Les Echecs Les Echecs :
Transcription
Les Echecs Les Echecs :
/HV(FKHFV /HV(FKHFV /HMHXG·pFKHFVRSSRVHGHX[MRXHXUVV·DIIURQWDQWGHSDUWHWG·DXWUHG·XQSODWHDXDSSHOp pFKLTXLHUFRPSRVpGHVRL[DQWHTXDWUHFDVHVDOWHUQDWLYHPHQWFODLUHVHWVRPEUHVVXUOHTXHO pYROXHQWKXLWSLqFHVHWKXLWSLRQVFODLUVDSSHOpVOHV©%ODQFVªDLQVLTXHKXLWSLqFHVHWKXLW SLRQVVRPEUHVOHV©1RLUVª/HEXWGXMHXHVWGHFUpHUXQHVLWXDWLRQTXLDERXWLVVH LPSDUDEOHPHQWjODSULVHGXURLDGYHUVHVLWXDWLRQGLWHG pFKHFHWPDW &HMHXMRXLWG·XQSUHVWLJHSDUWLFXOLHUGDQVGHQRPEUHXVHVFXOWXUHV,OHVWVXUQRPPpHQ)UDQFH© OHURLGHVMHX[ªRXHQFRUH©OHQREOHMHXª 'XSRLQWGHYXHGHODWKpRULHGHVMHX[LOV·DJLWG·XQMHXGHVWUDWpJLHFRPELQDWRLUHDEVWUDLWGH UpIOH[LRQSXUHILQLVDQVF\FOHHWjLQIRUPDWLRQFRPSOqWH /HPRQGHGHVpFKHFVFRPSRUWHGHX[GRPDLQHVWUqVLQGpSHQGDQWV OHGRPDLQHGHODSDUWLHTXLHVWOHMHXG·pFKHFVSURSUHPHQWGLWHWGDQVOHTXHOOHPDWILQDOUpVXOWH GHO·DIIURQWHPHQWHQWUHGHX[MRXHXUV OHGRPDLQHGXSUREOqPHTXLHVWXQGRPDLQHGHFUpDWLRQDUWLVWLTXHGDQVOHTXHOLOQ·\DSDV G·DIIURQWHPHQWHWROHPDWILQDOUpVXOWHXQLTXHPHQWGHODYRORQWpGXFRPSRVLWHXUSUpVHQWpH GDQVXQHSRVLWLRQLQLWLDOHTXLQ·DSDVIRUFpPHQWGHUHODWLRQDYHFXQHSRVLWLRQGHSDUWLHUpHOOH +LVWRLUH +LVWRLUH 'HQRPEUHX[P\WKHVHWWKpRULHVH[LVWHQWVXUO RULJLQHGXMHX /HVOpJHQGHV /HVOpJHQGHV /HP\WKHGXEUDKPDQH6LVVD /DOpJHQGHODSOXVFpOqEUHVXUO RULJLQHGXMHXG pFKHFV>@UDFRQWHO KLVWRLUHGXURL%HONLE,QGHV DQVDYDQWQRWUHqUHTXLFKHUFKDLWjWRXWSUL[jWURPSHUVRQHQQXL,OSURPLWGRQFXQH UpFRPSHQVHH[FHSWLRQQHOOHjTXLOXLSURSRVHUDLWXQHGLVWUDFWLRQTXLOHVDWLVIHUDLW/RUVTXHOH 16 VDJH6LVVDILOVGX%UDKPLQH'DKLUOXLSUpVHQWDOHMHXG pFKHFVOHVRXYHUDLQHQWKRXVLDVWH GHPDQGDj6LVVDFHTXHFHOXLFLVRXKDLWDLWHQpFKDQJHGHFHFDGHDXH[WUDRUGLQDLUH +XPEOHPHQW6LVVDGHPDQGDDXSULQFHGHGpSRVHUXQJUDLQGHEOpVXUODSUHPLqUHFDVHGHX[ VXUODGHX[LqPHTXDWUHVXUODWURLVLqPHHWDLQVLGHVXLWHSRXUUHPSOLUO pFKLTXLHUHQGRXEODQWOD TXDQWLWpGHJUDLQjFKDTXHFDVH/HSULQFHDFFRUGDLPPpGLDWHPHQWFHWWHUpFRPSHQVHHQ DSSDUHQFHPRGHVWHPDLVVRQFRQVHLOOHUOXLH[SOLTXDTX LOYHQDLWGHVLJQHUODPRUWGXUR\DXPH FDUOHVUpFROWHVGHO DQQpHQHVXIILUDLHQWjV DFTXLWWHUGXSUL[GXMHX(QHIIHWVXUODGHUQLqUHFDVH GHO pFKLTXLHULOIDXGUDLWGpSRVHUJUDLQHVVRLWSOXVGHQHXIPLOOLDUGVGHPLOOLDUGVGHJUDLQV JUDLQVSUpFLVpPHQWHW\DMRXWHUOHWRWDOGHVJUDLQVGpSRVpVVXUOHV FDVHVSUpFpGHQWHVFHTXLIDLWXQWRWDOGHJUDLQVODIRUPXOHGH FDOFXOHVWDORUV 'HVYDULDQWHVGHFHWWHOpJHQGHH[LVWHQWO XQHVXJJpUDQWTXHOHURLDFFHSWDjFRQGLWLRQTXHOH VDJHFRPSWHOHVJUDLQHVOXLPrPHXQHDXWUHDIILUPDQWTXH6LVVDHXWODWrWHWUDQFKpHSRXUXQH WHOOHHIIURQWHULH&HUWDLQHVYHUVLRQVGLVHQWTXH6LVVDQHGHPDQGDULHQHQpFKDQJHPDLVTXHOH URLLQVLVWDQW6LVVDDXUDLWDORUVGpFLGpGHVHPRTXHUGXURLHQOXLGHPDQGDQWXQHUpFRPSHQVH TX LOQHSRXUUDLWGRQQHU /pJHQGHJUHFTXH 8QHDXWUHOpJHQGHSODFHO LQYHQWLRQGXMHXGXUDQWOD*XHUUHGH7URLH3DODPqGHO XQGHVKpURV JUHFVDXUDLWLQYHQWpOHMHXSRXUUHPRQWHUOHPRUDOGHVWURXSHVGXUDQWOHVLqJHGHODFLWpHQ DY-&& HVWFHWWHRULJLQHTXLDPqQHUDOHVFUpDWHXUVGHODSUHPLqUHUHYXHpFKLTXpHQQHjOD QRPPHU/H3DODPqGH' DXWUHVSHUVRQQDJHVGXPRQGHJUHFVHVRQWYXDWWULEXHUO LQYHQWLRQGHV pFKHFV2QSHXWQRWDPPHQWFLWHU3\UUKXV 2ULJLQHVRULHQWDOHV 2ULJLQHVRULHQWDOHV /HVUHFKHUFKHVKLVWRULTXHV -HXQH3HUVDQMRXDQWDX[pFKHFVDYHFGHX[SUpWHQGDQWV,OOXVWUDWLRQWLUpHGH+DIW$ZUDQJGH -DPLGDQVO KLVWRLUH©8QSqUHDYLVHVRQILOVjSURSRVGHO DPRXUª/·RULJLQHGXMHXG·pFKHFV UHVWHXQVXMHWFRQWURYHUVp(QHIIHWFRPPHO pFULW5LFKDUG(DOHVGDQVVRQOLYUH&+(667KH KLVWRU\RIDJDPH>@ODUHFKHUFKHGHVRULJLQHVGHVpFKHFVHVWVLPLODLUHjODUHFKHUFKHGX© FKDvQRQPDQTXDQWªGDQVO pYROXWLRQKXPDLQH 2QDGPHWJpQpUDOHPHQWTXHVRQDQFrWUHFRQQXOHSOXVDQFLHQHVWXQMHXLQGLHQOHFKDWXUDQJD 6HVWUDFHVOHVSOXVDQFLHQQHVVHUHSqUHQWHQWUHOHV9HHW9,,HVLqFOHV'HX[SDVVDJHVGHWH[WHV VDQVNULWVPHQWLRQQHQWO H[LVWHQFHGXMHXVDQVGRQQHUG DXWUHVLQIRUPDWLRQV,OV DJLWGH 9DVDYDGDWWDpFULWHQSDU6XEDQGKXTXLpYRTXHGHVMRXHXUVG pFKHFVHWVXUWRXWGH +DUVKDVFKDULWDpFULWSDU%DQDYHUV,OGpFULW7KH$DVKWDSDGDXQpFKLTXLHUGHFDVHVTXL SHUPHWG DSSUHQGUHOH&KDWXUDQJDOHQRPVDQVNULWGHVpFKHFV &HVOLYUHVVXLYLVGHGHX[DXWUHVRXYUDJHVpFULWVHQSDU5DWQDNDUDHW5XGUDWDjODILQGX QHXYLqPHVLqFOHSHUPHWWHQWGHSUHQGUHFRQQDLVVDQFHGHVSLqFHVGXMHXTXLVRQWFHOOHVG XQH DUPpHIDQWDVVLQVFDYDOLHUVFKDUVHWpOpSKDQWV / RULJLQHGHFHVGHX[DXWHXUVGDQVOH1RUG2XHVWGXUR\DXPHGX&DFKHPLUHVXJJqUHDLQVLXQH WUDQVPLVVLRQSRVVLEOHGXEDVVLQFHQWUDOGX*DQJHYHUVO ,UDQOD3HUVH 17 $XGHOjGHFHWWHpSRTXHFHUWDLQVVXSSRVHQWTXHOHMHXDpYROXpjSDUWLUGHMHX[GHSDUFRXUV LQGLHQVG·DXWUHVOXLSUrWHQWXQDQFrWUHH[WpULHXUHQ&KLQHRXHQ$VLHFHQWUDOH8QMHXWUqV VLPLODLUHHVWpJDOHPHQWFRQQXGDQVODFLYLOLVDWLRQFKLQRLVHOH[LDQJTLGRQWOHVSOXVDQFLHQQHV WUDFHVUHPRQWHUDLHQWjLO\DXQHFRQWURYHUVHjFHVXMHWVRQH[LVWHQFHHVWDWWHVWpHHQ >@ 'LIIXVLRQ 'LIIXVLRQ /HMHXVHSURSDJHMXVTX·HQ3HUVHDX[DOHQWRXUVGHO·DQRLOGHYLHQWOHFKDWUDQJ/RUVTXH OHV$UDEHVHQYDKLVVHQWOD3HUVHLOVO·DGRSWHQWVRXVOHQRPGHVKDWUDQM/HVpFKHFVFRQQDLVVHQW DORUVXQGpYHORSSHPHQWUHPDUTXDEOH&·HVWDXFRXUVGHV,;HHW;HVLqFOHVTX·DSSDUDLVVHQWOHV SUHPLHUVFKDPSLRQVHWOHVSUHPLHUVWUDLWpV/HVSLqFHVVRQWVW\OLVpHVHQUDLVRQGHO·LQWHUGLFWLRQ GHUHSUpVHQWHUGHVrWUHVDQLPpV>@2QUHWURXYHDORUV OHURL6KkKF HVWOXLTXLGRQQHVRQQRPDXMHXVHGpSODFHG·XQSDVGDQVWRXWHVOHVGLUHFWLRQV OHFRQVHLOOHU)DU]LQRX9L]LUGRQWOHPRXYHPHQWHVWOLPLWpjXQHVHXOHFDVHHQGLDJRQDOH O·pOpSKDQW)LODYHFXQGpSODFHPHQWFRUUHVSRQGDQWjXQVDXWGHGHX[FDVHVHQGLDJRQDOH OHFKHYDO)DUDVLGHQWLTXHDXFDYDOLHUPRGHUQH OH5RXNKVHPEODEOHjODWRXUDFWXHOOH OHVROGDW%DLGDTO·pTXLYDOHQWGXSLRQPDLVGpSRXUYXGXGRXEOHSDVLQLWLDO 18 /H5RXNKpWDLWSDUIRLVUHSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQFKDUGHJXHUUH/HV$UDEHV\YR\DLHQWXQJpQpUDO FRPPDQGDQWO·DUPpH0DLVVRQVHQVOLWWpUDOUHVWHREVFXU,OVHPEOHTXHSRXUOHV$UDEHVFHPRW Q·DYDLWSDVG·DXWUHVHQVTXHFHOXLGHGpVLJQHUFHWWHSLqFHDX6KDWUDQMXQSHXFRPPHOHPRW URRNSRXUOHVDQJORSKRQHVDXMRXUG·KXL 8QHWKpRULHVpGXLVDQWHGRQQHO·RULJLQHGXPRGHGHGpSODFHPHQWGHVSLqFHVSDUOHVGLIIpUHQWV WUDMHWVpOpPHQWDLUHVSRVVLEOHVGHSXLVOHFHQWUHG·XQHVSDFHGHFLQTFDVHVVXUFLQTFDVHV(OOH GRQQHXQHERQQHH[SOLFDWLRQDXGpSODFHPHQWFXULHX[GXFDYDOLHU) )DUDVOHVHXOjrWUHUHVWp ©VDXWHXUªHWjFRXUWHSRUWpH(OOHODLVVHDXURL6 6KkKXQGpSODFHPHQWSOXVOLPLWpTXDWUH FDVHVPDLVTXLFRUUHVSRQGDXGpSODFHPHQWGHVRQKRPRORJXHFKLQRLVOH©JpQpUDOª(OOH GRQQHDXVVLjSHQVHUTXHOHFKDU5 5RXNKGHYDLWrWUHSULPLWLYHPHQWXQHSLqFH©FRXUWHª FRPPHOHVDXWUHVHWVHGpSODoDLWSDUVDXWGHGHX[FDVHVVHORQFRORQQHRXUDQJpH $UULYpHHQ(XURSHHWpYROXWLRQ $UULYpHHQ(XURSHHWpYROXWLRQ 0DQXVFULWF/·DUULYpHGHVpFKHFVHQ(XURSHVHIDLWVDQVGRXWHSDUO·(VSDJQHPXVXOPDQH DX[DOHQWRXUVGHO DQPLOOHYRLUHO·,WDOLHGXVXG,OHVWGpPRQWUpTXHOHMHXTXH&KDUOHPDJQH DXUDLWUHoXGHODSDUWGXFDOLIH+DURXQDO5DFKLGFRQVHUYpjOD%LEOLRWKqTXH1DWLRQDOHGH )UDQFHDpWpHQIDLWIDEULTXpSUqVGH1DSOHVjODILQGX;,HVLqFOH(Q>@VDSUHPLqUH PHQWLRQpFULWHHQ2FFLGHQWDpWpWURXYpHGDQVXQWHVWDPHQWGXFRPWHG 8UJHOHQ&DWDORJQH 'qVVRQDUULYpHGDQVOD&KUpWLHQWpO·pFKLTXLHUHWOHVSLqFHVV RFFLGHQWDOLVHQWOHSODWHDXGHYLHQW ELFRORUHDYHFOHVFDVHVURXJHVHWQRLUHVTXLGHYLHQGURQWSOXVWDUGEODQFKHVHWQRLUHVOHYL]LU GHYLHQWILHUJHRXYLHUJHSXLVUHLQHHWRXGDPHLOHVWGLIILFLOHGHGpWHUPLQHUOHTXHOGHVGHX[ WHUPHVSUpYDODLW³VDQVGRXWHVpWDLHQWLOVXWLOLVpVLQGLIIpUHPPHQWO pOpSKDQWDOILOHQDUDEHTXL UHVWHDOILOHQHVSDJQRODXMRXUG KXLGHYLHQWDXILQSXLVIRXELVKRSpYrTXHHQDQJODLVOHURXNK DUDEHGHYLHQWURFFHQRPGRQQHUDURRNHQDQJODLVOHYHUEH©URTXHUªHQIUDQoDLVHWGpVLJQHUD ODWRXUG pFKHFVHQKpUDOGLTXHSXLVWRXUYHUVODILQGX;9,,HVLqFOH'DQVFHUWDLQHVUpJLRQV G (XURSHOHGRXEOHSDVLQLWLDOGXSLRQHVWSUDWLTXp(QILQGHVUqJOHVSHUPHWWHQWDXURLRXjOD UHLQHGDPHG HIIHFWXHUXQVDXWjGHX[FDVHVVDQVSULVHjOHXUSUHPLHUPRXYHPHQW&HGHUQLHU SRLQWHVWODGLIIpUHQFHSULQFLSDOHDYHFOHVUqJOHVGX6KDWUDQMGHVSD\VPXVXOPDQV 0DLVO·pYROXWLRQODSOXVLPSRUWDQWHDOLHXjODILQGX0R\HQÇJHYHUVHQ(VSDJQHORUVTXH OHVPRXYHPHQWVOLPLWpVGHODUHLQHGDPHHWGXIRXVRQWUHPSODFpVSDUFHX[TXHQRXV FRQQDLVVRQVDFWXHOOHPHQW/HMHXGHYLHQWWHOOHPHQWUDSLGHTX·RQMXJHSUpIpUDEOHG·DQQRQFHU© eFKHFDXURLªHW©*DUGH]ODUHLQHª /HVMRXHXUVGHFHWWHpSRTXHQRPPHQWFHVQRXYHOOHVUqJOHV©HVFKpVGHODGDPHªRX©MHXGH ODGDPHHQUDJpHª>@ 3RXUSDUHUDX[HIIHWVGpYDVWDWHXUVGHFHVSLqFHVDX[SRXYRLUVUHQIRUFpVOHURTXHHVWLQYHQWp YHUVHWSURJUHVVLYHPHQWLOUHPSODFHOHVDXWLQLWLDOGXURLRXGHODUHLQHGDPHTXL GHYLHQQHQWREVROqWHV9HUVRQSHXWFRQVLGpUHUTXHOHVUqJOHVGXMHXPRGHUQHVRQWjSHX SUqVpWDEOLHV6LOHVSUHPLHUVOLYUHVWUDLWDQWGHVpFKHFVUHPRQWHQWjO pSRTXHDUDEHOD VWDELOLVDWLRQGHVUqJOHVHQ(XURSHGRQQHQDLVVDQFHjXQHOLWWpUDWXUHWKpRULTXHWUqVULFKHHWRQ REVHUYHQRWDPPHQWO pODERUDWLRQGHVSUHPLHUVV\VWqPHVG RXYHUWXUH /HVpFKHFVPRGHUQHV /HVpFKHFVPRGHUQHV 3LqFHVGHW\SH©6WDXQWRQª/·DVSHFWGHVSLqFHVOHSOXVFRXUDQWDXMRXUG·KXLOHVW\OH©6WDXQWRQª GDWHGH&·HVWpJDOHPHQWGXUDQWODVHFRQGHPRLWLpGX;,;HVLqFOHTX·pPHUJHQWOHVpFKHFV 19 PRGHUQHV/HVSUHPLqUHVFRPSpWLWLRQVLQWHUQDWLRQDOHVRQWOLHXOHVSURJUqVWKpRULTXHVGHO·DUW GHODGpIHQVHPHWWHQWXQWHUPHjO·qUHURPDQWLTXH $X;;HVLqFOHO·8566HQDVVXUHXQHSURPRWLRQWUqVDFWLYHOHFRQVLGpUDQWFRPPHXQH[FHOOHQW RXWLOGHIRUPDWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOH&·HVWHQRXWUHXQHYLWULQHGHODIRUPDWLRQLQWHOOHFWXHOOH VRYLpWLTXHTXLOHXUSHUPHWGHGRPLQHUODUJHPHQWXQHGLVFLSOLQHSUHVWLJLHXVH 'XUDQWODJXHUUHIURLGHO·DSSDULWLRQGH%REE\)LVFKHUOHSUHPLHU2FFLGHQWDOjGpILHUOHV 6RYLpWLTXHVDXSOXVKDXWQLYHDXSXLVGH9LNWRU.RUWFKQRwGLVVLGHQW6RYLpWLTXHTXLSDUYLQWIRLV HQILQDOHGXFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHGRQQHQWjFHWWHFRPSpWLWLRQXQHYpULWDEOHGLPHQVLRQ SROLWLTXH3OXVWDUGOHVWHQVLRQVHQWUHFRQVHUYDWHXUVUXVVHVHWSDUWLVDQVGHODSHUHVWURwNDVH FULVWDOOLVHURQWDXWRXUGHO·DIIURQWHPHQWHQWUH$QDWRO\.DUSRYHW*DUU\.DVSDURY ODILQGX;;HVLqFOHODFRQIXVLRQFRQFHUQDQWOHWLWUHGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHYRLUSOXVEDV DPqQHO·DWWHQWLRQPpGLDWLTXHjVHFRQFHQWUHUVXUO·RSSRVLWLRQHQWUHO·KXPDLQHWODPDFKLQH FRPPHHQWpPRLJQHOHUHWHQWLVVHPHQWPpGLDWLTXHGHVPDWFKVHQWUH.DVSDURYHW'HHS%OXH /HVIHPPHVIRQWpJDOHPHQWOHXUDSSDULWLRQGDQVXQGRPDLQHORQJWHPSVFRQVLGpUpTXDVL H[FOXVLYHPHQWPDVFXOLQ$LQVLGHSXLVDYULO-XGLW3ROJiUILJXUHWHOOHUpJXOLqUHPHQWSDUPL OHVGL[PHLOOHXUVMRXHXUVPRQGLDX[GXFODVVHPHQWGHOD)pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV 'HSXLVDRWOHVpFKHFVVRQWGHYHQXVHQ)UDQFHXQVSRUWUHFRQQXSDUOH0LQLVWqUHGHOD -HXQHVVHHWGHV6SRUWV'HQRPEUHXVHVFRPSpWLWLRQVVSRUWLYHVVRQWRUJDQLVpHVGDQVOHPRQGH HQWLHU'HSXLVOHGpEXWGHO DQQpHO·HQWUpHGHFHVSRUWDX[-HX[RO\PSLTXHVHVW GLVFXWpH>@ /·DFWXHOFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHHVWO·,QGLHQ9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQGTXLDVXFFpGpDX5XVVH9ODGLPLU .UDPQLN /DFRPSpWLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQH /DFRPSpWLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQH )pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV )pGpUDWLRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOHGHVpFKHFV /D),'(V RFFXSHG pGLFWHUOHVUqJOHVGXMHXGHSXEOLHUOHFODVVHPHQW(ORLQWHUQDWLRQDOTXDWUH IRLVSDUDQG RFWUR\HUOHVWLWUHVGHJUDQGPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOPDvWUH),'( HWOHXUVSHQGDQWVIpPLQLQVDLQVLTXHOHVWLWUHVG DUELWUH),'(HWG DUELWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDO(OOH RUJDQLVHpJDOHPHQWOHV2O\PSLDGHVG pFKHFVHWOHFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHG pFKHFV/HV PHPEUHVGHOD),'(VRQWOHVIpGpUDWLRQVQDWLRQDOHVWHOOHVOD)pGpUDWLRQIUDQoDLVHGHVpFKHFV /D),'(DXQHFRPPLVVLRQSHUPDQHQWHSRXUODFRPSRVLWLRQpFKLTXpHQQHTXLJqUHFHTXL FRQFHUQHOHGRPDLQHGHVSUREOqPHVG pFKHFVHWHQSDUWLFXOLHUOHVFRPSpWLWLRQVOLpHVDX[ SUREOqPHVG pFKHFV /HVMRXHXUVSDUFRUUHVSRQGDQFHGpSHQGHQWG XQHIpGpUDWLRQ,&&)TXLUHSUHQGOHVUqJOHVGHOD ),'(PDLVGRQWOHFODVVHPHQW(ORHVWLQGpSHQGDQW 20 /HVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH /HVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH -RVp5D~O&DSDEODQFDHW(PDQXHO/DVNHUj0RVFRXHQ$UWLFOHGpWDLOOp&KDPSLRQQDWGX PRQGHG pFKHFV :LOKHOP6WHLQLW] (PDQXHO/DVNHU -RVp5D~O&DSDEODQFD $OH[DQGUH$OHNKLQH, 0D[(XZH $OH[DQGUH$OHNKLQH,,PRUWGX&KDPSLRQGXPRQGH (QWUHHWLOQ \HXWSDVGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH/D),'(RUJDQLVDOHVQRXYHDX[ FKDPSLRQQDWVGXPRQGHjSDUWLUGH 0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN, 9DVVLO\6P\VORY 0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN,, 0LNKDwO7DO 0LNKDwO%RWYLQQLN,,, 7LJUDQ3HWURVVLDQ %RULV6SDVVN\ %REE\)LVFKHU $QDWRO\.DUSRY 21 *DUU\.DVSDURY (Q*DUU\.DVSDURYSURYRTXDXQHVFLVVLRQDYHFOD),'(HWFUpDVDSURSUHIpGpUDWLRQOD 3&$3URIHVVLRQDO&KHVV$VVRFLDWLRQ,O\HXWDORUVGHX[FKDPSLRQVGXPRQGHO XQGLW© FODVVLTXHªVHUHYHQGLTXDQWGHODOLJQpHGHVPDWFKVHQWDPpHSDU6WHLQLW]O DXWUHGLW©),'(ª YDLQTXHXUGX©&KDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGH),'(ªPDLVGRQWOHVWHQDQWVpWDLHQWSRXUFHUWDLQV GHVMRXHXUVGHVHFRQGHFDWpJRULHLOVQHVXUHQWSDVV LPSRVHUORUVGHVJUDQGVWRXUQRLVPRQGLDX[ VXLWHjOHXUWLWUH 'Hj 'Hj &KDPSLRQVGXPRQGH©FODVVLTXHVª *DUU\.DVSDURY 9ODGLPLU.UDPQLN / LQGLHQ9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQGO DFWXHOFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH&KDPSLRQVGXPRQGH©),'(ª $QDWRO\.DUSRY $OH[DQGHU.KDOLIPDQ 9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQG 5XVODQ3RQRPDULRY 5XVWDP.DVLPG]KDQRY 9HVHOLQ7RSDORY 22 (QHXWOLHXOHPDWFKGHUpXQLILFDWLRQGHVGHX[WLWUHV9ODGLPLU.UDPQLNEDWWLW9HVHOLQ 7RSDORY FRPSWHUGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH©XQLILpª FRPSWHUGHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH©XQLILpª 9ODGLPLU.UDPQLN 9LVZDQDWKDQ$QDQG eFKHFVHWLQIRUPDWLTXH eFKHFVHWLQIRUPDWLTXH 3URJUDPPH2SHQ6RXUFH;%RDUGVRXV/LQX[$UWLFOHGpWDLOOp3URJUDPPHG pFKHFV /HVpFKHFVRQWFRQVWLWXpO XQGHVSUHPLHUVGpILVSRXUOHVGpYHORSSHXUVLQIRUPDWLTXHV (Q,%0Q KpVLWHSDVjLQYHVWLUWUqVORXUGHPHQWGDQVOHSURMHW'HHS%OXHGRQWODVHFRQGH PRXWXUHHQVHUDODSUHPLqUHPDFKLQHjEDWWUHXQFKDPSLRQGXPRQGHGDQVXQPDWFK IDLVDQWDSSHOjXQFRQWU{OHGHWHPSVWUDGLWLRQQHOjFHWWHpSRTXHOHVRUGLQDWHXUVVRQWGpMjGHV DGYHUVDLUHVUHGRXWDEOHVHQSDUWLHUDSLGH.DVSDURYFRQWHVWHUDQpDQPRLQVODYDOHXUGHFHWWH YLFWRLUHHQVRXOLJQDQWTXHFRQWUDLUHPHQWDX[FRQGLWLRQVG XQPDWFKGHFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGH FRQWUHXQKXPDLQLOQ DSDVHXDFFqVDX[SDUWLHVGLVSXWpHVSDUO RUGLQDWHXUDXSDUDYDQWOD UpFLSURTXHpWDQWIDXVVHFHTXLFRPSOLTXHODSUpSDUDWLRQ,OUHOqYHGHSOXVTX XQHLQWHUYHQWLRQ KXPDLQHDpWpQpFHVVDLUHHQFRXUVGHPDWFKDILQTXHODPDFKLQHQHUHSURGXLVHSDVFHUWDLQHV HUUHXUVSURGXLWHVGDQVOHVSUHPLqUHVSDUWLHV.DVSDURYH[LJHDLWXQHUHYDQFKHTX ,%0UHIXVDGH OXLDFFRUGHU'HSXLVOHVDIIURQWHPHQWVHQWUHOHVPHLOOHXUVMRXHXUVPRQGLDX[HWOHVPDFKLQHV .DVSDURYFRQWUH'HHS-XQLRU.UDPQLNFRQWUH'HHS)ULW].DVSDURYFRQWUH;')ULW]RQW SULVOHUHODLVG XQFKDPSLRQQDWGXPRQGHGpIDLOODQWGDQVOHVPpGLDV2QSHXWUHPDUTXHUjFH VXMHWTXHFRQWUDLUHPHQWj'HHS%OXHOHVSURJUDPPHVLQIRUPDWLTXHVRSSRVpVDX[KXPDLQV VRQWGHVSURJUDPPHVFRPPHUFLDX[WRXUQDQWVXUGHVPLFURRUGLQDWHXUVVWDQGDUGDORUVTXH 'HHS%OXHpWDLWFRQVLGpUDEOHPHQWSOXVHQFRPEUDQW 'HSXLVODYLFWRLUHGH'HHS%OXHOHVWDWXWGHVpFKHFVHQWDQWTXHGpILV HVWDPRLQGULHW O DWWHQWLRQGHVSURJUDPPHXUVV HVWUHSRUWpHVXUOHJR(QHIIHWGDQVFHFDVODSXUHFDSDFLWpGH 23 FDOFXOTXLIDLWODIRUFHGHVPDFKLQHVMRXHXQHLPSRUWDQFHPLQHXUHIDFHjODVWUDWpJLHHWOD FDSDFLWpG pYDOXDWLRQG XQHSRVLWLRQTXLVRQWEHDXFRXSSOXVFRPSOH[HVjPRGpOLVHU 3RXUWDQWO H[FHSWLRQ+\GUDDUHIDLWSDUOHUGHVVXSHURUGLQDWHXUVGpGLpVDXMHXG pFKHFVHQMXLQ HQEDWWDQWOHJUDQGPDvWUHLQWHUQDWLRQDOHWHPRQGLDO0LFKDHO$GDPVVXUXQVFRUHVDQV DSSHOGHSRLQWVFRQWUH (QGpFHPEUHOHFKDPSLRQGXPRQGH.UDPQLNV HVWIDLWEDWWUHSDUOHQRXYHDXORJLFLHO 'HHSIULW]jGpIDLWHVQXOOHV 6\PEROLTXHGHVpFKHFV 6\PEROLTXHGHVpFKHFV 7UqVUDSLGHPHQWDSUqVOHXUDUULYpHHQ(XURSHOHVpFKHFVDFTXLqUHQWXQVWDWXWSDUWLFXOLHU 'LYHUWLVVHPHQWGHO pOLWHLOVUHSUpVHQWHQWXQHDFWLYLWpQREOHDXFRXUVGHODTXHOOHV DIIURQWHQWOHV HVSULWVGHVSDUWLFLSDQWV/HVSRVVLELOLWpVTXDVLLQILQLHVRIIHUWHVSDUOHMHXIDVFLQHQWHWGRQQHQW QDLVVDQFHjGHQRPEUHXVHVLQWHUSUpWDWLRQVpVRWpULTXHV&HUWDLQVOHFRQVLGqUHQWQRWDPPHQW FRPPHXQHUHSUpVHQWDWLRQGXPRQGHRFKDTXHVLWXDWLRQSHXWrWUHPRGpOLVpHHQXQHSRVLWLRQ TXLSHXWWURXYHUVDVROXWLRQVXUO pFKLTXLHU /HVpFKHFVVRQWVXUQRPPpV©OHURLGHVMHX[ªHWFHVWDWXWSDUWLFXOLHUUHQGWRXWHWHQWDWLYHGH PpFDQLVDWLRQH[WUDRUGLQDLUH6LOHVSUHPLHUVDXWRPDWHVMRXHXUVG pFKHFVFRPPHOHWXUF PpFDQLTXHVRQWGHVP\VWLILFDWLRQVODFDSDFLWpjMRXHUDX[pFKHFVVHUDO XQGHVSUHPLHUVREMHFWLIV GHVFRQFHSWHXUVG RUGLQDWHXUVHWO XQGHVSUHPLHUVWpPRLJQDJHVGHO DSSDULWLRQGHFHTXLHVW DORUVFRQVLGpUpFRPPHGHO LQWHOOLJHQFHDUWLILFLHOOH& HVWFHWWHSHUFHSWLRQGXMHXG pFKHFV FRPPHH[SUHVVLRQGHO LQWHOOLJHQFHKXPDLQHTXLGUDPDWLVHUDOHVDIIURQWHPHQWVHQWUH*DU\ .DVSDURYHWODPDFKLQH'HHS%OXH/DGpIDLWHGXFKDPSLRQGHO HVSqFHKXPDLQHPDUTXHDORUV IRUWHPHQWOHVHVSULWV /HMHXG pFKHFVV\PEROLVHIUpTXHPPHQWO DIIURQWHPHQWGHGHX[SV\FKpVGHX[FDSDFLWpV LQWHOOHFWXHOOHV&HWWHGLPHQVLRQHQFRXUDJHUDO 8QLRQVRYLpWLTXHjVHGRWHUG XQHpFROHG pFKHFV TXLIRUPDSHQGDQWXQGHPLVLqFOHWRXVOHVFKDPSLRQVGXPRQGH& HVWpJDOHPHQWXQDVSHFWTXL HVWIUpTXHPPHQWXWLOLVpGDQVO DUWSRSXODLUHSRXUILJXUHUO RSSRVLWLRQHWSDUIRLVODVpGXFWLRQ HQWUHGHX[SHUVRQQDJHV 24 /LWWpUDWXUH /LWWpUDWXUH &HMHXGHVWUDWpJLHVLVXEWLOIDVFLQHHWDLQVSLUpFHUWDLQVDXWHXUV /H-RXHXUG pFKHFVGH6WHIDQ=ZHLJ UXHGHV2UPHVGH3DWULFN6HQpFDO /D'pIHQVH/RXMLQHGH9ODGLPLU1DERNRY /H7DEOHDXGXPDvWUHIODPDQGG $UWXUR3pUH]5HYHUWH /D9LOOHHVWXQpFKLTXLHU-RKQ%UXQQHU 7KH(LJKW/H+XLW.DWKHULQH1HYLOOH / eFKLTXLHUGXPDO'DQ6LPPRQV /H*DPELWGHVpWRLOHV*pUDUG.OHLQ )RXVG pFKHFVGH6HUJH5H]YDQL 8QFRPEDWGH3DWULFN6VNLQGQRXYHOOHUHODWDQWXQHSDUWLHROHJDJQDQWQ HVWSDVFHOXLTX RQ SHQVHLOOXVWUDQWO LPSRUWDQFHGHODSV\FKRORJLHGDQVOHMHX =HLWQRWGH(G7RXUULROHW(FN\RPDQJDIUDQoDLVVHGpURXODQWGDQVOHPLOLHXGHVFOXEVG pFKHFV O\FpHQV /HMHXG pFKHFVHVWpJDOHPHQWPHQWLRQQpSRXUVRQSRXYRLUpYRFDWHXUGDQVGHQRPEUHX[OLYUHV 'HO DXWUHF{WpGXPLURLU$OLFHSDUWLFLSHjXQHSDUWLH©JUDQGHXUQDWXUHª /H1HYHXGH5DPHDXGH'LGHURWGDQVO LQFLSLW'LGHURWIDLWUpIpUHQFHDX&DIpGHOD5pJHQFH HWjVHVMRXHXUVG pFKHFVGHO pSRTXHQRWDPPHQW/pJDOFRQQXSRXUVRQPDWHW3KLOLGRU FRQQXSRXUODGpIHQVHGXPrPHQRP 25 ,VDDF$VLPRYDPLVHQVFqQHOHVpFKHFVGDQVSOXVLHXUVGHVHVURPDQVHWQRXYHOOHVQRWDPPHQW &DLOORX[GDQVOHFLHORFHMHXHVWSUpVHQWpFRPPHXQHGHVUDUHVFKRVHVTXLQ RQWSDVFKDQJpDX FRXUVGHVPLOOpQDLUHV &LQpPD &LQpPD 3OXVLHXUVILOPVRQWpJDOHPHQWpWpUpDOLVpVDXWRXUGHODWKpPDWLTXHGXMHXG pFKHFV /D)LqYUHGHVpFKHFVGH9VHYRORG3XGRYNLQ /DOpJHQGHGH=DWRwFKL9R\DJHHQ(QIHUGH.HQML0LVXPLDYHF6KLQWDUR.DWVX /HV-RXHXUVG pFKHFV6KDWUDQM.H.KLODGLGH6DW\DMLW5D\DYHF$PMDG.KDQ6DQMHHY.XPDU 6DHHG-DIIUH\ / eFKLTXLHUGHODSDVVLRQGH:ROIJDQJ3HWHUVHQDYHF%UXQR*DQ] -RXHUVDYLHGH*LOOHV&DUOH /D'LDJRQDOHGXIRXGH5LFKDUG'HPER )DFHjIDFH.QLJKW0RYHVWKULOOHUGH&DUO6KHQNHODYHF&KULVWRSKH/DPEHUW ODUHFKHUFKHGH%REE\)LVFKHUDYHF/DXUHQFH)LVKEXUQH /D3DUWLHG pFKHFVDYHF&DWKHULQH'HQHXYHHW3LHUUH5LFKDUG /D'pIHQVH/RXMLQHGH0DUOHHQ*RUULVDYHF-RKQ7XUWXUURHW(PLO\:DWVRQ *HUL V*DPHFRXUWPpWUDJHG DQLPDWLRQSURGXLWHWUpDOLVpSDUOHVVWXGLRV3L[DU 26
Documents pareils
voir l`article
FRXUVGHVDSUpSDUDWLRQFODVVHPHQWDYHFOHVDXWUHVLQWHUQDXWHVPLVHHQFRQGLWLRQVUpHOOHVHWF
ODUpGDFWLRQG
XQVXMHWGH7DJH0DJHHVWELHQSOXVGLIILFLOHTX¶LOQ¶HQSDUDvWDXFRHXUGHQRWUH...
Cours et devoir d`Hubert DUVAL hébergés par le Site Eric Ranguin
/¶$OOHPDJQHHQWDQWTX¶(WDWXQLILpHVWMHXQH3OXVLHXUVpWDSHVjUHWHQLU
XQLILFDWLRQGHV(WDWVDOOHPDQGVGDQVO¶(PSLUH
GLYLVLRQHQGHX[(WDWV 5)$HW5'$
FKXWHGXPXU...
ª (20h00)
LQJpQLRVLWpGHVRQVW\OHHWSDUVDSRVLWLRQG
DXWHXU
LQWHUPpGLDLUHHQWUHOHVOLWWpUDWXUHVUXVVHHWDPpULFDLQH(QRXWUHXQHLPDJLQDWLRQGpERUGDQWH
O
XVDJHGHODSDURGLHGHODVDWLUHDLQVLTXH...
Corps des analystes et des techniciens de l`informatique des
GH WRXW OHSURJUDPPHG
HQFDGUHPHQWPrPHDXFDVRFHUWDLQHVGH
VHV pWDSHV VRQW HIIHFWXpHV GDQV XQ RX SOXVLHXUV VHUYLFHV QRQ
VRXPLVjVRQDXWRULWp
$X FDV R OH IRQFWLRQQDLUH HQFDGUH...