHDFWLRQDFFRPSOLHGDQVODGLUHFWLRQ G·XQSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHRXHQV·pORLJQDQWGHFHSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHSRXU WURLV SDLUHV GH PRUSKqPHV ZDNL ¶YHQLUDOOHU IDLUH· MHEHSRNL ¶IDLUHHQYHQDQWHQDOODQW·HW²QDQDQD¶IDLUHHWUHQWUHUDOOHU·'HX[ PRUSKqPHVxD¶HQDUULYDQW·HWxDNL¶HQDUULYDQWWUDQVLWRLUH·Q·RQW FHSHQGDQWSDVOHXUpTXLYDOHQWRSSRVpRO·DFWLRQVHUDLWHIIHFWXpHHQ SDUWDQW GX SRLQW GH UpIpUHQFH F·HVW pJDOHPHQW OH FDV GX PRUSKqPH [HNL¶YHQLU3·TXLLQGLTXHXQUDSSURFKHPHQWGHO·DUJXPHQW$(QÀQ OHPRUSKqPH·DHNL¶IDLUHFLHWOj·PDUTXHMXVWHPHQWO·DEVHQFHGHSRLQW GHUpIpUHQFHVSpFLÀTXHO·DFWLRQHVWHIIHFWXpHjGLYHUVHQGURLWV /HUDSSRUWDXSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHHVWVRXYHQWELQDLUHHWLOSHXWrWUH FRQIRQGXDYHFOHORFXWHXUF·HVWjGLUHDYHFODGpL[LV²YRLUQRWDPPHQW OHVH[HPSOHVDE¶YDYLHQVPDQJHU·/HGpSODFHPHQWQ·HVWFHSHQ GDQWSDVIRUFpPHQWHQYLVDJpSDUUDSSRUWDXORFXWHXURXDXSULQFLSDO SURWDJRQLVWH/HSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHHVWXQpOpPHQWVDLOODQWGXFRQWH[WH TXLVHWURXYHrWUHVRXYHQWODPDLVRQGXSURWDJRQLVWHRXELHQOHORFX WHXUPDLVSDVV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQW/HVH[HPSOHVDEPRQWUHQWSDU H[HPSOHTXHOHOLHXG·DUULYpHSHXWrWUHXQHpWDSHORUVG·XQYR\DJH 'DQVO·H[HPSOHF·HVWODIHPPHDUJXPHQW$GXYHUEHTXLHVWOH SRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHFKRLVL /HVGLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHTXHOHPRXYHPHQWSHXW DYRLUDYHFO·pYqQHPHQWHVWFHTXLSHUPHWGHGLVWLQJXHUOHVWURLVSDLUHV GHPRUSKqPHVHQWUHHOOHV 3.2. Relation temporelle par rapport à l’évènement /HGpSODFHPHQWSHXWrWUHHIIHFWXpDYDQWHQPrPHWHPSVRXDSUqVO·DF WLRQGXYHUEH4XDQGLOHVWSRVWpULHXUjO·DFWLRQVHXOVGHX[PRUSKqPHV VRQW GLVSRQLEOHV QDQDQD ¶IDLUH SXLV DOOHUUHQWUHU· /D SUHPLqUH DFWLRQGpFULWHHQDFHOOHGHPDQJHUGHVSDSD\HVHVWHIIHFWXpHGDQV OHVFKDPSVHQIDFHGXYLOODJHDYDQWOHGpSODFHPHQWFHOXLGHUHQWUHUHQ FDQRsDXYLOODJHHQEODGHX[LqPHDFWLRQHVWpJDOHPHQWHIIHFWXpH DYDQWOHGpSODFHPHQWPDLVGDQVOHVHQVRSSRVpFHOXLGHO·pORLJQH PHQWGX35O·KRPPHDYHUWLWVDIHPPHGHVRQGpSDUWDYDQWVRQGpSDUW HIIHFWLI GpFLGHUGHO·LGHQWLWpGXPRUSKqPHDYHFFHUWLWXGH,OHVWSOXVUDLVRQQDEOHGH FRQVLGpUHUTXHVHXOOHPRUSKqPHGpSUpFLDWLIH[LVWH 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 0RXYHPHQWSRVWpULHXUjO·DFWLRQ D>1DZRRVLVLLxDMH\RPD[H@HVL\HHNZD DL[\DQD \RDxD SRLVVRQSHWLWDWWUDSHU),1,570366SDSD\H(;&/ (5*PDQJHU)$,5(5(175(57(/356 ¶>4XDQGQRXVDYRQVÀQLG·DWWUDSSHUOHVSHWLWVSRLVVRQV@QRXVPDQ JHRQVGHVSDSD\HVDYDQWGHUHQWUHU· E(ZDQDVH SD MDPDDNDQDQDDQLQDMH ED D« IHPPH DLQVLGLUH$)$,5($//(5+$%3$6',6& ¶ $YDQWGHSDUWLUFKDVVHULOGLVDLWjVDIHPPH´MHP·HQYDLVjOD FKDVVHµ· 5(3 /HPRXYHPHQWSHXWrWUHH[pFXWpWRXWDXORQJGHO·DFWLRQFRPPHOH PRQWUDLHQWOHVGHX[H[HPSOHVSOXVKDXWHQDERFKDFXQGHVSURWD JRQLVWHVpWDLWjODUHFKHUFKHGHTXHOTXHFKRVH²XQHJUHQRXLOOHHQDHW XQHPRQWUHHQE²VXUXQWUDMHWDOOHURXUHWRXU/HVH[HPSOHVDE UHSUHQQHQWHQFRUHOHVPrPHVPRUSKqPHVFHWWHIRLVFLOHVGHX[PRU SKqPHVSRNL¶IDLUHHQDOODQW·HWMHEH¶IDLUHHQUHYHQDQW·VRQWVXIÀ[pV jGHVYHUEHVGHPDQLqUHFHTXLSHUPHWODVLPXOWDQpLWpGHO·pYqQHPHQW DYHFOHGpSODFHPHQW 0RXYHPHQWVLPXOWDQpjO·DFWLRQ D<R\REHVDSRNLDQL UDPHUWUDYHUVHU(1B$//$17DVVLV356 ¶1RXVWUDYHUVRQVHQUDPDQWDVVLVHWHQQRXVpORLJQDQW· E.ZDMLNZDMLMHEH \RDQL FRXULU5('(1B5(175$177(/356 ¶,OUHYLHQWHQFRXUDQW· /HGpSODFHPHQWSHXWDXVVLDYRLUOLHXDYDQWO·DFWLRQ&·HVWOHFDVGX PRUSKqPH[HNL¶YHQLU3·SUpVHQWpSOXVKDXWHQRODIHPPHGRLW IRUFpPHQWDWWHQGUHTXHVRQPDULDUULYHSRXUSURFpGHUjO·DFWLRQGHOXL SRVHUXQHTXHVWLRQ3RXU DHNL¶IDLUHFLHWOj·OHVGHX[H[HPSOHVGLVSR QLEOHVUpSpWpVHQDESHUPHWWHQWG·LQFOXUHFHPRUSKqPHGDQVOHV GpSODFHPHQWVDQWpULHXUVjO·DFWLRQOHVHUSHQWV·DUUrWHOLWV·DVVLHGXQ LQVWDQWXQHIRLVTX·LOV·HVWGpSODFpDOHVDQFrWUHVQHSRXUUDLHQWSDV ¶rWUH·LFLRXOjDYDQWGHV·rWUHGpSODFpVQRQSOXVE D$QLNZDML D[D DHNLHNL PD[DVKD DVVLVYLWH(1B9$,1)$,5(B&,/356VHUSHQW(63 ¶ /HVSXFDUDUDHVSqFHGHVHUSHQWQHUHVWHQWMDPDLVORQJWHPSVDX PrPHHQGURLWOLW,OVV·DVVH\HQWUDSLGHPHQWVDQVEXWFLHWOj· &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e ,1&/*(1DQFrWUHV E-DPD NDHE\R QH\ DLQVL &756GBDERUG ,176 SRND DHNLQHNLD rWUH83/)$,5(B&,/+$%3$6/ 3$6/ ¶ 0DLVF·HVWFRPPHoDTXHQRVDQFrWUHVDYDLHQWO·KDELWXGHGH YR\DJHU/LWrWUHFLHWOj· HVHMD EDED NZDQD 3/ SZD 2QSHXWWRXWHIRLVVHGHPDQGHUVLODFRPELQDLVRQGH DHNLDYHFGHV YHUEHVG·DFWLRQSHUPHWWDQWXQGpSODFHPHQWVLPXOWDQpHQJHQGUHUDLWXQH LQWHUSUpWDWLRQGLIIpUHQWH²SDUH[HPSOH¶PDQJHULFLHWOj·SRXUUDLWLO rWUHLQWHUSUpWpFRPPHXQHDFWLRQIDLWHDXFRXUVG·XQGpSODFHPHQWDOpD WRLUH"/DTXHVWLRQUHVWHRXYHUWH 3RXUOHVTXDWUHPRUSKqPHVUHVWDQWVODVLWXDWLRQHVWSOXVFRPSOH[H LOFRQYLHQWGHGLVWLQJXHUFHSHQGDQWGHVQXDQFHVVXSSOpPHQWDLUHVOHV H[HPSOHVDEL[\DNLNZHL[\DZDNZH¶9D9LHQVPDQJHU·FLWpVSOXV KDXWLOOXVWUHQWSDUWLHOOHPHQWFHFDVGHGpSODFHPHQWSUpFpGDQWO·DFWLRQ 7RXVOHVFDVVHURQWSUpVHQWpVSOXVEDVHQ /DWURLVLqPHGLVWLQFWLRQVHUDSSRUWDQWjO·DUJXPHQWFRQFHUQpHVWSUp VHQWpHHQ 3.3. Déplacement de U, A ou P 'DQV OD JUDQGH PDMRULWp GHV H[HPSOHV SUpFpGHQWV F·HVW O·DUJXPHQW VXMHWTXLHIIHFWXHOHGpSODFHPHQW/·H[HPSOHDEPRQWUHTX·LOSHXW V·DJLULQGLIIpUHPPHQWGXVXMHW8RX$G·XQYHUEHLQWUDQVLWLIRXWUDQ VLWLI(QDODSHUVRQQHTXLGRUWHVWODSHUVRQQHTXLV·HVWGpSODFpH (QEOHVSHUVRQQHVTXLYHQGHQWVRQWFHOOHVTXLYLHQQHQW D$UJXPHQW8VHGpSODFH -DPD[H\DMLN\DNZD NDZLZDQDMH SRXUBFHODLFL ¶&·HVWSRXUFHODTXHMHVXLVYHQXHGRUPLULFL· E$UJXPHQW$VHGpSODFH .\DNDZDDQLQDMH \H RN\D PD[H GRQQHU$9(1,5B)$,5(+$%3$6 DSSRUWHUGHVFHQGUH ¶ 8QHIRLVTX·LOVDYDLHQWGHVFHQGXOHVKDELWVLOVYHQDLHQWOHV YHQGUH· GRUPLU9(1,5B)$,5(3$6 70366 /HVQHXISUHPLHUVPRUSKqPHVGXWDEOHDXVXLYHQWODPrPHGLVWUL EXWLRQTXHOHYHUEHVRLWLQWUDQVLWLIRXWUDQVLWLIF·HVWWRXMRXUVOHVXMHW TXLHVWGpSODFp/HGHUQLHUGHVGL[PRUSKqPHV[HNL¶YHQLU3·IRQF WLRQQHFHSHQGDQWGLIIpUHPPHQWOHUDSSURFKHPHQWH[SULPpSDU[HNL ¶YHQLU3·QHFRQFHUQHSDVOHVXMHWGXYHUEHPDLVVRQREMHW,OQHVH 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 WURXYHGRQFTXHVXUGHVYHUEHVWUDQVLWLIV/·H[HPSOHDESURYLHQW G·XQWH[WHGpFULYDQWXQHMRXUQpHW\SLTXHG·XQHIDPLOOHO·KRPPHSDUW FKDVVHUHWODIHPPHSUpSDUHODYLDQGH¶DSSRUWpHGpSODFpHYHUVHOOH SDUOHPDUL·/·H[HPSOHDEUpSpWpGHDHWEIDLWUpIpUHQFH jXQFRQWHGDQVOHTXHOOHPDULUHYLHQWWRXMRXUVEUHGRXLOOHGHODFKDVVH VDIHPPHGHPDQGHGRQFjVRQPDUL¶TXLV·HVWGpSODFpYHUVHOOH·FHTX·LO HQHVWGHODYLDQGHTX·LODXUDLWGUDPHQHU $UJXPHQW3HVWGpSODFpVHGpSODFH D,[\DND[L NZDQD SL D\ NZ\DSRMLND[HNLDQL DQLPDO ¶ (WOHMRXUVXLYDQWO·KRPPHFKDVVHGHVDQLPDX[(WHOOHHOOHHQ OqYHOHVSRLOVGHVDQLPDX[DSSRUWpV· E0DMR\DDMH SD RZHHZDQDVH DMDPDD D[DND[HNL \RDQLQDMH HQVXLWH',6& ¶ (WOHPDULQHUDPHQDLWMDPDLVTXHGHVSOXPHV6DIHPPHOXL GHPDQGDLWWRXMRXUVDLQVLTXDQGLODUULYDLW´0DLVTX·HVWFHTXH F·HVWTXHoD"(WODYLDQGH"0DLVRHVWODYLDQGHGHFHVSOXPHV TXHWXDVUDPHQpHV"µ· 3/ DXVVL IUDSSHUFKDXYH$9(1,53356 GHPDQGHU$9(1,537(/+$%3$6 5(3',6&IHPPH (5*DLQVL /DJORVHGXPRUSKqPH[HNL¶9(1,53·UHÁqWHPDOODSRVVLELOLWp G·DYRLUXQDUJXPHQW3LQDQLPp(QHIIHWRQSHXWGLIÀFLOHPHQWGLUHTXH OHJLELHUPRUW¶YLHQW·YHUVODIHPPHHQD¶YHQLU3·GRLWGRQF rWUHFRPSULVGHPDQLqUHJpQpUDOHFRPPHIDLVDQWXQLTXHPHQWUpIpUHQFH DXUDSSURFKHPHQWGX35HWGRQFFRPPHSRXYDQWHQFRGHUGHVREMHWV LQDQLPpVUDSSURFKpVSDUXQHWLHUFHSHUVRQQH ,OFRQYLHQWGHUHPDUTXHUWURLVSRLQWVLPSRUWDQWVjSURSRVGH[HNL ¶9(1,53·HWGHVDSODFHSDUWLFXOLqUHGDQVOHV\VWqPH3UHPLqUHPHQW OH35YHUVOHTXHOO·DUJXPHQW3VHUDSSURFKHRXHVWUDSSURFKpHVWREOL JDWRLUHPHQWO·DUJXPHQW$GXYHUEHDXTXHO[HNL¶9(1,53·HVWVXIÀ[p &RPPHVRXOLJQpSOXVKDXWFHODPHWHQpYLGHQFHTXHOH35Q·HVWSDV XQLTXHPHQWUpGXLWjODGpL[LVPDLVTX·LOFRUUHVSRQGjXQOLHXRXXQH SHUVRQQHVDLOODQWHSDUUDSSRUWDXGpSODFHPHQW 'HX[LqPHPHQWFRPPHF·HVWO·DUJXPHQW3TXLHVWGpSODFp[HNLQH VHWURXYHTXHVXUGHVYHUEHVWUDQVLWLIVHWQHSHXWSDVDSSDUDLWUHVXUGHV YHUEHVLQWUDQVLWLIV 7URLVLqPHPHQWFHWWHGLFKRWRPLHGDQVOHWUDLWHPHQWGH$HW8VXMHWV G·XQHSDUWHW3REMHWG·DXWUHSDUWUHÁqWHOHIDLWTXHFHWWHODQJXHHUJD WLYHDEHVRLQGHVQRWLRQVGH¶VXMHWHWG·REMHW·%LHQTXHO·HVHHMMDPRQWUH XQDOLJQHPHQWHUJDWLIGHSDUO·HQFRGDJHFDVXHOGHVHVDUJXPHQWVHQ WUDLWDQWHQVHPEOH8HW3HWHQGLVWLJXDQW$OHVPRUSKqPHVGHPRXYH PHQWDVVRFLpVXLYHQWXQDXWUHDOLJQHPHQW$HW8VRQWWUDLWpVHQVHPEOH &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e GLIIpUHPPHQWGH3/HV\VWqPHGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpUHOqYHGRQFG·XQ DOLJQHPHQWDFFXVDWLI /HGHUQLHUSDUDPqWUHjH[DPLQHUSHUPHWGHGLVWLQJXHUWURLVPRU SKqPHVTXLSDUWDJHQWOHVPrPHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGpMjH[DPLQpHV²PrPH GLUHFWLRQSDUUDSSRUWDX35PrPHUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHGXGpSODFHPHQW jO·DFWLRQHWPrPHDUJXPHQWFRQFHUQp 3.4. Importance du but par rapport à l’action et type de déplacement 5DSSURFKHPHQWGX35DQWpULRULWpGXGpSODFHPHQWHWDUJXPHQWVXMHW FRQFHUQpFHVWURLVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVSULQFLSDOHVVRQWSDUWDJpHVSDUxD ¶HQDUULYDQW·xDNL¶HQDUULYDQWWUDQVLWRLUHPHQW·HWZD¶YHQLUIDLUH·/HV QXDQFHVTXLGLVWLQJXHQWFHVWURLVPRUSKqPHVVRQWGRQFSOXVVXEWLOHV 6HGpSODFHUGDQVOHEXWGHUpDOLVHUXQHDFWLRQVSpFLÀTXHHVWGLV WLQJXpGHVHGpSODFHUHWUpDOLVHUXQHDFWLRQVHFRQGDLUH/HPRUSKqPH ZD¶YHQLUIDLUH·HVWXWLOLVpTXDQGOHEXWGXGpSODFHPHQWHVWO·DFWLRQ GXYHUEH'DQVO·H[HPSOHESOXVKDXWXQHSHUVRQQHHQDSSHOOHXQH DXWUHGDQVOHEXWXQLTXHGHPDQJHUL[\DZDNZH¶YLHQVPDQJHU·(Q DODSHUVRQQHTXLVHGpSODFHYLHQWGRUPLUFKH]XQHDXWUHSDUFH TX·HOOHHVWHIIUD\pHSDUOHVHVSULWVTXDQGVRQPDULHVWDEVHQW(OOHYLHQW GDQVODPDLVRQGHVDV±XUXQLTXHPHQWSRXUGRUPLUHOOHQHYLHQWSDV OXLUHQGUHYLVLWHRXPDQJHUDYHFHOOH(QEOHV%ROLYLHQVYHQDLHQW YRLUOHV(VH(MMDXQLTXHPHQWGDQVOHEXWGHYHQGUHOHXUVYrWHPHQWV (QÀQO·H[HPSOHLOOXVWUHFHTX·LOFRQYLHQWGHGLUHORUVTX·RQSUpIqUH UHYHQLUVHEDLJQHUSOXVWDUGSDUFHTX·LO\DWURSGHPRQGHjODVRXUFH FHWWHSKUDVHVXJJpUpHSDUOHV(VH(MMDQHFRQFHUQHTXHO·DFWLRQGHVH EDLJQHU²HWQRQSDVFHOOHGHODYHUVHVYrWHPHQWVRXFKHUFKHUGHO·HDX %HVDZDMHR R\D VHBEDLJQHU9(1,5B)$,5()87(1&25( ¶-HUHYLHQGUDLSRXUPHEDLJQHUXQHDXWUHIRLV· &H PRUSKqPH ZD HVW OH VHXO GHV WURLV PRUSKqPHV GpFULWV LFL j IRUPHUXQHSDLUHDYHFO·RULHQWDWLRQRSSRVpHNL¶DOOHUIDLUH·HVWXWL OLVpGHODPrPHPDQLqUH'DQVO·H[HPSOHDEXQHIHPPHUDFRQWH OHVGLIIpUHQWHVpWDSHVGHODFRQIHFWLRQGHVQDWWHVTXHOHVIHPPHVHVH HMMDWUHVVHQWHWYHQGHQWj5LEHUDOWD'·DERUGHOOHYDHQIRUrWSRXU\ UDPDVVHUFRXSHUGHVIHXLOOHVD8QHIRLVOHWDSLVWUHVVpHOOHVV·HQ YRQWHQYLOOHSRXU\YHQGUHOHVQDWWHVE 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 D(\RER\RNLVH\RER MDMDVH[DNLDxD 3)1ERXUJHRQ\RNLVHERXUJHRQ FRXSHUVpSDUHU$//(5B)$,5(356$ ¶ -HYDLVFXHLOOLUOLWFRXSHUHWVpSDUHUGHVERXUJHRQVGHVERXU JHRQVGHKRMDUHGRQGDHVSqFHGHSODQWH· E.\DNLDxD GRQQHU$//(5B)$,5(356$(;&/(5* ¶-HYDLVYHQGUHOHVQDWWHVXQHIRLVTX·HOOHVVRQWWUHVVpHV· HNZDD VLSLMH \RPD[H WLVVHU),1,570366 /DVpPDQWLTXHGHVGHX[PRUSKqPHVNLHWZDHVWELHQODPrPH SRXUFHTXLHVWGXUDSSRUWHQWUHOHGpSODFHPHQWHWO·DFWLRQO·DFWLRQHVW OHEXWODPRWLYDWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQW O·LQYHUVHOHPRUSKqPHxD¶HQDUULYDQW·VLJQLÀHTXHO·DFWLRQGX YHUEHHVWODSUHPLqUHDFWLRQTXLYDrWUHHIIHFWXpHPDLVSDVODVHXOH 'DQVO·H[HPSOHDOHVSRLVVRQVVRQWJULOOpVGqVO·DUULYpHSXLVLOV VRQWPDQJpVHWSXLVOHV(VH(MMDVHUHSRVHQW'DQVO·H[HPSOHE OHVIHPPHVYRQWjODVRXUFHHWODYHQWOHXUVKDELWVGqVOHXUDUULYpHSXLV HOOHVVHODYHQW )DLUHHQDUULYDQWSDUPLG·DXWUHVDFWLRQV D(NZDD GDZDxD \RDxDQDZRRVLVLL[\DDxD (;&/(5*JULOOHU(1B$55,9$177(/356$SRLVVRQSHWLWPDQJHU356$ ¶ 'qVTXHQRXVDUULYRQVQRXVJULOORQVOHVSRLVVRQVSXLVQRXVOHV PDQJHRQV· E(NZDQDWD[DWD[DxD \RDQL (;&/$%6ODYHU5('(1B$55,9$177(/356 SXLV ¶ 4XDQGQRXVDUULYRQVjODVRXUFHQRXVODYRQVG·DERUGQRVKDELWV 3XLVQRXVQRXVODYRQVDXVDYRQ· 0DMR\DHNZDQDEHVDDQLMDEyQ MR (;&/$%6VHBODYHU5(' VDYRQ /2& (QÀQODODQJXHVHPEOHGLVWLQJXHUOHVDUULYpHVWHPSRUDLUHVDYDQWGH UHSDUWLUDLOOHXUVGHVDUULYpHVSOXV¶GpÀQLWLYHV·ÀQGXYR\DJHRXUHWRXU jODPDLVRQxDNL¶HQDUULYDQW7UDQVLWRLUH·GpFULWGRQFXQHDUULYpHDX FRXUVG·XQYR\DJHTXLFRPSRUWHSOXVLHXUVpWDSHV/HSUHPLHUH[HPSOH DpWpSURQRQFpSDUXQHIHPPHTXLYHQDLWGH6DQWD&UX]jGHX[MRXUV GHEXVGH5LEHUDOWDV·DUUrWDTXHOTXHVMRXUVj5LEHUDOWDSXLVVHUHQGLW DXYLOODJHDYDQWGHUHWRXUQHUj5LEHUDOWDHWGHUHQWUHUj6DQWD&UX]$X YLOODJHHOOHYRLWVDV±XUjVRQDUULYpH (NZH DL H\D\DEDxDNLQDMH *(1 JUDQGHBV±XU (5* ¶-HYLVPDV±XUTXDQGM·DUULYDLV· YRLU(1B$55,9$17B7563$6 &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e /·H[HPSOHLOOXVWUHO·DUULYpHG·XQPDULjODPDLVRQGHVDVHFRQGH IHPPHGHSXLVODPDLVRQGHVDSUHPLqUHIHPPHSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHGH O·KLVWRLUHLOODYRLWSXLVLOV·HQYDFKDVVHUHWUHYLHQWjQRXYHDXFKH] HOOHDYDQWGHUHQWUHUjODPDLVRQGHODSUHPLqUHIHPPH 0D RZD\D EDNDxDNLDQLQDMH (5* YRLU$(1B$55,9$17B756+$%3$6 ¶ 3DUWDQWGHODPDLVRQGHVDSUHPLqUHpSRXVHLOYHQDLWYRLU FHWWHDXWUHDYDQWGHUHSDUWLUFKDVVHU· '(0 (QÀQOHGHUQLHUH[HPSOHHVWLVVXG·XQWH[WHFRQWDQWOHORQJYR\DJH GHV(VH(MMDTXLYRQWjODYLOOH$SUqVrWUHVRUWLVGHOHXUPDLVRQSRXUDOOHU SUHQGUHXQFDQRsLOVUHPRQWHQWOHÁHXYHGHVFHQGHQWjXQ¶SRUW·PDU FKHQWYLQJWPLQXWHVGDQVODIRUrWHWV·DVVH\HQWDXERUGGHODURXWHSRXU DWWHQGUHGHVFDPLRQVTXLDXUDLHQWDVVH]GHSODFHVSRXUOHVHPPHQHUj 5LEHUDOWDEXWHWÀQGXYR\DJH/DSKUDVHVXLYDQWHIDLWGRQFUpIpUHQFH DXPRPHQWROHV(VH(MMDV·DVVH\HQWDXERUGGHODURXWHSRXUDWWHQGUH XQFHUWDLQWHPSVXQFDPLRQTXLOHVHPPqQHUDj5LEHUDOWD 0DMR\D VH DQLxDNLDQL HQVXLWH ,1&/$%6 VBDVVHRLU(1B$55,9$17B756356 ¶(WHQVXLWHQRXVQRXVDVVH\RQVHQDUULYDQWSURYLVRLUHPHQW· &HWWHVLWXDWLRQpTXLYDXWjLQGLTXHUTXHO·DFWLRQHVW¶HQFDGUpH·SDU GHVGpSODFHPHQWVHOOHDOLHXDSUqVXQSUHPLHUGpSODFHPHQWHWVHUD VXLYLHSDUXQVHFRQGGpSODFHPHQW²RVHUDHIIHFWXpHO·DUULYpHÀQDOH /HVWURLVGHUQLHUVPRUSKqPHVH[DPLQpVHQFRGHQWGRQFGHVQXDQFHV VXSSOpPHQWDLUHVSDUUDSSRUWDX[DXWUHVPRUSKqPHV ² ZD ¶YHQLU IDLUH· HW NL ¶DOOHU IDLUH· HQFRGHQW XQ GpSODFHPHQW HIIHFWXpGDQVOHEXWG·HIIHFWXHUXQHDFWLRQ ² xD ¶HQDUULYDQW·IDLWUpIpUHQFHjXQGpSODFHPHQWDXERXWGXTXHO SOXVLHXUVDFWLRQVGRQWFHOOHGXYHUEHVRQWUpDOLVpHV ² xDNL¶HQDUULYDQWWUDQVLWRLUH·VLJQLÀHTX·XQHDFWLRQHVWH[pFXWpH ORUVG·XQHDUULYpHTXLQ·HVWTXH¶SURYLVRLUH·FDUOHGpSODFHPHQW Q·HVWSDVWHUPLQp &HPRUSKqPHHVWSHXWrWUHVHPEODEOHjFHOXLTXH7RP3D\QHJORVH ¶SDVVLQJE\·HQ\DJXD 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 3.5. Résumé /HVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVSULQFLSDOHVGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpHQHVHHMMDLQ FOXHQWGRQFWURLVSULQFLSDX[FULWqUHVSUHPLqUHPHQWOHGpSODFHPHQWHVW HIIHFWXpSDUUDSSRUWjXQSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHVSpFLÀTXHTXLQ·HVWSDV REOLJDWRLUHPHQWGpLFWLTXH7RXVOHVPRUSKqPHVQ·RQWSDVOHXUpTXLYD OHQWRSSRVpV·DSSURFKHUYVV·pORLJQHUGX35HWXQVHXOPRUSKqPH FRUUHVSRQGjXQGpSODFHPHQWVDQV35'HX[LqPHPHQWO·DFWLRQSHXW DYRLUOLHXWRXWDXORQJG·XQGpSODFHPHQWRXDXFRQWUDLUHOHSUpFpGHURX OXLVXFFpGHU(QÀQOHGpSODFHPHQWFRQFHUQHOHVXMHW8RX$GXYHUEH RXSOXVUDUHPHQWVRQREMHW /H V\VWqPH SRVVqGH SOXV GH PRUSKqPHV SRXU OHV GpSODFHPHQWV HQV·pORLJQDQWGX35TXLVRQWDQWpULHXUVjO·DFWLRQHWTXLFRQFHUQHQW OHVXMHW7URLVDXWUHVQXDQFHVYLHQQHQWGRQFV·DMRXWHUDX[WURLVSDUD PqWUHVSULQFLSDX[/·DFWLRQSHXWrWUHFRQVLGpUpHFRPPHOHEXWSUHPLHU GXGpSODFHPHQWRXDXFRQWUDLUHFRPPHXQHDFWLRQHIIHFWXpHSDUPL G·DXWUHVDSUqVOHGpSODFHPHQWHQÀQFHOXLFLSHXWrWUHFRQVLGpUpFRPPH ¶QRQÀQDO·F·HVWjGLUHTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQGpSODFHPHQWSDUPLG·DXWUHVDX FRXUVG·XQYR\DJHFRQVLGpUpFRPPHXQHXQLWp 4. Critères définitoires et autres paramètres &HWWHVHFWLRQYLVHjH[DPLQHUOHVGLIIpUHQWVSDUDPqWUHVUHFHQVpVGDQV OHVSDUDGLJPHVGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpGpFULWVGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHV 8QHSUHPLqUHVRXVVHFWLRQUHQGFRPSWHGHVYDULDWLRQVDVVRFLpHV DXGpSODFHPHQWHWjODORFDOLVDWLRQDORUVTX·XQHGHX[LqPHVRXVVHF WLRQPRQWUHTXHFHUWDLQVPRUSKqPHVDMRXWHQWGHVVSpFLÀFDWLRQV TXDQWjODPDQLqUHGRQWO·DFWLRQHVWHIIHFWXpH/DGHUQLqUHVRXVVHF WLRQSUpFLVHTXHOVVHPEOHQWrWUHOHVFULWqUHVGpÀQLWRLUHVGXPRXYH PHQWDVVRFLpF·HVWjGLUHFHX[TXLVRQWFRPPXQVjWRXVOHVV\VWqPHV 4.1. Le déplacement (QHVHHMMDQRXVDYRQVYXTXHOHVGpSODFHPHQWVVRQWFDWpJRULVpVGHPD QLqUHELQDLUHF·HVWjGLUHTX·LOVVRQWHIIHFWXpVVRLWHQV·DSSURFKDQWVRLW HQV·pORLJQDQWGX35²RXLOVSHXYHQWrWUHHIIHFWXpVGHPDQLqUHGpVRU GRQQpHVDQV35VSpFLÀTXH(QPRMHxRWULQLWDULRDUDZDN)UDQoRLVH 5RVHGpFULWFHSHQGDQWGHVPRUSKqPHVDVVRFLDQWXQGpSODFHPHQW jO·DFWLRQVDQVTXHODGLUHFWLRQVRLWVSpFLÀpH8QHODQJXHV±XUGH &H GpSODFHPHQW GRQW OH 35 Q·HVW SDV VSpFLÀp Q·HVW SDV IRUFpPHQW ¶GpVRU GRQQp· FRPPH O·HVW OH GpSODFHPHQW VLJQLÀp SDU DHNL HQ HVH HMMD FHV &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e O·HVHHMMDOHWDFDQDGLIIpUHQFLHXQGpSODFHPHQWWHPSRUDLUHG·XQGpSOD FHPHQWSHUPDQHQW*XLOODXPHDFHTXLHVWVpPDQWLTXHPHQW SURFKHGHODGLVWLQFWLRQHQWUHXQHDUULYpH¶WUDQVLWRLUH·HWXQHDUULYpH SOXVGpÀQLWLYHGpFULWHSRXUO·HVHHMMD'DYLG:LONLQVVLJQDOHTXH OHPRXYHPHQWSHXWrWUHDVFHQGDQWHQPSDUQWZHDUUHUQWHIDPLOOHDXV WUDOLHQQHSDPDQJX\HQ²LQIRUPDWLRQTXLIDLWSDUWLHG·XQDXWUHSDUD GLJPHHQHVHHMMD7RP3D\QHGpPRQWUHXQHRSSRVLWLRQHQWUHOLHX ¶WRSLTXH·HWOLHX¶QRXYHDX·HQ\DJXDSHED\DJXDFHWWHODQJXHLQFOXW DXVVLGDQVVRQSDUDGLJPHGHVORFDOLVDWLRQVVWDWLTXHVFRPPH¶HIIHFWXHU XQHDFWLRQHQDYDOGHODULYLqUH·&HWWHGHUQLqUHSRVVLELOLWpV·pFDUWHXQ SHXGHODGpÀQLWLRQRULJLQDOHFDULOQHV·DJLWSOXVG·XQGpSODFHPHQWPDLV G·XQHORFDOLVDWLRQ 4.2. La spécificité de l’action /·DFWLRQSHXWrWUHHIIHFWXpHGHPDQLqUHVSpFLÀTXHOHPSDUQWZHDUUHUQWH SRVVqGHDLQVLXQSDUDGLJPHVSpFLÀTXHSRXUOHVPRXYHPHQWVHIIHFWXpV GHPDQLqUHDFFpOpUpH²XQPRUSKqPHDSSDUWHQDQWjXQDXWUHSDUDGLJPH UHPSOLWFHWWHIRQFWLRQHQHVHHMMD$QWRLQH*XLOODXPH GLVWLQJXHHQFDYLQHxDXQHDFWLRQSRQFWXHOOHG·XQHDFWLRQGLV WULEXpHRO·DFWLRQHVWUpSpWpHGXUDQWOHGpSODFHPHQWFHODUHVVHPEOH DXGpSODFHPHQWVDQV35GHO·HVHHMMDPDLVHQGLIIqUHSXLVTXHO·DFWLRQ D XQH RULHQWDWLRQ VSpFLÀTXH HQ FDYLQHxD /·HVH HMMD SUpFLVH DXVVL VL O·DFWLRQHVWOHEXWGXGpSODFHPHQWRXVLHOOHIDLWSDUWLHG·XQHQVHPEOH G·DFWLRQVH[pFXWpHVSDUUDSSRUWjXQPrPHGpSODFHPHQW 4.3. Critères définitoires du mouvement associé (QFRPSDUDQWOHVV\VWqPHVGpFULWVHQHVHHMMDHWGDQVOHVDXWUHVODQJXHV RQSHXWWHQWHUGHGpJDJHUOHVFULWqUHVHVVHQWLHOVGHVFULWqUHVRSWLRQQHOV PRUSKqPHV VRQW FHSHQGDQW VSpFLÀTXHV TXDQW j OD UHODWLRQ WHPSRUHOOH j O·pYqQHPHQW ,OHVWWRXWHIRLVLQWpUHVVDQWTX·XQJOLVVHPHQWGHVHQVVLPLODLUHVRLWSRVVLEOH HQHVHHMMDDYHFXQVHXOHWPrPHPRUSKqPH/DIRUPHpOLFLWpHL[\DQDQDNZH PDQJHU)$,5($//(5,03DpWpWUDGXLWHSDU¶GpSrFKHWRLGHPDQJHU·DORUV TXHODWUDGXFWLRQDWWHQGXHVHUDLW¶PDQJHHWYDWHQ·2QFRPSUHQGIDFL OHPHQWFRPPHQWXQWHOJOLVVHPHQWGHVHQVDSXDYRLUOLHX2QSHXWQRWHU TXHOHVPRUSKqPHV¶DFFpOpUpV·GpFULWVSDU'DYLG:LONLQVQ·H[LVWHQW G·DLOOHXUVTXHSRXUOHGpSODFHPHQWSRVWpULHXUjO·DFWLRQ,OVVRQWJORVpVSDU ¶TXLFNO\GRJR·HW¶TXLFNO\GRJREDFN·OHXUVpTXLYDOHQWV¶TXLFNO\JR EDFNGR·HW¶JREDFNTXLFNO\GR·Q·H[LVWHQWSDV 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 /·pWXGHGHO·HVHHMMDDPRQWUpTXHVXUOHVVL[FULWqUHVVHXOHPHQWWURLV pWDLHQWSULQFLSDOHPHQWSDUWDJpVSDUWRXVOHVPRUSKqPHVO·pORLJQHPHQW SDUUDSSRUWDX35ODUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHjO·pYqQHPHQWHWO·DUJXPHQW FRQFHUQp &HGHUQLHUFULWqUHQHSHXWSDVrWUHSULPRUGLDOFDULOHVWUDUHGDQVOHV ODQJXHVD\DQWXQV\VWqPHGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpVHXOVO·HVHHMMDOH FDYLQHxDHWOHPSDUQWZHDUUHUQWHLQFOXHQWODSRVVLELOLWpTXHOHGpSODFH PHQWVHUDSSRUWHDX3DWLHQWHWFHVPRUSKqPHVVRQWODUJHPHQWHQPLQR ULWpGDQVOHXUVV\VWqPHVRQSHXWGRQFH[FOXUHFHFULWqUHFRPPHpWDQW GpÀQLWRLUH 2QDYXTXHOHV\VWqPHGXPRMHxRWULQLWDULRQHVSpFLÀHSDVO·RULHQ WDWLRQGXGpSODFHPHQWF·HVWjGLUHTX·XQGpSODFHPHQWSHXWrWUHDVVRFLp jXQHDFWLRQVDQVTX·XQSRLQWGHUpIpUHQFHVRLWQpFHVVDLUH(QHVHHMMD DHNLH[SULPHO·LGpHG·XQHDFWLRQHIIHFWXpH¶LFLHWOj·HWQHVLJQDOHGRQF SDVXQGpSODFHPHQWSDUUDSSRUWjXQ352QSHXWGRQFSHQVHUTXHFH FULWqUHQ·HVWTX·RSWLRQQHOpJDOHPHQW $QWRLQH*XLOODXPHFRQVWDWHTX·©XQHGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHV DSSDUHPPHQWFRPPXQHjWRXVOHVV\VWqPHVGH´PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpµHVW ODVSpFLÀFDWLRQGHODUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHHQWUHOHPRXYHPHQWHWO·pYq QHPHQWH[SULPpSDUOHYHUEHª(QHIIHWXQHUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHVSp FLÀTXHjO·pYqQHPHQWHVWSUpVHQWHGDQVWRXVOHVV\VWqPHVGpFULWVOH GpSODFHPHQWSUpFqGHVXLWRXHVWVLPXOWDQpjO·DFWLRQ &H FULWqUH SHUPHW G·DLOOHXUV GH GLVWLQJXHU OHV V\VWqPHV GH PRX YHPHQWDVVRFLpGHVV\VWqPHVGH©PRWLRQFXPSXUSRVHªGpFULWVGDQV SOXVLHXUVODQJXHVPD\DV²YRLUSDUH[HPSOH-XGLWK$LVVHQ&HV V\VWqPHVQ·LQFOXHQWHIIHFWLYHPHQWTXHGHVVLWXDWLRQVRO·DFWLRQHVW SRVWpULHXUHDXGpSODFHPHQWF·HVWjGLUHTXHODUHODWLRQWHPSRUHOOHj O·pYqQHPHQWHVWXQLTXH/HVPRUSKqPHVGH©PRWLRQFXPSXUSRVHªQH IRQWMDPDLVUpIpUHQFHjGHVDFWLRQVHIIHFWXpHVDYDQWOHGpSODFHPHQWRX VLPXOWDQpPHQWDYHFOXL /DVHXOHH[FHSWLRQVHWURXYHSUREDEOHPHQWGDQVOHVGRQQpHVGX\DJXDTXL VXJJqUHQWTXHFHUWDLQVPRUSKqPHVpFKDSSHQWjFHWWHVSpFLÀFDWLRQ8QHDFWLRQ QHSHXWHQHIIHWrWUHORFDOLVpHVXUXQOLHXVSpFLÀTXHTXHVLHOOHHVWFRQGXLWH VLPXOWDQpPHQWDYHFFHWWHORFDOLVDWLRQDXFXQFRQWUDVWHDYHFXQHDQWpULRULWp GHO·DFWLRQQ·HVWSRVVLEOH&HSHQGDQWFHVPRUSKqPHVQHUHSUpVHQWHQWpJDOH PHQWTX·XQHPLQRULWpGXSDUDGLJPHVXUOHVDXWUHVPRUSKqPHVUpSRQ GHQWjFHFULWqUH &HFLHVWQRWDPPHQWVRXOLJQpGDQVODGpÀQLWLRQGHFHVPRUSKqPHVSURSRVpH SDU5REHUWR=DYDOD©0RWLRQFXP3XUSRVHFODXVHVFRQYH\WZR &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e &HFULWqUHSUpVXSSRVHDXVVLTXHOHGpSODFHPHQWVRLWH[SULPpSDUOH PRUSKqPHGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpHWTX·LOVRLWGRQFGLVWLQFWGHO·DF WLRQGXYHUEH&HFLSHUPHWG·H[FOXUHDXVVLOHVGLUHFWLRQQHOVpJDOHPHQW GpFULWVGDQVODSOXSDUWGHVODQJXHVPD\DV²YRLUSDUH[HPSOH&ROHWWH &UDLJFHVPRUSKqPHVUpIqUHQWHQHIIHWjXQHWUDMHFWRLUH²SOX W{WTX·jXQGpSODFHPHQW²HWVRQWOHSOXVVRXYHQWVXIÀ[pVjGHVYHUEHV GHPRXYHPHQWRXGHPRXYHPHQWFDXVp&·HVWGRQFELHQOHYHUEHTXL H[SULPHOHGpSODFHPHQWSDUH[HPSOHDOOHUMHWHUDORUVTXHOHVXIÀ[H GLUHFWLRQQHO QH IDLW TXH VSpFLÀHU OD WUDMHFWRLUH SDU H[HPSOH YHUV OH KDXWYHUVOHEDVORLQGXORFXWHXURXGXSURWDJRQLVWHRXYHUVOXL3DU FRQVpTXHQWRQQHSHXWLPDJLQHUTXHO·DFWLRQGXYHUEHVRLWUpDOLVpHj XQLQVWDQWGLIIpUHQWGHODWUDMHFWRLUHOHVGHX[VRQWLQVpSDUDEOHVFDU OHPRUSKqPHYLHQWSUpFLVHUODWUDMHFWRLUHGXPRXYHPHQW²HWQRQSDV TXDQGHWYHUVRHVWHIIHFWXpH·DFWLRQ /HFULWqUHGpÀQLWRLUHGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpVHPEOHGRQFELHQrWUH OD FDUDFWpULVDWLRQ G·XQH UHODWLRQ WHPSRUHOOH HQWUH OH GpSODFHPHQW HW O·pYqQHPHQWF·HVWjGLUHODSRVVLELOLWpTXHO·pYqQHPHQWVRLWSUpFLVp FRPPHDQWpULHXUSRVWpULHXURXVLPXOWDQpDXGpSODFHPHQW/·XWLOLWpGH FHFULWqUHHVWpJDOHPHQWPLVHHQpYLGHQFHORUVTXHG·DXWUHVV\VWqPHVGH PRUSKqPHVVSDWLDX[VRQWFRPSDUpVDYHFOHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLp 5. Conclusions /HVPRUSKqPHVGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpRQWpWpODUJHPHQWFRQIRQGXV DYHFG·DXWUHVW\SHVGHPRUSKqPHVVSDWLDX[DORUVTXHFHWWHpWXGHPRQWUH TXHOHFULWqUHGpÀQLWRLUHGHFHVPRUSKqPHVSHUPHWGHOHVGLVWLQJXHU FODLUHPHQWOHVPRUSKqPHVGHPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpSHUPHWWHQWG·DVVR FLHUXQGpSODFHPHQWSK\VLTXHjXQYHUEHG·DFWLRQHWVXUWRXWGHSUpFLVHU TXDQGFHGpSODFHPHQWDOLHX SURSRVLWLRQVWKHPRWLRQRIDÀJXUHZLWKDVSHFLÀFWUDMHFWRU\DQGWKH SXUSRVHWKDWIROORZVLQWLPHWKHHYHQWRIPRWLRQª&HVPRUSKqPHVVRQWpJD OHPHQWGLIIpUHQWVG·XQSRLQWGHYXHPRUSKRJLTXHpWDQWGHVVRUWHVG·DX[L OLDLUHVSOXW{WTXHGHVVXIÀ[HV ,OVVRQWDXVVLVXIÀ[pVjG·DXWUHVW\SHVGHYHUEHVFRPPH¶YRLU·RX¶HQWHQGUH· SDUH[HPSOHGDQVFHTXLVHUDLWWUDGXLWSDU©HQWHQGUHYRLUYHUVOHGHVWLQD WDLUHTXLHVWHQKDXWªPDLVLOV·DJLWDORUVG·XQHWUDMHFWRLUHVDQVGpSODFH PHQW/HPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpOXLDVVRFLHOHGpSODFHPHQWjXQYHUEHTXL Q·H[SULPHSDVGpMjOHGpSODFHPHQW 0$5,1(98,//(50(7 /HVGHVFULSWLRQVH[LVWDQWHVPHWWHQWHQpYLGHQFHTXHOHVV\VWqPHV SHXYHQWDVVRFLHUGHVQXDQFHVSOXVÀQHVQRWDPPHQWFRQFHUQDQWOHOLHX GXGpSODFHPHQWHWODPDQLqUHGRQWHVWFRQGXLWHO·DFWLRQ /DGHVFULSWLRQGpWDLOOpHGHQRXYHDX[V\VWqPHVSHUPHWWUDLWG·pWDEOLU jTXHOVW\SHVGHVpPDQWLTXHFHVV\VWqPHVSHXYHQWV·RXYULU ABRÉVIATIONS $ $%6 &756 '(0 '(35 ',6& (5* (63 (;&/ )87 *(1 +$% ,03 ,1&/ ,176 $*(17 $%62/87,) &2175$67,) 'e021675$7,) 'e35e&,$7,) 3$57,&8/(',6&856,9( (5*$7,) (035817/·(63$*12/ (;&/86,) )8785 *e1,7,) +$%,78(/ ,03e5$7,) ,1&/86,) ,17(16,),(85 /2& 3 3$6 3$6/ 3)$ 3)1 3/ 35 356 5(' 5(3 66 7(/ 703 8 /2&$7,) 3$7,(17 3$66e 3$66e/2,17$,1 35e),;($'-(&7,9$/ 35e),;(120,1$/ 3/85,(/ 32,17'(5e)e5(1&( 35e6(17 5e'83/,&$7,21 5(3257$7,) 68-(76,0,/$,5( 7e/,48( 68%25'211$177(0325(/ 81,48($5*80(17 RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $,66(1-©7]RW]LODX[LOLDULHVª/LQJXLVWLFV &5$,* & ©-DNDOWHN GLUHFWLRQDOV WKHLU PHDQLQJ DQG GLVFRXUVH IXQFWLRQª/DQJXDJHRIWKH:RUOG &5(,66(/6 ' 6\QWD[H JpQpUDOH XQH LQWURGXFWLRQ W\SRORJLTXH FDWpJRULHVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQV+HUPqV/DYRLVLHU *8,//$80($©/DFDWpJRULHGXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpHQFDYLQHxD DSSRUWjXQHW\SRORJLHGHO·HQFRGDJHGXPRXYHPHQWHWGHODWUDMHF WRLUHª%XOOHWLQGHOD6RFLpWpOLQJXLVWLTXHGH3DULV *8,//$80($D©/HVVXIÀ[HVYHUEDX[GH´PRXYHPHQWDVVRFLpµHQ FDYLQHxDª)DLWVGHODQJXHV/HV&DKLHUV *8,//$80($ E ©&DYLQHxD ´DVVRFLDWHG PRWLRQµ VXIÀ[HV WKHLU PHDQLQJ DQG GLVFRXUVH IXQFWLRQª 7UDQVDOSLQH 7\SRORJ\ 0HHWLQJ %HUQH-DQYLHU *8,//$80($©*UDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQRIPRWLRQDQGODQJXDJHFRQ WDFWWKHFDWHJRU\RI´DVVRFLDWHGPRWLRQµLQVRXWKZHVWHUQ$PD]RQLDQ &2175,%87,21'(/·(6((--$/·e78'('80289(0(17$662&,e ODQJXDJHVªH&ROORTXHLQWHUQDWLRQDOGHO·$VVRFLDWLRQIUDQoDLVHGH OLQJXLVWLTXHFRJQLWLYH$)/L&R/\RQPDL .2&++©7KHFDWHJRU\RI´DVVRFLDWHGPRWLRQµLQ.D\WHMª/DQ JXDJHLQ&HQWUDO$XVWUDOLD 0$<(50)URJZKHUHDUH\RX"1HZ<RUN'LDO%RRNV 3$<1(7©/RFDWLRQDO5HODWLRQVLQ<DJXD1DUUDWLYHª:RUN3DSHU RIWKH6XPPHU,QVWLWXWHRI/LQJXLVWLFV8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK'DNRWD 526()©*RLQJWRVHDUFKVHDUFKLQJZKLOHJRLQJDQGVHDUFKLQJ EHIRUHOHDYLQJ$ÀUVWGUDIWRQ$VVRFLDWHG0RWLRQLQ0RMHxR7ULQLWDULR $UDZDN%ROLYLDª9HUEDOPDUNHUVRIPRWLRQDQGRUGLUHFWLRQLQWKH $PD]RQLDQODQJXDJHVRIWKH*XDSRUp0DPRUpUHJLRQDQGEH\RQG /\RQPDUV 7$/0</©/H[LFDOL]DWLRQSDWWHUQV6HPDQWLFVWUXFWXUHLQOH[LFDO IRUPVªGDQV76KRSHQGLU/DQJXDJHW\SRORJ\DQGV\QWDFWLFGHV FULSWLRQ*UDPPDWLFDOFDWHJRULHVDQGWKHOH[LFRQYRO&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 98,//(50(70$JUDPPDURI(VH(MMDD7DNDQDQODQJXDJHRIWKH %ROLYLDQ$PD]RQWKqVHGHGRFWRUDWHQVFLHQFHVGXODQJDJH8QLYHUVLWp /XPLqUH/\RQ 98,//(50(70jSDUDLWUH©'yQGHFXiQGR\FRQTXLpQRFXUUHQDFFLRQHV (OPRYLPLHQWRDVRFLDGRHQHVHHMMDªGDQV$02VSLQDHW(*RPH] ,PEHUWGLU([SUHVLyQGHQRFLRQHVHVSDFLDOHVHQOHQJXDVDPD]yQLFDV %RJRWD8QLYHUVLGDG1DFLRQDOGH&RORPELDH,QVWLWXWR&DUR\&XHUYR :,/.,16'©7KH6HPDQWLFV3UDJPDWLFVDQG'LDFKURQLF'HYH ORSPHQW RI ´$VVRFLDWHG 0RWLRQµ LQ 0SDUQWZH$UUHQUQWHª %XIIDOR 3DSHUVLQ/LQJXLVWLFV =$9$/$ 5 &ODXVH LQWHJUDWLRQ ZLWK YHUEV RI PRWLRQ LQ 0D\DQ ODQJXDJHVPpPRLUHGH0DVWHUHQOLQJXLVWLTXH(XJHQH8QLYHUVLW\RI 2UHJRQ How typology allows for a new analysis of the verb phrase in Burmese $OLFH9LWWUDQW ABSTRACT 7KLVDUWLFOHGHDOVZLWKVHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQVLQ%XUPHVH7KLVQRWLRQ ZDVGHYHORSHGWKURXJKW\SRORJLFDOVWXGLHVWKDWDOORZHGDFRPSDULVRQ RIFRPSOH[YHUESKUDVHVLQGLIIHUHQWODQJXDJHV7\SRORJ\ÀUVWDLPVDW DQVZHULQJWKHIROORZLQJTXHVWLRQZKDWGRODQJXDJHVKDYHLQFRPPRQ DQGLQZKDWZD\VGRWKH\GLIIHU"7KLVTXHVWLRQLVSDUWLFXODUO\FUXFLDOLQ WKHGHVFULSWLRQDQGDQDO\VLVRIOLWWOHNQRZQRUXQGHVFULEHGODQJXDJHV ,ZLOOVKRZLQWKHFDVHRI%XUPHVHKRZW\SRORJ\SURYLGHVXVHIXOWKHR UHWLFDOFRQFHSWVDQGKHOSVRUJDQL]LQJWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHYHUESKUDVH LQUHWXUQVXFKDQDQDO\VLVRI%XUPHVHSURYLGHVLQWHUHVWLQJGDWDWKDW KHOSVH[WHQGDQGUHÀQHWKHW\SRORJ\RIYHUESKUDVHVDQGVHULDOYHUE FRQVWUXFWLRQVLQWKHODQJXDJHVRIWKHZRUOG RÉSUMÉ &HWDUWLFOHDERUGHOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVjYHUEHVVpULHOVHQELUPDQ&HWWH QRWLRQDpWpGpYHORSSpHjWUDYHUVGHVpWXGHVW\SRORJLTXHVTXLRQWSHU PLVODFRPSDUDLVRQGHSUpGLFDWVFRPSOH[HVGDQVGHVODQJXHVGLIIp UHQWHV/·REMHFWLISUHPLHUGHODW\SRORJLHHVWGHUpSRQGUHjODTXHV WLRQ VXLYDQWH TX·HVWFH TXH OHV ODQJXHV RQW HQ FRPPXQ HW HQ TXRL GLIIqUHQWHOOHV"&HWWHTXHVWLRQHVWSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWFUXFLDOHGDQVOD GHVFULSWLRQHWO·DQDO\VHGHODQJXHVSHXRXSDVGpFULWHV-HWkFKHUDL GHPRQWUHUTXHGDQVOHFDVGXELUPDQODW\SRORJLHIRXUQLWG·XWLOHV FRQFHSWV WKpRULTXHV HW DLGH j RUJDQLVHU OD GHVFULSWLRQ GX SUpGLFDW YHUEDO HQ UHWRXU XQH WHOOH DQDO\VH GX ELUPDQ IRXUQLW GHV GRQQpHV LQWpUHVVDQWHV TXL SHUPHWWHQW G·pWHQGUH HW G·DIÀQHU OD W\SRORJLH GHV SUpGLFDWVYHUEDX[HWGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVjYHUEHVVpULHOVGDQVOHVODQ JXHVGXPRQGH $OLFH9LWWUDQWHVW0&)jO·8QLYHUVLWpGH3URYHQFHDIÀOLpHDX/DERUDWRLUH /$&,728058QLYHUVLWp3DULV $/,&(9,775$17 'HVFULSWLRQFODVVLÀFDWLRQGLYHUVLW\DQGXQLYHUVDOLW\RIODQJXDJHVDUH WKHNH\WHUPVRIOLQJXLVWLFW\SRORJ\ZKLFKÀUVWDLPVDWDQVZHULQJWKH IROORZLQJTXHVWLRQZKDWGRODQJXDJHVKDYHLQFRPPRQDQGLQZKDW ZD\VGRWKH\GLIIHU" ,QRWKHUZRUGVW\SRORJ\LVFRQFHUQHGZLWKÀQGLQJSURSHUWLHVWKDW DUHVKDUHGE\ODQJXDJHVLQYDULDQWVLQ/D]DUGWHUPVDQGKDVWRGR ZLWKFURVVOLQJXLVWLFFRPSDULVRQ,WVÀUVWWDVNLVWKHUHIRUHWRGHVFULEH ODQJXDJHVLQWHUPVRISUHHVWDEOLVKHGIHDWXUHVOHDGLQJWRDFODVVLÀFD WLRQRIODQJXDJHVLQWRGLIIHUHQWVWUXFWXUDOW\SHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHDIÀQL WLHVWKDWHPHUJHIURPWKHGHVFULSWLRQV7\SRORJLVWVDUHDOVRFRQFHUQZLWK WKHDUHDO>RUJHRJUDSKLFDO@GLVWULEXWLRQRIVWUXFWXUDOIHDWXUHVDPRQJWKH ZRUOG·VODQJXDJHV ,QWKLVDUWLFOH,ZRXOGOLNHWRHPSKDVL]HWKHXVHIXOQHVVRIW\SRORJ\ DQGWKHQRWLRQVGHYHORSHGZLWKLQW\SRORJLFDOIUDPHZRUNVIRUGHVFULELQJ DQGDQDO\]LQJOLWWOHNQRZQRUXQGHVFULEHGODQJXDJHV0\FODLPZLOO EHLOOXVWUDWHGE\DQHZGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH%XUPHVHYHUESKUDVHDVD VHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQDPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFQRWLRQGHYHORSHGDORQJ ZLWKW\SRORJLFDOVWXGLHV 1. About the Burmese verb phrase and the origin of the proposed analysis %XUPHVHKDVEHHQVWXGLHGE\:HVWHUQVFKRODUVVLQFHWKHWKFHQWXU\ DQGUHFHQWZRUNVFRQWDLQJRRGGHVFULSWLRQVRIWKHODQJXDJH+RZHYHU UHYLHZLQJSUHYLRXVGHVFULSWLRQVVXFKDVWKRVHRI$OORWW2NHOO%HUQRW DQG:KHDWOH\OHDGVPHWRWKHIROORZLQJGRXEOHREVHUYDWLRQ )LUVWDV,H[DPLQHGSUHYLRXVDQDO\VHVRIWKH%XUPHVHYHUESKUDVH ,QRWLFHGDJUHDWYDULDWLRQLQWKHGHÀQLWLRQRIJUDPPDWLFDOYHUEDOPRU SKHPHVLQSDUWLFXODUWKHRSWLRQDORQHV7KHQXPEHUDQGWKHIXQFWLRQV RIWKHVHRSWLRQDOYHUEDOPRUSKHPHVYDU\GHSHQGLQJRQWKHFULWHULDXVHG E\WKHDXWKRUIRUKLVDQDO\VLV)RULQVWDQFHWKHFODVVLÀFDWLRQJLYHQ E\2NHOO$OORWWEDVHGRQVHPDQWLFFULWHULDOHDGVWRDOLVWRI YHUEDO PRUSKHPHV ZKHUHDV WKH FODVVLÀFDWLRQV RI %HUQRW DQG:KHDWOH\ZKLFKDUHEDVHGRQSKRQRORJLFDOV\QWDFWLFDQG 6HH&URIW/D]DUG9DQGHU$XZHUD1X\WVIRUD PRUHGHWDLOHGGHÀ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À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`M=L*%WQaOn+6T6HTW@MOTQSaK7WSB`XJG« WԥQH 0DVKL1\ȿ 3LWKR17KDL1ɽDQD RQHGD\ /2&EHSRRU 68%EHVLOO\EHLGLRWEHVWXSLGEHLJQRUDQW SR1\D 7ȿ OXΰȿ ¶ 2QHGD\D\RXQJPDQZKRZDVUHDOO\SRRUDQGPRUHRYHUZKR VHHPHGUHDOO\LGLRWLF>«DUULYHGDWWKHZHDOWK\PDQ·VSODFH@· 68%JHW 5(/5 Wκ\ȸɽ KD« PDQEH\RXQJRQH&/)KXP 723 1RWLFHKRZHYHUWKDWWKHFRPSRXQGGRHVQRWDSSHDUDVVXFKLQXQLOLQJXDO %XUPHVHGLFWLRQDULHV $ERXWH[DPSOHV2XUSKRQHPLFWUDQVFULSWLRQURXJKO\IROORZV%HUQRW·V SURSRVDOZLWKPLQRUFKDQJHVIRUWRQHVDQGGLSKWKRQJV7KXVWRQHVDUHLQGL FDWHGE\VXSHUVFULSWQXPEHUVDWWKHHQGRIWKHV\OODEOH>@VWDQGVIRUEULHI KLJKDQGFUHDN\WRQH>@VWDQGVIRUORQJORZDQGEUHDWK\WRQH>@VWDQGV IRUORQJFOHDUKLJKIDOOLQJWRQH7KHIRXUWKWRQHFRUUHVSRQGVWRDJORWWDO VWRS$WRQDODQGXQPDUNHGV\OODEOHVPD\DSSHDULQELV\OODELFZRUGVZLWK >κ@DVYRZHO&DSLWDOOHWWHUVVWDQGVIRUVWRSVWKDWFDQEHUHDOL]HGDVYRLFHG RUXQYRLFHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHSKRQRORJLFDODQGV\QWDFWLFDOFRQWH[W0RVW RIWKHJUDPPDWLFDOPRUSKHPHVVWDUWZLWKDFDSLWDOOHWWHUJLYHQWKDWV\Q WDFWLFDOO\WKH\DUHXVXDOO\EXWQRWDOZD\VFORVHO\UHODWHGWRWKHSUHFHGLQJ PRUSKHPH $/,&(9,775$17 ,QKRZHYHUWKHVWULQJRIYHUEVFRQVWLWXWHVDVLQJOHSUHGLFDWH LHWKHFRPSOH[YHUERIDVLQJOHFODXVHDQGUHIHUVWRDXQLTXHHYHQW LQRWKHUZRUGVWKHVWULQJRIYHUEVVKRXOGEHDQDO\]HGDVDSURWRW\SLFDO 6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXFWLRQKHQFHIRUWK69& d2nBWG-O`V`VSB`MQJHT`OnW`Q=`M6HTW-aS WԥQH\D .R ɽXSK\XVL1 KDNKDɽZHZH 83K\X6LQ 723UDWKHUEHIDUEHIDU RQHSODFH 2%- WRPRYHRXWWROLYH ¶83K\X6LQPRYHGRXWWROLYHLQDIDURIISODFH· S\n15KZHQH7KDL1 .Kȿ 7ȿ 637 5($/$66 :KHUHDVLQH[DPSOHVRPHRIWKHYHUEURRWVKDYHXQGHUJRQH VHPDQWLFDQGVWUXFWXUDOFKDQJHVWKH\KDYHHLWKHUEHHQJUDPPDWLFDOL]HG DQGEHFRPHDX[LOLDULHVVXFKDV>QH@¶WRVWD\!LQDFFRPSOLVKHGDVSHFW LQDRUHOVHOH[LFDOL]HGEHFRPLQJDFRPSRXQGYHUEDV>ɪL1OL1@ LQE D`On%HT`MJ4SaBJJHT OTM`MSad2nBWJJ4R9S ]ԥ.D .R «S\nVKRQH&D 7ȿ «WDONVD\VWD\,1$&&3/85 5(/5 SR1QH 7ȿ ɽXSK\XVL1 .DFDșZD 7ȿ KLGHVWD\,1$&& 5(/583K\X6LQ 6 KHDUJR3(5) 5($/$66 ¶83K\X6LQZKRZDVKLGGHQKHDUGWKHZRUGVVDLGE\>WKHEODFN VPLWKV@· ER7SHT=EU-M`KJ3WKW`MS$a șX 7RɽȿNKD1OH .D5L1OL1QH 7D Eȿ ¶7KHLUOLWWOHOLYLQJURRPLVWLG\· ¶7KHLUOLWWOHOLYLQJURRPLVEULJKWDQGFOHDU· 3 3/85KRVWURRP',0 6 ZRUGV 2%-« FOHDUEULJKWVWD\,1$&& 5($/ '0 7KHWHUPFRPSOH[YHUE¶FRPSOH[HYHUEDO·LQ)UHQFKUHIHUVWRDFRPEL QDWLRQRIEDUHYHUEVZLWKRUZLWKRXWYHUEDOPRUSKHPHVLQWRDPRUSKR V\QWDFWLFDO XQLW DQG GRHV QRW FRPSULVH DQ\ QRPLQDO SKUDVH VXFK DV WKH REMHFW·V FRQVWLWXHQW ,Q WKDW VHQVH LW KDV WR EH GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP YHUE SKUDVH¶V\QWDJPHYHUEDO·RU¶FRQVWHOODWLRQYHUEDOH·RIZKLFKLWFRXOGEH VHHQDVWKHFRUH,WDOVRKDVWREHGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURP¶FRPSOH[SUHGLFDWH· ¶SUpGLFDWFRPSOH[H·LQ)UHQFKWKDWFRQWDLQVYHUEVZLWKGLIIHUHQWVWDWXV LHKHDGYHUESOXVGHSHQGDQWYHUEV7KHFRPSOH[YHUEQRWLRQLVÀUVWIRXQG LQ+DJqJHDQGKLVVWXG\RI&KLQHVHSUHSRVLWLRQVWKDWRULJLQDWHIURP YHUEV )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( *LYHQWKHLGHQWLFDOVXUIDFHIRUPVRIWKHVHYHUESKUDVHVWKDWGLIIHU VWUXFWXUDOO\DQGVHPDQWLFDOO\,ORRNHGIRUDIUDPHZRUNWKDWFRXOGUHYHDO WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVHSKHQRPHQDZKLFKDUHWUDGLWLRQDOO\DQD O\]HGVHSDUDWHO\LQ%XUPHVHOLQJXLVWLFV,QRWKHUZRUGV,ORRNHGIRU DFURVVOLQJXLVWLFDOO\YDOLGPRGHOWKDWZRXOGDOORZPHWRGHDOVLPXO WDQHRXVO\ZLWKFRPSRXQGYHUEVSUHYHUEVRU´YHUVDWLOHYHUEVµDQG DX[LOLDULHV 7KHQRWLRQRI6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXFWLRQ69&KDVEHHQXVHGÀUVWWR GHVFULEHPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFSKHQRPHQDLQ$IULFDQODQJXDJHV%DPJERVH *LYRQ7KHQH[WHQGHGWRRWKHUODQJXDJHV6HEEDLW ZDVJHQHUDOL]HGPRUHUHFHQWO\E\DXWKRUVVXFKDV/RUG'pFKDLQH 'XULHDQG$LNKHQYDOG'L[RQDPRQJRWKHUV 7KHQRWLRQSURYHGWREHXVHIXOIRUEXLOGLQJDQDGHTXDWHIUDPHZRUNIRUD PRUHJOREDODSSURDFKWRWKHYHUESKUDVHLQ%XUPHVH 2. Serial Verb Constructions (SVC): a theoretical reminder 2.1. Definition 7KHWHUP´6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXFWLRQµRUYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQKDVEHHQ DSSOLHGWRGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIFRQVWUXFWLRQ+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKHGHÀQL WLRQVUHYLHZHGFKDUDFWHUL]HWKH69&DVDVWULQJRIYHUEVRUYHUESKUDVHV LWKDWDUHQRWVHSDUDWHGE\DFRQQHFWRULLWKDWVKDUHWKHVDPHJUDP PDWLFDOLQIRUPDWLRQDQGVRPHWLPHVWKHVDPHDUJXPHQWVDQGLLLWKDW GHVFULEHDVLQJOHHYHQW9LWWUDQW)RULQVWDQFH'HFKDLQH ZULWHVWKDWD´VHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQLVDVXFFHVVLRQRIYHUEVDQG WKHLUFRPSOHPHQWVLIDQ\LQDVLQJOHFODXVHZLWKRQHVXEMHFWDQGRQH WHQVHRUDVSHFWYDOXHµ%LVDQJGHÀQHGYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQDV ´WKHXQPDUNHGMX[WDSRVLWLRQRIWZRRUPRUHYHUEVRUYHUESKUDVHVZLWK RUZLWKRXWVXEMHFWDQGRUREMHFWHDFKRIZKLFKZRXOGDOVREHDEOHWR IRUPDVHQWHQFHRQLWVRZQµ)LQDOO\'XULHLQVLVWVRQWKH ¶XQLTXHQHVV·RIWKHHYHQW´7KHDUFKHW\SDOVHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQFRQ VLVWVRIDVHTXHQFHRIWZRRUPRUHYHUEVZKLFKLQYDULRXVUDWKHUWKDQ 7KHWHUPYHUVDWLOHYHUEKDVEHHQFRLQHGE\0DWLVRIIWRUHIHU WRGHSHQGHQWYHUEVWKDWKDYHXQGHUJRQHDVHPDQWLFEOHDFKLQJWKDWFRXOG SUHFHGHRUIROORZWKHKHDGYHUE,QRXUXVDJHYHUVDWLOHYHUEVGLIIHUIURP DX[LOLDULHVDVIRUWKHLUV\QWDFWLFSRVLWLRQWKHIRUPHUSUHFHGHWKHKHDGYHUE ZKHUHDVWKHODWHUIROORZLW $/,&(9,775$17 VWURQJVHQVHVWRJHWKHUDFWOLNHDVLQJOHYHUEµ6HHDOVR%ULO2]DQQH 5LYLHUUH$LNKHQYDOG'L[RQDQG9LWWUDQW 0RUHRYHULQODQJXDJHVWKDWSRVVHVV69&WKHVHFRQVWUXFWLRQVJHQ HUDOO\H[LVWDORQJZLWKRWKHUVWUXFWXUHVRIGHSHQGHQF\LHVXFKDVFRRU GLQDWLRQFRPSOHPHQWDWLRQDQGVXERUGLQDWLRQ0RVWVWXGLHVRI69& GLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ VHULDOL]DWLRQ FODXVHFKDLQLQJ FRPSOH[ SUHGL FDWHVDQGVHTXHQFHRIFODXVHV7KHVHGLVWLQFWLRQVDUHPDLQO\EDVHGRQ WKHFULWHULRQRIPRQRFODXVDOLW\DV\QWDFWLFFULWHULRQWKDWQHHGVWREH IRUPDOO\GHÀQHGIRUHYHU\VLQJOHODQJXDJH)ROH\ ,Q %XUPHVH WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ VXERUGLQDWH RU FRRUGLQDWH FODXVHVFODXVHFKDLQVDQGYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQLVLOOXVWUDWHGE\H[DPSOHV WR ,QWKHWZRFODXVHVDUHOLQNHGE\WKHWHPSRUDOVXERUGLQDWRU>SL@ WKDWLQGLFDWHVWKHHQGRIWKHGHSHQGHQWFODXVH7KHHQGRIWKHKHDG FODXVHRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLVPDUNHGE\DÀQDOYHUEDOSDUWLFOHFRQYH\LQJ UHDOLVPRGDOLW\FRQVLGHUHGDVHYLGHQFHRIÀQLWHQHVVLQ%XUPHVH 7KHVHQWHQFHLQFRQWDLQVWZRYHUEVWKDWDUHVHSDUDWHGE\WKH REMHFWRIWKHVHFRQGRQHLH¶KDQG·>Oȿɽ@$VVXJJHVWHGE\WKHWUDQVOD WLRQZHKDYHKHUHWZRFODXVHVWKDWDUHFKDLQHGDQGQRWVXERUGLQDWHGDV LQWKHSUHYLRXVH[DPSOHZKLOHH[DPSOHLOOXVWUDWHGD69&$FWXDOO\ LQWKLVVHQWHQFHWKHREMHFWRIWKHVHFRQGYHUELH¶ZRUGV·>]κ.D@SUH FHGHVWKHVWULQJRIYHUEVZKLFKVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHWZRYHUEVDUHFORVHO\ DVVRFLDWHGV\QWDFWLFDOO\ OTKWJF76aJHT`L;On+VWR9S SκOLQ .DJX WKȿ .R P\ȸ 3LZL1ƧZD 7ȿ ERWWOH 6723FDYH LQVLGH ',5 ÁRDW 68%736HQWHU *2&)* 5($/$66 ¶$ERWWOHÁRDWHGLQWRWKHFDYH· /LW¶$ERWWOHHQWHUHGLQVLGHWKHFDYHDQGZKLOHKDYLQJÁRDWHG >DZD\IURP6SHDNHU@· $LNKHQYDOG'L[RQ´$VHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQLVDVHTXHQFHRI YHUEVZKLFKDFWWRJHWKHUDVDVLQJOHSUHGLFDWHZLWKRXWDQ\RYHUWPDUNHURI FRRUGLQDWLRQVXERUGLQDWLRQRUV\QWDFWLFGHSHQGHQF\RIDQ\VRUWµ 9LWWUDQW´8QHFRQVWUXFWLRQGHYHUEHVHQVpULH&96HVWXQHVp TXHQFHGHYHUEHVTXLQHVRQWV\QWD[LTXHPHQWQLFRRUGRQQpVQLVXERUGRQQpV (OOHDG·DXWUHSDUWODIRUPHGHVXUIDFHG·XQV\QWDJPHYHUEDOXQLTXHµ &ODXVHFKDLQLQJPD\EHGHÀQHGDVDVHTXHQFHRIRQHIXOO\ÀQLWHYHUEDQG RQHRUPRUHOHVVÀQLWHPHGLDOYHUEV&ODXVHFKDLQLQJZKLFKKDVEHHQ GHVFULEHGIRU3DSXDQODQJXDJHVLVVLPLODUWR-DSDQHVHFRPSOH[SUHGLFDWHV DVGHVFULEHGIRU-DSDQHVHRU.RUHDQ6KLEDWDQL )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( «OMJM6a`Q6U=KJ`%On+« WK' OȿɽVKH 3L «Sκ.DQWKȿ \H «SODWH LQVLGH ZDWHU WRSXW KDQGZDVK 68%736 ¶«DIWHUKDYLQJSRXUHGZDWHULQWRWKHSODWHDQGKDYLQJZDVKHG KLVKDQGV«· R`h$`OsL* R`h$`OsL*BJK`OnS șL1EȸSȸ 0DșL1EȸSȸ 0D]ԥ.DODS\n 7ȿ ERDWRQ /2&ERDWRQ /2&ZRUGVSHHFKFRPHVD\ 5($/$66 ¶2QWKHERDWRQWKHERDWVKHFDPHWRPHWRWDON· /LW¶«VKHFDPHWRWHOOPHVRPHZRUGV· 2.2. Main Features and subtypes of SVC $VSRLQWHGRXWE\6HQIWWKHOLWWOHDJUHHPHQWDERXWKRZWKHSKH QRPHQRQRIVHULDOYHUEVVKRXOGEHGHÀQHGLVSDUWO\GXHWRWKHODFNRI DFRPPRQIUDPHZRUNIRUGHVFULELQJDQGFRPSDULQJODQJXDJHV\VWHPV +RZHYHUYDULRXVVWXGLHVDQGDXWKRUVDJUHHRQDVHWRIFRPPRQIHD WXUHVRUNH\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV'XULH%ULO ² 8VXDOO\DQ69&GHVFULEHVZKDWFRUUHVSRQGVFRQFHSWXDOO\WRD XQLTXHHYHQW ² 7KHYHUEVRIDQ69&VKDUHWHQVHDVSHFWPRGDOLW\DQGSRODULW\ LQIRUPDWLRQ ² 7KHYHUEVRIDQ69&VKDUHDWOHDVWRQHDUJXPHQWDQGFDQKDYH RQHVXEMHFWRQO\ ² 1RQHRIWKH69&YHUEVLVDVXERUGLQDWHYHUEWKDWLVWRVD\QRQH RIWKHYHUEVLQWKH69&LVWKHV\QWDFWLFDUJXPHQWRIDQRWKHUYHUE LQWKH69& ² 7KH69&FRQVWLWXWHVDVLQJOHSURVRGLFXQLWZLWKRXWDQ\SDXVH LHLWKDVWKHLQWRQDWLRQRIDVLQJOHFODXVH 7R VXPPDUL]H ´69& DUH PRQRFODXVDO EXW PXOWLSUHGLFDWLRQDOµ -DUNH\ 0RUHRYHUGLDFKURQLFVWXGLHVVKRZWKHVWURQJWHQGHQF\RI69&WR PRYHWRZDUGVJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQRUOH[LFDOL]DWLRQ³VHH&ODUN -DUNH\´69&DUHPRQRFODXVDOEXWPXOWLSUHGLFDWLRQDO7KDWLV WKH\LQYROYHWZRRUPRUHGLVWLQFWSUHGLFDWLQJPRUSKHPHVOLQNHGWRJHWKHU LQDVLQJOHFODXVHE\YLUWXHRIWKHIDFWWKDWWKH\VKDUHRQHRUPRUHDUJXPHQW SRVLWLRQVWKURXJKFRLQGH[DWLRQµ $/,&(9,775$17 'H/DQFH\/RUG%LVDQJ 1RWLFHKRZHYHUWKDWIRUPRVWRIWKHDXWKRUVDQ69&PD\SRVVHVV DOORURQO\VRPHRIWKHVHIHDWXUHV,QRWKHUZRUGVQRQHRIWKHVHSURSHU WLHVFRQVWLWXWHVDVDWLVIDFWRU\GHÀQLWLRQ 7KHUHIRUHYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQRU69&LVIDUIURPEHLQJDXQLIRUP SKHQRPHQRQDQGPRVWRIWKHDXWKRUVDIWHUDJUHHLQJRQWKLVFRUHVHWRI SURSHUWLHVSURSRVHVXEW\SHVRI69&*HQHUDOO\WZRPDLQFODVVHVRI 69&FDQEHGLVWLQJXLVKHGHYHQLIIURPRQHDXWKRUWRWKHRWKHUWKHWZR FODVVHVPD\FRQWDLQGLIIHUHQWVXEW\SHVRI69&7KHVHWZRFODVVHVRI 69&ZLOOEHODEHOHG¶6\PPHWULFDO69&FODVV·FRUDQNLQJSUHGLFDWHV DQG¶$V\PPHWULFDO69&FODVV·LPSO\LQJDKHDGPRGLÀHUKLHUDUFK\ DFFRUGLQJWR%ULODQG$LNKHQYDOGDQG'L[RQ 7KHV\PPHWULFDO69&PD\EHÀUVWFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHDEVHQFH RIV\QWDFWLFDOO\RUVHPDQWLFDOO\GHSHQGHQWYHUEV9HUEVEHORQJWRRSHQ FODVVHVZLWKRXWJUDPPDWLFDORUVHPDQWLFFRQVWUDLQWV7KHQWKHRUGHURI WKHDFWLRQVRUVXEHYHQWVGHVFULEHGE\WKH69&LVJHQHUDOO\LFRQLF LWUHÁHFWVWKHWHPSRUDORUGHURIWKHDFWLRQV/DVWO\WKHHYHQWGHVFULEHG LQWKH69&LVFRQFHLYHGDVDXQLTXHDQGVLQJOHHYHQW$FFRUGLQJWR 'XULHWKHUHDUHWZRH[SODQDWLRQVIRUWKLV¶XQLWDU\HYHQW·FKDUDF WHULVWLFDFRJQLWLYHRQHDQGDFXOWXUDORQH 7KHFRJQLWLYHRQHLVEDVHGRQWKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWWKHSURFHVVHV PHDQLQJ¶WDNHDZD\·RU¶EULQJEDFN·DUHH[SUHVVHGWKURXJK69&LQ ODQJXDJHVWKDWSRVVHVVWKLVFRQVWUXFWLRQ7KHYHUEVXVHGPHDQURXJKO\ ¶WDNH·DQG¶JR·RU¶FRPH·DVLOOXVWUDWHGLQ9LHWQDPHVH<RUXED DQG%XUPHVH6LPLODULWLHVLQKXPDQHQYLURQPHQWDQGH[SHULHQFH %LVDQJ´%HFDXVHWKHXQPDUNHGMX[WDSRVLWLRQRIYHUEVLQWKH ODQJXDJHV RI (DVW DQG PDLQODQG 6RXWK(DVW$VLD LV SDUWLFXODU\ HDV\ DQG ZLGHVSUHDGDOOWKHSURGXFWVRIJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQGHULYHGIURPYHUEVDUH WKHUHVXOWRIJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQFRPELQHGZLWKWKHLQÁXHQFHRIDWWUDFWRU SRVLWLRQVRQFRQVWUXFWLRQVRIYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQµ,ELG´$VSRLQWHG RXWDERYHJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQLVWLJKWO\OLQNHGWRYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQµ 6HHDOVR%DNHU+DUYH\·VGLVWLQFWLRQRIFRPSOH[YVVLPSOH[HYHQW WKHODWWHUEHLQJGHÀQHGE\IRUPDOFRQVWUDLQWVVLQJOHSUHGLFDWHFRYHUEFRQ VWUXFWLRQRUPRQRPRUSKHPLFSUHGLFDWH ,QODQJXDJHVZKHUH69&DUHDEVHQWRUUDUHRWKHUPHDQVDUHXVHGWRH[SUHVV WKLV KXPDQ H[SHULHQFH 6HH IRU LQVWDQFH )UHQFK ¶DSSRUWHU·¶HPSRUWHU· ¶DPHQHU·¶HPPHQHU· RU ¶DOOXQLU· ¶DWWHUULU· ¶HQYROHU· ZKHUH WKH SUHÀ[DLVHTXLYDOHQWWR¶FRPH·LQ69&ZKHUHDVHQPH[SUHVVDPRWLRQ DZD\IURPVSHDNHU )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( VHHPDJRRGH[SODQDWLRQIRUWKHKLJKIUHTXHQF\RIWKLVVWULQJRIYHUEV 'XULH9LWWUDQW 9LHWQDPHVH$XVWURDVLDWLF9LHWQDP $QKҩ\ PDQJ YDOL ÿL UӗL 6*0$6& FDUU\ ¶+HKDVWDNHQDZD\KLVVXLWFDVH· VXLWFDVH JR &56 <RUXED1LJHUFRQJR:HVW$IULFDIURP6WDKONHTXRWHG E\.URHJHU PR PX LZH ZD IXQ ȿ 6* WDNH ERRN ¶,EURXJKW\RXDERRN· FRPH JLYH %XUPHVH6LQR7LEHWDQ%XUPD -TX7R9O! ƧZD 3D NKR1 \X VWRRO 03 ¶7DNHDZD\WKHVWRRO·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¶GLSHDW·UHIHUVWRDZD\RIHDWLQJ DFHUWDLQNLQGRIIRRGDFWXDOO\D%XUPHVHPHDOLVJHQHUDOO\VHUYHGZLWK OLWWOHSRDFKHGYHJHWDEOHVFDOOHG>WR]κ\D@¶GLS10/=·WKDWLVWRVD\ 6HHDOVR9LWWUDQWIRUWKFRPLQJRQWKHFRJQLWLYHDQGFXOWXUDOH[SODQDWLRQV DQGWKHGLIIHUHQWVWUDWHJLHVWRH[SUHVVVHPDQWLFFRPSRVLWLRQDOLW\LQODQJXDJHV %DPERRSLSHVDUHXVXDOO\SOD\HGE\+PRQJSHRSOHGXULQJGHDWKFHUHPR QLHVRURWKHUW\SHVRIULWXDOWRDFFRPSDQ\WKHGHDGSHUVRQXSWRKLVODVW ¶KRPH·7KHSLSHVSHUIRUPHUVKDYHWRGDQFHLQDFHUWDLQDQGFRGLÀHGZD\ ZKLOHSOD\LQJWKHSLSHV7KHUHIRUHZKHQHYHUWKHSLSHVDUHSOD\HGWKHSHU IRUPHUGDQFHVDORQJZLWKWKHPXVLFWKHWZRSURFHVVHVDUHLQVHSDUDEOHIURP HDFKRWKHU6RLWLVQDWXUDOIRU+PRQJWRUHFRJQL]H¶GDQFLQJZKLOHSOD\LQJ· DVDVLQJOHHYHQWZKLFKLVQRWWKHFDVHIRUGDQFLQJDQGOLVWHQLQJFRQVLGHUHG DVGLVWLQFWHYHQWV $/,&(9,775$17 ¶GLSDEOHWKLQJV·8VHGDVSLFNOHVRUVLGHGLVKHVWKH\DUHHDWHQZLWKWKH KDQGVDVZHGRZLWKUDGLVKGLSSLQJWKHPLQVDOWRULQDVDXFH7KHUH IRUHWKHSURFHVVRI¶HDWLQJDQGGLSSLQJ·LVFRQFHLYHGDVDVLQJOHHYHQW LQ%XUPHVHFXOWXUHDQGLVH[SUHVVHGWKURXJKDQ69& %Ma=SHTBO! VKD QȿWR VD 3D VDOW ZLWKGLS HDW 32/ ,03 ¶'LSLWLQVDOWDQGHDWLW· 7KHVHFRQGW\SHRI69&LHWKHDV\PPHWULFDO69&PD\EHFKDU DFWHUL]HGE\WKHIROORZLQJSURSHUWLHV)LUVWRQHYHUEDWOHDVWRIWKH VWULQJEHORQJVWRDOLPLWHGFODVVDQGPD\EHYLHZHGDVDPRGLÀHURI DKHDGYHUE,WRIWHQXQGHUJRHVVHPDQWLFFKDQJHWRR,QRWKHUZRUGV DQDV\PPHWULFDO69&JHQHUDOO\FRQWDLQVDIXOO\ÁHGJHGYHUERUSODLQ YHUEDQGRQHRUPRUHYHUEVWKDWKDVKDYHXQGHUJRQHVHPDQWLFGHSOH WLRQRUVHPDQWLFEOHDFKLQJ 7KHDV\PPHWULFDOVXEW\SHLVJHQHUDOO\DVVLJQHGPRGLÀFDWLRQSURSHUW\ YDOXHRUVSHFLÀ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yQ/RUGII%LVDQJ 'XULH%ULOIILQWHUDOLD )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( VHULDOL]DWLRQGLUHFWLRQDO69&UHVXOWDWLYH69&FDXVDWLYH69&DQG PRUHJHQHUDOO\DVSHFWRWHPSRUDORUPRGDO69&³VHH*LYyQ /RUG %LVDQJ II 'XULH %ULO II%LVDQJ +RZHYHURWKHUFODVVLÀFDWLRQVH[LVWWKDWUHO\RQV\QWDFWLFSURSHU WLHV)RULQVWDQFH/L7KRPSVRQWDONDERXWWKH¶3LYRWDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ·DFRQVWUXFWLRQZKHUH´DQRXQSKUDVHLVVLPXOWDQHRXVO\ WKHVXEMHFWRIWKHVHFRQGYHUEDQGWKHGLUHFWREMHFWRIWKHÀUVWYHUEµDV RSSRVHGWRVHULDOL]DWLRQZKHUH´RQHYHUESKUDVHRUFODXVHLVWKHVXEMHFW RUGLUHFWREMHFWRIDQRWKHUYHUEµLELG%XWLQ5ROHDQG5HIHUHQFH *UDPPDU69&DUHGHVFULEHGDV1XFOHDURUWLJKWYV&RUHRUORRVH VHULDOL]DWLRQVWKHWZRWHUPVUHIHUULQJWRWKHOD\HUHGVWUXFWXUHRIWKH FODXVH%ULO 3. Criteria used to analyze the Burmese verb phrase 3.1. Irrelevancy of criteria generally used in studies of SVC 7KH XVXDO FULWHULD IRU GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ EHWZHHQ VHTXHQFHV RI FODXVHV FODXVHFKDLQVDQG69&RUWRWHOODSDUWWKHGLIIHUHQWVXEW\SHVRI69& PD\QRWEHXVHGLQFHUWDLQODQJXDJHV)RULQVWDQFH%ULOQRWLFHV WKDW2FHDQLFODQJXDJHVJHQHUDOO\ODFNPRUSKRORJLFDOFOXHVDQGWKDW ´WKHVKDULQJRI7$0PRUSKHPHV>LV@RIWHQ>DQ@HOXVLYHFULWHULDµ6LPL ODUO\FULWHULDVXFKDVDJUHHPHQWFDVHPDUNLQJV\QWDFWLFGHSHQGHQF\ SRVLWLRQRIWKHDUJXPHQWVDUHQRWUHOHYDQWLQ%XUPHVH$VVKRZQE\ H[DPSOHQRDJUHHPHQWLVPRUSKRORJLFDOO\H[SUHVVHGQRULVFDVH PDUNLQJDOWKRXJKV\QWDFWLFIXQFWLRQVPD\EHPDUNHGLQ%XUPHVH³VHH H[DPSOHVDQGZLWKUHVSHFWLYHO\>.R@REMHFWPDUNHURI¶ZRUGV· >]H.D@DQG>.D@VXEMHFWPDUNHURI¶ERWWOH·>SκOL1@0RUHRYHUFRQ VWLWXHQWRUGHUIDLOVWREHGLVFULPLQDWLQJEHFDXVHWKHRUGHURIDUJXPHQWV LIDQGZKHQWKH\DUHH[SUHVVHGLVSUDJPDWLFDOO\DQGQRWV\QWDFWLFDOO\ FRQVWUDLQHG /L7KRPSVRQGLVWLQJXLVKHGIRXUW\SHVRI69&69&WKDWH[SUHVV HYHQWVUHODWHGLQDZD\FRQVHFXWLYHSXUSRVLYHDOWHUQDWLQJFLUFXPVWDQFH GHVFULSWLYHFODXVHFRQVWUXFWLRQWKDW´LQYROYHVDWUDQVLWLYHYHUEZKRVH REMHFWLVGHVFULEHGE\DIROORZLQJFODXVHµDQGWKHWZRRWKHUW\SHVDOUHDG\ GLVFXVVHGLQWKLVVHFWLRQ 2Q´3LYRWDOµDQGRWKHUW\SHVRI69&&RWHPSRUDO'LVSRVDODQG$WWDLQ PHQWEDVHGRQV\QWDFWLFSURSHUWLHVVHH-DUNH\ $/,&(9,775$17 GW-;JS KL1 FKȿɽ 7ȿ VRXS ¶^,\RXKH`FRRN^FRRNHG`^DVRPH`VRXS· FRRN 5($/$66 6LQFHZHODFNDFURVVOLQJXLVWLFGHÀQLWLRQRIWKH69&ZHQHHGWR EXLOGODQJXDJHVSHFLÀFWHVWVWKDWKHOSWRFODULI\WKHVWDWXVRIVWULQJVRI YHUEVLQDODQJXDJH7KHUHIRUHUHO\LQJRQWKHQRWLRQRI69&DQGLWV NH\IHDWXUHV,ORRNHGIRUFULWHULDWKDWDOORZPHWRGLVWLQJXLVKLQ%XU PHVHDPRQJVLPLODUVXUIDFHIRUPVZLWKGLIIHUHQWXQGHUO\LQJVWUXFWXUHV LHDPRQJ ² VWULQJVRIYHUEVWKDWEHKDYHVLPLODUO\WRFRPSRXQGOH[HPHV ² VWULQJVRIYHUEVWKDWUHSUHVHQWVHPDQWLFDOO\FRPSOH[HYHQWVEXW H[SUHVVHGLQDVLQJOHFODXVH ² VWULQJVRIYHUEVWKDWFRQWDLQDPRGLI\LQJYHUEWKDWVSHFLÀHVWKH SURFHVVH[SUHVVHGE\DQRWKHUKHDGYHUE ² VWULQJVRIYHUEVFRQWDLQLQJDYHUEWKDWKDVXQGHUJRQHVHPDQWLF FKDQJHWKDWLVWRVD\DYHUERQDSDWKRIJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ 3.2. Criteria relevant to the analysis of Burmese SVC )RXUFULWHULDVHHPUHOHYDQWIRUDQDO\]LQJ%XUPHVHVWULQJVRIYHUEV7KH ÀUVWSKRQRORJLFDOFULWHULRQLVWKHDVVLPLODWLRQRILQLWLDOFRQVRQDQWVRI YHUEV7KHVHFRQGLVIXQFWLRQDODQGGHDOVZLWKFKDQJHVHLWKHUIXQF WLRQDORUVHPDQWLFLQVRPHHOHPHQWVRIWKHVWULQJRIYHUEV7KHODVW WZRFULWHULDDUHV\QWDFWLFWKHQHJDWLRQVFRSHDQGWKHLQWURGXFWLRQRI VXERUGLQDWRUVLQWRWKHVWULQJRIYHUEV Phonological criterion ,Q%XUPHVHSKRQRORJ\LQLWLDOFRQVRQDQWUHDOL]DWLRQLVFRQGLWLRQHG E\ ² WKHQDWXUHRIWKHSUHYLRXVSKRQHPH ² WKHGHJUHHRIPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFERQGHGQHVVRIWKHV\OODEOHV ,QRWKHUZRUGVWKHLQLWLDOFRQVRQDQWRIDV\OODEOHLV 92,&('LIWKH ÀQDOVHJPHQWRIWKHSUHYLRXVV\OODEOHLVDYRZHORUDQDVDOFRQVRQDQW $1'LIWKHWZRV\OODEOHVDUHSDUWRIWKHVDPHSKUDVHWKHLQLWLDOFRQVR QDQWLV8192,&('LIWKHÀ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¶WRGLS·HQGVLQD YRZHOZKHUHDVLQEWKHYHUE>VL1@¶WRPLQFH·HQGVLQDQDVDOFRQ VRQDQW7KHUHIRUHLQERWKFDVHVWKHIROORZLQJYHUEDQGV\OODEOH>VD@ ¶WRHDW·FRXOGEHYRLFHG$FWXDOO\WKH>VD@YHUELVYRLFHGRQO\LQE ZKHUHWKHWZRYHUEVDUHWLJKWO\ERXQG:HKDYHKHUHDOH[LFDOL]HG69& LHDFRPSRXQGOH[HPH2QWKHRWKHUVLGH>VD@LVUHDOL]HGXQYRLFHGLQ DDVWKHWZRYHUEVDUHQRWLQFORVHMXQFWXUH7KHVWULQJRIYHUEVLQ DEHKDYHVOLNHDV\PPHWULFDO69&LHLVW\SLFDOO\LFRQLF )LQDOO\LQQRVDQGKLFDQRFFXU>VD@LVSUHFHGHGE\WKHYHUE >NDLɽ@¶ELWH·HQGLQJLQDJORWWDOVWRSDQGWKHIROORZLQJFRQVRQDQWZLOO EHDXWRPDWLFDOO\XWWHUHGXQYRLFHGVLQFHWKHVHJPHQWDOIHDWXUHVGRQRW DOORZVXFKDVDQGKLSURFHVVWRWDNHSODFH D%Ma=SHTBO! VKD QȿWR VD 3D VDOW ZLWKGLS HDW 32/ ,03 ¶'LSLWLQVDOWDQGHDWLW· EW!QOB8BS RHK « \DɽVL16D 7ȿƧL OD ΰD 6* VWRSPLQFHHDW 5($/$66NQRZ 467 ¶<RXNQRZ,VWRSDQGWKLQNDERXWLW«· -n`hRGRHTJ`KJHTJHTJBKHTJS FKL1șH KDșR.ԥOH .RNDL!VDODLɽ 7ȿ OLRQ 723ODPE 2%-ELWH HDW7(50 5($/$66 ¶7KHOLRQGHYRXUHGWKHODPE· 'HVSLWHWKLVUHVHUYDWLRQWKHSKRQRORJLFDOXQLWRIWKH69&FULWH ULRQKDVDGLVFULPLQDWLQJUROHLQ%XUPHVH,WDOORZVPHWRGLVWLQJXLVK EHWZHHQ ² $WUXHV\PPHWULFDO69&DQGDQDOPRVWOH[LFDOL]HG69&RQWKH RQHKDQG ² $WUXHDV\PPHWULFDO69&DQGDJUDPPDWLFDOL]HG69&RQWKH RWKHUKDQG $/,&(9,775$17 Semantic change 6HPDQWLFFKDQJHDGHÀQLQJFULWHULRQIRUDV\PPHWULFDO69&DOVR KDVDGLVFULPLQDWLQJUROHDQGLWJHQHUDOO\LPSOLHVDVHPDQWLFDOO\VXERU GLQDWHUHODWLRQVKLSDOWKRXJKWKLVVXERUGLQDWLRQ³LHWKLVVSHFLDOL]DWLRQ RIYHUEV³GLVSOD\VGLIIHUHQWVWDJHVEHWZHHQVOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWOH[LFDO PHDQLQJVDQGJUDPPDWLFDOIXQFWLRQV7KXVVRPHYHUEVPD\KDYHD VOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJDFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUSRVLWLRQDV9RU9LQWKH VWULQJDVVKRZQLQH[DPSOHZKHUHDVRWKHUVPD\KDYHXQGHUJRQH DFDWHJRULDOFKDQJHDQGEHFRPHJUDPPDWLFDOL]HG )RULQVWDQFH>S\D1@XVHGDVWKHPDLQYHUEPHDQV¶WRUHWXUQWRJR EDFN·DVLQD+RZHYHUDVD9RUD9LQDVWULQJRIYHUEVLWKDVD VOLJKWO\GLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJEF&RPSDUHZLWK>ODLɽ@¶WRIROORZ·DV DPDLQYHUEEXWFDUU\LQJDWHUPLQDWLYHDVSHFWXDOPHDQLQJZKHQXVHG DVD9DVLQH[DPSOH6HHDOVR>QH@PHDQLQJ¶WROHDYHWRVWD\· DVDPDLQYHUEFIZKLFKFRQYH\VLQDFFRPSOLVKHGDVSHFWDVLQ DQGF D@HLOnML ɽȿL1 S\D1 Pȿ KRXVH ,55$66 ¶,DPJRLQJEDFNKRPH· EB@TOOnM`OO! VDɽRɽ S\D1 SH 3D ERRN ¶*LYHPHEDFNWKHERRN· FLHTQ9`MOnMOn+ PR \ZDQH S\D1 3L UDLQ ,7(5 &56 ¶,WVWDUWHGUDLQLQJDJDLQ· UHWXUQ UHWXUQ JLYH 32/ IDOO$63,1$&& $FWXDOO\ WKLV FULWHULRQ KHOSV WR GLVWLQJXLVK LQ %XUPHVH EHWZHHQ DV\PPHWULFDO69&H[SUHVVLQJDPRGLÀFDWLRQRUVSHFLÀFDWLRQRIFLU FXPVWDQFHVPDQQHUUHVXOWDQG69&FRQWDLQLQJWUXHDX[LOLDULHVLH ¶JUDPPDWLFDOL]HG69&· ,WLVDOVRUHOHYDQWWRVHWDSDUW¶OH[LFDOL]HG69&·DVVWDWHGE\'XULH ´5HODWHGWROH[LFDOL]DWLRQRISDUWLFXODUYHUEFRPELQDWLRQV LVWKHWHQGHQF\IRUSDUWLFXODUYHUEVWRGHYHORSGLVWLQFWPHDQLQJVZKHQ XVHGLQVHULDOL]DWLRQµ )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( Inserting an item between the components of the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`3STMJRSB`XJ`L9B27S ɪH7R1.DƧDWκ\ȸɽPZH6D 3KX 7ȿ ,QWKHSDVWVRQRQH&/)KXPDGRSWUDLVH (;3(5 ¶,QWKHSDVWKHDGRSWHGDVRQ· EJ4J`L9On+BS Fȿɽ PZH 3L VD 7ȿ FKLFNHQ JLYHELUWKUDLVH 68% HDW 5($/$66 ¶+HEUHHGVVRPHFKLFNHQDQGHDWWKHP· RU¶+HEUHHGVFKLFNHQWRHDW>WRHDUQKLVOLYLQJ@· 5($/$66 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKHQ>3L@LVLQVHUWHGEHWZHHQWKHWZRYHUEVRI WKH69&LQH[DPSOHLWGRHVQRWFKDQJHWKHFRQWHQWPHDQLQJRIWKH 69&([DPSOHVKRZVDWUXHV\PPHWULFDO69&DVWKHLQVHUWLRQRI >3L@LVQRWFRUUHODWHGZLWKDQ\VHPDQWLFFKDQJHKHUH DHJRSKHTJO! \DL! ƧD! ODLɽ 3D KLWEHDW NLOO 7(50 ¶+LWKLPDQGNLOOKLPXS· EHJOn+RSKHTJO! ƧDɽ \DLɽ 3L ODLɽ 3D KLWEHDW 68%736 7(50 ¶+LWKLPDQGNLOOKLPXS· NLOO 32/ 32/ +RZHYHU DOWKRXJK WKH FODXVDO PHDQLQJV RI D DQG E DUH HTXLYDOHQW VRPH LQIRUPDQWV LGHQWLI\ D SUDJPDWLF GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKHVHWZRVHQWHQFHVWKHXVHRIWKHVXERUGLQDWRUEULQJVRXWRQHVWDJHRI WKHSURFHVVGHVFULEHGLQWKH69&)RULQVWDQFHLQEWKHHPSKDVLV $/,&(9,775$17 LVSXWRQWKHZD\RIHDWLQJWKDWLVWRVD\GLSSLQJLQVDOWWKDWPD\SUHYHQW DVRXUWDVWH DC+RQJR+JHT%Ma=SHT=BO! @aC!@QROHT3HS GLƧκ\ȿɽƧL .RVKD QȿWRVD 3D '(0PDQJR 2%-VDOW ZLWKGLSHDW 32/ ɽȿ '(0DQDSKWKLV WDVWH99EHPRUH ¶'LSWKLVPDQJRLQWKHVDOWDQGHDWLW,WLVWDVWLHU· EC+RQJR+JHT%Ma=SHT=On+BO!C!L*LGTSQW@ QL-;8S VD 3D GLƧκ\ȿɽƧL .RVKD QȿWR 3L '(0PDQJR 2%-VDOW ZLWKGLS 68%736 HDW 32/ GDPLJDPκKRɽ\L1 ɽκ\D1 FKL1 7ȿ LIQRW EHVRXU 5($/$66 ¶'LSWKLVPDQJRLQWKHVDOWDQGWRHDWLW,IQRWLWLVYHU\VRXU· GD ɽκ\DƧDSR YHU\ 5L 7ȿ KDYH 5($/$66 Scope and position of negation 7KHSRVLWLRQRIWKHQHJDWLRQPDUNHULQDQ69&LVNQRZQWREHDQ LPSRUWDQWFULWHULRQIRUYHUESKUDVHDQDO\VLVLQ6RXWK(DVW$VLDQODQ JXDJHV,WLVFXUUHQWO\XVHGWRGLVWLQJXLVKIUHHYHUEPRUSKHPHVIURP ERXQGPRUSKHPHV0DWLVRII%MRUYHUXG ,Q%XUPHVHWKLVFULWHULRQUHYHDOVHLWKHUWKHOH[LFDOL]HGRUJUDP PDWLFDOL]HGQDWXUHRIDQ69&,QERWKNLQGVRI69&RQO\WKHSUHYHUEDO SRVLWLRQEHIRUHWKHVWULQJRIYHUEVRIWKHPRUSKHPH>Pκ@QHJDWHVWKH ZKROHSURFHVVGHVFULEHGLQWKH69&WKHLQVHUWLRQRIWKHQHJDWLYHPRU SKHPH>Pκ@EHWZHHQWKHWZRYHUEVLQWKHVWULQJHLWKHUOHDGVWRDGLI IHUHQWPHDQLQJDVVKRZQLQERULVLPSRVVLEOHDVVKRZQE D«LB8BSS$7 «Pκ VL16D WDɽ 3KX «1(* PLQFHHDW &$3$& 1(* ¶,FDQQRWLPDJLQH«· 1HJDWLRQLVH[SUHVVHGLQ&ROORTXLDO%XUPHVHZLWKDGLVFRQWLQXRXVPRU SKHPH>Pκ«3KX@+RZHYHUWKHQHJDWLYHYDOXHLVFRQYH\HGHVVHQWLDOO\ E\WKHÀUVWSDUW>Pκ@DIRUPFRJQDWHWRPDQ\QHJDWLYHPRUSKHPHVLQ7LEHWR %XUPDQODQJXDJHVVHH0DWLVRII$QRWKHUFOXHLVWKHDEVHQFH RIWKHIRUP>3KX@LQQHJDWHGFODXVHVLQDUFKDLFGLDOHFWVVXFKDV$UDNDQHVH ZKHUHWKHXVHRIWKH>Pκ@IRUPLVHQRXJKWRQHJDWHDSURFHVV )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( E«B8LBSS$7 «VL1Pκ VDWDɽ 3KX «PLQFH 1(* ¶,FDQQRWHDWLWPLQFLQJLW· RU¶,ZDVQRWXVHGWRHDWLQJLWZKLOHPLQFLQJLW· HDW&$3$& 1(* DR7J;LJHTLLnWeHTW?$7 ƧXFκPD .RPκ P\L1 QDL1 3KX 6*6*:6 2%-1(* VHH WRZLQ&$3$& 1(* ¶+HFDQQRWVHHPH· ER7J;LJHTLnWLeHTW$7 ƧXFκPD .RP\L1Pκ QDL1 3KX 6*6*:6 2%-VHH1(* WRZLQ&$3$& 1(* 4. About Burmese Serial Verb Constructions (SVC) 7KHDLPRIWKLVSDSHUZDVWRSURYLGHDQHZDQGPRUHJOREDODSSURDFK WRWKH%XUPHVHYHUESKUDVHJLYHQWKHUDQJHRIFRQVWUXFWLRQVWKDWVKRZV XSZLWKLGHQWLFDOIRUPVDQGGLIIHUHQWXQGHUO\LQJVWUXFWXUHV 'HVSLWHWKHRQJRLQJGHEDWHVRQWKHUHOHYDQFHRIWKHQRWLRQRIYHUE VHULDOL]DWLRQ6HQIW6KLEDWDQL)ROH\WKLVQRWLRQ WXUQVRXWWREHUHOHYDQWIRURXUDQDO\VLVRIWKH%XUPHVHYHUESKUDVHDQG XVHIXOIRUGLVWLQJXLVKLQJDPRQJWKHGLIIHUHQWVWUXFWXUHVIRXQG ,QWKLVODVWVHFWLRQ,ZLOOSUHVHQWRXUDQDO\VLVRIWKHYHUESKUDVHLQ WHUPVRIVHULDOL]DWLRQKLJKOLJKWLQJWKHVXEW\SHVRI69&UHOHYDQWIRU %XUPHVHDQGWKHLUSURSHUWLHV 4.1. Properties of the different SVC )RXUVXEW\SHVRI69&HPHUJHIURPRXUDQDO\VLVRIYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQ LQ%XUPHVHLHRIVWULQJVRIYHUEVZLWKGLIIHUHQWXQGHUO\LQJVWUXFWXUHV %DVHGRQWKHFULWHULDSUHVHQWHGLQWKHSUHYLRXVVHFWLRQ,GLVWLQJXLVKHG /H[LFDOL]HGV\PPHWULFDO69& ¶7UXH·V\PPHWULFDO69& ¶7UXH·DV\PPHWULFDO69& *UDPPDWLFDOL]HGDV\PPHWULFDO69& Symmetrical SVC and their properties 7KUHH SURSHUWLHV DUH LPSRUWDQW IRU GLVWLQJXLVKLQJ EHWZHHQ OH[LFDO L]HG DQG WUXH V\PPHWULFDO 69& WKH SKRQRORJLFDO EHKDYLRU RI WKH $/,&(9,775$17 LQLWLDOFRQVRQDQWRIWKHVHFRQGRULQQHUYHUEWKHVHPDQWLFFKDQJH XQGHUJRQHE\WKHYHUEVDQGWKHERXQGQHVVRIWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH 69&ZKLFKFDQSUHYHQWQHJDWLRQRURWKHULWHPVWREHLQVHUWHG ² )LUVWOH[LFDOL]HG69&VKRZDSKRQRORJLFDOXQLW\WKURXJKYRLFLQJ ZKHQWKHODWWHULVSRVVLEOHVHHVHFWLRQZKLOHLQWUXHV\PPHWULFDO 69&XQYRLFHGLQLWLDOFRQVRQDQWVUHPDLQXQYRLFHG ² /H[LFDOL]HG69&EHFRPHLGLRPDWLFH[SUHVVLRQVWKHLUPHDQLQJ FDQQRWEHGHGXFHGIURPWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHLUYHUEDOFRPSRQHQWV%\ FRQWUDVWWUXHV\PPHWULFDO69&DUHVHPDQWLFDOO\WUDQVSDUHQWDVVKRZQ LQDDQGE DB`KL*$TMJ4+3WOnSaKHO « VDOH 0DSKR1&L 5L1S\D 7ȿ OȿLɽ 6DOH /2&PRQN FOHDUVKRZ 5(/5WXUWOH ¶«WKHWXUWOHDERXWZKLFKWKHPRQNLQ6DOHH[SODLQV>WKHVWRU\@· /LW¶«WKHWXUWOHWKDWWKHPRQNVKRZVFOHDUO\>WKHVWRU\@«· EKL2nSJ7S OD1 SK\D! URDG ¶+HFXW>DQG@FURVVHGWKHURDG· NX 7ȿ FXWJRDFURVVFURVV 5($/$66 ² 0RUHRYHUWKHWZRNLQGVRIV\PPHWULFDO69&GLIIHULQWKHLUV\Q WDFWLFEHKDYLRUSRVLWLRQRIWKHQHJDWLYHPDUNHULQVHUWLRQRIDVXERU GLQDWLQJPDUNHUZKHUHDVQRLWHPQHLWKHUQHJDWLRQQRUVXERUGLQDWLQJ PDUNHUVPD\EHLQVHUWHGEHWZHHQWKHFRPSRQHQWVRIDOH[LFDOL]HG69& WUXH V\PPHWULFDO 69& DUH LQFRQVLVWHQW LQ WKHLU V\QWDFWLF EHKDYLRU DFFHSWLQJYDULRXVSRVLWLRQVIRUWKHVHPDUNHUV ² )LQDOO\V\PPHWULFDO69&DUHNQRZQWREH´WLPHLFRQLFµUHIHU ULQJWRVHTXHQWLDODFWLRQVRUDFWLRQJRDODFWLRQUHVXOWFDXVHHIIHFW HYHQWVWKDWFRQVWLWXWHWKHYDULRXVSKDVHVRIDVLQJOHHYHQW%XUPHVH ¶WUXH· V\PPHWULFDO 69& GR QRW GHSDUW IURP WKH JHQHUDO UXOH +RZ HYHULFRQLFSULQFLSOHVPD\VRPHWLPHVEHLUUHOHYDQWGXHWRFRLQFLGHQW DFWLRQVODQJXDJHVSHFLÀFFRQVWUDLQWV³VHH0DWLVRIIRQWKH RUGHURIFRQFUHWHDQGDEVWUDFWYHUEVLQ/DKX³RULGLRPDWLFLW\7KXV OH[LFDOL]HG V\PPHWULFDO 69& ZKLFK DUH KLJKO\ LGLRPDWLF GR QRW FRQIRUPWRWKHLFRQLFLW\SULQFLSOH Asymmetrical SVC and their properties 7KHPDLQGLIIHUHQFHEHWZHHQV\PPHWULFDODQGDV\PPHWULFDO69& LVZKHWKHUWKHLUSDUWVEHORQJWRDQRSHQFODVVRUDFORVHGFODVV,QDV\P )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( PHWULFDO 69& RQH DW OHDVW YHUE VKRZV GHSHQGHQF\ RQ DQRWKHU YHUEWKXVWKHKHDGYHUEEHORQJVWRDQRSHQFODVVZKLOHWKHPRGLÀHU YHUEVXVXDOO\FRPHVIURPDFORVHGFODVV7KLVGHSHQGHQF\FRPHV ZLWKVHPDQWLFFKDQJH 7KLVVHPDQWLFFKDQJHSHUVHGRHVQRWGHÀQHWKHDV\PPHWULFDO69& LWDIIHFWVVRPHEXWQRWDOOWKHYHUEDOFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH69&DQGVRGLI IHUVIURPZKDWKDSSHQVLQOH[LFDOL]HG69&,QWKHODWWHUFRQVWUXFWLRQ WKHFKDQJHLQPHDQLQJDIIHFWVWKHZKROHVWULQJSURGXFLQJDQLGLRPDWLF PHDQLQJ 7KHGHJUHHRIFKDQJHGLIIHUVEHWZHHQ¶WUXH·DV\PPHWULFDO69&DQG JUDPPDWLFDOL]HGDV\PPHWULFDO69&VRPHYHUEVPD\KDYHXQGHU JRQHDVOLJKWVSHFLDOL]DWLRQZLWKDPRGLI\LQJPHDQLQJHDV\WRLQIHU IURPWKHRULJLQDOPHDQLQJRIWKHYHUEZKLOHRWKHUVPD\KDYHEHFRPH DX[LOLDULHV )RULQVWDQFHLQFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHPRWLRQYHUE>OD@¶FRPH· KDV D VOLJKWO\ GLIIHUHQW PHDQLQJ ZKHQ XVHG DV WKH ODVW YHUE RI WKH VHTXHQFHLWKDVXQGHUJRQHDIXQFWLRQDOVSHFLDOL]DWLRQDNLQGRILQWHU PHGLDWHVWDJHEHWZHHQOH[LFDODQGJUDPPDWLFDOIXQFWLRQLWDFWXDOO\ PDUNVGHL[LVLHWKHGLUHFWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVIURPWKHYLHZSRLQWRI QDUUDWRU*ULQHYDOG,QKRZHYHUWKHFKDQJHLVPRUH UDGLFDOLWKDVEHFRPHDQDVSHFWXDOPDUNHUFRQYH\LQJDFKDQJHRIVWDWH ZLWKSURJUHVVLRQLQWLPHRUDQLQFKRDWLYHPHDQLQJ `JWL`K`OnW-W6aJ`MOnM69JKS NDȸ1PDOHS\ȸ1.KL1WKȿ .DQHS\D1WKZȿɽOD 7ȿ ZRPDQ FRUQÀHOGLQVLGH )520JREDFNJRRXW FRPH!&3(7( 5($/$66 ¶ 7KH\RXQJZRPDQFRPHRXWEDFNIURPLQVLGHWKHFRUQÀHOG >WRZDUGVPH@· @HL`6WJ;`SVKS ZDOD 7ȿ ɽȿL1WKDȸ1FD 7ȸ WRPDUU\EHLQFHUWDLQVWDWH 68%736IDWFRPH!,1&+2$7 ¶6KHJRWIDWZKHQVKHPDUULHG· 5($/$66 )ROORZLQJ %ULO , VXEVXPH XQGHU ¶GHSHQGHQF\· WKH IROORZLQJ UHODWLRQV D UHODWLRQV RI GRPLQDQFH ZLWKLQ KLHUDUFKLFDO VWUXFWXUHV DQG EUHODWLRQVRIJRYHUQDQFHEHWZHHQFRQVWLWXHQWV$V\PPHWULFDOVHULDOL]D WLRQ JHQHUDOO\ GLVSOD\V WKH IRUPHU GRPLQDQFH EXW H[FOXGHV WKH ODWWHU JRYHUQDQFH ([DPSOHIURP2NHOO$OORWW $/,&(9,775$17 )LQDOO\ WKH SRVLWLRQ RI WKH VXERUGLQDWH YHUE LV QRW FRQVLVWHQW LQ DV\PPHWULFDO69&DOWKRXJKDWHQGHQF\EHFRPHVFOHDUZKHQVXERU GLQDWHYHUEVDUHWKHÀUVWFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH69&LH9SRVLWLRQWKH 69&LVD¶WUXH·DV\PPHWULFDO69&%\FRQWUDVWPRVWRIWKHYHUEVWKDW KDYHXQGHUJRQHJUDPPDWLFDOFKDQJHLHDX[LOLDULHVDSSHDUDIWHUWKH KHDGYHUEDV9 7DEOHVXPPDUL]HVWKHFRUHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHIRXUVXEW\SHVRI 69&GLVWLQJXLVKHGIRU%XUPHVH 6XEW\SHVRI69& 3URSHUWLHV /H[LFDOL]HGV\PPHWULFDO69& ²SKRQRORJLFDOUXOHDSSOLHG ²LGLRPDWLFPHDQLQJ ²1RLQVHUWLRQEHWZHHQFRPSRQHQWVRI WKH69& ¶7UXH·V\PPHWULFDO69& ²QRSKRQRORJLFDOOLQN ²VHPDQWLFWUDQVSDUHQF\ ²LQGHSHQGHQFHRIWKHYHUEVRSHQFODVV ²JHQHUDOO\LFRQLF %87GLIIHUHQWV\QWDFWLFEHKDYLRU ¶7UXH·DV\PPHWULFDO69& ²GHSHQGHQF\KHDGPRGLÀHU UHODWLRQVKLS ²UHVWULFWHGFODVVRIWKHPRGLI\LQJYHUE ²VOLJKWVHPDQWLFFKDQJH %87GLIIHUHQWV\QWDFWLFEHKDYLRU *UDPPDWLFDOL]HGDV\PPHWULFDO ²GHSHQGHQF\KHDGPRGLÀHU 69& UHODWLRQVKLS ²UHVWULFWHGFODVVRIWKHPRGLI\LQJYHUE ²VHPDQWLFFKDQJH!JUDPPDWLFDO IXQFWLRQ ²PRGLI\LQJYHUEDV9DIWHU9KHDG *HQHUDOO\QRLQVHUWLRQEHWZHHQFRPSR QHQWVRIWKH69& Table 1. – Sub-types of SVC and their properties in Burmese. 4.2. A continuum with prototypical types of SVC $OWKRXJKWKHGLIIHUHQWVXEW\SHVSUHVHQWHGFRXOGEHFKDUDFWHUL]HGZLWK SKRQRORJLFDO V\QWDFWLF DQG VHPDQWLF SURSHUWLHV ZKDW DOVR HPHUJHV IURPWKHVHGHÀQLWLRQVLVWKDWRXUIRXUVXEW\SHVDUHQRWFOHDUFXWFDW HJRULHVRI69& )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( $EHWWHUZD\WRJLYHDQDFFRXQWRI%XUPHVHYHUESKUDVHVLVWKHUH IRUHWRDQDO\]HWKHGLIIHUHQWVHTXHQFHVRIYHUEVVWXGLHGDVEHORQJLQJWR DFRQWLQXXPPDUNHGRXWE\IRXUSURWRW\SLFDOFDWHJRULHVDVVKRZQLQ ÀJXUH WHQGHQF\WRZDUGV WHQGHQF\WRZDUGV! /(;,&$/,=$7,21 $6<00(75,&$/69& *5$00$7,&$/,=$7,21 $X[LOLDULHV 6<00(75,&$/69& &RPSRXQGOH[HPHV Figure 1. – Continuum of Serial Verb Constructions (SVC) 7KLVDSSURDFKLVFRQÀUPHGE\GLDFKURQLFVWXGLHVRIYHUEVHULDOL]D WLRQWKDWVKRZDWHQGHQF\IRUYHUEVWRVKLIWIURPLVRODWLRQVHULDOYHUEV WRERXQGQHVVVHHIRRWQRWH,QRWKHUZRUGVVHULDOYHUEVWHQGWROH[L FDOL]HRUWRJUDPPDWLFDOL]HZLWKFRPPRQFURVVOLQJXLVWLFFKDQJHV6HH IRULQVWDQFH2]DQQH5LYLHUUH5LYLHUUHRQWKHJUDGXDOGHYHORS PHQWRIFRQWLJXRXVYHUEVLQYROYLQJJHVWXUHDQGDFWLRQLQWRFRPSRXQGV LQ1HZ&DOHGRQLDQODQJXDJHVRU0DWLVRIIIIRQDUHDODQG XQLYHUVDOSDWWHUQVRI¶YHUEOHDFKLQJ·DQG¶YHUSRVLWLRQV·LQ(DVWDQG 6RXWKHDVW$VLDQODQJXDJHV 7KHUHLVDYHU\VWURQJGLDFKURQLFWHQGHQF\WROH[LFDOL]DWLRQDQGJUDP PDWLFDOL]DWLRQRIWKHPHDQLQJRIVHULDOFRPSOH[HVWKLVFDQLQYROYH WUHDWLQJ WKH ZKROH VHULDO FRPSOH[ DV D VLQJOH OH[LFDOL]HG LWHP RU ¶GHPRWLRQ·RIWKHPHDQLQJDQGJUDPPDWLFDOVWDWXVRIRQHRIWKHYHUEV WRWKDWRIDPRGLÀHURUFDVHPDUNHU'XULH Conclusion *LYHQRXUDLPWRSURYLGHDPRUHJOREDOGHVFULSWLRQRIWKH%XUPHVHYHUE SKUDVHWKHQRWLRQRI6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXFWLRQKHOSHGWRJLYHDJOREDO ¶9HUEOHDFKLQJ·UHIHUVWR´WKHVHPDQWLFSURFHVVE\ZKLFKDIXOOYHUEXQGHU JRHV DEVWUDFWLÀFDWLRQ DW WKH VDPH WLPH DV LW H[SDQGV LWV FRRFFXUUHQFH SRVVLELOLWLHV>«@:KHQWKLVSURFHVVLVIDUHQRXJKDGYDQFHGWKHEOHDFKHG PRUSKHPHFDQEHFRPHDVDWHOOLWHWRDQLQGHÀQLWHQXPEHURIKHDGV³DQDX[ LOLDU\KHOSLQJRU¶YHUVDWLOH·YHUEµ0DWLVRIIZKLOH¶YHUSRVL WLRQV·LVDODEHOIRU´YHUEGHULYHGPRUSKHPHVWKDWKDYHFRPHWRIXQFWLRQOLNH SUHSRVLWLRQµLELG $/,&(9,775$17 DFFRXQWRIWKRVHYHUESKUDVHVWKDWDUHLGHQWLFDORQWKHVXUIDFHEXWKDYH GLIIHUHQWXQGHUO\LQJVWUXFWXUHV $OWKRXJKQRFOHDUFXWFDWHJRULHVRIVHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQHPHUJH VRPHWHQGHQFLHVFDQEHKLJKOLJKWHGIRULQVWDQFHSRVWKHDGSRVLWLRQ RI PRGLI\LQJ YHUEV LQ JUDPPDWLFDOL]HG 69& YV SUHKHDG SRVLWLRQ RIPRGLI\LQJYHUEVLQDV\PPHWULFDO69&WUDQVSDUHQF\YVVHPDQWLF FKDQJHWRGLVWLQJXLVKEHWZHHQV\PPHWULFDODQGDV\PPHWULFDO69& 0RUHRYHUWKHFULWHULDUHWDLQHGIRURXUDQDO\VLV³VXFKDVWKHSKRQR ORJLFDOFULWHULRQ³FOHDUO\GLVFULPLQDWHEHWZHHQ69&DW HDFKHQGRI WKHFRQWLQXXPLHOH[LFDOL]HGDQGJUDPPDWLFDOL]HG69&1RWLFHKRZ HYHUWKHVLPLODUEHKDYLRURIOH[LFDOL]HG69&RQRQHHQGDQGJUDP PDWLFDOL]HG69&RQWKHRWKHUHQGRIWKHFRQWLQXXPZKLFKGLIIHURQO\LQ WKHLUVHPDQWLFSURSHUWLHV³7DEOHDERYHVXPPDUL]HVDQGLOOXVWUDWHV WKHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHGLIIHUHQWW\SHV69&LQ%XUPHVH $OWKRXJK,SUHVHQWHGRXUUHVXOWVDFFRUGLQJWRRXUFRQWLQXXPQRWLFH WKDW7DEOHFRXOGKDYHEHHQSUHVHQWHGZLWKWKHVSOLWEHWZHHQV\P PHWULFDODQGDV\PPHWULFDO69&ZKLFKZRXOGKDYHVKRZQWKDWERWK HQGVRIWKHWDEOHPHHW ABBREVIATIONS $1$3+ $66 $8; %(1() &/) &)8*( &3(7( &56 '(0 ',0 '0 ',5 ,03 ,1$&& ,1&+2$7 ,5 ,7(5 /2& 10/= DQDSKRULF DVVHUWLYH DX[LOLDU\ EHQHIDFWLYH FODVVLÀHU PRWLRQDZD\IURPGHLFWLFFHQWHU PRWLRQWRZDUGGHLFWLFFHQWHU FXUUHQWUHOHYDQWVWDWH GHPRQVWUDWLYH GLPLQXWLYH GLVFRXUVHPDUNHU GLUHFWLRQDO LPSHUDWLYH LQDFFRPSOLVKPHQW LQFKRDWLYHDVSHFW LUUHDOLVPRGDOLW\ LWHUDWLYHDVSHFW ORFDWLYH QRPLQDOL]HU )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( 2%- REMHFW 3(5) SHUIHFW 32/ SROLWHQHVV 3/85 SOXUDO 467 TXHVWLRQPDUNHU 5RU5($/ UHDOLVPRGDOLW\ 5(/ UHODWRU 5(68/7 UHVXOWDWLYHDVSHFW 6 VRXUFHRIWKHDFWLRQ´DEODWLYHµRU´QRPLQDWLYHµ 68% VXERUGLQDWRU 637 VSDFLRWHPSRUDO 7(50 WHUPLQDWLYHDVSHFW 723 WRSLF :6 ZRPDQVSHDNLQJ RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $,.+(19$/'$<DQG',;2150:GLU6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXF WLRQV$&URVVOLQJXLVWLF7\SRORJ\2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV $//277$-´&DWHJRULHVIRUGHVFULSWLRQIRUYHUEDOV\QWDJPDLQ %XUPHVHµ /LQJXD $PVWHUGDP 1RUWK+ROODQG 3XEOLVKLQJ &R %$.(5 % DQG +$59(< 0 ´&RPSOH[ SUHGLFDWH IRUPDWLRQµ LQ 0$PEHUEHU % %DNHU DQG 0 +DUYH\ GLU &RPSOH[ 3UHGLFDWHV &URVV/LQJXLVWLF 3HUVSHFWLYHV RQ (YHQW 6WUXFWXUH &DPEULGJH 0$ &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV %$0*%26($´2QVHULDO9HUEVDQG9HUEDO6WDWXVµ-RXUQDORI:HVW $IULFDQ/DQJXDJHV %(5127'/HSUpGLFDWHQELUPDQSDUOp3DULV6(/$) %(5127' 'LFWLRQQDLUH %LUPDQ)UDQoDLV )DVFLFXOHV j 3DULV6(/$))DVFLFXOHV3DULV6(/$)3((7(56 DQGZLWKWKHFROODERUDWLRQRI0<LQ<LQ0\LQW %(5127' &$5',1$8'0+DQG<,1<,10<,170*UDPPDLUH ELUPDQH0DQXHOGXELUPDQYRO3DULV/·$VLDWKqTXH %,&.(/%DQG1,&+2/6-´2FHDQLDWKH3DFLÀF5LPDQGWKHWKHRU\ RIOLQJXLVWLFDUHDVµ3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHQG$QQXDO0HHWLQJRIWKH %HUNHOH\/LQJXLVWLFV6RFLHW\%HUNHOH\ %,6$1*:´$UHDOW\SRORJ\DQGJUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ3URFHVVHVRI JUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQEDVHGRQQRXQVDQGYHUEVLQ(DVWDQGPDLQODQG 6RXWK(DVW$VLDQODQJXDJHVµ6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH$PVWHUGDP -RKQ%HQMDPLQV $/,&(9,775$17 %5,/,´&RPSOH[QXFOHLLQ2FHDQLFODQJXDJHV&RQWULEXWLRQWRDQ DUHDOW\SRORJ\µLQ,%ULODQG)2]DQQH5LYLHUUHGLU&RPSOH[3UHGL FDWHVLQ2FHDQLF/DQJXDJH6WXGLHVLQWKH'\QDPLFVRI%LQGLQJDQG %RXQGQHVV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU %5,/,DQG2=$11(5,9,(55()GLU&RPSOH[3UHGLFDWHVLQ2FH DQLF/DQJXDJHV6WXGLHVLQWKH'\QDPLFVRI%LQGLQJDQG%RXQGQHVV %HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU &/$5.( ´+PRQJ DQG$UHDO 6RXWK(DVW$VLDQµ LQ '%UDGOH\ HG3DSHUVLQ6RXWK(DVW$VLDQ/LQJXLVWLFV6RXWK(DVW$VLDQ6\QWD[ QR&DQEHUUD3DFLÀF/LQJXLVWLFV &/$5.(´6HULDOLVDWLRQLQ0DLQODQG6RXWKHDVW$VLDµLQ7KH7KLUG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO6\PSRVLXPRQ/DQJXDJHDQG/LQJXLVWLFV%DQJNRN&KX ODORQJNRUQ8QLYHUVLW\ &52)7:7\SRORJ\DQG8QLYHUVDOV&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QL YHUVLW\3UHVV '(&+$,1(50´6HULDO9HUEV&RQVWUXFWLRQVµLQ--DFREV$9RQ 6WHFKRZ:6WHUQHIHOGDQG79HQQHPDQQGLU6\QWD[$Q,QWHUQD WLRQDO+DQGERRNRI&RQWHPSRUDU\5HVHDUFK%HUOLQ1HZ<RUN:DOWHU GH*UX\WHU '(/$1&(<6´7KHRULJLQVRIYHUEVHULDOL]DWLRQLQ0RGHUQ7LEHWDQµ 6WXGLHVLQ/DQJXDJH '85,( 0 ´*UDPPDWLFDO VWUXFWXUHV LQ YHUE VHULDOL]DWLRQµ LQ $$OVLQD-%UHVQDQDQG36HOOVGLU&RPSOH[3UHGLFDWHV6WDQIRUG &6/,3XEOLFDWLRQV (1),(/' 1 ´$UHDO OLQJXLVWLFV DQG 0DLQODQG 6RXWKHDVW $VLDµ $QQXDO5HYLHZ$QWKURSRORJ\ )2/(<:´(YHQWVDQGVHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQµLQ0$PEHUEHU %%DNHUDQG0+DUYH\GLU&RPSOH[3UHGLFDWHV&URVV/LQJXLVWLF 3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ(YHQW6WUXFWXUH&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV *,9Ó17 ´6HULDO9HUEV DQG V\QWDFWLF FKDQJH 1LJHU &RQJRµ LQ &KDUOHV1/LGLU:RUG2UGHUDQG:RUG2UGHU&KDQJH$XVWLQ8QL YHUVLW\RI7H[DV3UHVV *,9Ó1 7 ´6RPH VXEVWDQWLYH LVVXHV FRQFHUQLQJ YHUE VHULDOL]D WLRQ *UDPPDWLFDO YV FRJQLWLYH SDFNDJLQJµ LQ &/HIHEYUH GLU 6HULDO 9HUEV *UDPPDWLFDO &RPSDUDWLYH DQG &RJQLWLYH $SSURDFKHV $PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV *5,1(9$/'&´2QFRQVWUXFWLQJDZRUNLQJW\SRORJ\RIWKHH[SUHV VLRQRISDWKµ)DLWVGH/DQJXHV/HV&DKLHUV +$*e*(&/HSUREOqPHOLQJXLVWLTXHGHVSUpSRVLWLRQVHWODVROX WLRQFKLQRLVH&ROOHFWLRQ/LQJXLVWLTXHGHOD6/3/;;,3DULV/RXYDLQ 3HHWHUV )25$1(:$1$/<6,62)7+(9(5%3+5$6(,1%850(6( +$16621,/´9HUEFRQFDWHQDWLRQLQ$NKDµLQ*7KXUJRRG-$ 0DWLVRIIDQG'%UDGOH\GLU/LQJXLVWLFVRIWKH6LQR7LEHWDQ$UHD 3DSHUVSUHVHQWHGWR3DXO.%HQHGLFWIRUKLVVWELUWKGD\&DQEHUUD $XVWUDOLDQ1DWLRQDO8QLYHUVLW\6HULH& +$63(/0$7+ 0 '5<(5 0 &205,( % DQG *,/ ' GLU :RUOG $WODVRI/DQJXDJH6WUXFWXUHV2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV -$5.(<16HULDOYHUEVLQ:KLWH+PRQJ$IXQFWLRQDODSSURDFK 'RFWRUDOGLVVHUWDWLRQ8QLYHUVLW\RI6\GQH\$XVWUDOLD -$5.(< 1 ´&RQWHPSRUDO VHULDO YHUE FRQVWUXFWLRQV LQ :KLWH +PRQJµLQ0$%UHWW%DNHUDQG0+DUYH\GLU&RPSOH[3UHGL FDWHV&URVV/LQJXLVWLF3HUVSHFWLYHVRQ(YHQW6WUXFWXUH&DPEULGJH &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV .52(*(535$QDO\]LQJV\QWD[&DPEULGJH&DPEULGJH8QLYHU VLW\3UHVV /$=$5'*´:KDWDUHW\SRORJLVWVGRLQJ"µLQ=)UDM]\QJLHUDQG '5RRGGLU/LQJXLVWLFGLYHUVLW\DQGODQJXDJHVWKHRULHV$PVWHUGDP 3KLODGHOSKLD-RKQ%HQMDPLQV /$=$5' * ´9HUV XQH W\SRORJLH VFLHQWLÀTXHµ /D /LQJXLVWLTXH /,&1DQG7+2036216$0DQGDULQ&KLQHVHD)XQFWLRQDO5HI HUHQFH*UDPPDU8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV /25'&+LVWRULFDO&KDQJHLQ6HULDO9HUE&RQVWUXFWLRQ$PVWHU GDP3KLODGHOSKLD-RKQ%HQMDPLQV 0$7,62))-$´9HUEFRQFDWHQDWLRQLQ/DKXWKHV\QWD[DQGVHPDQ WLFVRI¶VLPSOH·MX[WDSRVLWLRQµ$FWD/LQJXLVWLFD+DIQLHQVLD 0$7,62))-$´$UHDODQG8QLYHUVDO'LPHQVLRQVRI*UDPPDWL]D WLRQLQ/DKXµLQ(&ORVV7UDXJRWWDQG%+HLQH'LU$SSURDFKHVWR JUDPPDWLFDOL]DWLRQ)RFXVRQ7KHRULFDODQG0HWKRGRORJLFDO,VVXHV $PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLD-RKQ%HQMDPLQV 0$7,62)) -$ +DQGERRN RI 3URWR7LEHWR%XUPDQ 6\VWHP DQG 3KLORVRSK\RI6LQR7LEHWDQ5HFRQVWUXFWLRQ%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI &DOLIRUQLD3UHVV 2.(//-$5HIHUHQFH*UDPPDURI&ROORTXLDO%XUPHVHYRO /RQGRQ2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 2.(//-DQG$//277$%XUPHVH0\DQPDUDGLFWLRQDU\RIJUDP PDWLFDOVIRUPV5LFKPRQG&XU]RQ3UHVV 2=$11(5,9,(55()DQG5,9,(55(-&´9HUEDOFRPSRXQGVDQG OH[LFDO SUHÀ[HV LQ WKH ODQJXDJHV RI 1HZ &DOHGRQLDµ LQ , %ULO DQG )2]DQQH5LYLHUUHGLU&RPSOH[3UHGLFDWHVLQ2FHDQLF/DQJXDJH 6WXGLHVLQWKH'\QDPLFVRI%LQGLQJDQG%RXQGQHVV%HUOLQ0RXWRQ GH*UX\WHU $/,&(9,775$17 6(%%$07KHV\QWD[RIVHULDOYHUEV$QLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQWRVHUL DOLVDWLRQLQ6UDQDQDQGRWKHUODQJXDJHV$PVWHUGDP-RKQ%HQMDPLQV &UHROH/DQJXDJH/LEUDU\ 6(1)7*´:KDWGRZHUHDOO\NQRZDERXWVHULDOYHUEFRQVWUXFWLRQV LQ$XVWURQHVLDQ DQG 3DSXDQ ODQJXDJHV"µ LQ &RPSOH[ 3UHGLFDWHV LQ 2FHDQLF/DQJXDJH6WXGLHVLQWKH'\QDPLFVRI%LQGLQJDQG%RXQG QHVV%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU 6+,%$7$1,0´2QWKHIRUPRIFRPSOH[SUHGLFDWHVWRZDUGGHP\V WLI\LQJVHULDOYHUEVµLQ-+HOPEUHFKW<1LVKLQD<06KLQ66NR SHWDHV DQG ( 9HUKRHYHQ GLU )RUP DQG )XQFWLRQ LQ /DQJXDJH 5HVHDUFK3DSHUVLQ+RQRXURI&KULVWLDQ/HKPDQQ%HUOLQ0RXWRQ GH*UX\WHU 67$+/.(+´6HULDOYHUEVµLQ6WXGLHVLQ$IULFDQ/LQJXLVWLFV 9$1 '(5 $8:(5$ - DQG 18<76 - ´&RJQLWLYH OLQJXLVWLFV DQG W\SRORJ\µ +DQGERRN RI &RJQLWLYH /LQJXLVWLFV 2[IRUG %ODFNZHOO 9,775$17$/DPRGDOLWpHWVHVFRUUpODWVHQELUPDQGDQVXQHSHU VSHFWLYHFRPSDUDWLYHWKqVHGHGRFWRUDW8QLYHUVLWp3DULV9LQFHQQHV ²6DLQW'HQLV 9,775$17$´/HVFRQVWUXFWLRQVYHUEDOHVHQVpULHXQHQRXYHOOH DSSURFKHGXV\QWDJPHYHUEDOELUPDQµLQ%XOOHWLQGHOD6RFLpWpOLQ JXLVWLTXHGH3DULV3DULV3HHWHUV 9,775$17$´$LUHOLQJXLVWLTXH$VLHGX6XG(VWFRQWLQHQWDOHOH ELUPDQHQIDLWLOSDUWLH"µ0RXVVRQV$L[HQ3URYHQFH383 9,775$17$´&RQWUDLQWHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVFRJQLWLYHVHWFXOWXUHOOHV GDQVO·H[SUHVVLRQGHWUDMHFWRLUHVFRPSOH[HVµLQIRUWKFRPLQJ$FWHV GX &ROORTXH ´/DQJDJH GLVFRXUV pYpQHPHQWVµ )ORUHQFH ,WDOLH PDUVDYULO :+($7/(< - DQG . %XUPHVH $ JUDPPDWLFDO VNHWFK WKqVH GH GRFWRUDW%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLD Dictionaries: LnML@$H&M >'LFWLRQQDLUH ELUPDQ@ 'HSDUWPHQW RI WKH 0\DQPDU /DQJXDJH&RPPLVVLRQ<DQJRQ%XUPD0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ8QLRQ RI0\DQPDU 0\DQPDU(QJOLVK'LFWLRQDU\'HSDUWPHQWRIWKH0\DQPDU/DQ JXDJH&RPPLVVLRQ<DQJRQ%XUPD0LQLVWU\RI(GXFDWLRQ8QLRQRI 0\DQPDU Valence sémantique et diathèses en tibétain (Lhasa) &DPLOOH6LPRQ RÉSUMÉ /HVGHVFULSWLRQVGHODV\QWD[HGXWLEpWDLQRQWGHSXLVORQJWHPSVPLVHQ pYLGHQFHSOXVLHXUVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVTXLPRQWUHQWTXHOHVTXHVWLRQVGH YDOHQFHYHUEDOHGDQVFHWWHODQJXHQHSHXYHQWrWUHWUDLWpHVjXQQLYHDX VLPSOHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHPDLVGRLYHQWLQWpJUHUGHVFRPSRVDQWHVSUDJ PDWLTXHVHWVpPDQWLTXHVHVVHQWLHOOHV&HWDUWLFOHYLVHGRQFjPHWWUH HQDYDQWFHVTXHVWLRQVG·RUGUHVpPDQWLTXHHVVHQWLHOOHVSRXUODFRP SUpKHQVLRQGHODQRWLRQGHYDOHQFH1RXVSURSRVRQVWRXWG·DERUGXQH GpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHHQWLEpWDLQSXLVXQHGHVFULSWLRQGH GHX[GLDWKqVHVHWHQÀQG·XQDXWUHH[HPSOHGHYDULDWLRQGXPDUTXDJH PRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVGDQVO·pQRQFp ABSTRACT 'HVFULSWLRQVRIWKHV\QWD[RI7LEHWDQODQJXDJHKDYHORQJGUDZQDWWHQ WLRQWRVHYHUDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHLVVXHVRIYHUEYDOHQF\ LQWKLVODQJXDJHFDQQRWEHSURFHVVHGDWDSXUHO\V\QWDFWLFOHYHO(VVHQ WLDOSUDJPDWLFDQGVHPDQWLFIHDWXUHVPXVWEHLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHGHÀQL WLRQRIYDOHQF\7KLVDUWLFOHDLPVWRXQGHUOLQHWKHVHDVSHFWVRIVHPDQWLF IHDWXUHVLPSRUWDQWWRRXUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKLVQRWLRQ)LUVW,ZLOOGHOLYHU DVHPDQWLFGHÀQLWLRQRIYDOHQF\LQWKH7LEHWDQODQJXDJHDQGFRQWLQXH ZLWKDGHVFULSWLRQRIWZRGLDWKHVHVDQGDQRWKHUW\SHRIYDULDWLRQRIWKH FDVHPDUNLQJRIDUJXPHQWV 1. Introduction /HVGHVFULSWLRQVGHODV\QWD[HGXWLEpWDLQRQWGHSXLVORQJWHPSVPLVHQ pYLGHQFHSOXVLHXUVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVTXLPRQWUHQWTXHOHVTXHVWLRQVGH YDOHQFHYHUEDOHGDQVFHWWHODQJXHQHSHXYHQWrWUHWUDLWpHVjXQQLYHDX &DPLOOH6LPRQHVWGRFWRUDQWHDX/DERUDWRLUH/$&,728058QLYHU VLWp3DULV &$0,//(6,021 VLPSOHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHPDLVGRLYHQWLQWpJUHUGHVFRPSRVDQWHVSUDJ PDWLTXHVHWVpPDQWLTXHVHVVHQWLHOOHVDEVHQFHG·LQGH[DWLRQGHVDFWDQWV DXQLYHDXGXV\QWDJPHYHUEDO)RXFDX[7RXUQDGUH FDUDFWqUHIDFXOWDWLIHQFRQWH[WHGHWRXVOHVV\QWDJPHVQRPLQDX[ G·XQpQRQFp7RXUQDGUHHWÁXFWXDWLRQVGDQVODSUpVHQFH GHVPDUTXHVFDVXHOOHVFHOOHVFLVRQWRPLVVLEOHVSRXUGHVUDLVRQVVW\OLV WLTXHVGDQVODODQJXHOLWWpUDLUHVpPDQWLFRSUDJPDWLTXHVGDQVODODQJXH SDUOpH7RXUQDGUH,ODpJDOHPHQWpWpPRQWUpTXHFHWWH ODQJXHTXLVXLWXQDOLJQHPHQWSULQFLSDOHPHQWHUJDWLIQHFRQQDLWQLYRL[ SDVVLYHQLDQWLSDVVLYH7RXUQDGUHOHVIRQFWLRQVVpPDQ WLTXHVRXSUDJPDWLTXHVSULVHVHQFKDUJHSDUFHVGLDWKqVHVSRXYDQWrWUH H[SULPpHVSDUVLPSOHRPLVVLRQG·XQDUJXPHQWRXSHUPXWDWLRQGHOHXU RUGUHG·DSSDULWLRQGDQVO·pQRQFp 2Q SRXUUDLW GqV ORUV VH GHPDQGHU GDQV TXHOOH PHVXUH OD QRWLRQ GHYDOHQFHHVWRSpUDWLRQQHOOHHQWLEpWDLQ1HVHUDLWLOSDVSUpIpUDEOH G·DEDQGRQQHUO·LGpHVHORQODTXHOOHOHYHUEHGpWHUPLQHOHQRPEUHG·DF WDQWVGDQVO·pQRQFpDXSURÀWG·XQHFRQFHSWLRQVHORQODTXHOOHOHVYHUEHV GHFHWWHODQJXHQHSRVVqGHQWSDVGHVWUXFWXUHDFWDQFLHOOHIRQGDPHQWDOH HWVRQWGRQFVXVFHSWLEOHVGHUpJLUXQQRPEUHYDULDEOHG·DFWDQWV"'HV GLIÀFXOWpVGHFHW\SHPDLVjGHVGHJUpVPRLQGUHVVRQWIUpTXHPPHQW pYRTXpHVGDQVOHVGHVFULSWLRQVW\SRORJLTXHVGHODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHGDQV GLYHUVHVODQJXHVSDUH[HPSOHYRLUO·DQDO\VHGHFHWWHQRWLRQSDU/D]DUG VDQVSRXUDXWDQWUHPHWWUHHQFDXVHOHFRQFHSWPrPHGHYDOHQFH FRPPHRXWLOGHFODVVLÀFDWLRQV\QWD[LTXHGHVYHUEHV )DFHjFHVGLIÀFXOWpVXQHGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHIDLVDQWLQWHUYHQLU GHX[QLYHDX[DpWpSURSRVpHYRLUSDUH[HPSOH&UHLVVHOVHWSHUPHW GHUpVRXGUHXQHSDUWLHGHVSUREOqPHVUHQFRQWUpVVDQVUHPHWWUHHQFDXVH ODSHUWLQHQFHGHODQRWLRQ2QGLVWLQJXHUDDORUVYDOHQFHV\QWD[LTXHRX WUDQVLWLYLWpGpÀQLHDXQLYHDXGHO·pQRQFpG·XQHSDUWQRPEUHG·DFWDQWV SUpVHQWVGDQVXQpQRQFpGRQQpHWYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHGpÀQLHDXQLYHDX GXOH[LTXHG·DXWUHSDUW 'DQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVQRXVSURSRVHURQVXQFULWqUHSRXUGLVWLQJXHU DFWDQWVHWFLUFRQVWDQWVSDUPLOHVV\QWDJPHVQRPLQDX[GHO·pQRQFp(Q HIIHWGXIDLWGHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHVGHFHWWHODQJXH OHVFULWqUHVIUpTXHPPHQWpQXPpUpVSRXUGpÀQLUODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHQH IRQFWLRQQHQWSDVRXIRQFWLRQQHQWPDOHQWLEpWDLQ &·HVWjGLUHXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHVHPEODEOHjXQFKDQJH PHQWGHYRL[PDLVQRQPDUTXpVXUOHV\QWDJPHYHUEDO 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ $LQVLQRXVVXJJpURQVGHIRQGHUODGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHHQWLEp WDLQHWGDQVOHVODQJXHVGRQWOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHHVW VHPEODEOHHVVHQWLHOOHPHQWVXUXQFULWqUHVpPDQWLTXHO·LPSOLFDWLRQRX QRQSDUOHYHUEHGHODSUpVHQFHG·XQ3DUWLFLSDQWGDQVO·pQRQFpRXGDQV OHFRQWH[WH /DGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHUHQGHQVXLWHSRVVLEOHO·pWXGH GHVTXHVWLRQVGHUpDOLVDWLRQPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVHWGHOHXU U{OH V\QWD[LTXH GDQV O·pQRQFp HQ SHUPHWWDQW GH PHWWUH HQ pYLGHQFH O·H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[W\SHVGHGLDWKqVHVHQWLEpWDLQOHVFKDQJHPHQWVGH YDOHQFHGHW\SHFDXVDWLIRXGpFDXVDWLIDXWRFDXVDWLIG·XQHSDUWHWUpFL SURTXHG·DXWUHSDUW&HVFKDQJHPHQWVGHYDOHQFHQHV·DFFRPSDJQHQW G·DXFXQ PDUTXDJH GX V\QWDJPH YHUEDO PDLV IRQFWLRQQHQW GH IDoRQ SDUDOOqOHDX[YRL[UpFLSURTXHHWFDXVDWLYHRXGpFDXVDWLYHDXWRFDXVD WLYHWDQWDXQLYHDXVpPDQWLTXHTX·jFHOXLGXPDUTXDJHGHVDFWDQWV 2QREVHUYHpJDOHPHQWO·H[LVWHQFHG·DXWUHVPpFDQLVPHVUpJXOLHUVGH PRGLÀFDWLRQGXPDUTXDJHFDVXHOGHVDFWDQWVDFFRPSDJQpVGHFKDQJH PHQWVpPDQWLTXH1RXVGpFULURQVSOXVHQGpWDLOO·XQG·HQWUHHX[GDQV ODGHUQLqUHSDUWLH&HVPpFDQLVPHVVHGLVWLQJXHQWGHVGLDWKqVHVGDQVOD PHVXUHRLOVQHSHXYHQWrWUHPLVHQSDUDOOqOHDYHFGHVYRL[DWWHVWpHV SDUDLOOHXUVGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHV 1RXV SURSRVRQV QpDQPRLQV GH FRQVLGpUHU GH OD PrPH IDoRQ OHV SKpQRPqQHVGHGLDWKqVHGHVDXWUHVSKpQRPqQHVGHYDULDWLRQGXWUDL WHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVGDQVXQpQRQFpGDQVODPHVXUH RLOVPDQLIHVWHQWWRXVGHX[XQFKRL[GXORFXWHXUSRXUFRQFHSWXDOLVHU XQpYqQHPHQW:LOOLDP&URIWGpYHORSSHODQRWLRQGH ©FRQFHSWXDOLVDWLRQªRXG·©LQWHUSUpWDWLRQªSRXUGpVLJQHUOHIDLWTX·XQ PrPHpYqQHPHQWSHXWrWUHGpFULWGDQVXQHPrPHODQJXHVRXVGHV IRUPHVGLYHUVHV&HVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVG·XQpYqQHPHQWRQW OHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVVXLYDQWHV&URIW D 7KHUHDUHPXOWLSOHDOWHUQDWLYHFRQVWUXDOVRIDQH[SHULHQFHDYDLODEOH E $VSHDNHUKDVWRFKRRVHRQHFRQVWUXDORUDQRWKHUWKH\DUHPXWXDOO\ H[FOXVLYH F 1RFRQVWUXDOLVWKH´EHVWµRU´ULJKWµRQHRXWRIFRQWH[Wµ ©D3OXVLHXUVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVDOWHUQDWLYHVSRXUXQHH[SpULHQFHVRQWGLVSRQLEOHV E8QORFXWHXUGRLWFKRLVLUO·XQHRXO·DXWUHGHFHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVHOOHVV·H[ FOXHQWPXWXHOOHPHQW F+RUVFRQWH[WHDXFXQHLQWHUSUpWDWLRQQ·HVW´SOXVMXVWHµRX´PHLOOHXUHµ TX·XQHDXWUHª &$0,//(6,021 &HWWHQRWLRQSHUPHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUG·H[SOLTXHUODYDULDELOLWpGXWUDL WHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVTX·LOV·DJLVVHRXQRQjSURSUH PHQWSDUOHUGHGLDWKqVHV$LQVLXQHDQDO\VHVHPEODEOHGHVGHX[W\SHV GHGLDWKqVHVPHQWLRQQpHVHWGHVDXWUHVSKpQRPqQHVGHYDULDWLRQGHWUDL WHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVSHUPHWGHPRQWUHUQRQVHXOHPHQW O·LPSRUWDQFHGHVIDFWHXUVVpPDQWLFRSUDJPDWLTXHVSRXUODGHVFULSWLRQ GHODV\QWD[HGXWLEpWDLQPDLVpJDOHPHQWjGHVGHJUpVGLYHUVSRXUOD SOXSDUWGHVODQJXHV /HVGRQQpHVSUpVHQWpHVLFLRQWpWpUHFXHLOOLHVj/KDVDFDSLWDOHWUD GLWLRQQHOOHHWFXOWXUHOOHGHOD]RQHOLQJXLVWLTXHWLEpWDLQHDXSUqVG·XQH ORFXWULFHGHDQVRULJLQDLUHGHODYLOOHORUVG·XQVpMRXUHIIHFWXpHQWUH VHSWHPEUHHWMXLOOHW/·DLUHOLQJXLVWLTXHWLEpWDLQHTXLV·pWHQG VXUXQSHXPRLQVGHPLOOLRQVGHNPFRPSUHQGGHQRPEUHX[GLD OHFWHVRXODQJXHVHQWUHOHVTXHOOHVO·LQWHUFRPSUpKHQVLRQHVWOLPLWpH /DODQJXHSDUOpHj/KDVDHVWXQHODQJXHWUqVSURFKHGXWLEpWDLQVWDQ GDUGODQJXHGHODGLDVSRUDPDLVFRPSRUWHQpDQPRLQVGHVVSpFLÀFLWpV OH[LFDOHVHWV\QWD[LTXHVTXLWUDQVSDUDLVVHQWGDQVOHVpQRQFpVSUpVHQWpV LFL/HXUHQUHJLVWUHPHQWFRUUHVSRQGDLWjXQHHQWUHSULVHGHGRFXPHQWD WLRQGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVDVVRFLpHVDX[YHUEHVWLEpWDLQVFRX UDPPHQWHPSOR\pVGDQVODODQJXHSDUOpHRQDGHPDQGpjODORFXWULFH G·LOOXVWUHUOHVGLYHUVHPSORLVSRVVLEOHVGHFKDTXHYHUEHHQSURSRVDQW TXHOTXHVpQRQFpVGDQVOHVTXHOVLOFRQVWLWXDLWOHYHUEHSULQFLSDO 2. Une définition sémantique de la valence verbale 'pÀQLUODYDOHQFHG·XQYHUEHLPSOLTXHG·RSpUHUXQHGLVWLQFWLRQFODLUH HQWUHOHVDFWDQWVFHQWUDX[GpSHQGDQWGLUHFWHPHQWGXV\QWDJPHYHUEDO HWOHVDFWDQWVSpULSKpULTXHVRXFLUFRQVWDQWVTXLQHSDUWDJHQWSDVFHWWH UHODWLRQDYHFOHYHUEH*LOEHUW/D]DUGSURSRVHFRPPH SUHPLHUFULWqUHOHIDLWTXHODSUpVHQFHGHFHUWDLQVDUJXPHQWVFRQWUDLUH PHQWjG·DXWUHVHVWV\QWD[LTXHPHQWUHTXLVHGDQVO·pQRQFpVRXVIRUPH GHV\QWDJPHVQRPLQDX[RXG·LQGLFHVDFWDQFLHOVSRUWpVSDUOHYHUEH&H PrPHDXWHXUQXDQFHFHSHQGDQWVRQSURSRVHQQRWDQWO·H[LVWHQFHGDQV GHVODQJXHVDXVVLELHQFRQQXHVTXHOHIUDQoDLVG·DFWDQWVQRQUHTXLVHW GHFLUFRQVWDQWVTXLOHVRQW/D]DUG2QFRQVWDWHGRQFTXHOD IRUPXODWLRQG·XQWHOFULWqUHV·DYqUHGqVOHGpSDUWSUREOpPDWLTXH/HV ODQJXHVFRPPHOHWLEpWDLQRFRPPHFHODDpWpPRQWUp7RXUQDGUH DXFXQV\QWDJPHQRPLQDOQ·HVWREOLJDWRLUHPHQWSUpVHQW 9RLUSDUH[HPSOHjFHVXMHW7RXUQDGUH 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ GDQVO·pQRQFpHWROHYHUEHQHFRPSRUWHDXFXQLQGLFHDFWDQFLHOLQYL WHQWjOHPHWWUHHQTXHVWLRQRXGXPRLQVjHQUHFRQVLGpUHUO·LPSRU WDQFH2QSHXWVHGHPDQGHUVLW\SRORJLTXHPHQWLOHVWjUHWHQLUSDUPL OHVFULWqUHVGpÀQLWRLUHVGHODYDOHQFH2QSHXWDMRXWHUTXHOHVHFRQG FULWqUHPLVHQDYDQWSDU*LOEHUW/D]DUGFHOXLGHVPDUTXHVSRUWpHVSDU OHVDUJXPHQWVQ·HVWSDVQRQSOXVDSSOLFDEOHHQWLEpWDLQ(QHIIHWOHV PDUTXHV FDVXHOOHV TXL GLVWLQJXHQW OHV GLIIpUHQWV W\SHV G·DUJXPHQWV GDQVXQpQRQFpVRQWSRXUODSOXSDUWSRO\VpPLTXHVGDQVFHWWHODQJXH HUJDWLILQVWUXPHQWDOGDWLIORFDWLIGLUHFWLIDEODWLIHUJDWLIHWF,OHVW GRQFLPSRVVLEOHGHGpÀQLUXQDFWDQWSDUVRQPDUTXDJHPRUSKRORJLTXH 'H SOXV FRPPH FHOD D pWp PHQWLRQQp SOXV KDXW HOOHV SHXYHQW rWUH RPLVHVGDQVFHUWDLQHVFRQGLWLRQV ,OHVWGRQFQpFHVVDLUHGHVHIRQGHUVXUG·DXWUHVFULWqUHVSRXUGpÀQLU ODYDOHQFHGXYHUEHHQWLEpWDLQ1RXVSURSRVRQVGHUHWHQLUXQFULWqUH G·RUGUHVpPDQWLTXHSOXW{WTXH V\QWD[LTXHSRXUGpWHUPLQHUOHQRPEUH GHVDFWDQWVG·XQYHUEH $LQVL RQ FRQVLGpUHUD TX·XQ V\QWDJPH QRPLQDO IDLW SDUWLH GH OD YDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHG·XQYHUEHV·LOQHSHXWSDVrWUHVXSSULPpGDQVXQ pQRQFp KRUV FRQWH[WH 6L VRQ DEVHQFH IRUPHOOH GDQV XQ pQRQFp UHQ YRLHLPPpGLDWHPHQWO·LQWHUORFXWHXUDXFRQWH[WHSRXUUHFRQVWLWXHUFHW pOpPHQWF·HVWjGLUHTX·HOOHSURYRTXHXQHDQDSKRUH]pURDORUVLOIDLW SDUWLHGHODYDOHQFHGXYHUEH(QO·DEVHQFHGHWRXWDUJXPHQWV\QWD[L TXHPHQWUHTXLVGDQVO·pQRQFpFHWHVWGHO·DQDSKRUH]pURHVWHQHIIHW OHVHXOPR\HQTXLSHUPHWWHGHPHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHODSUpVHQFHG·XQH HQWLWpQRQH[SULPpHPDLVFHSHQGDQWVRXVHQWHQGXHSDUO·HPSORLG·XQ YHUEHSDUWLFXOLHU'DQVXQVHFRQGWHPSVOHIDLWTX·XQHWHOOHHQWLWpVRLW VRXVHQWHQGXHSDUOHYHUEHLQGLTXHTXHO·DUJXPHQWHQWUHWLHQWXQHUHOD WLRQpWURLWHDYHFOHYHUEHUpJLVVDQWODSURSRVLWLRQHWSHXWjFHWLWUH rWUHFRQVLGpUpFRPPHXQDFWDQWGHFHYHUEH,OV·DJLWGRQFG·RSpUHUXQ GpSODFHPHQWGHFHWWHQRWLRQG·DUJXPHQWUHTXLVG·XQQLYHDXSXUHPHQW V\QWD[LTXHjXQQLYHDXVpPDQWLTXHFHTXLSDUDLOOHXUVHVWFRQIRUPH DYHFO·LGpHVHORQODTXHOOHODYDOHQFHHVWXQHSURSULpWpOH[LFDOHGXYHUEH %HWWLQD=HLVOHUPHQWLRQQHO·XWLOLVDWLRQGHFHFULWqUHGDQV O·pWXGHGHODYDOHQFHGHVYHUEHVHQ/DGDNKL /HFKDQJHPHQWRXO·DEVHQFHGHFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXH HVWPLVHQpYLGHQFHGHODIDoRQVXLYDQWHGHVpQRQFpVGDQVOHVTXHOV O·DUJXPHQWGRQWRQYHXWWHVWHUOHVWDWXWHVWRPLVVRQWSUpVHQWpVKRUV FRQWH[WHjXQORFXWHXU6DUpDFWLRQIDFHjFHVpQRQFpVLQGLTXHVLOHV\Q WDJPHQRPLQDORPLVHVWRXQRQjFRQVLGpUHUFRPPHXQDFWDQW(QHIIHW VL OH ORFXWHXU LQWHUURJH VSRQWDQpPHQW VRQ LQWHUORFXWHXU VXU O·LGHQ WLWp GH O·pOpPHQW RPLV FHOD VLJQLÀH ELHQ TXH FHW pOpPHQW IDLW SDUWLH &$0,//(6,021 GH ODYDOHQFHGXYHUEHSXLVTXH VRQDEVHQFHUHQYRLHDXFRQWH[WHSRXU O·LGHQWLÀHU 'DQV FH FDV O·pQRQFp QH FRPSRUWDQW TX·XQ VHXO DFWDQW HVWELHQVpPDQWLTXHPHQWLQFRPSOHWTXRLTXHV\QWD[LTXHPHQWFRUUHFW /·RPLVVLRQIRUPHOOHGHO·DFWDQWQ·HVWGRQFSDVFRUUpOpHjXQFKDQJHPHQW GHODYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHGXYHUEHSXLVTX·HOOHJpQqUHXQHDQDSKRUH /HV H[HPSOHV HQ HW PRQWUHQW TXH O·HPSORL G·XQ PrPHYHUEHGDQVXQpQRQFp FRPSUHQDQWUHVSHFWLYHPHQW GHX[ DFWDQWV H[HPSOHV D RX XQ VHXO H[HPSOHV E SHXW RX QRQ rWUH DFFRPSDJQp G·XQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFHGXYHUEH 3 DVGHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFH DɢŎࢎ̀Ŏ ŎࡋŎʓ੶̀ŎڐŎ ̀܆Ŏ؛Ŏ» ̀ࢎŎ ڐԏŎ̀ڸŎő N KRUDQJ VRVR LJVDQJED PDQJSR¡QJDUEVKDGE\XQJ 6* ¶ ,OP·DGLWEHDXFRXSGHVHVVHFUHWV· 5e)/*e1VHFUHW EHDXFRXS$%66*'$7 GLUH367 Eɢ̀ŎŎ ̀੶ŎڐԏŎؒŎࡥ֛ő N KRQJOD QJDVEVKDGSD\LQ 6*'$7 6*(5*GLUH367 ¶ &·HVWPRLTXLOHOXLDLGLW· ¶ &·HVWPRLTXLOXLDLSDUOp· 'DQV O·H[HPSOH E O·DEVHQFH GH PHQWLRQ H[SOLFLWH GX 3DWLHQW HVWDLQVLV\VWpPDWLTXHPHQWLQWHUSUpWpHFRPPHXQHDQDSKRUH]pUR/H 3DWLHQWIDLWELHQSDUWLHGHODJULOOHDFWDQFLHOOHGXYHUEH $XFRQWUDLUHHQDHWERQDELHQXQYHUEHUpJLVVDQWWDQW{W GHX[DFWDQWVWDQW{WXQVHXO(QHIIHWO·DEVHQFHG·DFWDQWPDUTXpjO·HU JDWLIQHJpQqUHSDVG·DQDSKRUH]pURHWLOQ·HVWPrPHSDVSRVVLEOHG·LQ WURGXLUHXQ$JHQWGDQVO·H[HPSOHE 0 RGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFH D̀੶Ŏ ࡂన੶ŎʓࢎŎ֛̀ŎŎ Q JDV ]ORVJDUQDQJOD ऴŎ ʓ੶Ŏ» UPRODJV¡ ʀڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő NKUDESD\LQ 6*(5* *UDQGPqUH+$%6 MRXHU367 ¶ $XWKpkWUHM·DLMRXpOD*UDQGPqUH· WKpkWUHLQWpULHXU'$7 EړŎŎࡉԒŎ»͋̀ŎԔ੶ŎࠤŎ՜ʓ੶ŎʀڐŎؒŎԏőԏŎেŎ E XPR GL¡FKXQJGXV]KHGUDJVNKUDESDUHGGDOWD À OOH'e0$%6SHWLWTXDQGWUqVMRXHU367 PDLQWHQDQW ࡉˏԏŎؒŎઘ੶Ŏࠜڐʓ J\RGSDVN\HVE]KDJ U HJUHW9683367 ¶ &HWWHÀOOHV·HVWEHDXFRXSDPXVpHTXDQGHOOHpWDLWMHXQH 0DLQWHQDQWHOOHUHJUHWWH· 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ ,FLOHFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHV·DFFRPSDJQHG·XQJOLV VHPHQWVpPDQWLTXHGXYHUEHNKUDE¶MRXHU·&HSHQGDQWFHQ·HVWSDV WRXMRXUVOHFDVFRPPHOHPRQWUHQWOHVH[HPSOHVDEDYHFXQDXWUH YHUEH DறŎ͊܆Ŏʓ੶ŎȒ੶Ŏ ̀ࡋŎړŎ»ʓʓŎ੶̺ڐŎʓ֛̀Ŏ̀Ŏő DPFKLODJVN\LV QJD LEX¡JVKDJEFRVJQDQJVRQJ PpGHFLQ+(5* ¶/HPpGHFLQDRSpUpPRQÀOV· Eࢵ֛Ŏʓ੶Ŏ»গŎ ʓͤ੶Ŏʝ̀ŎŎʓʓŎ੶̺ڐŎʓ֛̀ŎؒŎԏő UJDQODJV¡OR JQ\LVJRQJODJVKDJEFRVJQDQJSDUHG SURIHVVHXU+$%6DQQpHGHX[DYDQW'$7RSpUDWLRQ9683+367 ¶/HSURIHVVHXUV·HVWIDLWRSpUHULO\DGHX[DQV· 6**e1ÀOV$%6RSpUDWLRQ9683+367 /HVH[HPSOHVjWpPRLJQHQWGRQFGHO·LPSRUWDQFHGHGLV WLQJXHU FH SKpQRPqQH G·HOOLSVH G·XQ DFWDQW GDQV XQ FRQWH[WH FODLU G·XQHYpULWDEOHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHGXYHUEH(Q HIIHWGDQVO·H[HPSOHEO·DUJXPHQWDEVHQWGXYHUEH '2,7rWUHGpGXF WLEOHGXFRQWH[WHGHO·pQRQFpDORUVTXHFHQ·HVWSDVOHFDVGDQVOHV H[HPSOHVEHWE'DQVFHVGHX[GHUQLHUVH[HPSOHVHQHIIHWLO V·DJLWG·XQHYpULWDEOHUpGXFWLRQG·DFWDQWVHWQRQG·XQHVLPSOHRPLV VLRQ3DUDLOOHXUVO·H[HPSOHWpPRLJQHG·XQHFHUWDLQHVSpFLDOLVDWLRQ OH[LFDOHLQWURGXLWHSDUFHFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFHV\QWD[LTXHOHVVHQV GHO·HPSORLELDFWDQFLHOHWPRQRDFWDFLHOGXYHUEHQHVRQWSDVVpPDQWL TXHPHQWpTXLYDOHQWV 2QFRQVWDWHGRQFjWUDYHUVFHVH[HPSOHVTXHVLOHVDUJXPHQWVQH VRQWSDVV\QWD[LTXHPHQWUHTXLVSDUOHYHUEHDXVHQVGH*LOEHUW/D]DUG LOQ·HQYDSDVGHPrPHDXQLYHDXVpPDQWLTXHFHUWDLQV DUJXPHQWVGXYHUEHVRQWVpPDQWLTXHPHQWUHTXLVOHXUDEVHQFHIRUPHOOH GpFOHQFKHXQHDQDSKRUH]pURWDQGLVTXHG·DXWUHVQHOHVRQWSDV/H QRPEUHG·DFWDQWVSUpVHQWVGDQVXQpQRQFpODWUDQVLWLYLWpQHSHXWSDV FRQVWLWXHUXQFULWqUHGHGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHG·XQYHUEHHQWLEpWDLQ HWQHSHXWGRQFrWUHSULVHQFRPSWHSRXUH[DPLQHUOHVSKpQRPqQHVGH FKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFH(QUHYDQFKHODYDULDWLRQGHODYDOHQFHVpPDQ WLTXHFRQVWLWXHXQFULWqUHSHUWLQHQWSRXUGpÀQLUXQFKDQJHPHQWGHOD VWUXFWXUHDFWDQFLHOOHGXYHUEH &HWWHGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHSHUPHWGHPHWWUHHQpYLGHQFH O·H[LVWHQFHGHGHX[W\SHVGHGLDWKqVHVTXLFRUUHVSRQGHQW²DXQLYHDX VpPDQWLTXHHWV\QWD[LTXH²jGHVSURFpGpVGHGpULYDWLRQDFWDQFLHOOHTXL GDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHVVRQWPDUTXpVDXQLYHDXGXV\QWDJPHYHUEDO &$0,//(6,021 3. Diathèse causative ou autocausative / décausative 8QHSUHPLqUHFDWpJRULHGHFKDQJHPHQWGHODYDOHQFHVDQVFRUUpODWIRU PHOVXUOHYHUEHFRQFHUQHOHVFDVRODUpRUJDQLVDWLRQV\QWD[LTXHGHV DUJXPHQWVV·DFFRPSDJQHG·XQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGXQRPEUHGHV3DUWLFLSDQWV jO·pYqQHPHQWGRQFG·XQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHODYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXH &HUWDLQVYHUEHVSHXYHQWDLQVLrWUHHPSOR\pVDOWHUQDWLYHPHQWGDQV XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHRXGDQVXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQELDFWDQ FLHOOH FRQVWUXFWLRQ HUJDWLYH RX HUJDWLYH PL[WH &RPPH YX SUpFp GHPPHQWLOHVWQpFHVVDLUHGHGLVWLQJXHUOHVFDVG·RPLVVLRQGHO·$JHQW PDUTXpjO·HUJDWLIGDQVO·pQRQFpSURGXLVDQWO·HIIHWG·DQDSKRUH]pUR FRPPHGDQVO·H[HPSOHGHVYpULWDEOHVFDVGHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHOD VWUXFWXUH V\QWD[LTXH HW VpPDQWLTXH UpJLH SDU OH YHUEH FRPPH GDQV O·H[HPSOHFLGHVVRXVRODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHEQ·LP SOLTXHSDVO·H[LVWHQFHG·XQ$JHQW$XWUHPHQWGLWHWFRQIRUPpPHQWj ODGpÀQLWLRQGHODYDOHQFHSURSRVpHGDQVODVHFWLRQLOHVWQpFHVVDLUH TXHFHFKDQJHPHQWGHWUDQVLWLYLWpV·DFFRPSDJQHG·XQFKDQJHPHQWGH ODYDOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHGXYHUEHSRXUSRXYRLUFRQVLGpUHUFHSKpQRPqQH FRPPHXQHGLDWKqVH DĻ̀੶Ŏ ށŎ̀Ŏ» QJDV WVKHULQJ¡ 6*(5* 7VpULQJ$%6 ¶-·DLUpYHLOOp7VpULQJ· ʓͤԏŎ੶ԏŎؒŎࡥ֛ő JQ\LGVDGSD\LQ UpYHLOOHU367 ÈŎ» ԗŎ̀Ŏ ࠥʓ੶Ŏʓ੶Ŏ હŎ؛Ŏ ʓͤԏŎ੶ԏŎ̀ڸŎő QJD¡ GHULQJ ]KRJVJDVVQJDSR JQ\LGVDGE\XQJ 6*$%6 DXMRXUG·KXL PDWLQ ¶-HPHVXLVUpYHLOOpW{WFHPDWLQ· W{W UpYHLOOHU367 ,OSHXWrWUHGLIÀFLOHG·pWDEOLUFODLUHPHQWOHFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFH GDQVGHWHOVH[HPSOHV3DUGpÀQLWLRQGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQDOLJQHPHQW HUJDWLI RQ Q·REVHUYH SDV GH PRGLÀFDWLRQ GX PDUTXDJH V\QWD[LTXH GHVDFWDQWVOHPrPHDUJXPHQWUHVWHPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLITX·LOVRLW DFWDQWXQLTXHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHRXVHFRQGDFWDQWGH ODFRQVWUXFWLRQHUJDWLYH'HSOXVO·DFWDQWXQLTXHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQ PRQRDFWDQFLHOOHVHPEOHGXSRLQWGHYXHVpPDQWLTXHGHYRLUrWUHDVVL &·HVWjGLUHUHVSHFWLYHPHQWGRQWOHSUHPLHUDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpjO·HUJDWLIHW OHVHFRQGjO·DEVROXWLIHWGRQWOHSUHPLHUDFWDQWHVWjO·HUJDWLIHWOHVHFRQGDX GDWLI 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ PLOpDX3DWLHQWGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQELDFWDQFLHOOHjFDXVHGHO·DEVHQFHGH YROLWLRQQRWDPPHQW 'HODPrPHIDoRQGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVDHWEO·DPELJLWpGH O·pQRQFpLQWUDQVLWLIEHVWPLVHHQpYLGHQFHSDUO·HPSORLG·XQYHUEH DSSDUWHQDQWDXUHJLVWUHKRQRULÀTXH'HX[LQWHUSUpWDWLRQVVRQWHQHIIHW SRVVLEOHVHQWHUPHVGHYDOHQFH ² O·$JHQWHVWRPLVHWUHFRQVWLWXpSDUDQDSKRUH]pURDXTXHOFDVOH FKRL[G·XQYHUEHKRQRULÀTXHV·H[SOLTXHSDUOHIDLWTXHO·$JHQW OHPpGHFLQHVWMXJpGLJQHGHFHUHJLVWUHGHODQJXH ² OHYHUEHUpJLWXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHVLPSOHHWOHFKRL[ GHODYHUVLRQKRQRULÀTXHGXYHUEHV·H[SOLTXHSDUOHIDLWTXHO·DF WDQWXQLTXHOHSURIHVVHXUHVWMXJpGLJQHGHFHUHJLVWUHGHODQJXH 2QSHXWQRWHUTXHODSUHPLqUHLQWHUSUpWDWLRQHVWVSRQWDQpPHQWSUp IpUpHGDQVXQpQRQFpFRPPHRLOHVWSOXVGLIÀFLOH²PrPHVLFH Q·HVWELHQVUSDVH[FOX²G·LPDJLQHUXQFRQWH[WHRO·RQDVVRFLHUDLW ¶ÀOV·GRQWODSRVLWLRQVRFLDOHHVWLQIpULHXUHjFHOOHGHVHVSDUHQWVjXQ YHUEHGXUHJLVWUHKRQRULÀTXH/DVHFRQGHSRVVLELOLWpG·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQGH FHWpQRQFpLQGLTXpHFLGHVVRXVDYHFXQSRLQWG·LQWHUURJDWLRQHVWGRQF FRQVLGpUpHSDUOHVORFXWHXUVFRPPHSOXVLPSUREDEOHHQO·DEVHQFHG·XQ FRQWH[WHSDUWLFXOLHU&HWWHSRVVLELOLWpLQGLTXHQpDQPRLQVTXHOHYHUEH JVKDJVEFRVJQDQJ¶RSpUHU·KRQRULÀTXHSHXWELHQUpJLUGHX[JULOOHV DFWDQFLHOOHVGLVWLQFWHV ̀ࡋŎ QJD L ړŎ» EX¡ ʓʓŎ੶̺ڐŎʓ֛̀ŎؒŎԏő JVKDJEFRVJQDQJSDUHG 6**e1 ÀOV$%6 RSpUDWLRQ9VXS+367 ¶>,O@DRSpUpPRQÀOV·0DLV"¶0RQÀOVV·HVWIDLWRSpUHU· 3DUDLOOHXUVO·HPSORLGHVVXIÀ[HVYHUEDX[FRQVWLWXHpJDOHPHQWXQH LQGLFDWLRQVXUOHIDLWTXHO·pQRQFpQHFRPSUHQDQWTX·XQDFWDQWPDUTXp jO·DEVROXWLIUHSUpVHQWHYpULWDEOHPHQWXQFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFHSDU UDSSRUWjO·pQRQFpFRPSUHQDQWGHX[DFWDQWV (QDO·HPSORLGXVXIÀ[HYHUEDOSD\LQTXLH[SULPHODYDOHXU G·pJRSKRULTXHFRQWU{ODEOHLQGLTXHTXHO·DFWDQWPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLI HVWELHQXQDFWDQWXQLTXH(QHIIHWFHVXIÀ[HQHSHXWrWUHHPSOR\pTXH ORUVTXHO·DFWDQWPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLIHQIRQFWLRQG·$JHQWRXG·DFWDQW 8QFRQWUHH[HPSOHVHUDLWOHFDVROHÀOVHVWXQODPDUpLQFDUQpDXTXHOFDV O·HPSORLGHO·KRQRULÀTXHVHUDLWGHPLVH &$0,//(6,021 XQLTXHFRUUHVSRQGjXQHSUHPLqUHSHUVRQQHTXLDFFRPSOLWO·DFWLRQLQWHQ WLRQQHOOHPHQW²FHTXLLUDLWjO·HQFRQWUHGHVDGpÀQLWLRQFRPPH3DWLHQW ,OHVWDORUVH[FOXG·LQVpUHUXQ$JHQWFRPPHGDQVO·H[HPSOHE DԗŎ̀Ŏ ̀Ŏ» ઽ֛ŎࡉʝʓŎəڐŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő GHULQJQJD¡ VQJRQ JRJNKDEEUJ\DESD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXL6*$%6 YDFFLQ9683367 ¶$XMRXUG·KXLMHPHVXLVIDLWYDFFLQHU· E ԗŎ̀Ŏ றŎ੶͊܆Ŏ̀Ŏ» ઽ֛ŎࡉʝʓŎəڐŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő GHULQJDPFKLVQJD¡VQJRQ JRJNKDEEUJ\DESD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXLPpGHFLQ(5*6*$%6YDFFLQ9683367 /LW¶$XMRXUG·KXLMHPHVXLVIDLWYDFFLQHUSDUOHPpGHFLQ· (QÀQSRXUPHQWLRQQHUGHIDoRQH[KDXVWLYHO·HQVHPEOHGHVSRV VLELOLWpVRQSHXWHQFRUHGRQQHUOHFDVROHVHXODFWDQWDSSDUDLVVDQW GDQVO·pQRQFpHVWPDUTXpDXGDWLIDRXjO·HUJDWLIE(QDOH IDLWTXHO·DFWDQWDSSDUDLVVHDXGDWLILPSOLTXHTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQ3DWLHQW JUDPPDWLFDO'DQVFHFDVORUVTXHO·$JHQWHVWRPLVVRQLGHQWLWpHVW QpFHVVDLUHPHQWLQGLTXpHSDUOHFRQWH[WHOHPDUTXDJHGX3DWLHQWJUDP PDWLFDODXGDWLISOXW{WTX·jO·DEVROXWLIFRUUHVSRQGLFLjXQHHPSKDVHVXU VRQLGHQWLWp²YRLUpJDOHPHQWjFHVXMHWODVHFWLRQ/·H[HPSOHE HVWSRWHQWLHOOHPHQWDPELJXGDQVODPHVXUHRO·DFWDQWPDUTXpjO·HU JDWLISHXWrWUHO·$JHQWGRQFXQPpGHFLQ²HWOH3DWLHQWVHUDLWVRXV HQWHQGX²PDLVLOSHXWpJDOHPHQWrWUHDQDO\VpFRPPHO·DFWDQWXQLTXH G·XQYHUEHORUVTXHFHOXLFLHVWPLVHQFRQWUDVWHDYHFXQDXWUHDFWDQW HPSKDVHFRQWUDVWLYHTXLH[SOLTXHO·HPSORLGHO·HUJDWLIGDQVXQpQRQFp PRQRDFWDQFLHOYRLU7RXUQDGUH DԗŎ̀Ŏ Ŏࢎ̀ŎŎ GHULQJ PRUDQJOD ઽ֛ŎࡉʝʓŎəڐŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎԏő VQJRQ JRJNKDEEUJ\DESDUHG DXMRXUG·KXL6*'$7 YDFFLQ9683367 ¶$XMRXUG·KXL LO D pWp YDFFLQp·¶$XMRXUG·KXL RQLOHOOH O·D YDFFLQp· EԗŎ̀Ŏ ̀੶Ŏ GHULQJ QJDV ઽ֛ŎࡉʝʓŎəڐŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő VQJRQ JRJNKDEEUJ\DESD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXL6*(5* YDFFLQ9683367 ¶$XMRXUG·KXLMHPHVXLVIDLWYDFFLQHU·2XELHQ¶$XMRXUG·KXL MHO·DLYDFFLQp· $LQVLSRXUFHVYHUEHVXQpQRQFpQHFRPSUHQDQWTX·XQVHXODFWDQW PDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLISHXWrWUHFRPSULVFRPPHXQHYpULWDEOHFRQVWUXF WLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHVDQV$JHQWRXELHQDOWHUQDWLYHPHQWFRPPH 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQHUJDWLYHRO·$JHQWVHUDLWVRXVHQWHQGX3DUFRQWUH XQpQRQFpQHFRPSUHQDQWTX·XQVHXODFWDQWPDUTXpDXGDWLILPSOLTXH QpFHVVDLUHPHQWDXQLYHDXVpPDQWLTXHODSUpVHQFHG·XQ$JHQWVRXV HQWHQGX'DQVOHSUHPLHUFDVRQDGRQFELHQXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHOD YDOHQFHGXYHUEHTXLSHXWrWUHPLVHHQSDUDOOqOHDYHFODGLDWKqVHFDXVD WLYHRXGpFDXVDWLYHDXWRFDXVDWLYHO·RULHQWDWLRQpWDQWGLIÀFLOHjGpWHU PLQHUGXIDLWGHO·DEVHQFHGHPDUTXHGHGpULYDWLRQDFWDQFLHOOHVXUOH YHUEH6HORQ'HQLV&UHLVVHOVOHVIRUPHVDXWRFDXVDWLYHV SHXYHQWrWUHGpÀQLHVGHODIDoRQVXLYDQWH >(@OOHVVXJJqUHQWTXHOHGpFOHQFKHPHQWGXSURFHVVXVQHPHWHQMHX DXFXQHIRUFHH[WpULHXUHLGHQWLÀDEOH/DSRUWHV·RXYUH/HWLVVXV·XVH RXELHQHOOHVPLQLPLVHQWO·LQWHUYHQWLRQG·XQHIRUFHH[WpULHXUHHQLQVLV WDQWVXUXQHSUpGLVSRVLWLRQSDUWLFXOLqUHGXUpIpUHQWVXMHWjVXELUOHSURFqV &HWLVVXVHODYHIDFLOHPHQW /HGpFDXVDWLIHVWLFLGLVWLQJXpGHO·DXWRFDXVDWLIO·DFWDQWXQLTXHG·XQ pQRQFpDXWRFDXVDWLIHVWVXVFHSWLEOHGHFRQWU{OHUO·pYqQHPHQWFRQWUDLUH PHQWjFHOXLG·XQpQRQFpGpFDXVDWLI 1RWRQVDXSDVVDJHTX·LOHVWH[FOXGHUDSSURFKHUXQHWHOOHDOWHUQDQFH G·XQPpFDQLVPHGHSDVVLYLVDWLRQHQDGRSWDQWODGpÀQLWLRQGXSDVVLIGX PrPHDXWHXU /HSDVVLIFDQRQLTXHHVWXQPpFDQLVPHTXLRSpUDQWVXUXQYHUEHWUDQ VLWLISURGXLWXQHIRUPHLQWUDQVLWLYHGpULYpHGRQWOHVXMHWUHoRLWH[DFWH PHQWOHPrPHU{OHVpPDQWLTXHTXHO·REMHWGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQWUDQVLWLYH /·DUJXPHQWUHSUpVHQWpSDUOHVXMHWGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQWUDQVLWLYHSHXW GHYHQLUXQREOLTXHRXrWUHFRPSOqWHPHQWRFFXOWpPDLVVDSDUWLFLSD WLRQPrPHjO·pYqQHPHQWUHVWHLPSOLTXpHSDUODFRQVWUXFWLRQSDVVLYH &UHLVVHOV 2QDYXSOXVKDXWGDQVODVHFWLRQTXHODPRGLÀFDWLRQGXQRPEUH G·DUJXPHQWVGXYHUEHHQWLEpWDLQQHSRXYDLWrWUHGpÀQLHTX·DXQLYHDX VpPDQWLTXHLPSOLFDWLRQRXQRQGHODSUpVHQFHG·XQ3DUWLFLSDQWPLVH HQpYLGHQFHSULQFLSDOHPHQWSDUO·DQDSKRUH]pURDLQVLTXHGHIDoRQSOXV VHFRQGDLUHSDUOHVVXIÀ[HVYHUEDX[HWO·HPSORLGHO·KRQRULÀTXH/D GpÀQLWLRQGXSDVVLIWHOOHTX·HOOHHVWGRQQpHSDUFHWDXWHXUHQWUHGRQF HQFRQWUDGLFWLRQDYHFOHVFULWqUHVDGRSWpVLFLSRXUGpÀQLUODYDOHQFH YHUEDOHHQWLEpWDLQ '·DXWUHSDUWODSRVVLELOLWpFRPPHHQDG·DYRLUXQVXIÀ[HYHUEDO LQGLTXDQWTXHO·DFWDQWXQLTXHFRQWU{OHOHGpURXOHPHQWGHO·pYqQHPHQW LPSOLTXHTX·LO\DLWXQHUpRUJDQLVDWLRQGXUDSSRUWHQWUHU{OHVVpPDQ WLTXHVHWV\QWD[LTXHVHWQRQXQHVLPSOHSHUPXWDWLRQ(QDO·DFWDQW &$0,//(6,021 XQLTXHQHFRUUHVSRQGSDVVHXOHPHQWDX3DWLHQWVpPDQWLTXHGHO·pYqQH PHQWPDLVFXPXOHFHUWDLQHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVVpPDQWLTXHVjODIRLVGH O·$JHQWHWGX3DWLHQW $LQVLVHORQOHVGpÀQLWLRQVGXGpFDXVDWLIHWGHO·DXWRFDXVDWLIO·H[ HPSOHDTXLFRPSRUWHXQVXIÀ[HYHUEDOLQGLTXDQWTXHO·DFWDQWXQLTXH FRQWU{OHOHGpURXOHPHQWGXSURFqVVHUDSSURFKHUDLWG·XQHIRUPHDXWR FDXVDWLYHO·LQYHUVHO·H[HPSOHEGDQVOHTXHOOHVXIÀ[HYHUEDO E\XQJ LQGLTXH O·DEVHQFH GH FRQWU{OH GH O·pYqQHPHQW SDU O·DFWDQW XQLTXHSHXWrWUHPLVHQSDUDOOqOHDYHFO·H[HPSOHVXLYDQWLOOXVWUDQWOH GpFDXVDWLI 7VZDQD&UHLVVHOV D1JZDQDR WKXELOHPDH &/HQIDQWV&/ ¶/·HQIDQWDFDVVpOHV±XIV· E0DHD ¶/HV±XIVVHVRQWFDVVpV· &/±XI FDVVHU3$5)),1&/±XI WKXEHJLOH V&/ FDVVHU'e&$863$5)),1 &RPPHRQO·DYXLOHVWpJDOHPHQWSRVVLEOHGHFRPSDUHUFHWWHDOWHU QDQFHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQV\QWD[LTXHjODGpULYDWLRQFDXVDWLYH(QHIIHWVL O·RQFRQVLGqUHTXHODIRUPHGHEDVHHVWO·pQRQFpLQWUDQVLWLIRQREVHUYH XQIRQFWLRQQHPHQWSDUDOOqOHjODGpULYDWLRQFDXVDWLYHGpÀQLHSDUO·DMRXW G·XQ$JHQWFDXVDWHXUjO·pYqQHPHQW$LQVLLOHVWSRVVLEOHGHFRPSDUHU OHVH[HPSOHVHQDX[H[HPSOHVHQ 7XUF(UVHQ5DVFK D>%HQ@EHNOHGLP >6*120@DWWHQGUH3676* ¶-·DLDWWHQGX· E>6HQ@EHQL EHNOHWWLQ >6*120@6*$&&DWWHQGUH&$863676* ¶7XP·DVIDLWDWWHQGUH· 2QSHXWGRQFpWDEOLUXQSDUDOOqOHHQWUHO·DOWHUQDQFHGHVFRQVWUXF WLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVSRVVLEOHVDYHFXQYHUEHGRQQpHQWLEpWDLQHWGHVFKDQ JHPHQWVGHYRL[,OIDXWFHSHQGDQWUDSSHOHUTXHSRXUFHWWHDOWHUQDQFH GHYDOHQFHLOHVWVRXYHQWORLQG·rWUHpYLGHQWG·pYDOXHUVLDXQLYHDX VpPDQWLTXHO·DFWDQWH[WHUQH$JHQWRXFDXVDWHXUHVWRXQRQSUpVHQW GDQVODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOH6LGDQVOHFDVGHFHUWDLQVYHUEHV SUpVHQWpV FLGHVVXV RQ SHXW GLUH TX·RQ VH WURXYH YpULWDEOHPHQW HQ SUpVHQFHG·XQFKDQJHPHQWGHYDOHQFHGDQVG·DXWUHVFDVLOHVWSOXV 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ GLIÀFLOHG·pFDUWHUODSRVVLELOLWpG·XQHVLPSOHDQDSKRUH]pURRXG·XQ $JHQW UHVWDQW LQGpÀQL &HWWH DPELJLWp UHQG GRQF pJDOHPHQW FRPSOL TXpH O·pYDOXDWLRQ GH OD IUpTXHQFH HW GH OD SURGXFWLYLWp GH FHWWH DOWHU QDQFHV\QWD[LTXH 4XRL TX·LO HQ VRLW O·H[LVWHQFH GH FH W\SH G·DOWHUQDQFH SODLGH HQ IDYHXU GH OD GLVWLQFWLRQ HQWUH YDOHQFH VpPDQWLTXH HW WUDQVLWLYLWp DX QLYHDXGHO·pQRQFpSXLVTXHVHXOHFHWWHGLVWLQFWLRQSHUPHWGHPHWWUHHQ pYLGHQFHO·H[LVWHQFHG·XQHFDWpJRULHGHYHUEHVFDSDEOHVGHUpJLUDOWHU QDWLYHPHQWXQRXGHX[DFWDQWVHQWLEpWDLQHQSHUPHWWDQWGHIDLUHUHV VRUWLUXQHFDWpJRULHV\QWD[LTXHSDUWLFXOLqUHGHYHUEHVGDQVFHWWHODQJXH YHUEHVGRQWOHFRPSRUWHPHQWV·DSSDUHQWHDX[YHUEHVGLWV©ODELOHVªRX ©DPELWUDQVLWLIVªVHORQG·DXWUHVWHUPLQRORJLHV 4. Diathèse réciproque 'HX[W\SHVG·DOWHUQDQFHGHO·DOLJQHPHQWGHVDFWDQWVUpJLVSDUOHYHUEH LPSOLTXHQWODPDUTXHGHO·DVVRFLDWLIHWSHXYHQWFRPPHQRXVDOORQV OH PRQWUHU rWUH FRQVLGpUpV FRPPH GHV GLDWKqVHV UpFLSURTXHV 7RXW G·DERUG RQ REVHUYH XQH DOWHUQDQFH HQWUH XQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ HUJDWLYH PL[WHELDFWDQFLHOOHHUJDWLIGDWLIXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOH GRQWO·DFWDQWXQLTXHHVWGRQFPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLIHWXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQ ELDFWDQFLHOOH©DVVRFLDWLYHªGDQVODTXHOOHOHSUHPLHUDFWDQWHVWPDUTXp jO·HUJDWLIHWOHVHFRQGjO·DVVRFLDWLI/HVH[HPSOHVFLGHVVRXVLOOXVWUHQW OHVGHX[SUHPLHUVW\SHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVPHQWLRQQpHV DڐșŎਂ੶ŎȒ੶ŎށŎ̀ŎŎ ࡉ̀ޝŎࠜڐʓ ENUDVKLVN\LVWVKHULQJOD G]LQJE]KDJ 7DVKL(5*7VpULQJ'$7 VHEDWWUH367 ¶7DVKLV·HVWEDWWXDYHF7VpULQJ·/LW¶7DVKLV·HVWEDWWXj7VpULQJ· EڐșŎਂ੶Ŏԏ̀Ŏ ށŎ̀Ŏ»ࡉ̀ޝŎࠜڐʓ ENUDVKLVGDQJWVKHULQJ G]LQJE]KDJ 7DVKL ¶7DVKLHW7VpULQJVHVRQWEDWWXV· Fૻ֛ŎѶʓŎࡉԒŎ» ࡉ̀ޝŎࠜڐʓ VSXQWRJ GL G]LQJE]KDJ HW 7VpULQJ$%6VHEDWWUH367 'e0$%6VHEDWWUH367 ODLQH ¶&HWWHODLQHV·HVWHPPrOpH· 'DQV O·H[HPSOH E7DVKL HW7VpULQJ ENUDVKLV GDQJ WVKH ULQJIRUPHQWXQVHXOFRQVWLWXDQWV\QWD[LTXHOjRRQHQDGHX[ HQD2QDELHQLFLXQFKDQJHPHQWGHGLDWKqVHGDQVODPHVXUHR &$0,//(6,021 XQ PrPH YHUEH UpJLW WDQW{W XQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ DYHF XQ DFWDQW XQLTXH PDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLIEWDQW{WXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQELDFWDQFLHOOHROH SUHPLHUDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpjO·HUJDWLIHWOHVHFRQGDFWDQWDXGDWLID /·H[HPSOHFPRQWUHSDUDLOOHXUVTXHODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQ FLHOOHQ·LPSOLTXHSDVQpFHVVDLUHPHQWODSUpVHQFHG·XQDFWDQWXQLTXH SOXULHORXFROOHFWLI /HVpPDQWLVPHOLpjFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGHPDUTXDJHV\QWD[LTXHQRXV LQYLWHSDUDLOOHXUVjFRPSDUHUOHIRQFWLRQQHPHQWGHFHVpQRQFpVjFHOXL GHODYRL[UpFLSURTXHHWSOXVJpQpUDOHPHQWDX[YRL[PR\HQQHVGRQW OHUpFLSURTXHFRQVWLWXHXQHVRXVFDWpJRULH (QHIIHW'HQLV&UHLVVHOVQRWH /HVIRUPDWLRQVPRUSKRORJLTXHVWUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQWGpVLJQpHVFRPPH YRL[PR\HQQHVHQFRGHQWW\SLTXHPHQWGHVRSpUDWLRQVVXUODYDOHQFH TXLDSSOLTXpHVjGHVYHUEHVWUDQVLWLIVDERXWLVVHQWjGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV LQWUDQVLWLYHVGRQWOHVXMHWUHoRLWXQU{OH>VpPDQWLTXH@TXLQHV·LGHQ WLÀHSDVSXUHPHQWHWVLPSOHPHQWjO·XQGHFHX[TXHOHYHUEHDVVLJQHj VRQVXMHWHWjVRQREMHWPDLVTXLUHWLHQWGHPDQLqUHYDULDEOHGHVWUDLWV FDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHO·XQRXO·DXWUHGHFHVGHX[U{OHV2QSHXWSDUOHUGH UHPRGHODJHGHVU{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVSDUFRQWUDVWHDYHFOHVLPSOHUpDU UDQJHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHGHVU{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVTXLFDUDFWpULVHOHSDVVLI (WLOSRXUVXLW 8QHXWLOLVDWLRQFRKpUHQWHGHODWHUPLQRORJLHGHYUDLWFRQGXLUHjUHFRQ QDLWUH FRPPH UHOHYDQW DX PRLQV SDUWLHOOHPHQW GH OD QRWLRQ GH YRL[ PR\HQQHWRXWHPDUTXHPRUSKRORJLTXHGRQWODSUpVHQFHGDQVXQHIRUPH YHUEDOHFDUDFWpULVHFHWWHIRUPHFRPPHDSWHjH[SULPHUXQHYDULpWpGH VLJQLÀFDWLRQVTXLGDQVOHGpWDLOSHXYHQWUHOHYHUGHVW\SHVVXLYDQW UpÁpFKLGHO·REMHWRXGXGDWLIUpFLSURTXHDXWRFDXVDWLIGpFDXVDWLI DXWREpQpIDFWLI 'DQVOHFDVGHO·DOWHUQDQFHREVHUYpHSRXUOHWLEpWDLQRQDELHQ GXSRLQWGHYXHV\QWD[LTXHXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHO·DOLJQHPHQWFRUUHV SRQGDQWjXQHRSpUDWLRQVXUODYDOHQFHGHW\SHUpFLSURTXH2QSHXWHQ HIIHWFRPSDUHUODPRGLÀFDWLRQGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQGHVDUJXPHQWVGDQVOHV pQRQFpVHQHWH[HPSOHVHQ 7VZDQD&UHLVVHOV D.LWVR R UDWD /RUDWR WKDWD EHDXFRXS ¶.LWVRDLPHEHDXFRXS/RUDWR· &/.LWVR V&/ DLPHU),1 &//RUDWR 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ E.LWVR OH/RUDWR EDUDWDQD V&/DLPHU5e&),1 EHDXFRXS ¶.LWVRHW/RUDWRV·DLPHQWEHDXFRXS· F.LVWR RUDWDQD OH/RUDWR ¶.LWVRDXQHUHODWLRQDPRXUHXVHDYHF/RUDWR· /LW¶.LWVRV·DLPHDYHF/RUDWR· &/.LWVR &/.LWVR DYHF&//RUDWR WKDWD V&/DLPHU5e&),1DYHF&//RUDWR /HVH[HPSOHVDHWDVRQWFRPSDUDEOHVGDQVODPHVXUHRLOV FRPSRUWHQWFKDFXQGHX[DFWDQWVDVVXUDQWGHX[IRQFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHV GLVWLQFWHV(QEHWFGHPrPHTX·HQERQFRQVWDWHELHQXQH UpRUJDQLVDWLRQGHODFRUUHVSRQGDQFHHQWUHU{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVHWU{OHV JUDPPDWLFDX[TXLQHVHUpVXPHSDVjXQHVLPSOHSHUPXWDWLRQ(QHIIHW O·DFWDQW XQLTXH GH FHV WURLV H[HPSOHV FXPXOH OHV U{OHV VpPDQWLTXHV GHVGHX[DFWDQWVSUpVHQWVUHVSHFWLYHPHQWGDQVOHVpQRQFpVHQDHW DLOHVWjODIRLV$JHQWHW3DWLHQWVpPDQWLTXH 2QWURXYHGHSOXVHQWLEpWDLQFRPPHHQWVZDQDXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQ ELDFWDQFLHOOHROHSUHPLHUDFWDQWHVWjO·HUJDWLIHWOHVHFRQGjO·DVVR FLDWLILOOXVWUpHHQFSRXUOHWVZDQDHWHQSRXUOHWLEpWDLQ ڐșŎਂ੶ŎȒ੶Ŏ ENUDVKLVN\LV ށŎ̀Ŏԏ̀Ŏ WVKHULQJGDQJ ࡉ̀ޝŎࠜڐʓ G]LQJE]KDJ 7DVKLV(5* 7VpULQJ$66 VHEDWWUH367 ¶7DVKLV·HVWEDWWXDYHFFRQWUH7VpULQJ· 2QREVHUYHSDUDLOOHXUVTXHODFRQVWUXFWLRQHUJDWLYHGDQVODTXHOOH OHVHFRQGDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLIQ·HVWSDVSRVVLEOH ڐșŎਂ੶ŎȒ੶Ŏ ށŎ̀Ŏ» ࡉ̀ޝŎࠜڐʓ ENUDVKLVN\LV WVKHULQJ¡ G]LQJE]KDJ 7DVKL(5* 7VpULQJ$%6 VHEDWWUH367 $XQLYHDXVpPDQWLTXHODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHHWODFRQV WUXFWLRQDVVRFLDWLYHG·XQHSDUWHWODFRQVWUXFWLRQHUJDWLYHPL[WHXQ DFWDQWjO·HUJDWLIHWOHVHFRQGDXGDWLIG·DXWUHSDUWQ·RQWSDVOHVPrPHV LPSOLFDWLRQV(QHIIHWOHVGHX[SUHPLqUHVLPSOLTXHQWXQHUpFLSURFLWpGH O·pYqQHPHQW$LQVLOHIDLWTXHOHVHFRQG3DUWLFLSDQWVRLWLQDQLPpHVWSUR EOpPDWLTXHGDQVOHVpQRQFpVEHWFSXLVTX·XQpOpPHQWLQDQLPp SDUGpÀQLWLRQQ·HVWSDVVXVFHSWLEOHG·pSURXYHUGHO·DIIHFWLRQ Dɢ੶Ŏ ˣʓŎȨԏŎŎ ԏʓࡉŎ੶ڵ؛ŎؒŎԏő NKRV JORJNODGODGJD SRE\DVSDUHG 6*(5* RUGLQDWHXU'$7DSSUpFLDWLRQ9683367 ¶,ODDSSUpFLpO·RUGLQDWHXU· &$0,//(6,021 E" " ɢ੶Ŏ NKRV ˣʓŎȨԏŎԏ̀Ŏ JORJNODGGDQJ ԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎؒŎԏő GJD SRE\DVSDUHG 6*$%6 RUGLQDWHXU$66 DSSUpFLDWLRQ9683367 /LW¶,OV·HVWDSSUpFLpDYHFO·RUGLQDWHXU· F" " ɢŎࢎ̀Ŏ ԏ̀ŎˣʓŎȨԏŎ»ԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎؒŎԏő NKRUDQJ GDQJJORJNODG¡ GJD SRE\DVSDUHG 6* HWRUGLQDWHXU$%6DSSUpFLHU367 /LW¶/XLHWO·RUGLQDWHXUVHVRQWDSSUpFLpV· 'HODPrPHIDoRQGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVHQO·DEVHQFHGHUpFLSURFLWp GHO·pYqQHPHQWFODLUHPHQWpWDEOLHSDUOHFRQWH[WHUHQGVpPDQWLTXHPHQW LPSRVVLEOHO·HPSORLGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVDVVRFLDWLYHHWPRQRDFWDQFLHOOH DڐșŎਂ੶ŎȒ੶Ŏ ENUDVKLVN\LV ષŎ܆ŎŎ ԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎؒŎԏő VJUROPDODGJD SRE\DVSDUHG 'U|OPD'$7 DSSUpFLDWLRQ9683367 7DVKL(5* ࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎ ષŎ੶܆ŎڐșŎਂ੶ŎŎԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎԏŎ܆Ŏԏő \LQQD·LVJUROPDVENUDVKLVODGJD SRE\DV\RGPDUHG PDLV ¶7DVKLDDSSUpFLp'U|OPD0DLV'U|OPDQ·DSDVDSSUpFLp7DVKL· E"ڐșŎਂ੶ŎȒ੶ŎષŎ܆Ŏԏ̀ŎԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎؒŎԏő "ENUDVKLVN\LVVJUROPDGDQJGJD SRE\DVSDUHG 7DVKL(5* 'U|OPD(5*7DVKL'$7DSSUpFLDWLRQ96833671e* 'U|OPD$66 DSSUpFLDWLRQ9683367 ࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎ ષŎ੶܆ŎڐșŎਂ੶ŎŎԏʓࡉŎ؛ŎĻ੶ڵŎԏŎ܆Ŏԏő \LQQD LVJUROPDVENUDVKLVODGJD SRE\DV\RGPDUHG PDLV /LW¶7DVKLV·HVWDSSUpFLpDYHF'U|OPD0DLV'U|OPDQ·DSDV DSSUpFLp7DVKL· F"ڐșŎਂ੶Ŏԏ̀ŎષŎ܆Ŏ» ԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎؒŎԏő "ENUDVKLVGDQJVJUROPD¡ GJD SRE\DVSDUHG 7DVKLHW'U|OPD$%6 'U|OPD(5*7DVKL'$7DSSUpFLDWLRQ96833671e* DSSUpFLDWLRQ9683367 ࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎ ષŎ੶܆ŎڐșŎਂ੶ŎŎԏʓࡉŎ؛Ŏ੶ڵŎԏŎ܆Ŏԏő \LQQD LVJUROPDV ENUDVKLVODGJD SRE\DV\RGPDUHG PDLV 'U|OPD(5*7DVKL'$7DSSUpFLDWLRQ96833671e* /LW¶7DVKLHW'U|OPDVHVRQWDSSUpFLpV0DLV'U|OPDQ·DSDV DSSUpFLp7DVKL· $LQVLODFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHDYHFFHJURXSHGHYHUEHV ORUVTXH O·DFWDQW XQLTXH HVW SOXULHO RX FROOHFWLI LPSOLTXH OD UpFLSUR FLWpF·HVWjGLUHTXHFHWDFWDQWXQLTXHUHSUpVHQWHHQPrPHWHPSVOHV U{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVUHSUpVHQWpVSDUOHVGHX[DFWDQWVPDUTXpVjO·HUJDWLI HWjO·DVVRFLDWLIRXDXGDWLIGDQVOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVELDFWDQFLHOOHV/D 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ FRQVWUXFWLRQGDQVODTXHOOHOHVHFRQGDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpjO·DVVRFLDWLI LPSOLTXHpJDOHPHQWXQHUpFLSURFLWpHWGRQFXQHUpSDUWLWLRQGHVFDUDF WpULVWLTXHVVpPDQWLTXHVGHV3DUWLFLSDQWVVXUOHVGHX[DFWDQWVGXYHUEH $XFRQWUDLUHFHOOHROHVHFRQGDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpDXGDWLIQ·LPSOLTXH SDVXQHWHOOHUpFLSURFLWpHWFRUUHVSRQGGDQVOHVODQJXHVRLOH[LVWH XQHYRL[UpFLSURTXHjODFRQVWUXFWLRQGHEDVH/DVpPDQWLTXHFRQÀUPH GRQFTXHFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVHVWELHQjPHWWUH HQSDUDOOqOHDYHFOHVPpFDQLVPHVGHYRL[UpFLSURTXH 2QUHQFRQWUHHQWLEpWDLQXQVHFRQGW\SHG·DOWHUQDQFHGHFRQVWUXF WLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVLPSOLTXDQWODPDUTXHGHO·DVVRFLDWLI&HWWHDOWHUQDQFH IRQFWLRQQHGHIDoRQSDUDOOqOHjFHOOHGpFULWHFLGHVVXVPDLVDYHFGHV pQRQFpVFRPSRUWDQWXQDFWDQWVXSSOpPHQWDLUH D>̀Ŏ੶ރŎ@ ˓నŎ» >QJDWVKRV@JUR¡ ֛Ŏࢎ܆Ŏ ڐ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛ő VUDQPDUEVUDVSD\LQ >6*3/(5*@EOp$%6 IqYH'$7 ¶1RXVDYRQVPpODQJpGXEOpDX[IqYHVLQWHQWLRQQHOOHPHQW· ڐ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛ő EԗŎ̀Ŏ ̀Ŏ੶ރŎ ˓నŎ ԏ̀Ŏ֛Ŏ܆Ŏ» GHULQJ QJDWVKRVJUR GDQJVUDQPD¡ EVUDVSD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXL6*3/(5*EOp ¶$XMRXUG·KXLQRXVDYRQVPpODQJpGXEOpHWGHVIqYHV· PpODQJHU367 HWIqYH$%6 PpODQJHU367 ڐ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛ő F>̀Ŏ੶ރŎ@˓నŎ»֛Ŏ܆Ŏԏ̀Ŏ >QJDWVKRV@JUR¡VUDQPDGDQJ EVUDVSD\LQ >6*3/(5*@EOp$%6IqYH$66 PpODQJHU367 ¶1RXVDYRQVPpODQJpGXEOpDYHFGHVIqYHV· 2QUHWURXYHHQHIIHWFRPPHGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVSUpVHQWpVHQ HWOHPrPHW\SHGHPRGLÀFDWLRQGHO·RUJDQLVDWLRQV\QWD[LTXHGHV 3DUWLFLSDQWVG·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQWULDFWDQFLHOOHDYHFXQ3DWLHQWJUDP PDWLFDOPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLIHWXQGHVWLQDWDLUHPDUTXpDXGDWLID RQSDVVHjXQHVWUXFWXUHELDFWDQFLHOOHDYHF3DWLHQWXQLTXHFROOHFWLIPDU TXpjO·DEVROXWLIHQEHWHQÀQRQDHQFXQHVWUXFWXUHTXLFRP SUHQG XQ 3DWLHQW JUDPPDWLFDO PDUTXp j O·DEVROXWLI HW XQ WURLVLqPH DFWDQWXQFR3DWLHQWPDUTXpjO·DVVRFLDWLI&HSHQGDQWjODGLIIpUHQFH GHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSUpFpGHPPHQWGpFULWHVOHU{OHVpPDQWLTXHGHO·$JHQW Q·HVWLFLSDVFRQFHUQpSDUOHVYDULDWLRQVG·DOLJQHPHQWODUpRUJDQLVD WLRQGHVU{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVHWV\QWD[LTXHVVHIDLWDXQLYHDXGX3DWLHQW JUDPPDWLFDOUHSUpVHQWpSDUXQVHXODFWDQWHQFHWSDUGHX[DFWDQWV HQDHWE 2QSHXWGRQFFRPSDUHUOHVDOWHUQDQFHVGHPDUTXDJHSRXUFHVGHX[ JURXSHVGHYHUEHVVRXVODIRUPHGXWDEOHDXVXLYDQW &$0,//(6,021 *URXSH $FWDQW *URXSH $FWDQW $%6 $FWDQW $FWDQW (5* $FWDQW $%6 (5* $66 (5* $%6 $66 (5* '$7 (5* $%6 '$7 Tableau 1. – Alternance de marquage casuel des actants dans les deux diathèses réciproques. (QÀQHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHODSURGXFWLYLWpGHFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHQRXV Q·DYRQVSXQRWHUDXFXQYHUEHRVHUDLWSRVVLEOHXQDOLJQHPHQWV\Q WD[LTXHGDQVOHTXHOXQDFWDQWVHUDLWPDUTXpjO·DVVRFLDWLIPDLVROHV GHX[DXWUHVVWUXFWXUHVV\QWD[LTXHVVHUDLHQWLPSRVVLEOHV&HVGHX[W\SHV G·DOWHUQDQFHH[SULPDQWODUpFLSURFLWpVHPEOHQWGRQFWUqVUpJXOLHUV 5. D’autres cas de variation du marquage casuel ,OH[LVWHQpDQPRLQVG·DXWUHVFDVG·DOWHUQDQFHUpJXOLqUHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQV V\QWD[LTXHVHQWLEpWDLQFRUUpOpHVjXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQVpPDQWLTXHUpJX OLqUHPDLVTXLQHIRQFWLRQQHQWSDVGHIDoRQSDUDOOqOHjXQPpFDQLVPH GHYRL[&HSHQGDQWFRPPHOHVGHX[GLDWKqVHVSUpVHQWpHVSUpFpGHP PHQWFHVDOWHUQDQFHVPDQLIHVWHQWXQFKRL[GXORFXWHXUSRXUODFRQFHS WLRQ V\QWD[LTXH GH O·pQRQFp HQ IRQFWLRQ GH FULWqUHV VpPDQWLTXHV HW SUDJPDWLTXHV3DUDLOOHXUVHOOHVSHUPHWWHQWpJDOHPHQWGHGpÀQLUGHV VRXVJURXSHVV\QWD[LTXHVSDUPLOHVYHUEHVHWGRQFG·DERXWLUjXQHFODV VLÀFDWLRQSOXVÀQHGDQVOHFDGUHGHODGHVFULSWLRQGHODYDOHQFHGHV YHUEHV&HOOHVGHFHVDOWHUQDQFHVTXLPHWWHQWHQMHXODPDUTXHGHO·HU JDWLIRQWIDLWO·REMHWGHGHVFULSWLRQVSUpFLVHVHQSDUWLFXOLHU7RXUQDGUH 1RXVQRXVFRQWHQWHURQVLFLGHGpFULUHGHVFDVG·DOWHUQDQFHPHW WDQWHQMHXODPDUTXHGXGDWLITXLDOWHUQHDYHFFHOOHGHO·DEVROXWLIGDQV GLIIpUHQWVW\SHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQV/HVHIIHWVVpPDQWLTXHVGHFHWWHYDULD WLRQGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQV\QWD[LTXHVHGpFOLQHQWHQGHX[FDWpJRULHV ² DFWDQWXQLTXHGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOH RX3DWLHQWGDQVOHFDGUHG·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQELDFWDQFLHOOHSDUWLHOOH PHQWDIIHFWpSDUO·pYqQHPHQWORUVTX·LOUHoRLWODPDUTXHGXGDWLI ² HPSKDVHFRQWUDVWLYHVXUO·DFWDQWPDUTXpDXGDWLI /HVH[HPSOHVDHWELOOXVWUHQWODSUHPLqUHFDWpJRULHG·HIIHWV VpPDQWLTXHVDVVRFLpVjODSUpVHQFHGHODPDUTXHGXGDWLIOHFRQWH[WH 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ GRQQpHQD·SRXUDHVWSOXVGLIÀFLOHPHQWFRPSDWLEOHDYHFE HWOHFRQWH[WHGRQQpHQE·SRXUEHVWSOXVGLIÀFLOHPHQWFRPSD WLEOHDYHFD DࢼŎ؛Ŏ ࡉԒ੶Ŏ ̀܆Ŏރʓ੶Ŏ»ԙ֛Ŏ܍ԏŎ ૮܆ŎˊఈŎԏő UJ\DOSR GLV PDQJWVKRJV¡GRQPHG VQHPJ\LUHG URL 'e0(5*SHXSOH$%6VDQVUDLVRQ RSSULPHU)87 ¶&HURLRSSULPHOHSHXSOHVDQVUDLVRQ· D·Ŏ VX ࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎ ԏ܈ʓ੶Ŏ੶ڐŎ ԏŎ܆Ŏԏő \LQQD L GPLJVEVDO \RGPDUHG TXL rWUHVLPrPHVSpFLDO 1e*H[LVWHU ¶4XLTXHO·RQVRLWLOQ·\DSDVGHWUDLWHPHQWGHIDYHXU· EࢼŎ؛Ŏ ࡉԒ੶Ŏ ̀܆Ŏރʓ੶ŎŎ ԙ֛Ŏ܍ԏŎ ૮܆ŎˊఈŎԏő UJ\DOSR GLV PDQJWVKRJVOD GRQPHG VQHPJ\LUHG URL 'e0(5*SHXSOH'$7 VDQVUDLVRQ RSSULPHU)87 ¶&HURLRSSULPHOHSHXSOHVDQVUDLVRQ· E·ʝŎ੶Ŏ ԏŎ֛Ŏ ࡉ՜ŎʖŎ܆Ŏԏő JRVD \RGQD GUDJLPDUHG SODFH ¶>0DLV@VLRQDXQH>ERQQH@VLWXDWLRQDORUVF·HVWGLIIpUHQW· H[LVWHUVL rWUHVHPEODEOH)871(* &HWWHYDOHXUVpPDQWLTXHDVVRFLpHjODSUpVHQFHGHODPDUTXHGXGDWLI HVWG·DLOOHXUVPHQWLRQQpHSDU'RU]KL*GRQJGUXJ6Q\HPVEOR PrPHV·LOQHGRQQHSDVG·H[HPSOHLOOXVWUDQWVSpFLÀTXHPHQWOD SRVVLELOLWpG·HPSOR\HUFHVGHX[FRQVWUXFWLRQVDYHFXQPrPHYHUEH (QWUHXQYHUEHH[SULPDQWXQHDFWLRQDIIHFWDQWHQWLqUHPHQWVRQ3DWLHQW E\D\XOHWFH3DWLHQWRQQHSODFHSDVGHPDUTXHGHGDWLI(QUHYDQFKH SRXUXQHDFWLRQTXLQ·DIIHFWHSDVVRQ3DWLHQWRXGRQWVHXOHXQHSDUWLH FKDVKDVGX3DWLHQWHVWDIIHFWpHLOIDXWXQHPDUTXHGHGDWLIHQWUHOH YHUEHHWOH3DWLHQW (QFDVG·HPSKDVHVXUO·LGHQWLWpGX3DWLHQWOHPDUTXDJHDXGDWLIHVW pJDOHPHQWSUpIpUpFRPPHOHPRQWUHQWOHVH[HPSOHVDHWE 7H[WHRULJLQDO ڵŎࡧŎŎࢎڙŎڵŎڐŎںԏŎؒࡋŎڵŎڐŎԏʓŎࡧŎˊఈŎࢎڐŎŎŎԙ֛ŎˊఈŎࡥŎʛŎ܈Ŏࡉ͝ʓŎ̶̀Ŏő ԗŎ੶Ŏ૩ʓŎૌŎڵŎࡧŎŎںԏŎؒࡋŎ ʓ੶Ŏࢱ֛Ŏ܈Ŏӳ੶ڐŎؒࡋŎڵŎڐŎԏ̀ŎࡧŎˊఈŎࢎڐŎԏ̀Ŏő ڵŎࡧŎˊఈŎ͆Ŏ੶ŎਂʓŎŎڵŎڐŎںԏŎؒࡋŎڵŎڐŎԏ̀ŎࡧŎˊఈŎࢎڐŎőŎԙ֛ŎˊఈŎࡥŎʛŎࡉ͝ʓŎԏʝ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛Ŏ֦ő &$0,//(6,021 D" ̀੶Ŏࢎ܆Ŏ» ࢼŎ܆Ŏ ڐȐʓ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛ő ٶŎࢎŎ» " QJDVPDUUJ\DPDEN\DJVSD\LQ SK\XUD¡ 6*(5*EHXUUH$%6SRLGV ࢼŎ܆Ŏ ڐȐʓ੶Ŏ܍ԏő UJ\DPDEN\DJVPHG SRLGV VRXOHYHU3671(* " ¶-·DLSHVpOHEHXUUHSDVOHIURPDJH· È੶Ŏ ࢎ܆ŎŎ QJDV PDUOD 6*(5* EHXUUH'$7 SRLGV VRXOHYHU367 IURPDJH$%6 ࢼŎ܆Ŏ ڐȐʓ੶ŎؒŎࡥ֛ő UJ\DPD EN\DJVSD\LQ VRXOHYHU367 ࢼŎ܆Ŏ ڐȐʓ੶Ŏ܍ԏő UJ\DPDEN\DJVPHG SRLGV VRXOHYHU3671(* ¶-·DLSHVpOHEHXUUHSDVOHIURPDJH· ٶŎࢎŎŎ SK\XUDOD IURPDJH'$7 &HWWHYDOHXUVpPDQWLTXHHVWPHQWLRQQpHSDU1LFRODV7RXUQDGUHGDQV 6NDOE]DQJ¶*\XUPHG©/·XWLOLVDWLRQGHO·REOLTXHjODSODFH GHO·DEVROXWLIFUpHXQHIRFDOLVDWLRQVXUO·REMHWª &RPPHOHVGLDWKqVHVFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHFRQVWLWXHXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQ GHODUHODWLRQHQWUHOHU{OHVpPDQWLTXHGHV3DUWLFLSDQWVjO·pYqQHPHQW HWOHXUWUDLWHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXH(QHIIHWRQDGDQVOHVGHX[FDV GHX[DFWDQWVUHSUpVHQWDQWOHVGHX[PrPHVU{OHVVpPDQWLTXHVG·$JHQW HWGH3DWLHQWPDLVDYHFXQWUDLWHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHGLIIpUHQW(QDOH U{OHJUDPPDWLFDOGH3DWLHQWHVWDWWULEXpDXVHFRQGDFWDQWWDQGLVTX·HQ EFHVHFRQGDFWDQWHVWV\QWD[LTXHPHQWWUDLWpFRPPHXQGHVWLQDWDLUH PDUTXpDXGDWLI 1RWRQVSDUDLOOHXUVTXHODPrPHGLIIpUHQFHV·REVHUYHDYHFXQDFWDQW XQLTXHFRPPHLOOXVWUpHQ&HVH[HPSOHVPRQWUHQWTXHODFRQVWUXF WLRQV\QWD[LTXHGDQVODTXHOOHO·DFWDQWXQLTXHHVWPDUTXpDXGDWLIQ·HVW SDVSRVVLEOHVLFHOXLFLDpWpHQWLqUHPHQWDIIHFWpSDUO·pYqQHPHQWWDQGLV TXHOHVH[HPSOHVFHWGPRQWUHQWTX·HOOHHVWSUpIpUpHORUVTXHOH 3DWLHQWVpPDQWLTXHQ·HVWTXHSDUWLHOOHPHQWRXOpJqUHPHQWDIIHFWp Dਂ̀Ŏ૩̀Ŏ ࡉԒŎ»܍ŎਊࢎŎࠜڐʓԏŎেŎ܆ӵ̀ŎࡣʓŎ܈ŎࡉԔʓ VKLQJVGRQJ GL¡PHVKRUE]KDJGDOWDPWKRQJ\DJPL·GXJ DUEUH ¶&HWDUEUHDSULVIHX0DLQWHQDQWLOQ·\DSOXVULHQjYRLU>GH O·DUEUH@· 'e0$%6SUHQGUHIHX367PDLQWHQDQWYRLU17(851e*H[LVWHU 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ Eਂ̀Ŏ૩̀Ŏ ࡉԒࢎŎ܍ŎਊࢎŎࠜڐʓ ԏŎেŎ ܆ӵ̀ŎࡣʓŎ܈ŎࡉԔʓ VKLQJVGRQJ GLUPHVKRUE]KDJGDOWDPWKRQJ\DJ PL GXJ DUEUH 'e0'$7SUHQGUHIHX367PDLQWHQDQWYRLU17(851e*H[LVWHU ¶&HWDUEUHDSULVIHX0DLQWHQDQWLOQ·\DSOXVULHQjYRLU>GH O·DUEUH@· F"ਂ̀Ŏ૩̀ŎࡉԒŎ»܍ŎਊࢎŎࠜڐʓࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎԏŎগŎƋŎŎઘ੶Ŏࠜڐʓ VKLQJVGRQJ GL¡PHVKRUE]KDJ\LQQD LGDORNXVKXVN\HVE]KDJ DUEUH'e0$%6SUHQGUHIHX367PDLVFHWWHDQQpHSRPPHSRXVVHU367 ¶"&HWDUEUHDSULVIHX0DLVFHWWHDQQpHGHVSRPPHVRQWSRXVVp· Gਂ̀Ŏ૩̀Ŏ ࡉԒࢎŎ܍ŎਊࢎŎࠜڐʓࡥ֛Ŏ֛ࡋŎԏŎগŎƋŎŎઘ੶Ŏࠜڐʓ VKLQJVGRQJ GLUPHVKRUE]KDJ\LQQD·LGDORNXVKXVN\HVE]KDJ DUEUH ¶&HWDUEUHDSULVIHX0DLVFHWWHDQQpHGHVSRPPHVRQWSRXVVp· 'e0'$7SUHQGUHIHX367PDLVFHWWHDQQpHSRPPH SRXVVHU367 2QREVHUYHGRQFXQHFRUUpODWLRQUpJXOLqUHHQWUHXQHPRGLÀFDWLRQ GHO·DOLJQHPHQWV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVHWXQHYDULDWLRQVpPDQWLTXH /·DOWHUQDQFH Q·pWDQW SDV PDUTXpH GDQV OH V\QWDJPH YHUEDO LO HVW Oj HQFRUHGLIÀFLOHG·pWDEOLUXQHRULHQWDWLRQjFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGHPDUTXDJH PRUSKRV\QWD[LTXH 1pDQPRLQVRQSHXWVHORQ*LOEHUW/D]DUGSDUOHU G·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQVpPDQWLTXHPHQWRXSUDJPDWLTXHPHQWPDUTXpHTXL VHUDLW GRQF GpULYpH G·XQH FRQVWUXFWLRQ GH EDVH SRXU DUULYHU j FHWWH QRWLRQG·RULHQWDWLRQ/DFRQVWUXFWLRQGHEDVHVHUDLWGRQFVHORQFHWWH ORJLTXHFHOOHROHVHFRQGDFWDQWHVWPDUTXpjO·DEVROXWLI 'XSRLQWGHYXHIRUPHOOHPpFDQLVPHGHGpULYDWLRQDFWDQFLHOOHTXL VHPEOHOHSOXVSURFKHGHFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGHPDUTXDJHHVWO·DQWLSDVVLI (QHIIHWVHORQODGpÀQLWLRQGRQQpHSDU'HQLV&UHLVVHOV O·DQWLSDVVLIO·DUJXPHQWUHSUpVHQWpSDUO·REMHWGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQWUDQ VLWLYHHVWRXELHQWRWDOHPHQWDEVHQWRXELHQ©UpFXSpUpªVRXVIRUPH G·REOLTXH 'DQVOHFDVGXWLEpWDLQRQSHXWGRQFVHGHPDQGHUVLO·RQHVWIDFHj XQHRSpUDWLRQVXUODYDOHQFHGHW\SH©DQWLSDVVLIªRO·DFWDQWUHSUpVHQ WDQWOHU{OHVpPDQWLTXHGH3DWLHQWVHUDLWSUpVHQWVRXVODIRUPHV\QWD[LTXH GHFLEOH/DFRPSDUDLVRQGHVH[HPSOHVVXLYDQWVPRQWUHOHSDUDOOqOH²DX QLYHDXV\QWD[LTXH²HQWUHYRL[DQWLSDVVLYHHWFHW\SHG·RSpUDWLRQVXUOD YDOHQFHYHUEDOHHQWLEpWDLQ$LQVLHQFRPPHHQOHVHFRQG DFWDQWSDVVHG·XQHDEVHQFHGHPDUTXHPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHPDUTXHGH O·DEVROXWLIGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVDHWDjXQPDUTXDJHFRPPHXQ DFWDQWREOLTXHHQEHWE &$0,//(6,021 .·LFKHH·&UHLVVHOV D;RMXWL UL NXPDW] ¶/HVHUSHQWQRXVDSLTXpV· $&3R3/V6*SLTXHU E$UHH UL NXPDW] [WL RZ '() VHUSHQW ¶&·HVWOHVHUSHQWTXLQRXVDSLTXpV· )2& DԗŎ̀Ŏ '() VHUSHQW THHFK $&3V6*SLTXHU$17,3$663/SRXU ̀Ŏ੶ރŎ ɢ̀ŎʖŎ ࠟ̀ŎəŎ» ऴ֛ŎؒŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő GHULQJQJDWVKRVNKRQJJL]KLQJNKD¡UPRQSDEUJ\DESD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXL3/(5*+*e1FKDPS$%6ODERXU9683367 ¶$XMRXUG·KXLQRXVDYRQVODERXUpVRQFKDPS· EԗŎ̀Ŏ GHULQJQJDWVKRVNKRQJJL]KLQJNKDUUPRQSDEUJ\DESD\LQ DXMRXUG·KXL3/(5*+*e1 FKDPS'$7ODERXU9683367 ¶$XMRXUG·KXLQRXVDYRQVODERXUpGDQVVRQFKDPS· ̀Ŏ੶ރŎ ɢ̀ŎʖŎ ࠟ̀ŎəࢎŎ ऴ֛ŎؒŎڐࢼڐŎؒŎࡥ֛ő &HSHQGDQWFRPPHOHPRQWUHO·H[HPSOHOHSDVVDJHjODYRL[ DQWLSDVVLYHG·XQHFRQVWUXFWLRQELDFWDQFLHOOHDERXWLWHQSULQFLSHjXQH FRQVWUXFWLRQPRQRDFWDQFLHOOHHWGRQFSRXUOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVELDFWDQ FLHOOHVHUJDWLYHVjXQPDUTXDJHjO·DEVROXWLIGHO·$JHQWVpPDQWLTXHTXL GHYLHQWDXQLYHDXV\QWD[LTXHO·DFWDQWXQLTXHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQ <XS·LN&UHLVVHOV OXPDUUDT DDUQDPDOOJDD IHPPH(5*GpFKLUHU'(&/V6*R6* ¶/DIHPPHGpFKLUHODFKHPLVH· EDUQDT DOOJLXT IHPPH ¶/DIHPPHGpFKLUHODFKHPLVH· GpFKLUHU$17,3$66'(&/V6* FKHPLVH OXPDUUDPHN FKHPLVH$%/ /HVH[HPSOHVSUpVHQWpVLFLPRQWUHQWTXHFHQ·HVWSDVOHFDVHQWL EpWDLQO·$JHQWFRQVHUYHVDPDUTXHG·HUJDWLI,OQ·\DGRQFSDVDX QLYHDXV\QWD[LTXHGHYpULWDEOHSDUDOOpOLVPHHQWUHFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGH PDUTXDJHHQWLEpWDLQHWOHVRSpUDWLRQVGHW\SHDQWLSDVVLI $LQVLSOXW{WTXHGHFKHUFKHUjDVVLPLOHUFHWWHDOWHUQDQFHGHPDU TXDJHjXQPpFDQLVPHGHYRL[LOSDUDLWSOXVLQWpUHVVDQWGHVXLYUHOD SURSRVLWLRQGH*LOEHUW/D]DUGTXLRSSRVHSOXVLHXUV FRQVWUXFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVSRVVLEOHVSRXUXQPrPHYHUEHFRUUpOpHVj GHVYDOHXUVVpPDQWLTXHVSURSUHVPDLVVDQVFKHUFKHUjOHVUDWWDFKHUDX IRQFWLRQQHPHQWG·XQPpFDQLVPHGHFKDQJHPHQWGHYRL[ 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ /·RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[FRQVWUXFWLRQVHVWJpQpUDOHPHQWHQFRUUp ODWLRQDYHFODQDWXUHGXSURFqVOHGHJUpG·DIIHFWDWLRQGHO·REMHWO·DV SHFWSDUIRLVODQpJDWLRQ/DFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGLUHFWHH[SULPHVRXYHQWXQH DFWLRQWHQWpHPDLVGRQWLOQ·HVWSDVVUTX·HOOHDWWHLJQHVRQREMHWRX TX·HOOHO·DWWHLJQHFRPSOqWHPHQW>«@6·RSSRVHQWG·XQF{WpODFRQVWUXF WLRQELDFWDQFLHOOHPDMHXUHTXLH[SULPHRXVXJJqUHXQSURFqVFRPSOHW SHUIHFWLIDIIHFWDQWHQWLqUHPHQWVRQREMHWGHO·DXWUHODFRQVWUXFWLRQLQGL UHFWHTXLLQGLTXHXQSURFqVLQFRPSOHWVHXOHPHQWWHQWpRXHQFRXUVTXL Q·DWWHLQWSDVRXSDVHQWLqUHPHQWVRQREMHWYRLUHXQSURFqVLQH[LVWDQW &HVDOWHUQDQFHVREVHUYpHVHQWLEpWDLQGRLYHQWGRQFrWUHUDSSURFKpHV GHFHSKpQRPqQHJpQpUDOHPHQWGpFULWVRXVOHWHUPHGH©PDUTXDJHGLI IpUHQWLHOªG·XQDFWDQW 6. Conclusions $LQVLWURLVW\SHVG·DOWHUQDQFHVV\QWD[LTXHVHQWLEpWDLQGH/KDVDRQW pWpGpFULWHV/HVGHX[SUHPLqUHVV·DSSDUHQWHQWjGHVSKpQRPqQHVGH GLDWKqVHGLDWKqVHFDXVDWLYHRXDXWRFDXVDWLYHGpFDXVDWLYHG·XQHSDUW HWGLDWKqVHUpFLSURTXHG·DXWUHSDUWGDQVODPHVXUHRHOOHVIRQFWLRQQHQW GHIDoRQVHPEODEOHjGHX[W\SHVGHYRL[FRXUDPPHQWREVHUYpHVGDQV OHVODQJXHVGXPRQGH/DWURLVLqPHDOWHUQDQFHGpFULWHDXFRQWUDLUHQH FRUUHVSRQGjDXFXQSKpQRPqQHGHYRL[FRQQXSDUDLOOHXUVPDLVUHOqYH GXPrPHSULQFLSHVHORQOHTXHOGHVIDFWHXUVVpPDQWLTXHVHWSUDJPD WLTXHVMRXHQWXQU{OHGDQVOHFKRL[RSpUpSDUOHORFXWHXUSRXUOHWUDL WHPHQWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHVDFWDQWVGDQVO·pQRQFp8QSKpQRPqQH VLPLODLUHPHWWDQWHQMHXODPDUTXHGXGDWLIHVWFHSHQGDQWGpFULWSRXU GHQRPEUHXVHVODQJXHVVRXVO·H[SUHVVLRQHQSDUWLFXOLHUGH©PDUTXDJH GLIIpUHQWLHOGHO·REMHWª&HVWURLVSKpQRPqQHVSHXYHQWQpDQPRLQVrWUH DQDO\VpVVXUXQPrPHSODQFRQVLGpUDQWTX·LOVWpPRLJQHQWWRXVWURLVGH O·LPSRUWDQFHGXIDFWHXUVpPDQWLTXHSRXUODGHVFULSWLRQGHODYDOHQFH WDQGLVTXHOHQLYHDXV\QWD[LTXHQ·HQHVWTXHOHPR\HQG·H[SUHVVLRQ '·XQH PDQLqUH JpQpUDOH FHWWH REVHUYDWLRQ FRQFRUGH G·DLOOHXUV DYHF O·H[LVWHQFHHQWLEpWDLQG·XQHSOXUDOLWpGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHV FRUUHVSRQGDQWjGHVFODVVHVVpPDQWLTXHVGHYHUEHVUHODWLYHPHQWFODLUHV 7RXUQDGUH6DQJGD'RUMH$LQVLSOXW{WTXHGHYRXORLUWUDLWHU ODYDOHQFHYHUEDOHHWOHVFKDQJHPHQWVGHYDOHQFHFRPPHGHVPpFD QLVPHV V\QWD[LTXHV DXWRPDWLTXHV LO SDUDLW SUpIpUDEOH GH FKHUFKHU j GpFULUHG·DERUGOHVYDOHXUVVpPDQWLTXHVHWSUDJPDWLTXHVYpKLFXOpHVSDU OHVPDUTXHVSRUWpHVSDUOHVDFWDQWVTXLjOHXUWRXUPRWLYHQWODVWUXFWXUH V\QWD[LTXHREVHUYpHGDQVOHVpQRQFpV &$0,//(6,021 ABRÉVIATIONS SUHPLqUHSHUVRQQH GHX[LqPHSHUVRQQH WURLVLqPHSHUVRQQH $%/ DEODWLI $%6 DEVROXWLI $&& DFFXVDWLI $&3 DFFRPSOL $17,3$66 DQWLSDVVLI $66 DVVRFLDWLI &/ FODVVHQRPLQDOH &/ FODVVHQRPLQDOH &/ FODVVHQRPLQDOH &$86 FDXVDWLI '$7 GDWLIORFDWLIGLUHFWLI 'e&$86 GpFDXVDWLI 'e0 GpPRQVWUDWLI '(&/ GpFODUDWLI 'e) GpÀQL (5* HUJDWLI ),1 ÀQDOH )2& IRFDOLVDWLRQ *e1 JpQLWLI K KXPLOLÀTXH + KRQRULÀTXH 1e* QpJDWLI 120 QRPLQDWLI 17(85 QRPLQDOLVDWHXU R REMHW 3$5) SDUIDLW 367 DFFRPSOLpJRSKRULTXH 367 DFFRPSOLpJRUpFHSWLI 367 DFFRPSOLIDFWXHO 367 DFFRPSOLFRQVWDWLI 367 SDUIDLWLQIpUHQWLHO 3/ SOXULHO 5e& UpFLSURTXH 5e)/ SURQRPUpÁpFKL V VXMHW 6* VLQJXOLHU 9683 YHUEHVXSSRUW 9$/(1&(6e0$17,48((7',$7+Ë6(6(17,%e7$,1/+$6$ RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES ̀ڵŎ̇੶ŎؒŎंŎ࣒Ŏԏ̇੶Ŏ˖ڐőڐ૧੶Ŏʓ੶Ŏ܆Ŏ̷Ŏؒő৸Ŏ੶őڙԏŎ̀੶Ŏ܈Ŏԏ੶̀܆ŎԏؙŎઞ֛Ŏə̀Ŏő >%<$1*1*263$ 5'25-( '1*26*58% %VGXVJVDO VXPFXSD /KDVD %RGOMRQJVPLGPDQJVGSHVNUXQNKDQJ@ &5(,66(/6'6\QWD[HJpQpUDOHXQHLQWURGXFWLRQW\SRORJLTXH /DSKUDVH3DULV/DYRLVLHU &52)7:9HUEV$VSHFWDQG&DXVDO6WUXFWXUH2[IRUG2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV ԙࢎŎࠟŎʓԙ̀ŎՠʓŎૂ܆Ŏۍőڐԏన ŎȒŎࣼڐŎଉԏŎʓŎؒࡋŎԙ֛Ŏࡉ˗Ŏٸʓ੶Ŏڐʓ੶ő֛ŎȞŎƅ֛ŎࡍŎ܈Ŏʓ੶ŎԏؙŎઞ֛Ŏə̀Ŏő >'25=+, *'21*'58* 61<(06%/2 %RGN\L EUGDVSURG ULJSD·L GRQ·JUHOSK\RJVEVULJVODQNUX/DQ]KRXNDQVX·XPLULJVGSHVNUXQ NKDQJ@ (56(15$6&+07UNLVFKH*UDPPDWLNIU$QIlQJHUXQG)RUWJH VFKULWWHQH,VPDQLQJ0D[+XHEHU9HUODJ )28&$8;3(*UDPPDLUHGHODODQJXHWLEpWDLQH3DULV/LEUDLULH RULHQWDOHGH%HQMDPLQ'XSUDW /$=$5'*/·DFWDQFH3DULV3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGH)UDQFH 6.$/%=$1*¶*<850('/H&ODLU0LURLU(QVHLJQHPHQWGHODJUDP PDLUHWLEpWDLQHWUDGXLWDGDSWpHWFRPPHQWpSDU+HDWKHU6WRGGDUGHW 1LFRODV7RXUQDGUH/D5RFKHWWHpGLWLRQV3UDMQD 72851$'5( 1 /·HUJDWLYLWp HQ WLEpWDLQ DSSURFKH PRUSKRV\Q WD[LTXHGHODODQJXHSDUOpH/RXYDLQ3HHWHUV 72851$'5( 1 ©/·DLUH OLQJXLVWLTXH WLEpWDLQH HW VHV GLYHUV GLD OHFWHVª/DOLHV 72851$'5(1©7KH&ODVVLFDO7LEHWDQFDVHVDQGWKHLUWUDQVFDWHJR ULDOLW\)URPVDFUHGJUDPPDUWRPRGHUQOLQJXLVWLFVª+LPDOD\DQ/LQ JXLVWLFV 72851$'5( 1 HW 6$1*'$ '25-( 0DQXHO GH WLEpWDLQ VWDQGDUG ODQJXHHWFLYLOLVDWLRQ3DULV/·$VLDWKqTXH =(,6/(5%©&DVHSDWWHUQVDQGSDWWHUQYDULDWLRQLQ/DGDNKLªGDQV 5%LHOPH\HUHW)+DOOHUGLU/LQJXLVWLFVRIWKHKLPDOD\DVDQGEH\RQG %HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHU Une approche typologique fonctionnelle de la voix passive en français et en espagnol 1 5RVHU*DXFKROD RÉSUMÉ (Q W\SRORJLH OLQJXLVWLTXH IRQFWLRQQHOOH OD YRL[ SDVVLYH HVW FRQoXH FRPPHXQHGHVVWUXFWXUHVGRQWGLVSRVHQWFHUWDLQHVODQJXHVSRXUUp VRXGUHXQSUREOqPHFRJQLWLIHWFRPPXQLFDWLIXQLYHUVHOODIRQFWLRQGH ©SDUWLFLSDWLRQªLHODUHODWLRQHQWUHXQYHUEHHWVHVVDWHOOLWHVQRPLQDX[ 'DQVFHWDUWLFOHQRXVSUpVHQWRQVXQHFDUDFWpULVDWLRQIRQFWLRQQHOOHGH ODYRL[SDVVLYHHWLOOXVWURQVODGpPDUFKHHQDQDO\VDQWODFRQWULEXWLRQ GHODYRL[SDVVLYHjO·H[SUHVVLRQGHODIRQFWLRQGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQGDQV GHX[ODQJXHVW\SRORJLTXHPHQWSURFKHVHWJpQpWLTXHPHQWDSSDUHQWpHV OHIUDQoDLVHWO·HVSDJQRO ABSTRACT ,QIXQFWLRQDOOLQJXLVWLFW\SRORJ\SDVVLYHYRLFHLVFRQFHLYHGDVRQHRI WKHVWUXFWXUHVDYDLODEOHLQFHUWDLQODQJXDJHVWRVROYHDXQLYHUVDOFRJ QLWLYHDQGFRPPXQLFDWLYHSUREOHPWKHIXQFWLRQRI´SDUWLFLSDWLRQµLH WKHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQDYHUEDQGLWVQRPLQDOVDWHOOLWHV,QWKLVSDSHUZH SUHVHQWDIXQFWLRQDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRISDVVLYHYRLFHDQGZHLOOXVWUDWH WKHDSSURDFKE\DQDO\VLQJWKHSDVVLYHYRLFHFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHH[SUHV VLRQRIWKHIXQFWLRQRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWZRW\SRORJLFDOO\DQGJHQHWL FDOO\UHODWHGODQJXDJHV)UHQFKDQG6SDQLVK /DJUDPPDLUHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHFRQFHYDLWODYRL[FRPPHXQHFDWpJRULHYHU EDOHDXPrPHWLWUHTXHOHWHPSVOHPRGHODSHUVRQQHRXOHQRPEUHHW &HWWHpWXGHDpWpUpDOLVpHGDQVOHFDGUHGX*UXSGHUHFHUFDVLQJXODU&RPXQL FDFLyLRUDOLWDW$QjOLVLH[SHULPHQWDOGHO·RUDOLWDWHQHOFRQWDFWHGHOOHQJHV LHQHOVWUDVWRUQVGHOOOHQJXDWJH6*5HWGHGLIIpUHQWVSURMHWV GHUHFKHUFKH,'ÀQDQFpVSDUOH0LQLVWHULRGH&LHQFLD\7HFQRORJtDUHI +80+80)), 5RVHU *DXFKROD HVW SURIHVVHXUH j O·8QLYHUVLWp DXWRQRPH GH %DUFHORQH (VSDJQH 526(5*$8&+2/$ ODYRL[SDVVLYHFRPPHODVLPSOHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQG·XQHSKUDVHDFWLYHGH EDVH&HWWHFRQFHSWLRQGHODYRL[SDVVLYHFRPPHDXGHPHXUDQWG·XQH PDQLqUHJpQpUDOHODSOXSDUWGHVDSSURFKHVSOXVRXPRLQVIRUPDOLVWHV GHV ODQJXHV TXH FH VRLW GDQV OH FDGUH GH OD JUDPPDLUH JpQpUDWLYH WUDQVIRUPDWLRQQHOOHGHODJUDPPDLUHDSSOLFDWLYH'HVFOpV*XHQW FKpYD YRLUH GX OH[LTXHJUDPPDLUH /HFOqUH RX GH OD WKpRULH GHV RSpUDWLRQV pQRQFLDWLYHV &XOLROL D SHUPLV GH Gp FULUH VRXYHQW GH IDoRQ H[KDXVWLYH FHUWDLQV SKpQRPqQHV GH VXUIDFH jO·LQWpULHXUG·XQV\VWqPHGRQQp,OHQHVWDLQVLGHODUHODWLRQHQWUHOHV pQRQFpVSDVVLIVHWOHXUVFRUUpODWVDFWLIVGHVFRQWUDLQWHVGHSDVVLYDWLRQ GHFHUWDLQVYHUEHVSURWRW\SLTXHPHQWWUDQVLWLIVDLQVLTXHGHVUDSSRUWV HQWUHYRL[SDVVLYHHWDVSHFWHQWUHDXWUHV&HUWDLQHVGHFHVDSSURFKHV RQWpJDOHPHQWSHUPLVGHGUHVVHUGHVW\SRORJLHVGHVODQJXHVjSDUWLUGH O·DQDO\VHGHFHUWDLQHVVWUXFWXUHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVGHVXUIDFH 7RXWHIRLVVLOHVpWXGHVIRUPDOLVWHVSUpVHQWHQWVDQVDXFXQGRXWHXQ LQWpUrWFHUWDLQGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYHFRQWUDVWLYHHOOHVV·DYqUHQWOLPL WpHVHWSHXRSpUDWLRQQHOOHVYRLUHLUUpDOLVDEOHVHQSDUWLFXOLHUORUVTXHOD VWUXFWXUHDQDO\VpHQ·H[LVWHSDVWHOOHTXHOOHGDQVXQHGHVODQJXHVSULVHV HQFRPSWH /DW\SRORJLHOLQJXLVWLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHDGRSWHXQSRLQWGHYXHUDGL FDOHPHQWGLIIpUHQWTXLSHUPHWGHFRQMXJXHUGHX[GRPDLQHVG·DQDO\VH DSSDUHPPHQW LQFRPSDWLEOHV PDLV TXL V·DYqUHQW GH IDLW FRPSOpPHQ WDLUHVODUHFKHUFKHGHVXQLYHUVDX[GXODQJDJHLHO·DQDO\VHGHO·LQYD ULDQFHHWODUHFKHUFKHW\SRORJLTXHGHVODQJXHVO·pWXGHGHODYDULDELOLWp LQWUDOLQJXLVWLTXHHWLQWHUOLQJXLVWLTXH(OOHVHVLWXHGDQVXQHSHUVSHFWLYH WpOpRQRPLTXHGHVODQJXHVGDQVODPHVXUHRFKDTXHODQJXHFRQVWLWXH XQV\VWqPHGHUpVROXWLRQGHSUREOqPHVFRJQLWLIVHWFRPPXQLFDWLIVTXL VRQWXQLYHUVHOVOHV©IRQFWLRQVªGDQVODWHUPLQRORJLHGHODOLQJXLVWLTXH W\SRORJLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOH)DFHjFHVIRQFWLRQVTXLOHXUVRQWFRPPXQHV FKDTXHODQJXHDSSRUWHVHVVROXWLRQVSDUWLFXOLqUHVVHV©WHFKQLTXHVª TXL VRQW FRQVWLWXpHV SDU OHV VWUXFWXUHV SURSUHV j FHWWH ODQJXH HW TXL HQWUHWLHQQHQWGHVUHODWLRQVG·pTXLOLEUHjO·LQWpULHXUGHFKDTXHV\VWqPH /·DSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHV·DYqUHDLQVLRSpUDWLRQQHOOHGDQV O·DQDO\VHWUDQVOLQJXLVWLTXHHOOHSHUPHWQRQVHXOHPHQWGHUpSHUWRULHU OHVGLIIpUHQWHV©WHFKQLTXHVªDSSRUWpHVSDUFKDTXHODQJXHPDLVHQFRUH HWVXUWRXWGHOHVFRQWUDVWHUHQH[SOLTXDQWODIRQFWLRQTX·HOOHVUpDOLVHQW ,OYDVDQVGLUHTXHVLWRXWHVOHVODQJXHVGXPRQGHQHSRVVqGHQWSDVWRXWHVOHV WHFKQLTXHVGpFHOpHVTXLVRQWSDUWLFXOLqUHVjFKDTXHW\SHGHODQJXHDQDO\Vp 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( (QDGRSWDQWFHSRLQWGHYXHODYRL[SDVVLYHDSXrWUHHQYLVDJpH FRPPHXQHVRXVWHFKQLTXHGHODWHFKQLTXH©RULHQWDWLRQªGRQWGLVSR VHQWFHUWDLQHVODQJXHVSRXUUpVRXGUHXQSUREOqPHFRJQLWLIHWFRPPX QLFDWLIXQLYHUVHOODIRQFWLRQGH©SDUWLFLSDWLRQª6HLOHULHOH UDSSRUWHQWUHOHQR\DXG·XQpYqQHPHQWOHYHUEHOH©SDUWLFLSpªHWOHV VDWHOOLWHVGHFHQR\DXOHVV\QWDJPHVQRPLQDX[OHV©SDUWLFLSDQWVª 'DQVODWHFKQLTXH©RULHQWDWLRQªLH©WKHPDUNLQJRIUHODWLRQVRI WKHSDUWLFLSDQWVWRWKHSDUWLFLSHLQWKHPRVWJHQHUDOVHQVHª6HLOHU ODYRL[FRQVWLWXHOHPR\HQJUDPPDWLFDOLVpOHSOXVIUpTXHQW GHODYLVpHFRPPXQLFDWLYHTXLSHXWVHWUDGXLUHSDUXQHPLVHjO·DUULqUH SODQEDFNJURXQGLQJVHORQOHVWHUPHVGH+DQVMDNRE6HLOHURXSDUOD PLVHDXSUHPLHUSODQIRUHJURXQGLQJ/DWHFKQLTXH©RULHQWDWLRQªSHXW LQFOXUHOHVYRL[DFWLYHPR\HQQHPpGLRSDVVLYHUpÁpFKLHUpFLSURTXH HWSDVVLYHGRQWOHVIURQWLqUHVVRQWORLQG·rWUHQHWWHVQRWDPPHQWGDQV OHVODQJXHVLQGRHXURSpHQQHV ,O\DOLHXGqVORUVGHSUpFLVHUGDQVOHFDGUHGHODWHFKQLTXH©RULHQ WDWLRQªHQTXRLFRQVLVWHODVSpFLÀFLWpGHODYRL[SDVVLYHGDQVVDFRQWUL EXWLRQ j O·H[SUHVVLRQ GH OD IRQFWLRQ GH ©SDUWLFLSDWLRQª FH TXL GRLW SHUPHWWUHGHFDUDFWpULVHUODYRL[SDVVLYHG·XQSRLQWGHYXHIRQFWLRQQHO HWGHWUDQVFHQGHUOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVIRUPHOOHVVWULFWRVHQVX3RXULOOXV WUHUODGpPDUFKHQRXVDQDO\VHURQVFHWWHFRQWULEXWLRQGHODYRL[SDV VLYHjO·H[SUHVVLRQGHODIRQFWLRQGH©SDUWLFLSDWLRQªGDQVGHX[ODQJXHV W\SRORJLTXHPHQWSURFKHVHWJpQpWLTXHPHQWDSSDUHQWpHVOHIUDQoDLVHW O·HVSDJQRO 1. Caractérisation fonctionnelle de la voix passive /DWHFKQLTXH©RULHQWDWLRQªHVWFRQoXHFRPPHODPDQLSXODWLRQGHVSDU WLFLSDQWVVHORQOHXULPSRUWDQFHUHODWLYHGDQVODUHODWLRQGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ LOQ·HQUHVWHSDVPRLQVTXHOHVWHFKQLTXHV©DEVHQWHVªGDQVXQHODQJXHSHX YHQWQHSDVrWUHSHUWLQHQWHVSRXUFHWWHODQJXHrWUH©FRPSHQVpHVªSDUGHV WHFKQLTXHV©YRLVLQHVªRXWRXWVLPSOHPHQWDYRLUXQHPDQLIHVWDWLRQRSDTXH TXHODFRPSDUDLVRQLQWHUOLQJXLVWLTXHHQVHVLWXDQWDXSODQGHVIRQFWLRQV SHXWDLGHUjPHWWUHHQOXPLqUH 'DQVFHWWHSHUVSHFWLYHjO·LQVWDUGHO·pFROHW\SRORJLTXHGH/pQLQJUDGRQ GLVWLQJXHUDGHX[WHUPHVVRXYHQWSULVFRPPHV\QRQ\PHVGDQVOHVUHFKHUFKHV V\QWD[LTXHVG·XQHSDUWODGLDWKqVHFRQÀJXUDWLRQDUJXPHQWDOHTXLHVWSURSUH jFKDTXHYHUEHYRLUHjFKDTXHHPSORLG·XQYHUEHHWG·DXWUHSDUWODYRL[ LHOHPR\HQOHSOXVJUDPPDWLFDOLVpGHODGLDWKqVH 526(5*$8&+2/$ 6HLOHU,O\DOLHXGHGpÀQLUGqVORUVHQTXRLFRQVLVWHFHWWH PDQLSXODWLRQGDQVODYRL[SDVVLYH 'DQVODSOXSDUWGHVUHFKHUFKHVODYRL[SDVVLYHHVWFRQVLGpUpHFRPPH XQFDVPDUTXpGHODYRL[DFWLYHQRQVHXOHPHQWSDUFHTXHGDQVELHQ GHVODQJXHVOHYHUEHGLW©SDVVLIªVXELWGHVYDULDWLRQVPRUSKRORJLTXHV SURFHVVXVG·DX[LOLDULVDWLRQpPHUJHQFHGHPRUSKqPHV²GDQVOHFDV GHVFRQMXJDLVRQVV\QWKpWLTXHVHQWUHDXWUHVPDLVDXVVLSDUFHTXHOD SDVVLYDWLRQHQWUDLQHGHVPRGLÀFDWLRQVGXVFKpPDDFWDQFLHOGHODYRL[ DFWLYH$LQVLO·DFWLRQSURWRW\SLTXHJpQpUDOHPHQWDVVRFLpHjODYRL[ DFWLYH©HVWFHOOHTXLHVWH[HUFpHYRORQWDLUHPHQWSDUXQDJHQWKXPDLQ TXLHQJDUGHODFRPPDQGH©FRQWUROªDFWLRQPHQpHMXVTX·jVRQWHUPH HWDIIHFWDQWXQREMHWDXVVLFRPSOqWHPHQWTXHSRVVLEOHª/D]DUG 3DUWDQWGHFHWD[LRPHOHVUHFKHUFKHVW\SRORJLTXHVRQWSDUDLOOHXUV SHUPLVGHPRQWUHUTX·LOH[LVWHXQHKLpUDUFKLHXQHVWUXFWXUHVFDODLUH HQWUHGHX[S{OHVGHVpOpPHQWVOLQJXLVWLTXHVpWDEOLHVHORQTX·LOHVWSOXVRX PRLQVSUREDEOHTX·LOVFRwQFLGHQWDYHFOHVXMHWDJHQW]RQHJDXFKHGH O·pFKHOOHFLGHVVRXVRXDYHFO·REMHWSDWLHQW]RQHGURLWHGHO·pFKHOOH 6HLOHU UHSHUVRQQH!HSHUVRQQH!HSHUVRQQH!1RPSURSUH!KXPDLQ!DQLPp!LQDQLPp 2%3$7 68-$* 7RXMRXUVVHORQ*LOEHUW/D]DUGLELG©GDQVODSKUDVHELDFWDQFLHOOH SURWRW\SLTXHO·DJHQWHVWWKpPDWLTXHOHYHUEHHWO·REMHWUKpPDWLTXHVª /·pFKHOOHFLGHVVXVSHXWGqVORUVrWUHH[WUDSROpHjXQFRQWLQXXP HQWUHOHVGHX[S{OHVFRPPXQLFDWLIVWKqPHUKqPH UHSHUVRQQH!HSHUVRQQH!HSHUVRQQH!1RPSURSUH!KXPDLQ!DQLPp!LQDQLPp 5+Ë0( 7+Ë0( /·DSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHSHUPHWDLQVLGHFDUDFWpULVHU O·DFWLRQSURWRW\SLTXHSDUXQIDLVFHDXGHWUDLWVTXLUHOqYHQWGHODV\QWD[H W\SHGHIRQFWLRQV\QWD[LTXHGHODVpPDQWLTXHW\SHG·DUJXPHQWHWGH ODYLVpHFRPPXQLFDWLYHGHJUpGHVDLOODQFHFRPPXQLFDWLYH 'DQVOD©PDQLSXODWLRQªGHODUHODWLRQGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQSURSUHjOD YRL[SDVVLYHF·HVWOHSDWLHQWYRLUHGDQVFHUWDLQVFDVOHEpQpÀFLDLUH RXODFLEOHTXLGHYLHQWQRQVHXOHPHQWOHVXMHWGXYHUEHPDLVDXVVLHW VXUWRXWOHSDUWLFLSDQWSULYLOpJLpGXSRLQWGHYXHFRPPXQLFDWLIGqVORUV TX·LORFFXSHOHSUHPLHUSODQHWGHYLHQWGHFHIDLWOHWKqPHGHO·pQRQFp FHTXLPRQWUHELHQTXHODSDVVLYDWLRQHVWXQSKpQRPqQH©PXOWLIDFWR ULHOª*LYyQ 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( >«@ZKHQWKHDJHQWLVSUDJPDWLFDOO\GRZQJUDGHGDQGWKHSDWLHQW³ RUVRPHRWKHUQRQDJHQWDUJXPHQW³LVWKHPDWLFDOO\PRUHLPSRUWDQW DVLQWKHSURWRW\SHSDVVLYHDJHQWUHODWHGWUDQVLWLYHSURSHUWLHVDUHQRW IRFXVHGRQ5DWKHUWKHSDWLHQWUHODWHGVWDWLYHUHVXOWDWLYHDVSHFWVRIWKH HYHQWVDUHQRZLQIRFXVLHPRUHVDOLHQW$QGWKHXQLPSRUWDQWDJHQWLV PRUHOLNHO\WREHQRQUHIHUULQJDQGXQLQGLYLGXDWHG*LYyQ &HSKpQRPqQHGHWKpPDWLVDWLRQGXSDWLHQWFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHODYRL[ SDVVLYHHVWjUHOLHUjXQGHVIDFWHXUVFRJQLWLIVHWSV\FKRORJLTXHVLQWULQ VqTXHVjODFRPPXQLFDWLRQKXPDLQHUHOHYpVSDU6FRWW'H/DQFH\ OH©ÁX[DWWHQWLRQQHOªTXLGpWHUPLQHODGLVSRVLWLRQGHVDUJXPHQWVGDQV O·pQRQFpRUGRQQpVHQIRQFWLRQGHO·LQWHQWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLYHGXORFX WHXUTXLSUpWHQGTXHVRQDXGLWHXUVXLYHO·pQRQFpG·XQHFHUWDLQHIDoRQ &·HVWFHTXLH[SOLTXHTXHFHUWDLQHVSKUDVHVVRLHQWQDWXUHOOHVFRPPH DORUVTXHG·DXWUHVTXRLTXHJUDPPDWLFDOHPHQWFRUUHFWHVV·DYqUHQW SHXXVLWpHVF·HVWOHFDVGHO·H[HPSOH -HYDLVGH/RQGUHVj3DULV -HYDLVj3DULVGHSXLV/RQGUHV /DSDVVLYDWLRQFRQVWLWXHXQH[HPSOHGHPDQLSXODWLRQGXÁX[DWWHQ WLRQQHOGDQVODPHVXUHRO·RUGUHQDWXUHOGHVDUJXPHQWVGHO·pQRQFp $*93$7%(1HVWLQYHUVpSRXUSULYLOpJLHUXQpOpPHQWOHSDWLHQW RXOHEpQpÀFLDLUHYRLUHODFLEOHTXLDSSDUDLWDYDQWO·DUJXPHQWFHQVp rWUH FRPPXQLFDWLYHPHQW SOXV ©VDLOODQWª O·DJHQW /·DQDO\VH W\SROR JLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHDG·DLOOHXUVSHUPLVGHPRQWUHUTXHGDQVOHVODQJXHV TXLSRVVqGHQWGHVVWUXFWXUHVSDVVLYHVQRQVHXOHPHQWO·DJHQWHVWVRXYHQW UHOpJXpjO·DUULqUHSODQPDLVTX·LOHVWOHSOXVVRXYHQWHIIDFp$LQVL GRQFVLODYRL[SDVVLYHSDUWDJHELHQDYHFG·DXWUHVVWUXFWXUHV²FRPPH ODGLVORFDWLRQjJDXFKH²ODWKpPDWLVDWLRQG·XQSDUWLFLSDQWGLIIpUHQWGH O·DJHQWFHTXLGLVWLQJXHODYRL[SDVVLYHGHFHVDXWUHVFRQVWUXFWLRQV F·HVWO·HIIDFHPHQWGHO·DJHQWLYLWpVRLWHQRPHWWDQWO·DJHQWVRLWHQOH UHOpJXDQWjO·DUULqUHSODQFRPPXQLFDWLI/HVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSDVVLYHV UHMRLJQHQWVXUFHSRLQWOHVVWUXFWXUHVLPSHUVRQQHOOHVTXLSDUGpÀQLWLRQ ©RPHWWHQWªO·DJHQW '·RXQGHVXQLYHUVDX[LPSOLFDWLIVFRQFHUQDQWODYRL[SDVVLYHVLXQHODQJXH GLVSRVHGHVWUXFWXUHVSDVVLYHVDYHFDJHQWFHWWHODQJXHDREOLJDWRLUHPHQWGHV FRQVWUXFWLRQVSDVVLYHVVDQVDJHQWO·LQYHUVHQ·pWDQWSDVWRXMRXUVYUDL 526(5*$8&+2/$ (QDGRSWDQWFHSRLQWGHYXHQRXVSURFqGHURQVFLDSUqVjO·DQDO\VH FRPSDUDWLYHGHVGLIIpUHQWHVWHFKQLTXHVSDVVLYDQWHVGXIUDQoDLVHWGH O·HVSDJQRO 2. La technique de la passivation en français /DODQJXHIUDQoDLVHGLVSRVHGHGHX[JUDQGVW\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHVJUDP PDWLFDOHVSRXUH[SULPHUODSDVVLYDWLRQGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSpULSKUDV WLTXHVIRUPpHVjO·DLGHG·DX[LOLDLUHVSOXVRXPRLQVJUDPPDWLFDOLVpVHW OHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVGLWHV©UpÁH[LYHVª 2.1. Les constructions périphrastiques 3RXUFHTXLHVWGXSUHPLHUW\SHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSDVVLYHTXLDpWpOD SOXV DQDO\VpH OD VHXOH G·DLOOHXUV SULVH HQ FRPSWH SDU OD JUDPPDLUH WUDGLWLRQQHOOHHVW^DX[LOLDLUHrWUHSDUWLFLSHSDVVpG·XQYHUEHWUDQ VLWLIGLUHFW`FRQVLGpUpHFRPPHOD©FRQVWUXFWLRQGHEDVHGXSDVVLIª 'HVFOpV*XHQWFKpYD&HWWHFRQVWUXFWLRQDGPHWWRXWDXVVL ELHQODPHQWLRQGHO·DJHQWLHGXFDVREOLTXHTXHO·RPLVVLRQGHFHW DUJXPHQW /HYROHXUDpWpDUUrWpSDUODSROLFH '·DXWUH SDUW O·pOpPHQW WKpPDWLVp WRXMRXUV OH SDWLHQW GH O·DFWLRQ GDQVODUHODWLRQGHSUpGLFDWLRQSHXWrWUHDVVXPpSDUXQDUJXPHQWDQLPp PDLVDXVVLSDUXQVXEVWDQWLILQDQLPp /DEDQTXHDpWpFDPEULROpH /HIUDQoDLVDGPHWODWUDQVIRUPDWLRQSDVVLYHGHODSOXSDUWGHVYHUEHV WUDQVLWLIVGLUHFWVPDLVOHVSRVVLELOLWpVIRUPHOOHVRIIHUWHVSDUOHV\VWqPH IRXUQLVVHQWGHVUpVXOWDWVTXLWRXWHQpWDQWJUDPPDWLFDOHPHQWFRUUHFWV SUpVHQWHQWGHIRUWHVFRQWUDLQWHVG·XWLOLVDWLRQ$LQVLV·DYqUHEHDX FRXSSOXVQDWXUHOTXHVRQFRUUpODWSDVVLI -·DLODYpODYRLWXUH /DYRLWXUHDpWpODYpHSDUPRL 'HIDLWODSKUDVHSRXUUDLWSHXWrWUHFRQVWLWXHUXQpQRQFp©FRPPXQL FDWLYHPHQWYUDLVHPEODEOHªGDQVXQHVLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQRGDQV XQ DFWH GH SDUROH O·RSpUDWLRQ ©ODYHU OD YRLWXUHª DXUDLW pWp DWWULEXpH j TXHOTX·XQG·DXWUHDXWUHPHQWGLWO·pQRQFpYLHQGUDLWUpIXWHUO·DIÀUPDWLRQ 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( ©/·DQRPDOLHªUHSUpVHQWpHSDUODYRL[SDVVLYHQHVHPEOHGRQFSDV rWUHGXHjXQ©PDQTXHªGXV\VWqPHPDLVDXIDLWTXHFHWpQRQFpHQIUHLQW ODKLpUDUFKLHGHWKpPDWLVDWLRQSUpVHQWpHGDQVODVHFWLRQHQpOHYDQW DXSUHPLHUUDQJFRPPXQLFDWLIXQHHQWLWpQRQDQLPpHODYRLWXUHDX GpWULPHQWG·XQrWUHDQLPp/·DFWXDOLVDWLRQGXV\VWqPHLHO·pYHQWDLOGH VROXWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVHVWVXERUGRQQpHjODIRQFWLRQTXHFHVVWUXFWXUHV VRQWFHQVpHVH[SULPHUHWORUVTX·LOH[LVWHXQFRQÁLWHQWUHOHSODQV\Q WD[LTXHHWOHSODQFRPPXQLFDWLIF·HVWOHIDFWHXUSUDJPDWLTXHHWFRP PXQLFDWLITXLO·HPSRUWH 2XWUHODFRQVWUXFWLRQSDVVLYHGHEDVHODODQJXHIUDQoDLVHGLVSRVH GHTXDWUHDXWUHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSpULSKUDVWLTXHV^VHIDLUHLQÀQLWLI` ^VHODLVVHULQÀQLWLI`^VHYRLULQÀQLWLI`HW^V·HQWHQGUHLQÀQLWLI` /DFRQVWUXFWLRQ^VHIDLUHLQÀQLWLI`DGPHWDXVVLELHQODSUpVHQFHTXH O·DEVHQFHGHO·DJHQW -HPHVXLVIDLWDWWDTXHUGDQVOHPpWURSDUXQHEDQGHGHYR\RXV &HWRXUSUpVHQWHWRXWHIRLVGHX[VSpFLÀFLWpVSDUUDSSRUWjODFRQVWUXF WLRQ SDVVLYH GLWH QRQ PDUTXpH '·XQH SDUW LO V·DJLW G·XQH WRXUQXUH H[WUrPHPHQWSURGXFWLYHjO·RUDOTXLHVWJpQpUDOHPHQWUpVHUYpHjXQ SDWLHQWKXPDLQHWGDQVODTXHOOHRQSHXWGLVWLQJXHUGLIIpUHQWVGHJUpVGH ©UHVSRQVDELOLWpªGXSDUWLFLSDQWKXPDLQ/H*RIÀFSUpVHQWpVSDU RUGUHGpFURLVVDQWGDQVOHVH[HPSOHVFLGHVVRXV 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWSV\FKDQDO\VHU 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWHQJXHXOHUSDUVRQFKHISRXUVHVUHWDUGVUpLWpUpV /·HVFURFV·HVWIDLWDWWUDSHUSDUODSROLFH 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWOLFHQFLHUPDOJUpVRQGpYRXHPHQWSRXUO·HQWUHSULVH '·DXWUHSDUW^VHIDLUHLQÀQLWLI`SHUPHWGHWKpPDWLVHUOHEpQp ÀFLDLUHGHO·DFWLRQTXLHQHVWHQPrPHWHPSVOHFDXVDWHXUORUVTXH FHOOHFLHVWOHUpVXOWDWG·XQDFWHGHYROLWLRQ SUpFpGHPPHQWpPLVHSDUO·LQWHUORFXWHXU(QWRXWpWDWGHFDXVHOD©VROXWLRQ OLQJXLVWLTXHªGHODWKpPDWLVDWLRQGHO·DJHQWDXPR\HQGXFOLYDJH©F·HVWPRL TXLDLODYpODYRLWXUHªVHPEOHUDLWPrPHGDQVFHFDVOjSOXV©LGRLQHªGX SRLQWGHYXHFRPPXQLFDWLI 4XRLTXHOHGLVFRXUVMRXUQDOLVWLTXHTXLHVWVRXYHQWjODEDVHGHQpRORJLVPHV RXGHQRXYHDX[HPSORLVGHVWUXFWXUHVGpMjH[LVWDQWHVIRXUQLVVHGHVH[HPSOHV RO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpFRUUHVSRQGjXQLQDQLPpFI/DQHLJHVHIDLWDWWHQGUH GDQVOHV$OSHV/H0RQGH 526(5*$8&+2/$ 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWFRQVWUXLUHXQHPDLVRQjODFDPSDJQH 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWUpSDUHUVDPRWR (QUHYDQFKHORUVTXHO·DFWLRQHVWOHUpVXOWDWG·XQSURFHVVXVLQGpSHQ GDQWGHODYRORQWpHWGXFRQWU{OHGXSDUWLFLSDQWO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVp FRUUHVSRQGjODFLEOHGHO·DFWLRQ -HPHVXLVIDLWYROHUPDELF\FOHWWH /HIUDQoDLVGLVSRVHpJDOHPHQWG·XQHWURLVLqPHWHFKQLTXHSpULSKUDV WLTXHGHSDVVLYDWLRQODVWUXFWXUH^VHODLVVHULQÀQLWLI`/DVLJQLÀFDWLRQ GXOH[qPHODLVVHUH[SOLTXHOHJOLVVHPHQWVpPDQWLTXHYHUVODSDVVLYD WLRQ'DQVFHWWHSpULSKUDVHOHVpPDQWLVPH©QHSDVHPSrFKHUSHU PHWWUHªGXQR\DXOH[LFDOGHGpSDUWHVWWRXMRXUVSUpVHQWPDLVLO\DOLHX GHGLVWLQJXHUGLIIpUHQWVVWDGHVGDQVOHSURFHVVXVGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQ /·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpODSOXSDUWGXWHPSVOHSDWLHQWGXVFKpPDDFWDQ FLHOSHXWUHQYR\HUjXQDQLPpHWO·DFWLRQ©VXELHªQ·HVWSDVOHUpVXOWDW G·XQDFWHYRORQWDLUHGXSDUWLFLSDQWSULYLOpJLp 'DQLHOV·HVWODLVVpDWWHQGULULPSUHVVLRQQHUSHUVXDGHU 1HYRXVODLVVH]SDVIDLUHUpFODPH]ULSRVWH]3HWLW5REHUWeOHFWUR QLTXHGpVRUPDLV35( ,OHQHVWGHPrPHORUVTXHOHSDUWLFLSDQWPLVDXSUHPLHUSODQFRUUHV SRQGjODFLEOHGHO·DFWLRQ -HPHVXLVODLVVpGLUHTXH«35( &HSHQGDQWGDQVFHUWDLQVHPSORLVOHSDWLHQWWKpPDWLVpHVWLQDQLPp FHTXLLQGLTXHTXHOHVpPDQWLVPHGXYHUEHODLVVHUUHQYR\DQWjODSHU PLVVLRQV·HVWHVWRPSpRXDFDUUpPHQWGLVSDUXHWTXHOHSURFHVVXVG·DX [LOLDULVDWLRQHWGHJUDPPDWLFDOLVDWLRQDDWWHLQWXQVWDGHSOXVDYDQFpOH OH[qPHV·HVWFRPSOqWHPHQWGpVpPDQWLVpHWLODLQFRUSRUpXQHQXDQFH UHOHYDQWGHODPRGDOLWpDOpWKLTXH &HYLQVHODLVVHERLUH35( &HÀOPVHODLVVHYRLU35( )LQDOHPHQW GHX[ DXWUHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV SpULSKUDVWLTXHV DYHF GHV YHUEHVGXGRPDLQHVHQVRULHORQWpPHUJpHQIUDQoDLV^VHYRLUV·HQ WHQGUHLQÀQLWLI`RO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpUHQYRLHjXQDQLPpYRLUH jXQKXPDLQ'DQVOHFDVGH^VHYRLULQÀQLWLI`O·DUJXPHQWRFFXSDQW OH SUHPLHU SODQ FRPPXQLFDWLI SHXW FRUUHVSRQGUH DXVVL ELHQ DX SDWLHQW H[TX·jODFLEOH 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( VD JUDQGH VWXSHXU OH URPDQFLHU V·HVW YX FLWHU HQ MXVWLFH 'XKDPHO35( (OOHV·HVWYXUHIXVHUO·HQWUpHDXFOXE35( (QUHYDQFKHOHYHUEHV·HQWHQGUHTXLLPSOLTXHXQYHUEHGHORFXWLRQ VHPEOHSULYLOpJLHUODWKpPDWLVDWLRQGHODFLEOH +LHUMHPHVXLVHQWHQGXH>VLF@GLUHSDUOHSV\GHPRQÀOVTXHOXL HWPRLDYLRQVXQJURVSUREOqPHZZZIRUXPDXIHPLQLQFRP! 4XRLTX·LOV·DJLVVHGHWRXUQXUHVPRLQVJUDPPDWLFDOLVpHVTXHFHOOHV TXLRQWpWpSUpFpGHPPHQWDQDO\VpHVOH©FKRL[ªGHVOH[qPHVVXVFHS WLEOHVGHGHYHQLUDX[LOLDLUHVSDVVLIVQHVHPEOHSDVDYRLUpWpDUELWUDLUH SXLVTXHYRLUHWHQWHQGUHUHQYRLHQWjGHVpYqQHPHQWVSOXW{WTX·jGHV DFWLYLWpV VHQVRULHOOHV SDU RSSRVLWLRQ j UHJDUGHU HW pFRXWHU TXL HX[ LPSOLTXHQWXQHDFWLYLWpHWGRQFXQDJHQWXQDFWDQWDQLPpTXLHVWjOD UHFKHUFKHG·XQVWLPXOXVYLVXHORXDXGLWLI 2.2. La construction réflexive 2XWUHOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSpULSKUDVWLTXHVDQDO\VpHVODODQJXHIUDQoDLVH SUpVHQWHXQGHX[LqPHW\SHGH©WHFKQLTXHªSDVVLYHODFRQVWUXFWLRQ UpÁH[LYH &HYLQVHERLWDXGHVVHUW35( $ÀQGHGpOLPLWHUOHVXVDJHVGHFHWWHFRQVWUXFWLRQFRPPHWRXUQXUH SDVVLYHGRQWOHVIURQWLqUHVDYHFOHVFDWpJRULHVYRLVLQHVFIQRWHV·DYq UHQWDVVH]ÁRXHVQRXVDYRQVHQWUHSULVXQHUHFKHUFKHHQFRXUVGHUpD OLVDWLRQTXLDFRQVLVWpjGpSRXLOOHUSDUWLHOOHPHQWOH35(HQUHOHYDQW TXHOTXHYHUEHVTXLVRQWVXVFHSWLEOHVGHGHYHQLUSDVVLIVGDQVXQH FRQVWUXFWLRQUpÁH[LYH%LHQTXHGDQVO·pWDWDFWXHOGHODUHFKHUFKHQRXV QHSXLVVLRQVpPHWWUHTXHGHVK\SRWKqVHVSURYLVRLUHVLOVHPEOHUDLWTXH SRXUTXHO·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQSDVVLYHSXLVVHV·LPSRVHUQRQVHXOHPHQWOH YHUEHGHYUDLWrWUHWUDQVLWLIjODYRL[DFWLYHPDLVHQFRUHO·DJHQWGHYUDLW UHQYR\HUjXQKXPDLQHWOHSDWLHQWjXQLQDQLPp7RXMRXUVHVWLOTXH FRPPHGDQVOHVVWUXFWXUHVDQDO\VpHVSOXVKDXWOHWRXUUpÁH[LISHUPHW &HOOHFLVHFDUDFWpULVHSDUVRQFDUDFWqUHSRO\IRQFWLRQQHOSXLVTX·HOOHSHXW FRQVWLWXHU FRPPH FHOD D pWp VRXOLJQp SDU GLIIpUHQWV DXWHXUV 'HVFOpV *XHQWFKpYDRSFLW&UHLVVHOVXQVFKpPDGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQUpÁpFKL UpFLSURTXHPR\HQPpGLRSDVVLIRXSDVVLI 526(5*$8&+2/$ GHSULYLOpJLHUOHSDWLHQWHWFHG·DXWDQWPLHX[TXHODIRUPHUpÁH[LYHRPHW O·DJHQWGXVFKpPDGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQjODYRL[SDVVLYHVRLWSDUFHTX·LO UHQYRLHjXQTXDQWLÀHXUXQLYHUVHO©7RXWOHPRQGHERLWFHYLQDXGHV VHUWªVRLWSDUFHTX·LOHVWGLIÀFLOHPHQWLGHQWLÀDEOH©2QERLWFHYLQDX GHVVHUWªRXLQFRQQX&HWHIIDFHPHQWSURJUHVVLIGHO·DJHQWLYLWpSHUPHW GHUHOLHUFHW\SHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVDX[FRQVWUXFWLRQVLPSHUVRQQHOOHV 3. Les techniques de la passivation en espagnol (QHVSDJQRORQGpFqOHFRPPHHQIUDQoDLVGHX[W\SHVGHVWUXFWXUHV SDVVLYDQWHVOHVWRXUVSpULSKUDVWLTXHVHWODFRQVWUXFWLRQUpÁH[LYH 3.1. Les constructions périphrastiques /·HVSDJQROGLVSRVHGHODFRQVWUXFWLRQDQDO\WLTXHGLUHFWHPHQWKpULWpH GXODWLQIRUPpHjO·DLGHGHO·DX[LOLDLUH^VHUSDUWLFLSHSDVVp`TXL DGPHWDXVVLXQFDVREOLTXH (OGXTXHKDVLGRDFXVDGRGHGHVYLDFLyQGHIRQGRVSRUHOÀVFDO >*ORVH/HGXFDpWpDFFXVpGHGpWRXUQHPHQWGHIRQGVSDUOHSUR FXUHXU@ /·HVSDJQROSRVVqGHpJDOHPHQWXQHWHFKQLTXHSpULSKUDVWLTXHSURFKH GH^VHODLVVHULQÀQLWLI`ODVWUXFWXUH^GHMDUVHLQÀQLWLI`ROHYHUEH FRQMXJXpFRQWLHQWGDQVVRQVpPDQWLVPHO·LGpHG·DEVHQFHG·RSSRVLWLRQ /DSOXSDUWGXWHPSVO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpTXLFRUUHVSRQGDXSDWLHQWHVW DQLPpH[HWPDLVODSRVVLELOLWpG·DYRLUXQSDWLHQWLQDQLPpOH WRXUD\DQWFRPPHHQIUDQoDLVXQHQXDQFHGHPRGDOLWpDOpWKLTXHQ·HVW SDVjH[FOXUHFI 'DQLHOVHKDGHMDGRHQJDxDU>'DQLHOV·HVWODLVVpWURPSHU@ 'DQLHOVHGHMDTXHUHU>'DQLHOVHODLVVHGpVLUHU@ (VDSHOtFXODVHGHMDYHU>&HÀOPVHODLVVHYRLU@ 1pDQPRLQVPDOJUpFHWWHVLPLODULWpIRUPHOOHHQWUHOHVGHX[ODQJXHV UpVXOWDQWHQSDUWLFXOLHUSRXUODSUHPLqUHVWUXFWXUHGHOHXURULJLQHFRP PXQHOHIUDQoDLVHWO·HVSDJQROSUpVHQWHQWGHVGLIIpUHQFHVQRWRLUHVTXDQW jO·XVDJHTXHFHVODQJXHVIRQWGHFHW\SHGHVWUXFWXUHV(QSUHPLHUOLHX /HVpQRQFpVHQWUHFURFKHWVFRUUHVSRQGHQWjGHVJORVHVGHVpQRQFpVHVSD JQROVHWQRQSDVjGHVWUDGXFWLRQVHQIUDQoDLV 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( ODODQJXHHVSDJQROHFRPSUHQGXQQRPEUHSOXVOLPLWpGH©VROXWLRQVª SpULSKUDVWLTXHVGHSDVVLYDWLRQTXHOHIUDQoDLV'HIDLWO·HVSDJQROQ·D GpYHORSSpHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHODFRQVWUXFWLRQ^VHIDLUHLQÀQLWLI`TXH ODYDULDQWHRO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpFRwQFLGHDYHFOHEpQpÀFLDLUHTXLHVW DXVVLOHFDXVDWHXURXGpFOHQFKHXUGHO·DFWLRQ 'DQLHOVHKDKHFKRFRQVWUXLUXQDFDVDHQHOFDPSR>'DQLHOV·HVW IDLWFRQVWUXLUHXQHPDLVRQjODFDPSDJQH@ (QUHYDQFKHORUVTXHO·DFWLRQGpFOHQFKpHQ·HVWSDVOHUpVXOWDWG·XQH YROLWLRQFHWWHVWUXFWXUHVHPEOHIDLUHGpIDXWFHTXLHVWG·DLOOHXUVDXVVL OHFDVGHVWRXUQXUHVDYHFVHYRLUHWV·HQWHQGUHVLELHQTXHGDQVOHSUR FHVVXVGHSDVVLYDWLRQHQHVSDJQROOHVVHXOVSDUWLFLSDQWVTXLRQWWHQ GDQFHjrWUHSULYLOpJLpVGXSRLQWGHYXHFRPPXQLFDWLIVRQWOHSDWLHQW HWOHEpQpÀFLDLUHFHTXLHVWGHIDLWFRQÀUPpSDUODWRXUQXUH^GHMDUVH LQÀQLWLI`TXLDGPHWGLIÀFLOHPHQWGXPRLQVGHIDoRQQDWXUHOOHODWUDQV SRVLWLRQOLWWpUDOHGXIUDQoDLV¶,OV·HVWODLVVpGLUHTXH·« (QGHX[LqPHOLHXODIUpTXHQFHG·HPSORLQRWDPPHQWjO·RUDOGHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV SpULSKUDVWLTXHV HVW ELHQ PRLQGUH HQ HVSDJQRO TX·HQ IUDQoDLV6LO·RQSUHQGHQFRPSWHOHSULQFLSHSRVWXOpSDUODW\SRORJLH IRQFWLRQQHOOH VHORQ OHTXHO WRXW SHXW rWUH GLW GDQV WRXWHV OHV ODQJXHV GX PRQGHLO\DOLHXGHVHGHPDQGHUFRPPHQWODODQJXHHVSDJQROHUpVRXW OHSUREOqPHTXHFHW\SHGH©WHFKQLTXHVªH[SULPHHQIUDQoDLV &RPPHFHODDpWpGLWSOXVKDXWODIRQFWLRQUHPSOLHSDUODSDVVLYD WLRQHVWGRXEOHO·HIIDFHPHQWGHO·DJHQWLYLWpOHFDVREOLTXHSRXYDQW WRXMRXUVrWUHRPLVHWODWKpPDWLVDWLRQG·XQSDUWLFLSDQWTXLjODYRL[ DFWLYHVHUDLWUHOpJXpjO·DUULqUHSODQFRPPXQLFDWLI2ULOV·DYqUHTXH O·HVSDJQROQHUHTXLHUWSDVXQHFRQVWUXFWLRQSDVVLYHSRXUSRXYRLUWKp PDWLVHUXQDFWDQWDXWUHTXHO·DJHQWFRPPHOHPRQWUHO·H[HPSOH RO·RQSHXWFRQVHUYHUODYRL[DFWLYHWRXWHQSULYLOpJLDQWOHSDWLHQWHWHQ UHOpJXDQWO·DJHQWjO·DUULqUHSODQFRPPXQLFDWLI $PLSHUURORKDDWURSHOODGRXQFRFKH>$PRQFKLHQO·DUHQYHUVp XQHYRLWXUH@TXLVHUDLWO·pTXLYDOHQWOHSOXVQDWXUHOGDQVXQHVLWXD WLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQRUGLQDLUHGH 0RQFKLHQDpWpUHQYHUVpSDUXQHYRLWXUH &HGpSODFHPHQWHVWSRVVLEOHHQHVSDJQROFDUPrPHVLFHWWHODQJXH WRXW FRPPH OH IUDQoDLV HVW XQH ODQJXH 692 VHORQ OD W\SRORJLH GH -RVHSK*UHHQEHUJOHGHJUpGHULJLGLWpV\QWD[LTXHHQHVSDJQRO HVW PRLQGUH TX·HQ IUDQoDLV FH TXL HVW j UHOLHU j GHX[ SKpQRPqQHV SURSUHVjODODQJXHHVSDJQROH 526(5*$8&+2/$ (QSUHPLHUOLHXFHWWHODQJXHDFRQVHUYpFRPPHHQODWLQXQHJUDQGH YDULDELOLWpÁH[LRQQHOOHYHUEDOHLOH[LVWHSUHVTXHSRXUWRXVOHVWHPSV XQHUHODWLRQELXQLYRTXHHQWUHOHVXIÀ[HYHUEDOG·XQHSDUWHWOHWHPSVHW ODSHUVRQQHG·DXWUHSDUW&HWWHLQIRUPDWLRQIRXUQLHSDUODPRUSKRORJLH YHUEDOHSHUPHWXQHSOXVJUDQGHVRXSOHVVHV\QWD[LTXH(QGHX[LqPH OLHXTXRLTXHO·HVSDJQROGHPrPHTXHOHIUDQoDLVDLWSHUGXDXFRXUV GHVRQpYROXWLRQODÁH[LRQFDVXHOOHGDQVO·DVVLVHQRPLQDOHVXEVWDQWLIV HWDGMHFWLIVFHWWHODQJXHQ·HVWSDVSRXUDXWDQWGpSRXUYXHGHPDUTXHV GHFDVSRXUOHVFRPSOpPHQWVTX·LOVVRLHQWGLUHFWVDQLPpVRXLQGLUHFWV 'DQVO·H[HPSOHFHWWHPDUTXHHVWGRXEOHODSUpSRVLWLRQDTXL LQWHUGLWODOHFWXUHDJHQWLYHGHFHWDFWDQWHWODUHSULVHDQDSKRULTXHSDUOH SURQRPDFFXVDWLIOR 2QSRXUUDLWDUJXHUTXHODFRQVWUXFWLRQHVSDJQROHQHVHUDLWTX·XQH WUDQVSRVLWLRQGHODGLVORFDWLRQjJDXFKHGXIUDQoDLV©WHFKQLTXHªXWL OLVpHpJDOHPHQWSRXUWKpPDWLVHUXQDUJXPHQWFRPPHGDQVO·H[HPSOH VXLYDQW 'DQLHOMHO·DLUHQFRQWUpFHPDWLQ 2UOHVGHX[FRQVWUXFWLRQVTXRLTXHVHUYDQWOHPrPHSURSRVQHVRQW SDVWRXWjIDLWpTXLYDOHQWHVG·XQHSDUWGDQVODGLVORFDWLRQjJDXFKH LO\DXQHUXSWXUHV\QWD[LTXHHQWUHO·pOpPHQWGpWDFKpHWO·pQRQFpTXL VXLWHWG·DXWUHSDUWFHWWHUXSWXUHV\QWD[LTXHVHWUDGXLWpJDOHPHQWDX SODQVXSUDVHJPHQWDOSDUXQHSDXVHDSUqVO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVpHWSDU FRQVpTXHQWSDUXQDFFHQW ,ODpWpGpPRQWUpHQW\SRORJLHIRQFWLRQQHOOHTXHSOXVODPRUSKRORJLHHVWSRU WHXVHG·LQIRUPDWLRQSOXVODV\QWD[HHVWOLEUHDORUVTXHODV\QWD[HDWHQGDQFH jGHYHQLUSOXVÀ[HORUVTXHODPRUSKRORJLHIDLWGpIDXWjFHWpJDUG /DFRPSDUDLVRQLQWHUOLQJXLVWLTXHV·DYqUHHQFRUHXQHIRLVUpYpODWULFHjFH VXMHWODODQJXHDQJODLVHTXLPDQTXHG·RSSRVLWLRQVGHJHQUHHWGHQRPEUH SRXUO·DGMHFWLIGHJHQUHSRXUOHVXEVWDQWLIHWTXLQHSUpVHQWHTX·XQHRSSR VLWLRQUpVLGXHOOHGHSHUVRQQHGDQVOHYHUEHQ·DGPHWSDVODSRVWSRVLWLRQGX VXMHWGDQVOHVSKUDVHVGpFODUDWLYHV/HFDVH[WUrPHPHQWRSSRVpHVWFHOXLGH O·HVSDJQRORODV\QWD[HHVWEHDXFRXSSOXVÁRWWDQWH(QWUHFHVGHX[S{OHVVH VLWXHOHIUDQoDLVPRUSKRORJLTXHPHQWSOXVULFKHTXHO·DQJODLVPDLVEHDXFRXS PRLQVTXHO·HVSDJQRO 0DOJUpOHVOLHQVIRQFWLRQQHOVTX·HOOHHQWUHWLHQWDYHFODYRL[SDVVLYHGDQVOH FDGUHUHVWUHLQWGHFHWWHFRQWULEXWLRQQRXVQ·DERUGHURQVSDVO·DQDO\VHGHOD GLVORFDWLRQjJDXFKH &I©/DSKUDVHVHUDGpOLPLWpH>«@FRPPHFRQVWUXLWHVDQVUXSWXUHSURVR GLTXHª0XOOHU 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( (QUHYDQFKHHQHVSDJQRO $'DQLHOORKHYLVWRHVWDPDxDQD>$'DQLHOMHO·DLYXFHPDWLQ@ ,FLLOQ·\DSDVGHFRXSXUHV\QWD[LTXHHQWUHO·pOpPHQWGpSODFp$ 'DQLHOHWOHUHVWHGHO·pQRQFp$XSODQVXSUDVHJPHQWDOLOQ·\DSDVGH SDXVHDSUqV'DQLHOHWTXRLTXHFHFRQVWLWXDQWUHoRLYHXQDFFHQWGHPRW ODPLVHHQUHOLHIGHO·pOpPHQWGpSODFpHVWELHQPRLQGUHTX·HQIUDQoDLV 4XLSOXVHVWVLHQIUDQoDLVODFRH[LVWHQFHGDQVXQPrPHpQRQFpGH GHX[pOpPHQWVXQOH[qPHHWXQFOLWLTXHFRUpIpUHQWLHOVV·DYqUHLPSRV VLEOHG·RODSDXVHDSUqVO·pOpPHQWGLVORTXpHQHVSDJQROO·HIIDFHPHQW GXSURQRPGHUHSULVHFRQGXLWjXQHOHFWXUHUDGLFDOHPHQWGLIIpUHQWH $'DQLHOKHYLVWR\QRD3HGURHVWDPDxDQD>$'DQLHOMHO·DLYX HWQRQSDVj3LHUUHFHPDWLQ@ /HWRXUHVWDLQVLLQWHUSUpWpFRPPHXQHWRSLFDOLVDWLRQHPSKDWLTXH GXUKqPH'DQLHOHWQRQFRPPHXQHPLVHDXSUHPLHUSODQGXSDWLHQW XQHWKpPDWLVDWLRQFHTXLVHWUDGXLWpJDOHPHQWDXSODQVXSUDVHJPHQWDO ,OV·HQVXLWTXHODWKpPDWLVDWLRQSDUGpSODFHPHQWGXSDUWLFLSDQWHQHVSD JQROFRPPH+DQVMDFRE6HLOHUO·DVRXOLJQpjSURSRVGHOD YRL[SDVVLYH©>«@LQFRQWUDVWWRWRSLFDOL]DWLRQDQGOHIWGLVORFDWLRQLV DQLQWHJUDOSDUWRIWKHJUDPPDUª $LQVLODGLYHUJHQFHHVVHQWLHOOHHQWUHOHIUDQoDLVHWO·HVSDJQROSRXU FHTXLHVWGHODWKpPDWLVDWLRQG·XQSDUWLFLSDQWDXWUHTXHO·DJHQWHVWGXH DXIDLWTXHOHIUDQoDLVO·DQJODLVHWOHVODQJXHVDFFXVDWLYHVD\DQWXQ FRPSRUWHPHQWPRUSKRORJLTXHRSUpGRPLQHODQHXWUDOLVDWLRQG·RSSR VLWLRQVDGpYHORSSpHWFUppGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVSDVVLYHVSRXUSRXYRLU SULYLOpJLHUFRPPXQLFDWLYHPHQWOHGLWSDUWLFLSDQWDORUVTXHO·HVSDJQRO GRQWODV\QWD[HHVWSOXVOLEUHSHXWV·HQWHQLUDXGpSODFHPHQWHQGpEXW G·pQRQFpGHO·DUJXPHQW 2QUHWURXYHFHVGLIIpUHQFHVORUVTX·RQDQDO\VHOHFRPSRUWHPHQWGH FHV GHX[ ODQJXHV GDQV GHV VLWXDWLRQV R OD GLVWLQFWLRQ WKqPHUKqPH V·DYqUHSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWVDLOODQWH0RUHQR&DEUHUD6RLW OHVpQRQFpVHWHWOHXUVWUDGXFWLRQVHQIUDQoDLVH[HW ²¢4XpKDKHFKR'DQLHOFXDQGRKDVDELGRODQRWLFLD"²'DQLHOVH KDLGR>²4X·DIDLW'DQLHOTXDQGLODDSSULVODQRXYHOOH"²'DQLHO HVWSDUWL@ 3DURSSRVLWLRQDX[ODQJXHVHUJDWLYHV 526(5*$8&+2/$ ²¢4XLpQVHKDLGR'DQLHOR3DEOR"²6HKDLGR'DQLHO>²4XLHVW SDUWL'DQLHORX3DXO"²(VWSDUWL'DQLHO@ ² 4X·HVWFH TXH 'DQLHO D IDLW ORUVTX·LO D DSSULV OD QRXYHOOH" ²'DQLHOHVWSDUWL ²4XLHVWSDUWL'DQLHORX3DXO"²&·HVW'DQLHOTXLHVWSDUWL (QOHWKqPHHVWUHSUpVHQWpSDU'DQLHOFHTXLH[SOLTXHTXH GDQVODUpSRQVHjODTXHVWLRQO·pQRQFpFRPPHQFHSDUOHWKqPHTXL FRwQFLGHDYHFO·DJHQW(QOHWKqPHGHO·pQRQFpVHVLWXHGDQVOH SDUWLFLSpHWGDQVODUpSRQVHO·pQRQFpFRPPHQFHpJDOHPHQWSDUOHWKqPH PrPHV·LOFRwQFLGHQRQSDVDYHFOHVXMHWVLWXDWLRQQRQPDUTXpHPDLV DYHFOHYHUEH3DUDLOOHXUVOHVUpSRQVHVDX[TXHVWLRQVGHHWVRQW HQGLVWULEXWLRQFRPSOpPHQWDLUHSXLVTXHO·XWLOLVDWLRQGHO·XQHRXO·DXWUH HVWGXHQRQSDVjXQHFRQWUDLQWHV\QWD[LTXHTXHOTXHVRLWO·RUGUHGHV pOpPHQWVOHUDSSRUWV\QWD[LTXHQHYDULHSDVPDLVDXÁX[DWWHQWLRQQHO FHTXLPRQWUHTX·HQHVSDJQROORUVTX·LO\DXQ©FRQÁLWªHQWUHODVWUXF WXUHV\QWD[LTXHHWODVWUXFWXUHFRPPXQLFDWLYHODFRQVWUXFWLRQIRUPHOOH V·DGDSWHDX[FRQWUDLQWHVIRQFWLRQQHOOHV$XWUHPHQWGLWVL©WRXWV\VWqPH OLQJXLVWLTXHFRQQDLWGHX[]RQHVRSSRVpHVFHOOHGHVFRQWUDLQWHVSDU H[HPSOHOHVVHUYLWXGHVSRVLWLRQQHOOHVHWFHOOHGHODOLEHUWpUHODWLYH GRQWGLVSRVHOHORFXWHXUSRXURUJDQLVHUVRQPHVVDJHª)HXLOOHW HQHVSDJQROORUVTX·LO\DGLYHUJHQFHHQWUHFHVGHX[IDFWHXUVOD SULRULWpQ·HVWSDVGRQQpHDX[IRQFWLRQVV\QWD[LTXHVPDLVDX[pOpPHQWV OHVSOXVVDLOODQWVGXSRLQWGHYXHFRPPXQLFDWLI (QIUDQoDLVSDUFRQWUHFHWWH©DGDSWDWLRQªGHODV\QWD[HjODFRP PXQLFDWLRQQHVHSURGXLWSDVORUVTXHOHWKqPHGHO·pQRQFpQHFRwQFLGH SDVDYHFO·DJHQWGXSDUWLFLSpH[4XDQGLO\DGHVGLVFRUGDQFHV HQWUHOHSODQIRUPHOHWOHSODQFRPPXQLFDWLIODULJLGLWpV\QWD[LTXHGX IUDQoDLVHPSrFKHODSRVWSRVLWLRQGXUKqPHDJHQWHWDXOLHXGHWKpPD WLVHUOHWKqPHFRPPHF·HVWOHFDVGHODODQJXHHVSDJQROHOHIUDQoDLV RSWHSRXUIRFDOLVHUOHUKqPHjO·DLGHGXFOLYDJHFHTXLSHUPHWGHSUp YHQLUO·LQWHUORFXWHXUGXIDLWTXHFRQWUDLUHPHQWjFHTXLHVWGHUqJOH O·LQIRUPDWLRQLQFRQQXHVHUDPLVHDXSUHPLHUSODQFRPPXQLFDWLI&HV GLIIpUHQFHVGHFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVGHX[ODQJXHVIDFHjXQPrPHSUR EOqPHFRPPXQLFDWLIH[SOLTXHQWOHVGLYHUVGHJUpVGHSURGXFWLYLWpGHOD YRL[SDVVLYHHQIUDQoDLVHWHQHVSDJQRO 'HFHTXLYLHQWG·rWUHVRXOLJQpLOQHV·HQVXLWSDVQpDQPRLQVTXHOD SDVVLYDWLRQSpULSKUDVWLTXHQHVRLWTX·XQHSRVVLELOLWpYLUWXHOOHGXV\VWqPH GHODODQJXHHVSDJQROHTXLQ·HVWMDPDLVDFWXDOLVpHGDQVODSDUROHDXVHQV 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( VDXVVXULHQGXWHUPH&HUWHVGDQVODFRPPXQLFDWLRQRUDOHRUGLQDLUHFH W\SHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVQ·HVWJXqUHSULYLOpJLpFDUOHVPpFDQLVPHVV\Q WD[LTXHVVXSSRVDQWXQFRWSV\FKRFRJQLWLISOXVLPSRUWDQWHQUDLVRQGH OHXUFDUDFWqUHPDUTXpWHQGHQWjrWUHSHXXWLOLVpVGDQVODODQJXHRUDOH FHTXLHVWG·DLOOHXUVFRUURERUpSDUOHGpYHORSSHPHQWSV\FKRJpQpWLTXH GHO·HQIDQW&HSHQGDQWFHUWDLQVGLVFRXUV©VSpFLDOLVpVªRQWUHFRXUVj FHVWRXUQXUHV$LQVLODFRQVWUXFWLRQSDVVLYHHVWIUpTXHQWHHQHVSDJQRO DXGpEXWG·XQDUWLFOHGHSUHVVHUDSSRUWDQWXQIDLWGLYHUV 8QDPXMHUIXHDVHVLQDGDD\HUSRUVXPDULGR>8QHIHPPHDpWp DVVDVVLQpHKLHUSDUVRQPDUL@ &HWpQRQFpQHVHPEOHSDVUpSRQGUHjODQpFHVVLWpGHWKpPDWLVHUXQ DUJXPHQWSXLVTXHOHVGHX[SDUWLFLSDQWVDFWXDOLVpVSDUO·DUWLFOHLQGp ÀQLVRQWUKpPDWLTXHVPDLVFRUUHVSRQGjXQHIRUPXOHG·LQWURGXFWLRQ GHWKqPH]pURTXLVHUDSSURFKHGHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVLPSHUVRQQHOOHVFI /H*RIÀF'DQVODPrPHVLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQFHWpQRQFp SHXWrWUHFRQFXUUHQFpSDUODVWUXFWXUHjUHQYHUVHPHQWDFWDQFLHOFHTXL VHPEOHLQGLTXHUTXHOHFKRL[GHODSKUDVHXWLOLVpHGpSHQGGXSRLQWGH YXHDGRSWpSDUOHORFXWHXU 8QKRPEUHDVHVLQyD\HUDVXPXMHU>8QKRPPHDDVVDVVLQpKLHU jVDIHPPH@ 6LFRPPHRQO·DYXG·XQHSDUWODODQJXHHVSDJQROHSUpVHQWHXQH WHQGDQFHPRLQVPDUTXpHjO·XWLOLVDWLRQGHODYRL[SDVVLYHHWTXHG·DXWUH SDUWHOOHQHGLVSRVHSDVGHFHUWDLQVWRXUVSpULSKUDVWLTXHVTXLH[LVWHQW HQIUDQoDLVLO\DOLHXGHV·LQWHUURJHUVXUOHVSURFpGXUHVDGRSWpHVSDU O·HVSDJQROSRXUFRPEOHUFHVODFXQHV6RLHQWOHVpQRQFpV -HPHVXLVIDLWDWWDTXHUGDQVOHPpWUR -HPHVXLVIDLWYROHUPDELF\FOHWWH 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWOLFHQFLHUPDOJUpVRQGpYRXHPHQWSRXUO·HQWUH SULVH 1RXVHQDYRQVXQHSUHXYHSDUWLFXOLqUHPHQWpFODLUDQWHGDQVO·LQWHUURJDWLRQHQ IUDQoDLVORUVTXHOHVWURLVPpFDQLVPHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVPLVHQ±XYUHHQIUDQ oDLVSRXUSRVHUXQHTXHVWLRQWRWDOH²O·LQWRQDWLRQPRQWDQWHOHPRUSKqPH LQWHUURJDWLIHVWFHTXHRXO·LQYHUVLRQGXVXMHWFOLWLTXH²VRQWSRVVLEOHVFHWWH GHUQLqUH©VROXWLRQª²TXLV·DYqUHODSOXVFRPSOH[HGXSRLQWSV\FKRFRJQLWLI SXLVTX·HOOHUHQYHUVHO·RUGUHFDQRQLTXHGHVFRQVWLWXDQWVHQIUDQoDLV²HVWOD PRLQVQDWXUHOOHGDQVODODQJXHSDUOpH 526(5*$8&+2/$ 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWHQJXHXOHUSDUVRQFKHI 'DQLHOV·HVWIDLWHQJXHXOHUSDUVRQFKHISRXUVHVUHWDUGVUpLWpUpV /·HVFURFV·HVWIDLWDWWUDSHUSDUODSROLFH /HVH[HPSOHVFLGHVVXVSUpVHQWHQWGHX[FDVGHÀJXUHGHVpQRQFpV DYHFVHIDLUHRO·DJHQWHVWLPSOLFLWHFRPPHHQHWHW G·DXWUHVRFHSDUWLFLSDQWHVWPHQWLRQQpFRPPHHQHW 3RXUOHSUHPLHUW\SHG·RFFXUUHQFHVLOVHPEOHTXHODVROXWLRQODSOXV QDWXUHOOHHQHVSDJQROFRQVLVWHjFRQVHUYHUODYRL[DFWLYHHQWKpPDWLVDQW OHSDUWLFLSDQWSULYLOpJLpHWjFRQMXJXHUOHYHUEHjODHSHUVRQQHGXSOX ULHOPpFDQLVPHWUqVVRXYHQWHPSOR\pGDQVFHWWHODQJXHSRXUHIIDFHU O·DJHQWLYLWp 0HKDQDWDFDGRHQHOPHWURWUDGGH>0·RQWDWWDTXpGDQVOH PpWUR@ 0HKDQUREDGRODELFLFOHWDWUDGGH>0·RQWYROpODELF\FOHWWH@ $'DQLHOORKDQGHVSHGLGRDSHVDUGHVXGHGLFDFLyQDODHPSUHVD WUDGGH>$'DQLHOO·RQWOLFHQFLpPDOJUpVRQGpYRXHPHQWj O·HQWUHSULVH@ 3RXUOHGHX[LqPHW\SHG·pQRQFpVO·HVSDJQROFRQVHUYHUDLWODPrPH VWUXFWXUHDFWLYHWRXWHQUHPSODoDQWODHSHUVRQQHGXSOXULHOSDUO·DJHQW GXVFKpPDGHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDMRXWpHQÀQGHSKUDVH $OODGUyQORFRJLyODSROLFtDWUDGGH>$XYROHXUO·DDWWUDSp ODSROLFH@ &RPPHLQGLTXpSOXVKDXWVHFWLRQOHVSKUDVHVHWSUp VHQWHQWGLIIpUHQWVGHJUpVGHUHVSRQVDELOLWpGXSDWLHQWGRQWO·H[SUHVVLRQ HQHVSDJQROEHDXFRXSSOXVRSDTXHTX·HQIUDQoDLVSRXUUDLWrWUHUHQGXH SDUOHFKRL[GXYHUEHFDHUTXLDFFHQWXHOD©SDVVLYLWpªGXSDWLHQW ORUVTXHOHGHJUpGHUHVSRQVDELOLWpHVWPRLQGUHRXJDQDUVHORUVTXHOH SDWLHQWTXLGHYLHQWODFLEOHGDQVOHVGHX[WUDGXFWLRQVDGDQVXQHFHU WDLQHPHVXUH©GpFOHQFKpªO·DFWLRQ $ 'DQLHO OH KD FDtGR XQD EURQFD GH VX MHIH >$ 'DQLHO OXL HVW WRPEpHXQHHQJXHXODGHGHVRQFKHI@ 'DQLHO VH KD JDQDGR XQD EURQFD GH VX MHIH SRU VXV UHSHWLGRV UHWUDVRV>'DQLHOV·HVWJDJQpXQHHQJXHXODGHGHVRQFKHISRXUVHV UHWDUGVUpLWpUpV@ 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( (QWRXWpWDWGHFDXVHOD©VROXWLRQªOLQJXLVWLTXHODSOXVQDWXUHOOH GHO·HVSDJQROSRXUH[SULPHUFHGHJUpGHUHVSRQVDELOLWpSOXVRXPRLQV JUDQGGXSDWLHQWGpSHQGUDGHFKDTXHVLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQFH TXLHVWDXVVLOHFDVSRXUOHVH[HPSOHVDYHF^VHYRLULQÀQLWLI`ROHWRXU SpULSKUDVWLTXHSRXUUDLWpYHQWXHOOHPHQWrWUHWUDGXLWSDUYHUFyPR©YRLU FRPPHQWª )5$VDJUDQGHVXUSULVHOHURPDQFLHUV·HVWYXFLWHUHQMXVWLFH!(63 3DUDVXVRUSUHVDHOQRYHOLVWDYLRFyPROHFLWDEDQDQWHODMXVWLFLD )5(OOHV·HVWYXUHIXVHUO·HQWUpHDXFOXE!(639LRFyPROHUHFKD ]DEDQODHQWUDGDDOFOXE $ORUVTXHOHWRXUDYHFV·HQWHQGUHSRXUUDLWDYRLUXQpTXLYDOHQWGDQV WHQHUTXHRtU©DYRLUjHQWHQGUHªTXLHVWWHLQWpG·XQHFHUWDLQHQXDQFH GpRQWLTXH )5+LHUMHPHVXLVHQWHQGXGLUHSDUOHSV\GHPRQÀOVTXHOXLHW PRLDYLRQVXQSUREOqPHJUDYH!(63$\HUWXYHTXHRtUDOSVLFyORJR GHPLKLMRGHFLUTXHpO\\RWHQtDPRVXQSUREOHPDJUDYH 3.2. Les constructions réflexives 'HPrPHTXHOHIUDQoDLVO·HVSDJQROGLVSRVHG·XQH©WHFKQLTXHªUp ÁH[LYHGHSDVVLYDWLRQTXLSHUPHWGHWKpPDWLVHUOHSDWLHQW /RVSLVRVVHYHQGHQPX\UiSLGR>/HVDSSDUWHPHQWVVHYHQGHQW WUqVUDSLGHPHQW@ (VDVRSDVHVLUYHFDOLHQWH>&HWWHVRXSHVHVHUWFKDXGH@ ,OV·DJLWHQJpQpUDOGHVFKpPDVDFWDQFLHOVRO·pOpPHQWWKpPDWLVp HVWIRUWHPHQWGpWHUPLQpjO·DLGHG·DUWLFOHVGpÀQLVRXGHGpPRQVWUDWLIV SDUH[HPSOHHWDQWpSRVpDX©SDUWLFLSpª&RQWUDLUHPHQWjFHTXHO·RQ DSXREVHUYHUSRXUOHVSpULSKUDVHVO·RUGUHGHVpOpPHQWVHVWSOXVULJLGH SRXUFHW\SHGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVFDUODSRVWSRVLWLRQGHVpOpPHQWVWKpPD WLVpVSRXUUDLWrWUHGDQVFHUWDLQVFDVVRXUFHG·DPELJXwWpOHVpQRQFpV DGPHWWUDLHQWG·DXWUHVOHFWXUHVRLOVHUDLWTXHVWLRQG·XQVXMHWHOOLSWLTXH FHTXHO·HVSDJQROSHUPHWSRXUYXTXHFHVXMHWVRLWFRPPXQLFDWLYHPHQW UpFXSpUDEOH$LQVLOHVSKUDVHVFLGHVVRXVDYHFSRVWSRVLWLRQGHVSDUWL FLSDQWVGpSODFpVSRXUUDLHQWUHFHYRLUGLIIpUHQWHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQV 6H YHQGHQ ORV SLVRV PX\ UiSLGR >©,OV RX HOOHV VH YHQGHQW OHV DSSDUWHPHQWVWUqVUDSLGHPHQWªGDWLIUpFLSURTXH@ 526(5*$8&+2/$ 6HVLUYHODVRSDPX\FDOLHQWH>©,ORXHOOHVHVHUWODVRXSHWUqV FKDXGHªGDWLIUpÁpFKL@ /DJUDPPDLUHWUDGLWLRQQHOOHHVSDJQROHGLVWLQJXHHQRXWUHGHX[ DXWUHVW\SHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVUpÁH[LYHVOHVFRQVWUXFWLRQVGLWHV©SD VLYDVUHÁHMDVªHWOHV©SDVLYDVLPSHUVRQDOHVª 'DQVOHVSUHPLqUHVOHYHUEHDXUDLWFRPPHVXMHWXQV\QWDJPHQR PLQDOLQGpÀQLSRVWSRVpTXLV·DFFRUGHUDLWDYHFOHYHUEH 6HYHQGHQSLVRV>6HYHQGHQWGHVDSSDUWHPHQWV@ 6H DOTXLOD XQD KDELWDFLyQ HQ OD FDVD GH DO ODGR >6H ORXH XQH FKDPEUHGDQVODPDLVRQG·jF{Wp@ 6HFRUHDURQFRQVLJQDVDQWLVLVWHPD>6HKXUOqUHQWGHVFRQVLJQHV DQWLV\VWqPH@ /·LQWHUSUpWDWLRQSDVVLYHVHWURXYHFRQIRUWpHSDUOHIDLWTXHGDQV FHWWHVWUXFWXUHLOQ·HVWSDVFRXUDQWG·H[SOLFLWHUO·DJHQWELHQTXHFHWWH SRVVLELOLWpQHVRLWSDVjH[FOXUH 6HFRUHDURQFRQVLJQDVDQWLVLVWHPDSRUSDUWHGHORVPDQLIHVWDQWHV >6HKXUOqUHQWGHVFRQVLJQHVDQWLV\VWqPHGHODSDUWGHVPDQLIHV WDQWV@ /HIDLWTXHOHSDWLHQWQHVRLWSDVLQGLYLGXDOLVpSDUGpWHUPLQDWLRQ PRQWUHELHQTX·LOV·DJLWG·XQpOpPHQWUKpPDWLTXHHWH[SOLTXHODSRVW SRVLWLRQGHFHWDFWDQWSDUUDSSRUWDXYHUEHFHTXLPRQWUHGHQRXYHDX TX·HQHVSDJQROF·HVWOHVWDWXWFRPPXQLFDWLIGHVSDUWLFLSDQWVTXLGpWHU PLQHODGLVWULEXWLRQGHVFRQVWLWXDQWVSOXW{WTXHOHXUIRQFWLRQV\QWD[LTXH HQO·RFFXUUHQFHOHVXMHW $LQVLODIRQFWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLYHGpYROXHjOD©SDVLYDUHÁHMDªQH FRUUHVSRQGSDVjODWKpPDWLVDWLRQG·XQDUJXPHQWOHSDWLHQWPDLVjO·HI IDFHPHQWGHO·DJHQWLYLWpTXLHVWDXVVLWRXMRXUVSUpVHQWHjGHVGHJUpV GLYHUVGDQVWRXWSURFHVVXVGHSDVVLYDWLRQFHTXLSHUPHWGHUHOLHUFH W\SHGHWRXUQXUHVDX[FRQVWUXFWLRQVLPSHUVRQQHOOHVRO·HIIDFHPHQW DWWHLQWVRQSRLQWPD[LPDO /HV©SDVLYDVLPSHUVRQDOHVªSUpVHQWHQWXQSDWLHQWKXPDLQLQWURGXLW SDUODSUpSRVLWLRQDHWSRVWSRVpjXQYHUEHFRQMXJXpjODHSHUVRQQHGX VLQJXOLHU 6HGHWXYRDORVODGURQHVHQHODFWR>6·HVWDWWUDSpDX[YROHXUVVXU OHFKDPS@ 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( 6HUHFOXWyDQLxRVVROGDGRVSDUDODJXHUUD>6·HVWUHFUXWpjGHV HQIDQWVVROGDWVSRXUODJXHUUH@ ODGLIIpUHQFHGHV©SDVLYDVUHÁHMDVªOHV©SDVLYDVLPSHUVRQDOHVª DGPHWWHQWDXVVLELHQGHVSDUWLFLSDQWVFODLUHPHQWLQGLYLGXDOLVpVDYHFGHV DUWLFOHVGpÀQLVRXG·DXWUHVDFWXDOLVDWHXUVH[TXHGHVSDWLHQWVQRQ LQGLYLGXDOLVpVH['DQVOHSUHPLHUFDVODWKpPDWLVDWLRQGXSDWLHQW HVWYLDEOHDYHFGpSODFHPHQWGXGLWSDWLHQWHWUHSULVHSDUXQSURQRPDQD SKRULTXHVDQVTX·LO\DLWSRXUDXWDQWXQHUXSWXUHV\QWD[LTXHRXLQWRQD WLYHGDQVODSKUDVH $ORVODGURQHVVHOHVGHWXYRHQHODFWR>$X[YROHXUVVHOHVHVW DWWUDSpVVXUOHFKDPS@ 'DQVFHFDVODPrPHRSpUDWLRQDSSOLTXpHjGHV61LQGpÀQLVUHOq YHUDLWGHODWRSLFDOLVDWLRQGXUKqPH6XUFHSRLQWOHV©SDVLYDVLPSHUVR QDOHVªUHMRLJQHQWOHV©SDVLYDVUHÁHMDVªHQSULYLOpJLDQWO·HIIDFHPHQWGH O·DJHQWLYLWpDXGpWULPHQWGHODWKpPDWLVDWLRQ 4. Conclusions /·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHHQO·RFFXUUHQFHGDQVO·DQDO\VHGHODYRL[ SDVVLYHHQIUDQoDLVHWHQHVSDJQROSHUPHWQRQVHXOHPHQWGHGpFULUH OHVPpFDQLVPHVSDVVLYDQWVPDLVHQFRUHG·HQH[SOLTXHUO·XVDJHHWOHXUV GLIIpUHQWVGHJUpVG·DSSOLFDELOLWpHWGHSHUWLQHQFHGDQVOHVODQJXHVDQD O\VpHV(QHIIHWODSULVHHQFRPSWHGHOD©IRQFWLRQªOLQJXLVWLTXHLQWULQ VqTXHDX[GLIIpUHQWHV©WHFKQLTXHVªHWGHOD©VLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFD WLRQªRHOOHVVRQWHIIHFWLYHPHQWXWLOLVpHVSHUPHWGHFDUDFWpULVHUOHXU XVDJHVHORQOHXUGHJUpGHQDWXUDOLWpHWHQIRQFWLRQGHVSRVVLELOLWpVV\Q WD[LTXHVHWPRUSKRORJLTXHVGHFKDTXHODQJXH ,ODSXDLQVLrWUHFRQVWDWpTXHODYRL[SDVVLYHTXLWUDGXLWXQHQpFHV VLWpG·DGDSWHUODV\QWD[HjODFRPPXQLFDWLRQHVWSOXVSURGXFWLYHHQ IUDQoDLVTX·HQHVSDJQRO/·HVSDJQROHVWXQHODQJXHFDUDFWpULVpHSDUXQH V\QWD[HSOXVVRXSOHHWSOXVFRQIRUPHDXÁX[DWWHQWLRQQHORFHW\SHGH SKUDVHHVWUHOpJXpjGHVW\SHVGLVFXUVLIVWUqVSUpFLV /HVFRQFOXVLRQVVXVFHSWLEOHVG·rWUHWLUpHVGHO·DQDO\VHSUpVHQWpH GpERUGHQWGXFDGUHVWULFWGHO·pSLVWpPRORJLHOLQJXLVWLTXHSRXUSpQp WUHUGDQVGHVGRPDLQHVG·DSSOLFDWLRQR ODFRPPXQLFDWLRQH[ROLQJXH HVWGHPLVH$LQVLSRXUFHTXLHVWGHODWUDGXFWLRQODUHFKHUFKHDSHU PLV GH PRQWUHU TXH TXRLTXH FHUWDLQHV GHV FRQVWUXFWLRQV DQDO\VpHV VRLHQW©FRPPXQHVªDX[GHX[ODQJXHVpWXGLpHVODVLPSOHWUDQVSRVL WLRQIRUPHOOHQHIRXUQLWHQHVSDJQROGHVUpVXOWDWVQDWXUHOVTXHGDQVGHV 526(5*$8&+2/$ FRQWH[WHVWUqVVSpFLÀTXHVHWTXHGDQVVDWkFKHOHWUDGXFWHXUHWOHOLQ JXLVWHVHGRLWGHSURFpGHUSDUDEGXFWLRQLHGRLWLQIpUHUOD©IRQFWLRQª jSDUWLUG·XQH©WHFKQLTXHªGHODODQJXHVRXUFHHWODWUDQVSRVHUGDQVXQH ©WHFKQLTXHªGHODODQJXHFLEOH 3RXU FH TXL HVW GHV DSSOLFDWLRQV GDQV O·HQVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJH GHVODQJXHVVLODGLGDFWLTXHGHVODQJXHVpWUDQJqUHVDELHQPRQWUpGHSXLV ORQJWHPSVODQpFHVVLWpG·HQVHLJQHUDSSUHQGUHXQHODQJXHHQVLWXDWLRQ FHWWHQpFHVVLWpGHYLHQWGDQVOHFDVGHODYRL[SDVVLYHXQHH[LJHQFH LQFRQWRXUQDEOH DÀQ GH FRQWUHFDUUHU FKH] OH IUDQFRSKRQH DSSUHQDQW O·HVSDJQROODWHQGDQFHjXQXVDJHOLQJXLVWLTXHPHQWFRUUHFWPDLV©FRP PXQLFDWLYHPHQWH[FHVVLIªGHODYRL[SDVVLYHHWFKH]O·KLVSDQRSKRQH DSSUHQDQWOHIUDQoDLVO·XWLOLVDWLRQ©DEXVLYHªGHVWUXFWXUHVDFWLYHVLPSHU VRQQHOOHVDYHFOHSURQRPLQGpÀQLRQGRQWOD©IRQFWLRQªQ·HVWSDVOD WKpPDWLVDWLRQGHSDUWLFLSDQWVDXWUHVTXHO·DJHQWPDLVO·HIIDFHPHQWGH O·DJHQWLYLWp /HVSURGXFWLRQVOLQJXLVWLTXHV©GpYLDQWHVªGHVDSSUHQDQWVVHORQOHXU SURÀOOLQJXLVWLTXHQHSHXYHQWSDVrWUHH[SOLTXpHVSDUXQHGLIIpUHQFH V\QWD[LTXHHQWUHOHVGHX[ODQJXHVHQSUpVHQFHQRWDPPHQWGDQVOHFDV GHODVWUXFWXUHSDVVLYHGHEDVHTXLH[LVWHGDQVOHVGHX[V\VWqPHVPDLV SDUO·XVDJHGLIIpUHQWTX·HQIRQWOHVORFXWHXUVGHFHVODQJXHVHQIRQFWLRQ GHOHXUVEHVRLQVFRPPXQLFDWLRQQHOV/·DSSURFKHIRQFWLRQQHOOHIRXUQLW DLQVLXQHDVVLVHWKpRULTXHQRQVHXOHPHQWSRXUFDUDFWpULVHUOHVHUUHXUV GHVDSSUHQDQWVPDLVDXVVLSRXUpWDEOLUGHVSURFpGXUHVGLGDFWLTXHVTXL FRQWUDLJQHQWO·DSSUHQDQWjXWLOLVHUOD©WHFKQLTXHªjDSSUHQGUHGDQVXQH VLWXDWLRQGHFRPPXQLFDWLRQYUDLVHPEODEOH 'DQVFHWWHSHUVSHFWLYHODOLQJXLVWLTXHQ·HVWSOXVXQFDUFDQSRXU ODGLGDFWLTXHGHVODQJXHV²PDWHUQHOOHVRXpWUDQJqUHVG·DLOOHXUV²HWQH FRQWUDLQWSDVOHVSURFpGXUHVGLGDFWLTXHVPDLVGHYLHQWRSpUDWLRQQHOOH SRXUO·DQDO\VHFRQWUDVWLYHTXLQROHQVYROHQVVHUpDOLVHGDQVO·DSSUHQWLV VDJHG·XQHODQJXHVHFRQGHRXpWUDQJqUHHWSHUPHWGHUpDOLVHUXQHDQD O\VHHQDPRQWGHVPDQLIHVWDWLRQVIRUPHOOHVGHODODQJXHLHDXQLYHDX GHODVWUXFWXUDWLRQSV\FKRFRJQLWLYHHWWUDQVDFWLRQQHOOH 81($3352&+(7<32/2*,48()21&7,211(//('(/$92,;3$66,9( RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES &5(,66(/6'eOpPHQWVGHV\QWD[HJpQpUDOH3DULV38) &5(,66(/6'6\QWD[HXQHLQWURGXFWLRQW\SRORJLTXHHW&DWp JRULHVHWFRQVWUXFWLRQV3DULV+HUPqV &8/,2/,$©SURSRVG·RSpUDWLRQVLQWHUYHQDQWGDQVOHWUDLWHPHQW IRUPHOGHVODQJXHVQDWXUHOOHVª0DWKpPDWLTXHVHWVFLHQFHVKXPDLQHV '(/$1&(<6 $Q ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI 6SOLW (UJDWLYLW\ DQG 5HODWHG 3DWWHUQV%ORRPLQJWRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\/LQJXLVWLF&OXE '(6&/e6-3HW*8(17&+e9$=©/HSDVVLIGDQVOHV\VWqPHGHV YRL[GXIUDQoDLVª/DQJDJHV )(8,//(7-,QWURGXFWLRQjODW\SRORJLHOLQJXLVWLTXH3DULV+RQRUp &KDPSLRQ )5$1d2,6-HW9,&7255,%/D6pPDQWLTXHGXOH[LTXHYHUEDO6\Q WD[HHWVpPDQWLTXH&DHQ3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHVGH&DHQ *,9Ð17©7\SRORJ\DQG)XQFWLRQDO'RPDLQVª6WXGLHVLQ/DQ JXDJH *,9Ð176\QWD[$)XQFWLRQDO7\SRORJLFDO,QWURGXFWLRQ9RO,, $PVWHUGDP3KLODGHOSKLH-RKQ%HQMDPLQV *5((1%(5**/DQJXDJH8QLYHUVDOV0RXWRQ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\ /$=$5'*/·$FWDQFH3DULV38) /(&/(5(&©&ODVVHVGHFRQVWUXFWLRQVGLUHFWHVVDQVSDVVLIª/DQ JDJHV /(*2)),&3*UDPPDLUHGHODSKUDVHIUDQoDLVH3DULV+DFKHWWH 025(12&$%5(5$-&&XUVRXQLYHUVLWDULRGHOLQJtVWLFDJHQHUDO 7RPR,7HRUtDGHODJUDPiWLFD\VLQWD[LVJHQHUDO0DGULG6tQWHVLV 08//(5&/HV%DVHVGHODV\QWD[H%RUGHDX[3UHVVHVXQLYHUVL WDLUHVGH%RUGHDX[HpG 6(,/(5+7KH'LPHQVLRQRI3DUWLFLSDWLRQ)XQFLyQ*XDGDOD MDUD&HQWURGH,QYHVWLJDFLyQGH/HQJXDV,QGtJHQDV 6(,/(5+/DQJXDJH8QLYHUVDOV5HVHDUFK$6\QWKHVLV7ELQJHQ *XQWHU1DUU9HUODJ 6,11(5 & HW 9$1 5$(0'21&. ' ©´)DLUHµ HW ´VH IDLUHµ F·HVW WRXMRXUV IDLUH" /H PpGLRIDFWLWLI HQ HVSDJQRO HW HQ IUDQoDLVª GDQV &6LQQHUHW*9HOGUHGLU'LDWKHVHQLP)UDQ]|VLVFKHQ/HV'LD WKqVHVHQIUDQoDLV)UDQFIRUWVXUOH0DLQ3HWHU/DQJ Évolution du L simple intervocalique latin dans le parler occitan alpin d’Usseaux (Province de Turin, Italie) /XFLH$PDUR RÉSUMÉ 6LOHVSDUOHUVRFFLWDQVDFWXHOVGX%ULDQoRQQDLVKLVWRULTXHFRQQDLVVHQW XQHXQLWpDXQLYHDXOH[LFDOHWPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHLOVSUpVHQWHQWXQH FHUWDLQHYDULDWLRQHWGLIIpUHQWVVWDGHVG·pYROXWLRQDXQLYHDXSKRQROR JLTXHHWSKRQpWLTXH$XVHLQGHFHVSDUOHUVFHX[GX9DO&OXVRQGDQV ODSURYLQFHGH7XULQHQ,WDOLHSUpVHQWHQWODSDUWLFXODULWpG·rWUHVLWXpV jODSpULSKpULHGHO·HVSDFHRFFLWDQHWjO·HVWGXFRQWLQXXPGHVODQJXHV URPDQHVjODMRQFWLRQHQWUHOHJDOORURPDLQHWOHJDOORLWDOLTXH&HV SDUWLFXODULWpVIRQWGHFHWWHYDULpWpG·RFFLWDQXQVXMHWLQWpUHVVDQWSRXU O·pWXGHGHO·DSSRUWGHODW\SRORJLHGDQVODGHVFULSWLRQG·XQHODQJXH 1RVUHFKHUFKHVVHVRQWSRUWpHVVXUOHYLOODJHG·8VVHDX[+DXW&OXVRQ RQRXVDYRQVFRQVWDWpXQSKpQRPqQHSKRQRORJLTXHLQWpUHVVDQWO·DE VHQFHGH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQ&HSKpQRPqQHQ·HVWSDVDWWHQGXHQ RFFLWDQVWDQGDUGODQJXHGRFLHQQLGDQVOHVDXWUHVODQJXHVURPDQHV YRLVLQHVVDXIHQSRUWXJDLVHWGDQVTXHOTXHVGLDOHFWHVG·,WDOLHVHSWHQ WULRQDOHFRPPHOHYpQLWLHQ%LHQTXHOHFDGUHGHODUHFKHUFKHVRLWV\Q FKURQLTXHLOHVWSDUIRLVLQGLVSHQVDEOHG·DYRLUUHFRXUVjODGLDFKURQLH SRXUH[SOLTXHUFRPPHLFLGHVSKpQRPqQHVDW\SLTXHVHWFDUDFWpULV WLTXHVG·XQHYDULpWpOLQJXLVWLTXH/·DQDO\VHH[SORLWHGHVGRQQpHVGH SUHPLqUHPDLQUHFXHLOOLHVDXFRXUVGHSOXVLHXUVPLVVLRQVVXUOHWHUUDLQ HWDXSUqVGHGHX[ORFXWHXUVQDWLIVGXYLOODJHG·8VVHDX[ ABSTRACT 7KH 2FFLWDQ GLDOHFWV RI WKH DOSLQH UHJLRQ DUH NQRZQ IRU WKHLU UHOD WLYHOH[LFDODQGPRUSKRV\QWDFWLFDOXQLW\EXWWKH\H[KLELWVRPHYDUL DWLRQDQGDWWHVWGLIIHUHQWVWHSVRIHYROXWLRQRQWKHSKRQRORJLFDODQG /XFLH$PDURHVWGRFWRUDQWHDXVHLQGX/DERUDWRLUH''/8058QL YHUVLWp/\RQHWHQVHLJQHFRPPH35$*GH/LQJXLVWLTXHDQJODLVHjO·8QL YHUVLWp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ÀUVWKDQGGDWDFROOHFWHGGXULQJVHYHUDOÀHOG WULSVDQGFRPLQJIURPWZRQDWLYHVSHDNHUVIURPWKHYLOODJH /HGRPDLQHOLQJXLVWLTXHRFFLWDQHVWVLWXpDXF±XUGHOD5RPDQLDHW V·pWHQGVXUWURLVSD\VOHWLHUVVXGGHOD)UDQFHSRXUVDSOXVJUDQGH SDUWLHjO·H[FHSWLRQGHV]RQHVEDVTXHVHWFDWDODQHVDXVXGRXHVWGDQV TXDWRU]HYDOOpHVLWDOLHQQHVDLQVLTXHGDQVOH9DOG·$UDQHQ(VSDJQH /·HVSDFH OLQJXLVWLTXH RFFLWDQ HVW WUDGLWLRQQHOOHPHQW GLYLVp HQ GHX[ JUDQGVHQVHPEOHVOHQRUGRFFLWDQHWOHVXGRFFLWDQTXLVHVXEGLYLVHQW HX[PrPHVHQVRXVHQVHPEOHVGRQWOHVSDUOHUVSUpVHQWHQWXQHUHODWLYH XQLWpPRUSKRORJLTXHPDLVTXLYDULHQWQRWDPPHQWHQFHTXLFRQFHUQH ODSKRQRORJLHHWODSURVRGLHJDVFRQODQJXHGRFLHQHWSURYHQoDODX VXGHWOLPRXVLQDXYHUJQDWHWYLYDURDOSLQDXQRUG/DFRPPXQH G·8VVHDX[HVWVLWXpHHQSpULSKpULHGHFHGHUQLHUHVSDFHDXQRUGRXHVW GHO·,WDOLHGDQVOH9DO&OXVRQFDUWH /·pWXGHTXHQRXVDOORQVSUpVHQWHULFLV·LQVFULWGDQVXQWUDYDLOGH GRFWRUDWHQFRXUVVXUODGHVFULSWLRQPRUSKRV\QWD[LTXHGHODYDULpWp G·RFFLWDQDOSLQSDUOpHGDQVODFRPPXQHG·8VVHDX[%LHQTXHOHFDGUH GHODUHFKHUFKHVRLWV\QFKURQLTXHLOHVWSDUIRLVLQGLVSHQVDEOHG·DYRLU UHFRXUVjODGLDFKURQLHSRXUH[SOLTXHUFRPPHLFLGHVSKpQRPqQHVDW\ SLTXHVHWFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVG·XQHYDULpWpOLQJXLVWLTXH0DLVF·HVWDYDQW WRXWODW\SRORJLHHQDPRQWGHWRXWHDQDO\VHGLDFKURQLTXHTXLSHUPHWGH PHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHXQSKpQRPqQHRXSOXVMXVWHPHQWO·DEVHQFHG·XQ SKpQRPqQHSDUUDSSRUWDX[ODQJXHVDSSDUHQWpHVRXQRQDSSDUHQWpHV &HWWHXQLWpPRUSKRORJLTXHSHXWrWUHQXDQFpHQRWDPPHQWHQFHTXLFRQFHUQH ODPRUSKRORJLHYHUEDOH e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 Carte 1. – Usseaux, commune occitane (Institut d’études occitanes, 2012). 1. Cadre de l’analyse et présentation des données 1.1. Phénomène analysé 1RXVDYRQVFRQVWDWpj8VVHDX[HWGDQVOH9DO&OXVRQXQSKpQRPqQH DW\SLTXHHQRFFLWDQPRGHUQHHWUDUHGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHVO·DE VHQFHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQTXLHVWFRQVWDQWHVXUXQHYLQJWDLQH G·H[HPSOHVSURYHQDQWGHSOXVLHXUVORFXWHXUVQDWLIV&HSKpQRPqQHHVW pJDOHPHQWDWWHVWpHQSRUWXJDLV.RORYUDWHWGDQVXQHSDUWLH GHVYDULpWpVGHOD/LJXULHRULHQWDOHHWGHOD9pQpWLH/RUHQ]R7RPDVLQ SDUOHSRXUOHYpQLWLHQGH/pYDQHVFHQW©HOOHHYDQHVFHQWHªTX·LO GpFULWFRPPHXQH©DSSUR[LPDQWHGRUVRSDODWDOHUHOkFKpHª*HRUJHVGH .RORYUDWTXDQWjOXLV·HVWLQWpUHVVpDXSKpQRPqQHGHYRFDOLVD WLRQGHODFRQVRQQHOHWpFULWTXH 6HORQODQRUPHGHUpGDFWLRQHQXVDJHHQOLQJXLVWLTXHURPDQHOHVpW\PRQV ODWLQVRXSKRQqPHVLVVXVG·pW\PRQVODWLQVVHURQWUpGLJpVHQOHWWUHVFDSL WDOHVH[/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQ/HVSKRQHVVHURQWSUpVHQWpVHQWUHVEDUUHV REOLTXHVH[ODFRQVRQQHOHWOHVSKRQqPHVHQWUHFURFKHWVH[/LQWHU YRFDOLTXHODWLQHVWGHYHQX>ɓ@RX>ɥ@'DQVOHVFLWDWLRQVQRXVUHSURGXLURQV WRXMRXUVOHVW\OHXWLOLVpSDUO·DXWHXUPrPHVLFHOXLFLHVWGLIIpUHQWGHFHOXL GpFULWFLGHVVXV /8&,($0$52 /DYRFDOLVDWLRQGHODFRQVRQQHODOLHXGDQVSUHVTXHWRXWHVOHVODQJXHV URPDQHVTXRLTXHVRXYHQWGDQVGLIIpUHQWHVSRVLWLRQVSKRQpWLTXHV(Q HIIHWQRXVO·DYRQVREVHUYpHHQIUDQoDLVHQSURYHQoDOHQHVSDJQROHQ SRUWXJDLVGDQVGHVGLDOHFWHVLWDOLHQVOLJXULHQSLpPRQWDLVGLDOHFWHV PpULGLRQDX[VLFLOLHQHQUKpWRURPDQGHO·2XHVWHWSDUWLHOOHPHQWHQ UKpWRURPDQGX&HQWUH.RORYUDW 1RXVDYRQVDQDO\VpO·DEVHQFHGH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHHQRFFLWDQDOSLQ G·8VVHDX[DÀQGHGpWHUPLQHUV·LOV·DJLWGHYRFDOLVDWLRQG·XQpWDWUpVXO WDQWG·XQHYRFDOLVDWLRQRXG·XQDXWUHSKpQRPqQH 1.2. Méthodologie 1RXVSUpVHQWRQVLFLXQWDEOHDXGHFHVUpVXOWDWV7DEOHDX&HVGRQ QpHVRQWpWpUHFXHLOOLHVSDUpOLFLWDWLRQjSDUWLUG·pW\PRQVODWLQVpOLFLWpV HQIUDQoDLV/HVUpVXOWDWVSUpVHQWpVGDQVOHWDEOHDXFLGHVVRXVRQWpWp REWHQXV DXSUqV GH WURLV ORFXWHXUV XQ KRPPH HW XQH IHPPH G·XQH VRL[DQWDLQHG·DQQpHVHWXQKRPPHGHDQV,OVVRQWFODVVpVVHORQOD YR\HOOH SUpFpGDQW OH / LQWHUYRFDOLTXH HW SDU FRQWH[WH SKRQRORJLTXH 1RXVSUpVHQWRQVLFLXQHWUDQVFULSWLRQHQ$OSKDEHWSKRQpWLTXHLQWHUQD WLRQDO$3,GHFHVUpVXOWDWV ,O IDXW SUpFLVHU TX·LO V·DJLW GH O·DQDO\VH G·XQH ODQJXH HQ GDQJHU /(' TXL Q·HVW SOXV SDUOpH TXH SDU TXHOTXHV ORFXWHXUV kJpV XQH TXLQ]DLQHDXWRWDOSRXUODFRPPXQHG·8VVHDX[&HWpFKDQWLOORQSHXW GRQFSDUDLWUHPLQLPDOPDLVLOFRQVWLWXHFHSHQGDQWXQpFKDQWLOORQUHSUp VHQWDWLIGHODSRSXODWLRQGHORFXWHXUVDFWLIVHWQDWLIVGHODFRPPXQH /·RFFLWDQYLYDURDOSLQHVWFRQVLGpUpFRPPH©HQGDQJHUªVHORQGHVDQDO\VHV ©TXDQWLWDWLYHVªjO·RULJLQHGX/LYUH5RXJH81(6&2GXVLWHGH O·(WKQRORJXH6,/HWGHO·$WODVGHV/DQJXHVHQGDQJHU81(6&2 'HSOXVQRWUHDQDO\VH©TXDOLWDWLYHªVXUOHWHUUDLQFRPPHHOOHHVW SUDWLTXpHSDUOHVPHPEUHVGHO·D[H/('7'5/DQJXHV(Q'DQJHU7HU UDLQ'RFXPHQWDWLRQ5HYLWDOLVDWLRQGX/DERUDWRLUH'\QDPLTXHGX/DQJDJH GHO·8QLYHUVLWp/\RQQRXVDSHUPLVGHFRQÀUPHUFHWWHVLWXDWLRQSRXUOD YDULpWpG·RFFLWDQSDUOpHGDQVODFRPPXQHG·8VVHDX[ e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 Tableau 1. – Évolution du L simple intervocalique latin en occitan alpin d’Usseaux. 1.3. Apport de la typologie 1RXVSRXYRQVSURSRVHUSOXVLHXUVK\SRWKqVHVSRXUH[SOLTXHUO·DEVHQFH GH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHGDQVQRVGRQQpHV/HSKpQRPqQHSRXUUDLWrWUHOLp jXQUKRWDFLVPH&HSKpQRPqQHDGpMjpWpREVHUYpGDQVOHVODQJXHV URPDQHVPrPHV·LOQHFRQFHUQHDORUVSDVODFRQVRQQHOPDLVSOXW{W OHVFRQVRQQHVVRX],OSRXUUDLWpJDOHPHQWV·DJLUG·XQSURFHVVXVGH YRFDOLVDWLRQGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH²ODYRFDOLVDWLRQGX/VHUHQFRQ WUDQWDLOOHXUVGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHVDLQVLTXHGDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHV GXPRQGHFRPPHHQDQJODLVPDLVOHSOXVVRXYHQWHQSRVLWLRQÀQDOH (WHQÀQLOSRXUUDLWV·DJLUG·XQHFKXWHGX/VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQ FHTXLHVWUDUHHQRFFLWDQHWGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHV²HWSOXV JpQpUDOHPHQWGDQVOHVODQJXHVGXPRQGH²PDLVQpDQPRLQVDWWHVWpHQ /8&,($0$52 SRUWXJDLVHWGDQVTXHOTXHVYDULpWpVGH/LJXULHHWGH9pQpWLHFRPPH PHQWLRQQpSUpFpGHPPHQW 3KpQRPqQHOLpDXUKRWDFLVPHKpULWpGXVXEVWUDWOLJXUH /!U 9RFDOLVDWLRQGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH /!Z &KXWHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH /! 1RXVYHUURQVGDQVXQSUHPLHUWHPSVTXHOTXHVFDVG·pYROXWLRQGH/ VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHVHWQRXVH[SOLTXHURQV HQVXLWHFHSKpQRPqQHSRXUODFRPPXQHRFFLWDQHG·8VVHDX[GDQVXQH SHUVSHFWLYHGLDFKURQLTXHjORQJWHUPHHWjFRXUWWHUPH 2. Approche typologique de l’évolution du L intervocalique latin dans les langues romanes et en occitan 2.1. Évolution des liquides intervocaliques latines dans les langues romanes -DFTXHV$OOLqUHVDpFULWFRQFHUQDQWOHVFRQVRQQHVVLPSOHVHWOHVFRQ VRQQHVJpPLQpHVLQWHUYRFDOLTXHVGHVODQJXHVURPDQHVTXH©O·RXHVW LQQRYHWDQGLVTXHO·HVWVHPRQWUHFRQVHUYDWHXUª$OOLqUHV 6HORQOXLO·RSSRVLWLRQVLPSOHYVJpPLQpHFRQVHUYpHjO·HVWVHWUDQVSRVH jO·RXHVWR©ODJpPLQpHVHVLPSOLÀHHWODVLPSOHV·DPXwWª$OOLqUHV 8VVHDX[TXLHVWSRXUWDQWXQSDUOHUURPDQFHQWUDOQRXV YHUURQVTXHOHVFDUDFWpULVWLTXHVGHO·RXHVWV·DSSOLTXHQW /HVOLTXLGHVLQWHUYRFDOLTXHVODWLQHVRQWGHPDQLqUHWUqVJpQpUDOH pWpPDLQWHQXHVGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHV/HFDVGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH HVWXQSHXjSDUWHQFHVHQVTX·LODSDUIRLVVXELXQHUKRWDFLVDWLRQSXLV DpWpHIIDFp6HORQeGRXDUG%RXUFLH]OHVOLTXLGHV ODWLQHVRQWSHUVLVWpGDQVO·HQVHPEOHGXGRPDLQHURPDQGDQVODSpULRGH SULPLWLYH&HQ·HVWTXHSOXVWDUGTXHGHVFKDQJHPHQWVVRQWLQWHUYHQXV QRWDPPHQWHQSRUWXJDLVHWjO·HVWGXGRPDLQHHQFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHUKR WDFLVPHO\HVWSDVVpjUFDUODSRLQWHGHODODQJXHHQWUHHQYLEUDWLRQ &HVFKDQJHPHQWVRQWpWpDWWHVWpVjO·RXHVWGHOD+DXWH,WDOLHHQ/LJXULH HQ/RPEDUGLHHWVXUTXHOTXHVSRLQWVGX3LpPRQWHWGHO·ePLOLHOHU LVVXGHOD\DQWGLVSDUXSDUODVXLWH e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 2QYRLWELHQLFLTXHODWHQGDQFHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHjGHYHQLUUHVW XQHUpDOLWpPrPHVLHQUqJOHJpQpUDOHOHVOLTXLGHVODWLQHVRQWSOXW{W SHUVLVWp'DQVOHFDVGXUKRWDFLVPHHWQRWDPPHQWHQ,WDOLHOHULVVX GX/DGLVSDUXSDUODVXLWH *HUKDUG5RKOIVGDQVVDUHFKHUFKHVXUOH7/,27HVRURGHOODOLQJXD LWDOLDQDGHOOHRULJLQLDFRQVWDWpODFKXWHFRPSOqWHGH/HQSRVLWLRQÀQDOH GHYDQWLGDQVFHUWDLQVGLDOHFWHVVHSWHQWULRQDX[GDQVO·DQFLHQpPLOLHQ O·DQFLHQORPEDUGHWO·DQFLHQSLpPRQWDLVDYHFXQSDVVDJHSDUXQVWDGH LQWHUPpGLDLUH>ã@TX·LOGpFULWFRPPHXQHODWpUDOHSDODWDOH /DFDGXWDFRPSOHWDGLOGDYDQWLDGLDWWUDYHUVRXQRVWDGLRLQWHUPHGLR ã>FLRqODWpUDOHSDODWDOH @VLYHULÀFDDQFKHQHOO·DQWLFRHPLOLDQRWDL PDLEDYLLTXDLID[RLQHOODQWLFRORPEDUGRTXDLDQJH\¶DQJHOL· QHOO·DQWLFR SLHPRQWHVH ÀJOR\ TXD\ FRVLFFKp ULVXOWD JLXVWLÀFDWD OD GRPDQGDVHOHIRUPHWRVFDQH>«@QRQULFRQGXFDQRDGLQÁXVVLGLSURYH QLHQ]DVHWWHQWULRQDOH5RKOIV 9R\RQV PDLQWHQDQW TXHOTXHV DXWUHV H[HPSOHV G·pYROXWLRQ GH / VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHV 2.2. Conservation /HFDVOHSOXVIUpTXHQWHVWOHFDVGHFRQVHUYDWLRQTXHO·RQREVHUYH HQWUHDXWUHVHQIUDQoDLVLWDOLHQHVSDJQROHWRFFLWDQSURYHQoDO $/$!DLOHIUDODLWDODHVSDORSURY &$/25(!FKDOHXUIUFDORUHLWFDORUHVSFDORXUSURY 7$/21(!WDORQIUWDOORQHLWWDOzQHVSWDORXQSURY 2.3. Rhotacisme /HVHFRQGFDVG·pYROXWLRQSRVVLEOHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHHVWOHUKRWD FLVPH2QO·REVHUYHQRWDPPHQWGDQVFHUWDLQHVYDULpWpVG·RFFLWDQDOSLQ HWDXVVLHQSURYHQoDOFHQWUDOHWPDULWLPH6HORQ-HDQ&ODXGH%RXYLHU ©(QSRVLWLRQLQWHUYRFDOLTXHOHVWGHYHQXUGDQVWRXWHXQH SDUWLHGHOD'U{PHª,OFLWHOHVH[HPSOHVGH$/$HW67(/$FRPPH HQHW $/$!DUDDOD 67(/$!qVW\DURpWqOR /8&,($0$52 'DQVOHVDXWUHVODQJXHVGXPRQGHOHVFDVGHUKRWDFLVPHO!UQH VRQWSDVDWWHVWpVHWFHODVHPEOHrWUHUpVHUYpDX[ODQJXHVURPDQHVHWHQ SDUWLFXOLHUDX[GLDOHFWHVLWDOLTXHV&HSHQGDQWG·DXWUHVIRUPHVGHUKR WDFLVPHVRQWDWWHVWpHVQRWDPPHQWFRQFHUQDQWOHVFRQVRQQHV]HWV &·HVWOHFDVGHVODQJXHVJHUPDQLTXHVjO·H[FHSWLRQGXJRWLTXH$QWRLQH 0HLOOHWOHGpFULWDLQVL VLQWHUYRFDOLTXHDWHQGXjSDVVHUj]GDQVOHVPrPHVFRQGLWLRQVR IS[VHVRQWVRQRULVpVHQEKGK(HW]TXLV·HVWPDLQWHQXHQJRWLTXH DSDVVpjXQSKpQRPqQHGHW\SHUHQQRUGLTXHHWHQJHUPDQLTXHRFFL GHQWDO0HLOOHW (QFHTXLFRQFHUQHOHVDXWUHVODQJXHVLQGRHXURSpHQQHVOHJUHFHVW ODVHXOHODQJXHFRQFHUQpHSDUOHUKRWDFLVPH&HUWDLQVGLDOHFWHVGHJUHF DQFLHQRQWYXOHXUVVLQWHUYRFDOLTXHVSDVVHUjU 7RXWGRQQHjSHQVHUTXHO·UGXJUHFDQFLHQHWGHO·LQGRHXURSpHQpWDLW FRPPHO·HVWHQFRUHFHOXLGXJUHFPRGHUQHXQUDSLFDO>«@F·HVWFH TXHVXSSRVHQWQRWDPPHQWSRXUOHJUHFDQFLHQOHVIDLWVGHUKRWDFLVPH SDVVDJHGLDOHFWDOGHVVRQRULVpjUVRLWHQWUHYR\HOOHV>«@VRLWHQÀQ GHPRW/HMHXQH 2.4. Vocalisation 8QDXWUHFDVG·pYROXWLRQGH/VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQHVWODYRFDOL VDWLRQPrPHVL*HRUJHV6WUDNDGpFULWFHFDVFRPPH UHODWLYHPHQWUDUH /HFKDQJHPHQWGHO·OLQWHUYRFDOLTXHHQ RXHQWQ·HVWDWWHVWpTXH UDUHPHQW GDQV TXHOTXHV SDWRLV ODQJXHGRFLHQV IUDQFRSURYHQoDX[ HW SRUWXJDLV>«@/·OLQWHUYRFDOLTXHDDERXWLjODFRQVRQQHELODELDOHZ TX·RQSHXWDFWXHOOHPHQWREVHUYHUFKH]GHQRPEUHX[3RORQDLV>«@RX GDQVOHGRPDLQHURPDQjGLYHUVSRLQWVGX0DVVLI&HQWUDO>«@&HSHQ GDQWHQURPDQFHZDOHSOXVVRXYHQWpYROXpVRLWYHUVXQHODELRGHQ WDOHVRLW²GDQVOHFDVRO·DIIDLEOLVVHPHQWV·HVWSRXUVXLYL²YHUVXQH GLVSDULWLRQFRPSOqWH 2QQRWHUDTXH*HRUJHV6WUDNDIDLWPHQWLRQG·XQH SRVVLEOH©GLVSDULWLRQFRPSOqWHªGXSKRQqPHVDQVSRXUDXWDQWFLWHU G·H[HPSOHV &RQVRQQHIULFDWLYHDOYpRODLUH 9R\HOOHSRVWpULHXUH e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 'DQV OHV ODQJXHV GX PRQGH OD YRFDOLVDWLRQ GX / LQWHUYRFDOLTXH Q·HVWSDVDWWHVWpHDLOOHXUVTXHGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHV(OOHH[LVWH FHSHQGDQWGDQVG·DXWUHVFRQWH[WHVQRWDPPHQWHQSRVLWLRQÀQDOH2Q SHXWQRWDPPHQWFLWHUOHFDVGHO·DQJODLV 7KHYRFDOLVDWLRQRIGDUNOLQV\OODEOHUK\PHVLVZLGHVSUHDGLQWKHYDUL HWLHVRI(QJOLVKVSRNHQLQWKH6RXWK(DVWHUQSDUWRI%ULWDLQ%RZ\HU +DUGFDVWOHDQG%DUU\+XGVRQDQG+ROORZD\0HXWHU 3U]HGODFND6SHUR7ROOIUHH7UXGJLOO :HOOV LQGHHG LW DSSHDUV WR EH FDWHJRULFDO LQ VRPH YDULHWLHV WKHUHDQGH[WHQGVWRPDQ\RWKHUGLDOHFWVLQFOXGLQJ$PHULFDQ(QJ OLVK$VK+XEEHOO3HGHUVRQ$XVWUDOLDQ(QJOLVK %RURZVN\%RURZVN\DQG+RUYDWK+RUYDWKDQG+RUYDWK 1HZ=HDODQG(QJOLVK%DXHU+RU YDWKDQG+RUYDWKDQG)DONODQG,VODQG(QJOLVK6XGEXU\ -RKQVRQ%ULWDLQ 2.5. Chute /HVFDVDWWHVWpVGHFKXWHGH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHVVRQWUDUHVGDQVOHVODQ JXHVURPDQHVPDLVRQSHXWFHSHQGDQWREVHUYHUOHSKpQRPqQHGDQV FHUWDLQVGLDOHFWHVG·,WDOLHVHSWHQWULRQDOHFRPPHOH9pQpWLHQ/RUHQ]R 7RPDVLQUDSSRUWHO·H[LVWHQFHG·XQ/pYDQHVFHQWHQSRVLWLRQLQLWLDOHRX LQWHUYRFDOLTXHDYHFRXVDQVFRQWDFWDYHFXQHYR\HOOHSDODWDOH'DQVOH FDVG·DEVHQFHGHFRQWDFWDYHFXQHYR\HOOHSDODWDOHLOGpFULWFH/FRPPH >Hñ@HQFDVGHFRQWDFWDYHFXQHYR\HOOHSDODWDOHLOVHPEOHGLVSDUDLWUH WRWDOHPHQW 1HOGLDOHWWRYHQH]LDQRGLRJJLLOIRQHPDOKDWUHYDULDQWLDOORIRQLFKH FRQWHVWXDOPHQWHFRQGL]LRQDWH>«@E8Q·DOWUD>Hñ@FKHVLUHDOL]]DLQ SRVL]LRQH LQL]LDOH R LQWHUYRFDOLFD SXUFKp QRQ D FRQWDWWR QHPPHQR LQIRQRVLQWDVVLFRQYRFDOHSDODWDOHFRPXQHPHQWHFKLDPDWDHOOHHYD QHVFHQWH H SL SXQWXDOPHQWH GHVFULWWD LQ WHUPLQL DUWLFRODWRUL FRPH ©DSSURVVLPDQWH GRUVRSDODWDOH ULODVVDWD HVV JRQGR>Hñ@D ¶JRQGROD· ED>Hñ@DU ¶EDOODUH· ED>Hñ@RQ ¶SDOORQH· VR>Hñ@R ¶VROR· SDU>Hñ@RUL ¶SHU ORUR·¶QRQQR>Hñ@DYRJLRODYRJOLR·FLQÀQHXQDWHU]DQHOOHVWHVVH SRVL]LRQLGLEPDDFRQWDWWR²DQFKHLQIRQRVLQWDVVL²FRQXQDYRFDOH SDODWDOHFRUULVSRQGHQWHDOGLOHJXRHVVÀjU¶ÀODUH·YHD¶YHOD·GH DQD¶GLODQD·GDHJQR¶GDOHJQR·7RPDVLQ /8&,($0$52 2.6. Autres cas 2QQRWHUDHQÀQOHFDVLQWpUHVVDQWGHO·DXYHUJQDWTXLHVWVHPEOHWLOOH SOXVFUpDWLIHQPDWLqUHGHWUDLWHPHQWGH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHSXLVTX·LOSHXW VHPDLQWHQLUVHYRFDOLVHUVHUKRWDFLVHURXGHYHQLUYRXJ3LHUUH1DXWRQ H[SOLTXHFHSKpQRPqQHFRPPHVXLW 'DQV OH GRPDLQH JDOORURPDQ F·HVW OH 0DVVLI &HQWUDO TXL SUpVHQWH DXMRXUG·KXL OHV DERXWLVVHPHQWV OHV SOXV YDULpV O Z Y J U 1DXWRQ /·DXWHXUSURSRVHXQHSUHPLqUHH[SOLFDWLRQjFHSKpQRPqQH /DFDXVHSUHPLqUHGHO·pYROXWLRQ>GH/@HVWXQDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWGjOD SRVLWLRQLQWHUYRFDOLTXHGXSKpQRPqQHHWFRPSDUDEOHjFHOXLGHVRFFOX VLYHVGDQVODPrPHSRVLWLRQ>«@'DQVELHQGHVFDVO·pYROXWLRQV·HVW SRXUVXLYLHSDUODGpWHQWHGHODSRLQWHGHODODQJXHTXLV·HVWDEDLVVpH GHUULqUHOHVLQFLVLYHVLQIpULHXUHV/HGRVGHODODQJXHVHWURXYDLWDORUV GDQV OD SRVLWLRQ GHV SKpQRPqQHV SRVWpULHXUV R X RX Z TXL VH VRQW GpJDJpVWRXWQDWXUHOOHPHQW>«@/·DUWLFXODWLRQZPHQDFpHGHGLVSDUL WLRQV·HVWUHQIRUFpHHQYRXJª1DXWRQ /HV SKpQRPqQHV GH UKRWDFLVDWLRQ HW GH YRFDOLVDWLRQ ORLQ G·rWUH RSSRVpVDXUDLHQWGRQFVHORQO·DXWHXUODPrPHFDXVHXQDIIDLEOLVVH PHQWDUWLFXODWRLUHTXLSURYRTXHGDQVXQFDVO·DEDLVVHPHQWWRWDOGHOD ODQJXHHWGDQVO·DXWUHXQHVLPSOHGpWHQWHGHODSRLQWHGHODODQJXH2Q QRWHUDTXHOXLDXVVLPHQWLRQQHXQH©PHQDFHGHGLVSDULWLRQª 2.7. Synthèse &HWWHFRPSDUDLVRQDYHFOHVODQJXHVURPDQHVHWOHVDXWUHVYDULpWpVG·RF FLWDQQRXVSHUPHWGHPHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHGHJUDQGHVWHQGDQFHVG·pYR OXWLRQG·XQSKpQRPqQHSKRQRORJLTXHO·pYROXWLRQGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH ODWLQ/DW\SRORJLHQRXVSHUPHWQRQVHXOHPHQWGHFRQVWDWHUODSUpVHQFH GHFHSKpQRPqQHOLQJXLVWLTXHLQWpUHVVDQWPDLVDXVVLGHO·H[SOLTXHUHQ IRUPDQWGHVK\SRWKqVHVVXUODEDVHGHO·pYROXWLRQGHFHSKpQRPqQH GDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHVRXGDQVG·DXWUHVYDULpWpVGHODPrPHODQJXH2Q FRQVWDWHTXHO·DIIDLEOLVVHPHQWGH/HQSRVLWLRQLQWHUYRFDOLTXHQ·HVWSDV DWWHVWpDLOOHXUVTXHGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHVFHTXLQRXVSHUPHWGHGLUH TXHFHSKpQRPqQHHVWSURSUHjO·pYROXWLRQGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQ HWGHGpJDJHUXQWUDLWG·pYROXWLRQFDUDFWpULVWLTXHGHVODQJXHVURPDQHV /HVSKpQRPqQHVGHYRFDOLVDWLRQHWGHUKRWDFLVPHVHPEOHQWOLpVHWRQ QRWHTXHOTXHVFDVGHFKXWHGH/QRWDPPHQWGDQVGHVGLDOHFWHVG·,WDOLH VHSWHQWULRQDOH,OQRXVIDXGUDGRQFDQDO\VHUQRVUpVXOWDWVSOXVHQGpWDLOV e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 DÀQ GH VLWXHU OH FDV GH OD FRPPXQH G·8VVHDX[ GDQV FHV GLYHUV FDV G·pYROXWLRQ8QHSHUVSHFWLYHGLDFKURQLTXHjORQJWHUPHFRQVWLWXHXQ SRLQWGHGpSDUWLQWpUHVVDQWSRXUpFODLUFLUFHWWHTXHVWLRQ 3. Évolution du L intervocalique latin en occitan alpin : perspectives diachroniques 3.1. Perspective diachronique à long terme 3DUPLOHVGHVFULSWLRQVGLDFKURQLTXHVGHVSDUOHUVYRLVLQVO·RXYUDJHGH -HDQ6LELOOHVXUOHVSDUOHUVGX%ULDQoRQQDLVjSDUWLUGHWH[WHVUHOLJLHX[ GX0R\HQÇJHV·pWHQGVXUOHFDVGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH 'DQVXQHSDUWLHGHVSDUOHUVDOSLQVHWSURYHQoDX[DFWXHOVOHFRQWLQXD WHXUGH/ODWLQLQWHUYRFDOLTXHSDVVHjɥVHFRQIRQGDQWDLQVLDYHFOH FRQWLQXDWHXUGH5LQWHUYRFDOLTXHWDQGLVTXH//LQWHUYRFDOLTXHDERXWLW jO&HWWHVLWXDWLRQVXSSRVHXQHpWDSHDQWpULHXUHGDQVODTXHOOHRQD GHX[W\SHVGHOVDQVTXHSRXUDXWDQWOLVVXGH/VRLWHQFRUHFRQIRQGX DYHFɥ&HOLVVXGH/HVWHQFRUHDWWHVWpGDQVOHVSDUOHUVSDUWLFXOLq UHPHQWFRQVHUYDWHXUVGH3UDJHOD+DXW&OXVRQ>«@,ODVRXYHQWpWp TXDOLÀpGH¶YpODLUH·G·DSUqVODGHVFULSWLRQTX·HQIDLW$OEHUWR7DOPRQ SSHXWrWUHIDXGUDLWLOSOXW{WOHTXDOLÀHUG·¶DSLFRSDODWDOUpWUR ÁH[HYpODULVp·QRXVSURSRVRQVODQRWDWLRQ>ɔˍ@SOXW{WTXH>ɒ@6LELOOH 3RXUUpVXPHUFHWWHFRUUpODWLRQGHVOLTXLGHVpWDEOLHSDU-HDQ6LELOOH G·DSUqV OHV GRQQpHV G·$OEHUWR7DOPRQ HQ FH TXL FRQFHUQH OH +DXW&OXVRQFRQÀUPHFHTXHQRXVDYRQVYXSUpFpGHPPHQWFRQFHU QDQWO·pYROXWLRQGX/VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHGDQVOHVODQJXHVURPDQHV FI7DEOHDX6LO·RQV·LQWpUHVVHPDLQWHQDQWXQLTXHPHQWjODSUHPLqUH OLJQH+DXW&OXVRQRQFRQVWDWHTXHFHVUpVXOWDWVFRUUHVSRQGHQWjFH TXHQRXVDYRQVSXFRQVWDWHUj8VVHDX[ORUVG·XQWHUUDLQHQDX VXMHWGHO·pYROXWLRQGH/,HWGH//PDLVSDVFHOOHGH/ &RQVRQQHEDWWXH /H V\VWqPH GpFULW SDU$OEHUWR 7DOPRQ SRXU 3UDJHOD FRQVWLWXH XQ IRVVLOHGHODVLWXDWLRQPpGLpYDOH /8&,($0$52 Tableau 2. – Corrélation des liquides en occitan (Sibille, 2007 : 477) 8. 3DUFRQVpTXHQWSRXU/,HW//RQDELHQ ),/,$!>HK? %(//8!>D'N? 3DUFRQWUHSRXU/VLPSOHQRXVREWHQRQVGHVUpVXOWDWVVHQVLEOHPHQW GLIIpUHQWVFRPPHpYRTXpSUpFpGHPPHQW2QSHXWGRQFDYDQFHUTXH FHWWHpWDSHGX/DSLFRSDODWDOUpWURÁH[HYpODULVpHVWjFRQVLGpUHUPDLV TXHOH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH²HQWRXWFDVSRXUFHWWHORFDOLWpGX+DXW&OXVRQ² DVXELXQHpYROXWLRQSRVWpULHXUHSDUVLPSOLÀFDWLRQDUWLFXODWRLUH 3.2. Perspective diachronique à court terme 6LO·RQV·LQWpUHVVHPDLQWHQDQWjXQHSHUVSHFWLYHGLDFKURQLTXHjFRXUW WHUPHRQWURXYHGDQVGHVRXYUDJHVVXUGHVSDUOHUVYRLVLQVDLQVLTXH GDQVGHVpFULWVORFDX[GHVDQQpHVXQOÏÏ !TXLHVWGpÀQLFRPPH XQHODU\QJDOHHWTXLVHUDSSURFKHGRQFGXOYpODLUHpYRTXpSDU-HDQ 6LELOOH1RXVDYRQVGRQFSHQVpTX·LOVHUDLWLQWpUHVVDQWGHUHJDUGHUGH SOXVSUqVQRVH[HPSOHVSRXUDQDO\VHUODSUpVHQFHG·XQHWUDFHpYHQWXHOOH GHFHO /pJHQGH +DXW&OXVRQ3UDJHOD (VFDUWRQVGH%ULDQoRQHW2XO[ 9DO*HUPDQDVFDHW0R\HQ&OXVRQ 2FFLWDQPpULGLRQDO *pYDXGDQHW+DXWH$XYHUJQH &HJUDSKqPHDpWpFRQVWDWpGDQVSOXVLHXUVpFULWV,OHVWGpFULWFRPPHUHSUp VHQWDQWXQOODU\QJDO e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 Spectrogramme 1 : « l’épaule ». /H 6SHFWURJUDPPH PRQWUH XQ PRW FRQWHQDQW XQ O ©pSDXOHª >H·SDOκ@VSDOODVSDWODVSDWXOD/HVFDOFXOVUpDOLVpVVXUOHORJL FLHO3UDDWQRXVPRQWUHQWELHQXQHFRQVWULFWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[YR\HOOHV ÀQDOHVTXLWpPRLJQHGHODSUpVHQFHG·XQHFRQVRQQHODWpUDOH (Q UHYDQFKH VL O·RQ UHJDUGH PDLQWHQDQW OH PRW ©SHOOHª 6SHF WURJUDPPHSDODGHQRWUHOLVWHRQFRQVWDWHTX·LOQ·\DDXFXQH FRQVWULFWLRQHQWUHOHVGHX[YR\HOOHV Spectrogramme 2 : « la pelle ». 2QFRQVWDWHGRQFODGLVSDULWLRQWRWDOHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQHQ RFFLWDQDOSLQG·8VVHDX[&HWWHpYROXWLRQV·HVWSURGXLWHDXFRXUVGX ;;HVLqFOHWUqVFHUWDLQHPHQWjSDUWLUGHODVLWXDWLRQGpFULWHSDU$OEHUWR 7DOPRQ 4. Conclusion 'DQVVDFRQWULEXWLRQjODGHVFULSWLRQHWjO·KLVWRLUHGHVFRQVRQQHV/ *HRUJHV6WUDNDH[SOLTXHTXH /8&,($0$52 /HVWUDLWHPHQWVGHO·OGDQVOHVWURLVSRVLWLRQVH[DPLQpHVRQWLQGLVFXWD EOHPHQWXQPrPHFDUDFWqUH4X·LOVDLHQWDERXWLjZUDSLFDOUSKD U\QJDORXj]pURLOVRQWpWpSURYRTXpVSDUXQHPrPHFDXVHLQLWLDOHHW FHWWHFDXVHUpVLGHVDQVOHPRLQGUHGRXWHGDQVXQDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWDUWL FXODWRLUHGDQVOHUHOkFKHPHQWGHO·OLQWHUYRFDOLTXHGjO·DSHUWXUHGHV YR\HOOHVYRLVLQHV>«@/DYDULpWpGHVUpVXOWDWVLVVXVGHFHWWHLPSXOVLRQ LQLWLDOHV·H[SOLTXHSDUGHVYDULDWLRQVG·pQHUJLHRXSOXW{WGHIDLEOHVVH DUWLFXODWRLUHQRQVHXOHPHQWVHORQOHVWURLVSRVLWLRQVPDLVDXVVLVHORQ OHV pSRTXHV OHV OLHX[ HW OHV JURXSHV VRFLDX[ SDUODQW OHV LGLRPHV HQ TXHVWLRQ6WUDND 8VVHDX[OH/LQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQDGRQFpYROXpYHUVXQHGLVSD ULWLRQGXHjXQDIIDLEOLVVHPHQWDUWLFXODWRLUHVXSSRVDQWXQHpWDSHDQWp ULHXUHGHYRFDOLVDWLRQHWSDVVDQWSDUXQHpWDSHLQLWLDOHGHYpODULVDWLRQ /·pWXGHGHFHSKpQRPqQHHQRFFLWDQDOSLQQRXVGRQQHXQERQDSHUoX GHFHTXHODW\SRORJLHSHXWDSSRUWHUjODOLQJXLVWLTXHGHVFULSWLYH&HOD QRXVDXUDSHUPLVGHPHWWUHHQpYLGHQFHO·DEVHQFHGX/LQWHUYRFDOLTXH ODWLQPDLVDXVVLG·H[SOLTXHUFHWWHDEVHQFHJUkFHjFHTXHO·RQVDLWGH O·pYROXWLRQGH/GDQVG·DXWUHVODQJXHV8QHDSSURFKHGLDFKURQLTXHV·HVW pJDOHPHQWDYpUpHQpFHVVDLUHSRXUO·H[SOLFDWLRQGHFHVSKpQRPqQHV1RV UHFKHUFKHVXOWpULHXUHVFRQFHUQDQWOHSDUOHUDOSLQG·8VVHDX[VHSRUWHURQW VXUO·pYROXWLRQGHOÀQDOHWLPSORVLIDLQVLTXHVXUODFRQVRQQHUDÀQ GHQRXVSHUPHWWUHG·DYRLUXQDSHUoXGXFRPSRUWHPHQWGHVOLTXLGHVGH FHWWHODQJXHGDQVGLIIpUHQWVFRQWH[WHV RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES $0$52/eWXGHVXUOHSDUOHURFFLWDQDOSLQG·8VVHDX[SKRQRORJLH HWH[SUHVVLRQGHO·HVSDFHPpPRLUHGH08QLYHUVLWp/XPLqUH/\RQ $//,Ë5(6-0DQXHOGHOLQJXLVWLTXHURPDQH+RQRUp&KDPSLRQ 3DULV %285&,(=(eOpPHQWVGHOLQJXLVWLTXHURPDQHeGLWLRQV.OLQFN VLHFN3DULV %289,(5-&/HVSDUOHUVSURYHQoDX[GHOD'U{PHeWXGHGHJpR JUDSKLHSKRQpWLTXH3DULV/LEUDLULH&.OLQFNVLHFN -2+1621:HW%5,7$,1'©/YRFDOLVDWLRQDVDQDWXUDOSKHQRP HQRQH[SORUDWLRQVLQVRFLRSKRQRORJ\ª/DQJXDJH6FLHQFHV .2/295$7*GHeWXGHVXUODYRFDOLVDWLRQGHODFRQVRQQHOGDQVOHV ODQJXHVURPDQHV3DULV-RXYH&LH /(-(81(07UDLWpGHSKRQpWLTXHJUHFTXH3DULV&.OLQFNVLHFN e92/87,21'8/6,03/(,17(592&$/,48(/$7,1 0(,//(7$&DUDFWqUHVJpQpUDX[GHVODQJXHVJHUPDQLTXHV3DULV +DFKHWWH 1$87213*pRJUDSKLHSKRQpWLTXHGHOD+DXWH/RLUH,QVWLWXWGH OLQJXLVWLTXHURPDQHGH/\RQ 52+/)6**UDPPDWLFDVWRULFDGHOODOLQJXDLWDOLDQDHGHLVXRL GLDOHWWLIRQHWLFD7XULQ(LQDXGL 6,%,//(-/DSDVVLRQGHVDLQW$QGUpeGLWLRQFULWLTXHVXLYLHG·XQH pWXGHOLQJXLVWLTXHFRPSDUpH3DULV+RQRUp&KDPSLRQ 6,%,//(-©3DUHQWpVJpQpWLTXHVDIÀQLWpVDUpDOHVHWpYROXWLRQVVSp FLÀTXHVGDQVOHVSDUOHUVRFFLWDQVGHVYDOOpHVG·2XO[HWGX+DXW&OXVRQ ,WDOLHªeWXGHVGHOLQJXLVWLTXHJDOORURPDQH3UHVVHVXQLYHUVLWDLUHV GH9LQFHQQHV 675$.$ * ©&RQWULEXWLRQ j OD GHVFULSWLRQ HW j O·KLVWRLUH GHV FRQVRQQHV/ª7UDYDX[GHOLQJXLVWLTXHHWGHOLWWpUDWXUH 7$/021$6DJJLRVXOGLDOHWWRGL3UDJHODWR$UFKLYRJORWWRORJLFR LWDOLDQR;9,, 7(/0217©2VVHUYD]LRQLIRQHWLFKHªGDQV36FKHXHUPHLHU,O 3LHPRQWHGHLFRQWDGLQL 720$6,1/©/DFRVVLGHWWD´HOOHHYDQHVFHQWHµGHOYHQH]LDQRIUD GLDOHWWRORJLDHVWRULDOLQJXLVWLFDªGDQV*5XIÀQRHW0'·$JRVWLQR GLU6WRULDGHOODOLQJXDLWDOLDQDHGLDOHWWRORJLD3DOHUPR&HQWURGL VWXGLÀORJLFLHOLQJXLVWLFLVLFLOLDQL Sitographie (dernière consultation : juin 2012) (7+12/2*8(/·ZZZHWKQRORJXHFRP! ,(2,QVWLWXWG·eWXGHV2FFLWDQHVZZZLHRRFRUJ! 81(6&2 $WODV GHV ODQJXHV HQ GDQJHU ZZZXQHVFRRUJFXOWXUH ODQJXDJHVDWODVIUDWODVPDSKWPO! 81(6&25HG%RRNRQ(QGDQJHUHGODQJXDJHVLQ(XURSHZZZKHOVLQNL ÀaWDVDOPLQHXURSHBLQGH[KWPO! /LGLOQXPpURVGpMjSDUXV /·RUWKRJUDSKHHQOLEHUWp FRRUG9LQFHQW/XFFL /HVODQJXHVHWFXOWXUHVGHV SRSXODWLRQVPLJUDQWHV FRRUG/RXLVH'DEqQH 'HVpFULWVH[WUDRUGLQDLUHV FRRUG0LFKHO'DEqQH (QVHLJQHUOHIUDQoDLVODQJXH pWUDQJqUHjO·pFROHSULPDLUHHW PDWHUQHOOH FRRUG%HUQDUG0DOOHW /·DSSUHQDQWDVLDWLTXHIDFHDX[ ODQJXHVpWUDQJqUHV FRRUG'LDQD/HH6LPRQ $XWRXUGXPXOWLOLQJXLVPH FRRUG/RXLVH'DEqQH HW-DFTXHOLQH%LOOLH] 'HVOHWWUHVHWGHVVRQV FRRUG$JQqV0LOOHW 9HUVXQHUpQRYDWLRQGHOD JUDPPDLUHHWGHVDWHUPLQRORJLH FRRUG0LFKHO0DLOODUG /DJUDPPDLUHjTXRLoDVHUW" FRRUG&RUGXOD)RHUVWHU HW&KULVWLDQH%RXUJXLJQRQ /·pYDOXDWLRQGHODOHFWXUH $SSURFKHVGLGDFWLTXHVHWHQMHX[ VRFLDX[ FRRUG0LFKHO'DEqQH -DORQVSRXUXQH(XURSHGHV ODQJXHV FRRUG0LFKHO&DQGHOLHU /·LQWHUDFWLRQHQTXHVWLRQV FRRUG-HDQ0DUF&ROOHWWD HW9LRODLQHGH1XFKq]H 2UWKRJUDSKHHWSURQRQFLDWLRQ FRRUG-HDQ3LHUUH&KHYURW 9HUVXQHPpWDODQJXHVDQV IURQWLqUHV" FRRUG0LFKHO0DLOODUG HW/RXLVH'DEqQH /DQJXHVJHVWXHOOHVTXHOV HQMHX[SRXUOHV6RXUGV" FRRUG$JQqV0LOOHW /·DSSRUWGHVFHQWUHVGHIUDQoDLV ODQJXHpWUDQJqUHjODGLGDFWLTXH GHVODQJXHV FRRUG'RPLQLTXH$EU\ HW,VDEHOOH*UXFD 3UDWLTXHVGHO·pFULWHWPRGHV G·DFFqVDXVDYRLUGDQVO·HQVHL JQHPHQWVXSpULHXU FRRUG0LFKHO'DEqQH HW<YHV5HXWHU $OWHUQDQFHGHVODQJXHVHQMHX[ VRFLRFXOWXUHOVHWLGHQWLWDLUHV FRRUG-DFTXHOLQH%LOOLH] HW'LDQD/HH6LPRQ /HVSDUOHUVXUEDLQV FRRUG-DFTXHOLQH%LOOLH] /HVODQJXHVUpJLRQDOHV(QMHX[ VRFLROLQJXLVWLTXHVHWGLGDFWLTXHV FRRUG/RXLVH'DEqQH (QVHLJQHPHQWDSSUHQWLVVDJHGX OH[LTXH FRRUG(OLVDEHWK&DODTXH HW)UDQFLV*URVVPDQQ $FTXLVLWLRQVODQJDJLqUHVHW XVDJHVOLQJXLVWLTXHVHQIDQWLQV FRRUG-HDQ0DUF&ROOHWWD HW-HDQ3LHUUH&KHYURW /HVQRXYHDX[pFULWVjO·pFROH QRXYHDX[SURJUDPPHVQRXYHOOHV SUDWLTXHVQRXYHDX[VDYRLUV FRRUG&ODXGLQH)DEUH&ROV $SSUHQGUHjFLWHUOHGLVFRXUV G·DXWUXL FRRUG)UDQFLV*URVVPDQQ HW)UDQoRLVH%RFK 3UDWLTXHVGHOHFWXUHHWG·pFULWXUH GHVXVDJHVVRFLDX[DX[VDYRLUV VFRODLUHV FRRUG&DWKHULQH)ULHU HW)UDQoRLVH%RFK *HVWXDOLWpHWV\QWD[H FRRUG$JQqV0LOOHW HW-HDQ0DUF&ROOHWWD /DOLWWpUDFLH9HUVGHQRXYHOOHV SLVWHVGHUHFKHUFKHGLGDFWLTXH FRRUG&KULVWLQH%DUUp'H0LQLDF ,QWHUFRPSUpKHQVLRQHQODQJXHV URPDQHV'XGpYHORSSHPHQWGHV FRPSpWHQFHVGHFRPSUpKHQVLRQ DX[LQWHUDFWLRQVSOXULOLQJXHV 'H*DODWHDj*DODQHW FRRUG&KULVWLDQ'HJDFKH +RUVVpULHVHSW /HSOXULOLQJXLVPHHQ FRQVWUXFWLRQGDQVOHV\VWqPH pGXFDWLI&RQWH[WHV'LVSRVLWLIV $FWHXUV FRRUG'LDQD/HH6LPRQ HW&pFLOH6DEDWLHU /DUHQFRQWUHLQWHUFXOWXUHOOH FRRUG9LRODLQHGH1XFKq]H $FTXLVLWLRQHWHQVHLJQHPHQWGH ODPRUSKRJUDSKLH FRRUG&DWKHULQH%ULVVDXG HW&RULQQH7RWHUHDX &RUSXVRUDX[HWGLYHUVLWpGHV DSSURFKHV FRRUG0DULH6DYHOOL 6pPDQWLTXHGHVQRPVHW DGMHFWLIVG·pPRWLRQ FRRUG)UDQFLV*URVVPDQQ HW$JQqV7XWLQ /DUpFHSWLRQGHVWH[WHV OLWWpUDLUHV8QHGLGDFWLTXHHQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ FRRUG)UDQFRLV4XHW 5DSSRUWGHVWDJHHWPpPRLUH SURIHVVLRQQHO1RUPHVXVDJHV HWUHSUpVHQWDWLRQV FRRUG1DWKDOLH%ODQF HW5HQiWD9DUJD )LJXUHVGHO·DXWHXUHQGLGDFWLTXH FRRUG$ODLQ5DEDWHO HW)UDQFLV*URVVPDQQ eFKDQJHVH[ROLQJXHVYLD ,QWHUQHWHWDSSURSULDWLRQGHV ODQJXHVFXOWXUHV FRRUG&KULVWLDQ'HJDFKH HW)UDQoRLV0DQJHQRW 6\QWD[HHWVpPDQWLTXHGHV SUpGLFDWV FRRUG,YD1RYDNRYD HW=ODWND*XHQWFKpYD /DQJXHGXGURLW0RWV GRFXPHQWVHWUDLVRQQHPHQWV FRRUG7KRPDV/HEDUEp $OWpULWpHWIRUPDWLRQGHV HQVHLJQDQWVQRXYHOOHV SHUVSHFWLYHV FRRUG0DULQHWWH0DWWKH\ HW'LDQD/HH6LPRQ /DPRWLYDWLRQSRXUO·DSSUHQWLV VDJHG·XQHODQJXHVHFRQGH HQWUHFRQFHSWVHWGLVSRVLWLIV FRRUG)UDQoRLVH5DE\ HW-HDQ3DXO1DUF\&RPEHV eQRQFLDWLRQHWUKpWRULTXHGDQV O·pFULWVFLHQWLÀTXH FRRUG)UDQoRLVH%RFK HW)DQQ\5LQFN 0XOWLPRGDOLWpGHODFRPPXQLFD WLRQFKH]O·HQIDQW FRRUG-HDQ0DUF&ROOHWWD $JQqV0LOOHWHW&DWKHULQH 3HOOHQT /HUDSSRUWDXVDYRLUGDQVOHV GLVFRXUVSURIHVVLRQQHOV FRRUG$ODLQ5DEDWHO HW1DWKDOLH%ODQF /DQJXHVPLQRULVDWLRQVHW PDUJLQDOLVDWLRQV FRRUG6WpSKDQLH&OHUF HW0DULHOOH5LVSDLO 3UDWLTXHVGHIRUPDWLRQjOD OHFWXUHpFULWXUHGHVDGXOWHVHQ SDUFRXUVG·LQVHUWLRQHQMHX[ GLGDFWLTXHVHWLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV FRRUG0DULH&pFLOH*XHUQLHU HW9pURQLTXH5LYLqUH $%211(0(17 -HGpVLUHVRXVFULUHjODUHYXH/LGLO 1 3UDWLTXHVGHIRUPDWLRQjODOHFWXUHpFULWXUHGHVDGXOWHVHQSDUFRXUV G·LQVHUWLRQHQMHX[GLGDFWLTXHVHWLQVWLWXWLRQQHOV 0DL 1 7\SRORJLHHWGHVFULSWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHVLQWHUIDFHVHWLQWHUDFWLRQV 'pF )UDQFH HXURVIUDLVG·H[SpGLWLRQFRPSULV eWUDQJHU HXURVIUDLVG·H[SpGLWLRQFRPSULV 1RP 3UpQRP $GUHVVH &RGHSRVWDO 9LOOH 3D\V 5HQVHLJQHPHQWVHWFRPPDQGHV 5(98(6(//8* 8QLYHUVLWp6WHQGKDO%3²*UHQREOHFHGH[ 7pO)D[ &RXUULHO%ULJLWWH3DXWDVVR#XJUHQREOHIU KWWSZXJUHQREOHIUHOOXJ )UDLVG·H[SpGLWLRQSRXUOD)UDQFHPpWURSROLWDLQH HXURVSRXUOHSUHPLHURXYUDJHHXURSRXUOHVVXLYDQWV 3RXUOHVDXWUHVGHVWLQDWLRQVVHUHQVHLJQHU 5qJOHPHQW &KqTXHEDQFDLUHRXSRVWDOOLEHOOpjO·RUGUHGH 0PHO·$JHQWFRPSWDEOHGHO·XQLYHUVLWp6WHQGKDO 9RXVSRXYH]DXVVLFRPPDQGHUFHWWHUHYXHFKH]YRWUHOLEUDLUH RXDXSUqVGH)06+'LIIXVLRQ UXH5REHUW6FKXPDQ&KDUHQWRQOH3RQW²)UDQFH 7pO)D[ RXGLUHFWHPHQWHQOLJQH /(&20372,5'(635(66(6'·81,9(56,7e6 KWWSZZZOFGSXIU 5HYXH/LGLO²1XPpUR 7\SRORJLHHWGHVFULSWLRQOLQJXLVWLTXHV LQWHUIDFHVHWLQWHUDFWLRQV 1XPpURFRRUGRQQpSDU&DUROLQH,PEHUWHW1DWKDOLH9DOOpH Table des matières 3RXUXQHGHVFULSWLRQW\SRORJLTXHGHVODQJXHV &DUROLQH,PEHUWHW1DWKDOLH9DOOpH 6XUODQRWLRQGHW\SRORJLHpYROXWLYHO·H[HPSOHG·XQHW\SRORJLH GHV\VWqPHVGHFODVVLÀFDWHXUV &ROHWWH*ULQHYDOG /HVFODVVLÀFDWHXUVQXPpUDX[GXVWLHQJGX&DPERGJH 1RsOOLH%RQ 8QHW\SRORJLHHQFKHPLQHPHQWFRQWULEXWLRQGHO·HVHHMMDjO·pWXGH GXPRXYHPHQWDVVRFLp 0DULQH9XLOOHUPHW +RZW\SRORJ\DOORZVIRUDQHZDQDO\VLVRIWKHYHUESKUDVHLQ%XUPHVH $OLFH9LWWUDQW 9DOHQFHVpPDQWLTXHHWGLDWKqVHVHQWLEpWDLQ/KDVD &DPLOOH6LPRQ 8QHDSSURFKHW\SRORJLTXHIRQFWLRQQHOOHGHODYRL[SDVVLYHHQ IUDQoDLVHWHQHVSDJQRO 5RVHU*DXFKROD eYROXWLRQGX/VLPSOHLQWHUYRFDOLTXHODWLQGDQVOHSDUOHURFFLWDQ DOSLQG·8VVHDX[3URYLQFHGH7XULQ,WDOLH /XFLH$PDUR &20326,7,21 (OOXJ5HYXHV ,035(66,21(7)$d211$*( $WHOLHU GHO·XQLYHUVLWp6WHQGKDO*UHQREOH $FKHYpG·LPSULPHUGpFHPEUH
Documents pareils
SUFFIXATION PAR –ET(TE)
3RXU UpVRXGUH FH FRQIOLW FRPPH GX UHVWH j FKDTXH IRLV TX¶HQWUHQW HQ FRQIOLW XQH
WKpRULHHWOHVSURSULpWpVGHO¶REMHWTXHO¶RQYHXWGpFULUHGHX[VROXWLRQVV¶RIIUHQWjQRXV
± VRLWRQ...