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Remarque : ceci est un travail de maturité = baccalauréat. Il n'a pas de caution scientifique ou autre, et, bien que ces élèves aient fait un travail qui a été accepté dans le contexte scolaire, son contenu n'engage qu'elles ! ! "#$$%&'!"($)*+! ,-()(*$!.'!/(01-*02!3456! ǯ7'$$'!8(192'!#1!.28$'+8:2'!;(-!$'9! *+<$1'+8'9!.'!$(!9#8*202!=! !! !"#$%&'()*+,$-.*/0$1023405+$ $ ! ! >#1-8'!?!:00;?@@AAAB($$0-'(0/'+0B8#/@0:*+9;*-(0*#+7(+#-'C*(! ! D(E0-'!(88#/;(&+(+0!?!D#+9*'1-!F-(+G#*9!H#/I(-.! 1 ,JKHL!ML>!DJ,NLOL>! ! ! I)! INTRODUCTION .............................................................................. 4! II)! CADRAGE THEORIQUE .................................................................. 6! 1)$6"78"5+)7)2+$0*/7)2+0/5) ......................................................................................... 6! 5P! N+0-#.180*#+ ............................................................................................................ 6! 3P! "#/;#-0'/'+0!($*/'+0(*-'!'0!9Q90%/'!+'-)'1C!8'+0-($!R>S"PB ......................... 7! M2-#1$'/'+0!.'!$(!;-*9'!($*/'+0(*-' .......................................................................... 8! H'9!9*&+(1C!9'+9#-*'$9 .................................................................................................. 9! H'9!(9;'809!;9Q8:#$#&*T1'9!.1!8#/;#-0'/'+0!($*/'+0(*-'B.................................. 10! 1902"5):/)$7)2+0*),$.2$+5".;*)$<.$6"78"5+)7)2+$0*/7)2+0/5) .............................. 11! 5P! L0Q/#$#&*' ........................................................................................................... 12! 3P! M*(&+#90*8............................................................................................................. 12! 6P! "(19'9 ................................................................................................................... 13! ǯ (!<(/*$$'U!;$19!;-28*92/'+0!.'!$(!/%-'B ....................................... 14! H'9!;-2.*9;#9*0*#+9!I*#$#&*T1'9!?!$'9!<(80'1-9!&2+20*T1'9!'0!:2-2.*0(*-'9 ........... 14! H'9!*+<$1'+8'9!.1!/*$*'1!9#8*#781$01-'$ ................................................................... 15! ="+5)$<#(/2/+/"2$8".5$6)$+50>0/* .................................................................................... 16! ?"6/#+#,$7#</0@$)+$/<#0*$(#7/2/2 ................................................................................... 16! III)! METHODE ................................................................................... 23! IV)! RESULTATS................................................................................. 25! V)! ANALYSE/DISCUSSION.............................................................. 29! A2+)5>ǯ ± ..................................................... 29! ǯ± ±±± ǯ ......................... 30! ǯ ....................................................................... 31! ǯ°ǯ ............................................................................ 32! ǯ ±± ?+"6'4"*7 ......................................................................................................................... 35! B20*C@)$<)@$D.)@+/"220/5)@$</@+5/;.#@$0.:$#*E>)@$<.$F"**E3)$F0*>/2 ................... 35! 2 VI)! 6<17+(6('(/¶$1$/<6( ........................................................ 36! VII)! CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 39! VIII)!!!!!LE MOT DE LA FIN ..................................................................... 40! IX)! REMERCIMENTS ........................................................................ 41! X)! BIBLIOGRAPHIE ......................................................................... 42! XI)! GLOSSAIRE ................................................................................ 44! XII)! ANNEXES.................................................................................... 46! B22):)$G$H$I:)78ǯ±±°Ǥ .............. 46! B22):)$J$ǣǯ ............................................................................................... 47! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 3 NP NS,OVMW",NVS! !"!#$%&$'()! *+'&&,-.$'! .,! /(0&,%1,(2! 3,! .4+//,**,! 5%$(,6',2! 5%$(,6',! 7,%1+*,! ,&1! .$%! %$.! 8$./*,1)! .+'&! 19! /,96! .4+//,*,(! 5%+2! :$9&! +**$%&! ;,<,%'(! ;,! <0('1+=*,&! +.',&2! 34'%<,&1'(+'!=,+98$9/!;,!.$%!1,./&!/$9(!1$'!,1!>4+11,%;&!*+!.?.,!8@$&,!;,!1$'!,%!(,1$9(2!AǥȌ! 34+11,%;&! ;,! 1$'! B9,! 19! C+&&,&! +11,%1'$%! D! 1,&! 8+*$(',&! ,1! 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