Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage
Transcription
Definition of the Frasnian/Famennian Stage
4了了 勿 G Ma ppe r , R Fe i s t , R T Be c k e r a n d M R Ho u s e ' v W ' % e ini f t i on of t he Fr as ni an/ Fame nni a n St age boundar y 盆 Th e bou nd ar yf or t he Fr a s n i an l Fame nni an St age Gl o ba l S t r at ot y pe Se c t i o n a nd Po i nt ( GSSP) ha s be e n r at i fe d勿 I CS a nd I UGS a nd i s dr awn i n a s e c t i o n e x po s e d ne ar t he Up pe r Cou mi ac Qu ar r y i n t he s ou t he a s t er n Mo n- t a gne Noi r e , Fr a nc e . The po s i t i on o f t he bo u nd ar y wa s s e l e c t e d勿 t h e Su b c ommi s s i on on De v o ni a n St r at i gr a - l owe r t h anf or me r l y u s e d bo u nd ar y l e v e l s f or t he b as e o f ph y i n 1 9 91 t o c o i nc i d e wi t h t h e l o we r bo u nd ar y o f t he Hi s t o r i c a l l y , s e v e r a l d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s h a v e b e e n u s e d t o d e i f n e t h e t he Fame nni an. I nt roduct i on Lowe r Pa l ma t o l e pi s t r i a ng ul a r i s Zon e i n t he c o no do nt bi o s t r at i gr a ph y . The r e v i s e d de ini f t i o n o f t h e l owe r bou nd ar y o f t he z on e , pr o po s e d h e r e i n, e x c l u de s t h e e xt r e me l y r ar e o c c ur r e nc e s o f Pa l ma t ol e p i s t r i a n gu l a r i s af e w c e nt i me t r e s l owe r , wi t hi n t he u pper mo s t c on od ont z on e . Th e GS SP al s o c o i nc i de s wi t h t he bo un dar y b et we e n t he Cr i c k i t es h ol z a p f e l i Zo ne an d t he Ph oe n i x- i t e s f r e c h i Zo ne i n t he go ni a t i t e s c al e . Th e po s i t i o n o ft he GS SP i s i mme di at e l y abo v e a ma j or ho r i z o n o f e xt i nc t i o n wi t h i n t h e De v on i an an d i s s t r a t i gr a phi c a l l y s ome wh at 10 KM 0 ba s e o f t he Fa me nn i a n . I n t he t y pe a r e a f o r t he na mi ng o f t h e s t a g e s i n s o ut he r n Be l gi um, p r e ci s e d oc u me nt a t i on i n r ec e nt y e a r s h a s b e e n gi ve n t o a ne w r e f e r en c e s e c t i o n r e p l a c i n g t he no w- i nf i l l e d c l a s s i c s e c t i o n i n t h e Se nz e i l l e s r a i l wa y c u t t i n g ( Bu l t yn c k a n d o t h e r s , 1 988 ) . La r g e l y r e s u l t i n g f r o m wo r k i n t h e i f r s t qu a r t e r o f t hi s c e n t u r y i n Ge r - ma ny, a no t he r bo un da r y wa s us e d t h a t was ba s e d on t h e e n t r y of t h e g on i a t i t e Che i l oc e r as i n t he p e l a g i c r e a l m. I n t h e l a t t e r h a l f o f t h i s c en t u r y t he c on s i d e r a bl e g r owt h of c on od o nt s t u di e s ha s l e d t o muc h r e in f e me n t o f t he bi os t r a t i g r a ph y. Howe v e r , t h e l e ve l t a ke n a s t h e base of t he Famenni an has var i e d bet ween a l evel at t he ba se of t he c r e pi da Zon e d own t o t he ba s e o f t he Lo we r t r i an gu l ar i s Zo ne . The n e e d f or a n i n t e r n a t i on a l d ef i ni t i on ha s b e c ome u r ge n t . The Su bc o m- ,Bedari eux A 因 区鼓习 DEVO N !A N - ? 0 0 / ,气 L e s ..二,二, / 了' 与 0 O U U A I R I R I : Y m. 沙u r a n q e 5 / 阅花二 夕 尹洲 } " Q 飞, ’ 一/ ’“ ’ 7妙 牙' t o c e s s e n o n 。Q户 wl } - 二又弓一扮代v Coum i ac O 0 100 m L一一 」 Nazai re de Ladarez P R O V/刀 C E 六 Bedarieux Aur i gnac +叼ont pel l i er 子 Toul ouse N ,亡ausses et V eyran A +Cessenon 。 。 瞿 L卜1 4 Magal as 卜 、_, .、 s 尸 A I N Fi g u r e] Ma p s s h o wi n g t h e po s i t i o n o ft e h Mo n t a g u e No i r e i n s o u t h e a s t e r n Fr a n c e a n d o ft h e U p p e r 户u mi a c_ Qu a r 7 y n e a r C e s s e n o n , t h e s i t e o ft h e Gl o b a l S t r a t o t y p e S e c t i o n a n d P o i n t ( GS S P ) f o r t h e d e in f i t i o n o ft h e b a s e o ft h e Fa me nni a n St a ge ( i n s e t m a p A) . Mod i ie f df r o m Be c k e ra nd o t he r s ( 1 9 89 ) . Epi s o de s , Vol . 1 6 , n o. 4 阿 E D I TE RR A NE AN 0 一 . 100 KM 一」 - 434 mi s s i on on De vo ni a n St r a t i g r a ph y ( SDS) ha s gi ve n c a r e f u l c o ns i d e r - a t i o n t o whi c h l e v e l i s mo s t a pp r op r i a t e f o r i nt e r na t i on a l c or r e l a t i on a d j a c e nt t o t he s ou t h e a s t e r n b or d e r of t h e di s us e d u pp e r ma r b l e q ua r r y a n d i t d e c i d e d, a t a me e t i n g i n Was h i n gt o n i n 1 98 9, t h a t a GSSP 1. 5 km NI E o f Ce s s e n on vi l l a ge a nd 2 1 00 m SW of Ca u s s e s e t Ve y r a n. I t c a n be r e a c h e d e as i l y by a pa t h up t h e hi l l f r o m ne a r t h e t r a c k t o Le s Gr a n ge s f a r mh ou s e f r o m t he r oa d D1 3 6 be t we e n Ces s e no n a nd St Na z a i r e - de - La d a r e z . The g r ou nd i s o wn e d by t he c o mmun e of Ces s e no n a n d i s a l r e a d y p r ot e c t e d a s pa r t o f a wa t e r s u pp l y a r e a . Con - s e r va t i on a nd p r o t e c t i on of t he s e c t i o n h a s be e n a s s ur e d by c ommu na l a n d d e pa r t me n t o ic f i a l s . Fr e e a c c e s s f o r s c i e nt i s t s i s c on ir f me d. The s e q ue n ce i s on e o f pe l a g i c c a l c i l u t i t e s , mos t l y r e d t i nt e d a n d wel l b e dde d, wi t h b e ddi ng pr o ba bl y c o nt r o l l e d b y Mi l a n- k ovi t c h- Ba nd cl i ma t i c os c i l l a t i o ns du r i ng s e di me nt a t i on. The s e qu e nc e ha s b ee n de s c r i be d i n pu bl i s he d a c c o unt s ( Ho us e a nd o t h- e r s , 1 985; Ma pp e r , 1 9 89; Be c ke r a nd o t h e r s , 1 98 9; Sc hi nd l e r 1 9 90; Be c k e r 1 99 3a ) a n d i s de p i c t e d i n igu f r e 2 . The b ou nda r y i s dr a wn be t we e n Be ds 31 g a n d 3 2a a s s h own i n ig f ur e s 2 a nd 3 . Di s t i n c t i v e i s Be d 3 1 g whi c h i s c or r e l a t e d wi t h t he Up pe r Ke l l was s e r Li me s t o ne ot Ge r ma ny a n d whi c h i s a h ypo xi c d a r k gr e y c a l c i l ut i t e t o c a l c a r e ni t e a b ov e whi c h i s t h e mos t ma r k e d f a un a l bo un da r y. Bot h Be ds 31 g a n d 32 a a r e c ha r a c t e r i z ed by p e l a g i c f a un as . The s e q ue n ce c h os e n s h ows a c o mpl e t e s u c c es s i o n t h r oug h t he e a r l y Fr as n i a n t o l a t e Fa me n ni a n . I t i s un f a ul t e d a n d ha s n o t e c t o n i c pr obl e ms . Th e be ds a r e a pp r ox i ma t e l y ve r t i c a l . Equ i v a l e nt s e c t i ons c a n be f o un d e l s e whe r e i n t he a r e a. Th e r oc ks a r e of l ow- gr a de met a - mo r ph i s m a nd t he r ma l ma t u r i t y ( CAI 2 - 3) a n d c ompr i s e a n h omo ge - n e ou s pe l a gi c c a l c i l ut i t e s e q ue n c e wi t hou t ma r l y o r s ha l y i nt e r be d s . The r e i s a c omp l e t e z on a l s uc c e s s i o n wi t h a r i c h f os s i l c o nt e nt , e s pe - c i a l l y o f t h e bi o s t r a t i gr a p hi c al l y s i gn i ic f a n t g r oup s o f c ono do nt s , ( UQ) o f Cou r ni a c , 1 75 i n WSW o f t h e Le s Gr a n ge s f a r mho us e , a bo ut s ho ul d be s ou gh t i n r el a t i on t o t he b as e of t he Lo we r t r i ang ul ar i s c o no do nt Zo ne . Fi n a l b a l l ot s a n d r a t i ic f a t i on by I CS a nd I UGS ( i n J a nua r y 1 993 ) l ed t o a l e ve l i n a s e c t i on a t Co ur n i a c, s ou t h e r n Fr a nc e b e i n g d es i gna t e d a s t h e Gl o ba l St r a t o t y pe Se c t i on a nd Poi nt ( GSSP) . A br i ef r ev i e w of t he d oc ume n t a t i o n l e a di ng t o t hi s d e c i s i o n i s gi ve n h e r e. The c o no do nt a nd g on i a t i t e bi o s t r a t i gr a p hi c d i v i s i o ns a r e s ho wn i n ig f ur e s 5 a nd 6. I t ha s be e n r e c og n i s e d by t he Su bc o mmi s s i on t ha t , i n g en e r a l , Dev o ni a n s e c t i on s i n pe l a gi c r ea l m f a c i e s a r e mo r e l i ke l y t o be c om- pl e t e t ha n t ho s e i n t he n e r i t i c f a , c i e s . Th e pe l a gi c f a c i e s f or ms a be t t e r ba s i s f o r t h e bi os t r a t i gr a p hi ca l p r e c i s i o n n e e de d f or i nt e r na t i o na l c or - r e l a t i on. I n pa r t i c ul a r t he c o no do nt an d g on i a t i t e r e c or d s a r e be t t e r i n t h os e f a c i e s . Tha t i s no t t o i mpl y t ha t t he r e a r e n ot f a c i e s r i c h i n ot he r gr ou ps , f o r e xa mpl e s por e s a n d br a c hi o po ds , wh i c h a r e v e r y i mp or - t a nt f or c or r e l a t i on , bu t i t i s n or ma l l y e a s i e r t o c o r r e l a t e i nt o s uc h s e c - t i o ns s e c on da r i l y f r om pr i ma r y s e c t i o ns i n t he p e l a g i c f a c i e s . I n t he C a t e - e l( a a ‘ 0了 价以 ? l ast r es or t t he Subcommi ss i on concent r at ed on t wo s uch s ect i ons, one at St ei nbr uch Schmi dt i n t he Rheni s h Sl at e M ount ai ns ,Ger many V 。理 仁 select ed because of t he bet t er docum ent ati on 汀 other at ( Sa n db e r g a n d o t h e r s , 1 99 0; Sc h i n dl e r , I Co ur n i a c i n t h e Mo n t a g ue No i r e ( Fe i s t , 1 9 90 The l a t t e r wa s i f na l l y ssilgr oups. Rec omme nde d s t r at ot ype Th e r e c o mme n d e d b o u n d a r y G S S P b e t we e n t h e F r a s n i a n a n d Fa me n n i a n St a g e s ( De v o ni a n) i s a bo ve t he Up pe r Co ur n i a c Qua r r y , n e a r Ce s s e n on , Mo n t a g ue No i r e , Fr a n c e ( ig f ur e 1 ) . Th e s e c t i o n i s s i t - u a t e d i n t h e s o ut he a s t e r n Mon t a gn e Noi r e , D6 pa r t me n t 1 - 1 6 r a u l t , Di s - t r i c t o f Ce s s e no n ( t op og r a p hi c s he e t 1: 2 5 00 0, No. 25 4 4 E, Mu r v i e l - 1 }s- 1 36ziers; La mb e r t ' sc oo r d i n a t e s : x=1 30 37 5, y=6 58 5 5 ) . I t i s ammonoi ds , t r i l obi t es, t ent acul i t es and os t r acods. Det ai l e d docu- me n t a t i o n ha s be e n pr o vi de d o f t hi s ( Fe i s t , 1 9 90) . Ge o c he mi ca l wor k a c r os s t h e bo un da r y a t Cou r n i a c h a s a l s o b e en p ub l i s he d ( Goo df e l l ow a n d ot he r s , 1 98 9; Gr a nd j e a n a nd o t h e r s , 1 9 89; Gr a n d- j e a n- L6 c uy e r a n d ot he r s , 1 993 ; J oa c h i ms k i a nd Bugg i s c h, 1 9 93; Gi r a r d a nd o t he r s , 1 993 ) a nd c ur r e nt l y ot he r i n ve s t i ga t i o ns a r e b e i ng NV-NN山乏哎比 ZV一 NS喊比匡 l e d Fi gur e 2 Detai ma p o f t he之 加per Qua r r y a t Cour ni ac , ne ar Ce s s e no n, s howi ng t he b e d numb e r i ng an d t he po s i t i o n o ft he GSSP d e ini f n g t he ba s e o f I I I 4 - r ! 1 - 1 } 邢1 4 0 3 . 6 , J 7: 口 ! 3 1 3 州日 . 1 3 4 1 二 t he Famenni an bet wee n Beds 31 Pl an and 3 2. Mod i ie f d 户o m Ho us e an d o t he r s ( 1 98 5) . 12 SCA LE O F M E TRES ( 1 6) F仓ur e 3 The F R A S N I A N} F A ME N N I A N det ai l ed success i on 1 . 0 METRE 0. 5 o f be d s a r ou nd t he GSSP l e v e l be t we e n be d s Mg a nd 3 2a ab ov et he Uppe r Co umi ac Qua ny 臼习 6 1 6 ‘ 卿 { ‘ 队{ 泞、护 酬川 ne ar Ces senon. 1 4 - 1 4 r 1 - 3 579-. f 尹、了 1 W 7 刊? 30 15 16 3 d , 1 e ele 12 -9 21 - . 91 61 51 9 d 3 护7 i e9 , 1 8 3 32 61 + ' 6 C t d 1二 33 期 go CM f BED December 1993 435 i s a k e y s eq ue n c e f or t he t hi r t e e n - f ol d Mo nt a gn e No i r e Fr a s ma n un de r t a k e n. Ma gn e t os t r a t i g r a phi c wo r k i n di c a t e s t ha t t h e ar ea wa s r ema g ne t i z e d d ur i ng t he Pe r mi a n. z c o a t n e a d t i o a t n v ( a M r i a o p u p s e s r e c 1 9 t i 8 o 9 n ) s , i s n u b N s o t a r n t h t i a A l m p a e r t i s c a o , f W w h e i s c t h e r h n a A v e u s b t e r a e l n i a r , e p a n l i d - E a t u U r o p p e a r n C R o u s r s n i a c ( M e x a t p e p n e d r s a f n r o d m F o F s r t a e s r m 1 a 9 n 9 3 Z , o i f n g e u 5 r e t o 2 ) t . h T e h t o e p s e o q f u Z e n o n c e 1 3( =t op of t he Fr a s ni a n) , b ut on l y t h e hi gh e r pa r t o f t h e Fr a s ma n Corr e l at i on of t he pr opo s e d bo undar y s eauence i s of conce rn her e. l evel Bed 24a, t he Lower Ke l l wass er Li mes t one, nas me i owes t o c cu r r e nc e of An c y r o gn at hu s as y mme t r i c u s, whi c h i s t he d e ini f ng s pe c i e s f or t h e l owe r bo und a r y o f t he Upp e r g i g as Zo ne i n t h e z o na - t i on of Zi e gl e r ( 1 96 2, p. 23; 1 9 7 1 ) . The c o no don t f a una of Be d 2 4a i s i n t e r p r e t e d a s t he h i g he s t s a mpl e d l e ve l o f Mon t a gu e No i r e Zo ne 1 2 Th e b o u n d a r y l e v e l p r o p o s e d r e p r e s e n t s p e r h a p s t h e b e s t c o r r e l a t e d hori zon i n t he Devoni an. A r evi ew of mor e t han 30 i nt er nat i onal see- t i ons ha s be e n p r es e nt e d b y Sa nd be r g a n d o t he r s ( 1 98 8 ) i nc l ud i n g l oc a l i t i e s i n Nor t h Ame r i ca a n d Eu r op e. Fu r t h e r c o r r e l a t i on i s es t a b- l i s he d i n No r t h Af r i ca ( Be c ke r a nd ot he r s 1 988 ) , Chi n a ( J i , 1 989 ) a n d Au s t r a l i a ( Be c ke r a nd o t he r s , 1 991 ) . Th e bou nda r y c or r e s pon ds t o t he e xt i nc t i o n of a l l s p e c i e s of t he c on od on t s An c yr o de l l a a nd Oz ar k o di n a a nd t he l o s s of a l l but a f e w s pe c i e s of Pa l mat o l e pi s , Po l y gna t hu s , a nd Anc yr og nat hu s , a cc o r di ng t o Sa nd be r g a n d ot he r s ( Ma pp e r , 1 98 9, p. 45 6, ig f ur e 4) . Ho we ve r , du e t o t h e f a c i e s o f t he Lowe r Ke l l wa s s e r a t Co ur n i a c , wh i c h a ppa r en t l y r e s ul t e d i n t he e x t r e me r a r i t y o f Pal ma t ol e pi s i n Be d 2 4a , a hi ghe r z o na l i d en t i ic f a - t i o n c a n no t b e e xc l ud ed . No ne t he l es s , t he l owe r bo un da r y of Zon e 13 i s n e c es s a r i l y t a ke n a t t he l owes t oc c u r r e nc e o fP a I n i at ol e pi s b og- ar t e ns i s i n Be d 24 e ( ig f ur e 5) , a s we l l a s a t t he c oi nc i de nt l owe s t ( 1 98 8 , p p. 2 93 -2 94 ) . The r e i s a we l l - k no wn e x t i nc t i on a mo ng g o m- oc cur r ence of Pa. has si s. s. The l owest occur r ence of Pa. rhenana a t i t e s o f t h e Ge phu r oc e r a t i da e a nd Be l o c e r a t i d a e a n d t he r e co r d f or bo t h c o nod on t s a n d go ni a t i t e s a t Co ur n i a c de mo ns t r a t es t h i s wel l . Th e l a s t of t he b r a c h i o po d At r y pi d a e oc c u r s j u s t be l ow t he bou nd a r y l e ve l ( Be ck e r a n d o t he r s , 1 991 ) . Amon g t r i l obi t e s t he Da l ma n i t i da e , O t h d e o b n a t o s e p l o e f u r t i h d e a e , n H d - a F r r p a e s t n i d i a n e U a n p d p e A r u K l a e c l l o w p l a e s u s r e i r n L a e i m a e l l s t d o i n s e a p l p e e v a e r l o a f t Be d 31 g. Ot he r s ha v e doc ume nt e d t he g l o ba l e xt i nc t i o n o f c or a l a 卜 1 nd A at ( Sor a uf a n d Pe d de r , 1 98 6; Sc r u t t o n, 1 988 ) , s t r omat op o r o i d ( St ea r n , 1 98 7) a nd a c r i t a r c h ( Va ng u es t a i ne a n d ot h e r s , 1 98 3) g r o ups t he r e ha s b e e n muc h r e c e nt l oc a l do c ume nt a t i on i n ma n y a r e a s . he bounda ry c ha n ge ov e r of b en t hon i c os t r a c o d f a un a s a c r o s st Cou mi a c ha s b e e n pu bl i s he d ( Let hi e r s a nd Fe i s t , 1 991 ) . s e n s u Ma p pe r a nd Fos t e r ( 1 99 3, p. 24 , ig f ur e 2) i s hi gh wi t h i n Zon e 1 3 i n Be d 3 0b, c o i nc i de n t wi t h t h e l owe s t Pa. bo o gaa r di ( ig f ur e 5 ) . I t i s n ot e wo r t hy t ha t s pe c i es c ha r a c t e r i s t i c o f t he hi gh e r pa r t o f t h e Fr a s ni a n a t Up pe r Cou mi a c , Pal mat ol e pi s b og ar t e n s i s , Pa. wi n ch e l l i , Pa. r he nan a , Pa . bo og aar di , Anc yr o gna t h u s a s y mme t r i - cu s , a n dA n c y r o de l l a cu r v a t a a l l t e r mi na t e i n e i t h e r Be ds 31 f or 31 g. The c o no do nt f a una of Be d 31 g, t h e Up pe r Ke l l wa s s e r Li me s t o ne , ha s a l l b ut t wo of t he f or e go i n g s p e c i e s ( igu f r e 5 ) a n d i s do mi n a t e d i n t e r ms o f i t s Pal mat ol e pi s c omp on e nt , by Pa . bo g ar t e ns i s a n d Pa. wi nc he l l i . On e v i d en c e of t h e l o we s t ( a nd o n l y) o c c ur r e n c e o f An c y- r og nat hu s u bi qu i t us i n Be d 31 g, t he f a u na i s a p pa r e nt l y c o r r el a t i v e wi t h t he up pe r pa r t o f t he l i ngu 扣r mi s Zo ne ( Zi e gl e r a n d Sa nd be r g, 1 9 90 , p. 21 ) , de s pi t e t h e a bs e nc e of Pa. l i n gu扣r mi s . I n t h e Mon- Conodont record Th e c o n o d o n t s e q u e n c e a t t h e U p p e r C o u mi a c Qu a r r y e x t e n d s f r o m wi t h i n t he mi dd l e pa r t of t he Fr a s n i a n a c r os s t h e Fr a s n i a n / Fa me nn - i a n bo un da r y a n d i n t o t h e l owe r Fa men ni a n ( a s hi g h a s t he Upp e r c r e pi d a Zo ne i n t he c ur r e n t s a mpl i ng up t o Be d 44) . Upp e r Co unua c Fi gur e 4 Pho t o gr a ph o f t he t a g ne Noi r e Fr as n i a n z ona t i on, Be d 3 1 g r e pr e s e n t s t he h i g he s t p a r t of Zo ne 1 3 . Anc yr og nat hu s uI nq ui t u s a l s o o c c ur s i n f a u na s o f t h e Up pe r Ke l l wa s s e r Li mes t o ne a t t h r e e o t h e r ne a r by Mon t a g ne No i r e l o ca l i t i e s : Ca us s e s e t Ve yr a n No r t h a n d Sou t h , a n d Lo we r Cou mi a c ( Fe i s t , 1 99 0, p p. 1 9, 2 4, 30 ) . Al l t he s e f a u na s a r e c or r e l a t i ve wi t h t he l i ngu i f or mi s Zon e , b ut l a c k t h e n omi na l s pe c i e s ( Bec ke r a nd o t h e r s , 1 98 9, pp. 26 2, 26 5) . 黔 -- succes si on above 煞 t he Up pe r Cou mi ac Quar r y. The GSSP 71 , 翼 噢 l i e s bet ween Bed 31 g and 3 2a. For s c al e c o mpa r e wi t h t he pr o il f e o f t he be ds gi v e n i n igur f e 3. 纂墓 雌夔瓣毅井 价 鬓 粱省 岁彩孚擎 七万黔 像 一 巍砂色_ 坛 32a 瓣嚎 脚 了I‘ 了 I C 了 弃a Epi sodes, Vol . I反 no. 4 盗 了峪 尸... .月,,.网 ..尸一~一 一一一~-, 一. — — — 不 花 一 4了6 s pe ci es across t he Frasni anlFamenni n b ound ar y at Uppe r Co umi a c Qua r r y. The GSSPfo r t he b as e o ft he LI DW MIDDLE COUMIAC FORMATI ON Fi gur e 5 Range c har t o f c o nod ont G RI OTTE FM FRAS N认 N 2日 1 271 2习 ,l b 1 , I dl e 1 ,l bI c I dl el a J bI c j a J bi c i d c ld le 3 61 . 3 l 7 b 1 3 8 1 . 3 I 9 b ZONE 13 12 ZONE R31 .l b I c I d l e I & l b I c l d l a 1 1 ,a l b I c I d l e I f 1 9 ID 八 L . M. 瓶』傀1 Fam enni an i s at t he SP indet b as e o f Be d3 2 a. Po s i t i on o f t he u p pe rpa r t o f 如月二 eUQ己 p0 u吧b七谈 尘 Fr as ni an Zone 12, Fr as ni an Zone 13 犯 比d U二d妞ern口健 口舀 I. sy} . . . b它1巧 . ( Ma ppe r , 1 98 9) , t he Rl hQS舀t Lo we r , Mi ddl e and Up pe r t r i ang ul a r i s Zo ne s , and t he 皿」 丁 」七.d酬刀m s创曰 An.几笼白SQ .. 口 I七. ef.尸匕.breuL s Lower and Mi ddl e ... Pa. LVW 沦 迸 f二Pa.. 曲 注匕位 c r ep i da Zone s i s i ndi cat ed. Re c ogni t i on o f t he Lowe r , Mi dd l e an d 功少e r c r e pi da R L cE P. r h- ... Mehl臼U Pa rh己n口尸习1 召l m } Zones i s ci t ed i n t he t e xt , bu t s pe c i e s } p匕 气夕 r anges are not shown above Bed I勺 。 J6. 篡 B , m r n e p h , k s p . P a .护 ' d e l i c a t u t a &ka t u t a ' 盆几飞 I d e h w t l a d e t f c a t l a 于 二 一 一一 一 贡 mi n uf a r r d mt a 目日口 二二孟二... Ia. t e nui pundat a P . a 叫} a 份. . A g s i n e l a r n m } ... - -d Pa. = I 勺如 at e , 娜 t } Pb.二内 山ana度 h“ 污 AO. = Ancy -gnaU- 是气. P , a p , e f . P a . 。* Pa. c r e p曰a ? (m e } = 〔二J i nf e r red ran ge An- RANGES OF CONODONT TAXA AT THE UPPER COUMI AC QUARRY Up p e r C o u t r u a c B e d 3 I g i s a l s o n o t e wo r t h y . i n h a y i n g叩e c o n i f - d e n t l y i d e n t i f i e d_ s p e c i me n o ta l n i a t o ‘ e p ‘ s t ra n g u t 仔 n s冬 a n d o 些 q u e s t i o n a b l e s p e c i me n o f t h e s a me s p e c i e s , 呼I g r me r u s t e u i n月臀L , 1 9 9 0 , p . 3 6 ) a mo n g t h e ma n y e x a mpe s o t P a .o g a r r e n s ‘ s . a D a r a . wi n c h e l l i . Al t h o u g h o n e c a n n o t c o mp l e t e 坚e x c , u g e ne t p o s s i 甲l i y。 ‘ s t r a t i g r a p h i c a l l e a k f r o m t h e o v e r l y i n g坤甲弓 n n ‘ a n , e x t r e 吧i y r a r e o c c u r r e n c e s o f P a l ma t o l e pi s t r i a n g u l a r t s i n t n e u p p e r mo s t r r a s m哩 a r e p r o b a b l y n o t u n i q u e t o t h e Up p e r Fo u r ma c吻恻 ・ ’ 毛 i t e r e p o r t o t 2 7 u n i f g u r e d s p e c i me n s i 呼 e n t 壑 e d a s塑. pr a e t n a n g u t a ns f r o m t h r s a mp l e s wi t h i n Be d功 o t te _ U p p e r Kewa s s e r L i me s ‘ o n e a Se ‘ n - b r u c h S c h mi d t ( S a n d b e r g a n d o te r s ,‘ 丫 匕 匕 ,乡 a b ‘ e止!ma y r e p r e anot her Fras man occ ur r ence o1尸a. t rangul ars. ini s i nt er ence i s ba s e d on Ma p pe r ' s s t u d y i n 1 9 90 of t he h ol ot y pe a n d t wo p a r a t yp e s of Pa . pr ae t r i a ng ul ar i s Zi e g l e r a nd Sa nd b e r g ( i n Sa n d be r g a nd o t h e r s , 1 98 8 , p. 3 0 4, pl . 1 , ig f u r e s 1 , 3 , 4) , a l l f r om t he hi g he s t be d of t he l i n - gu扣r i ni s Zon e a t Ha ma r La g hda d, s o ut he r n Mo r o c c o. The s e t h r e e t yp e s ( Pa e l e me n t s ) ha v e a n a r c h e d o ut e r - p os t e no r p l a t f o r m, whi c h g e nt l y r i s e s f r o m t he l o be t oj us t be f o r e t he t i p, t he n a r c h e s d own wa r d. Thi s i s e x a c t l y t he s a me a s i n ma n y s p e c i me n s of Pa. t r i a ngu l ar i s i n t h e Lowe r a n d Mi d dl e t r i an gu l ar i s Zo ne s ; ho we v e r , i n t he hol o t y pe ( Sa n ne ma n n, 1 955 , pl . 2 4, ig f u r e 3 ) t h e o ut e r pos t e r i o r pl a t f o r m r i s e s mo r e s t e e p l y f r o m t h e l o b e t o j u s t b e f o r e t h e t i p , t n e n_ a r c n e s u o wn - wa r d . Co n s e q u e n t l y , t h e v i e w i s f a v o u r e d h e r e t h a t F a l ma t o 吧S t r- an gu l a r i s a nd Pa. pr ae t t i a ngu l ai l s a r e s y no ny ms . A s l i g ht l y di f f e r e n t v i e w pe r ha ps c ou l d b e s upp or t e d i n whi c h t he l a t t e r i s t r e a t e d as an i n t r a s pe c i ic f mo r ph ot ype , wh i c h i s a ppa r e n t l y a c ommo n f or m o f Pa . t r i an gul ar i s i n t he Lowe r t r i an gul ar i s Zo ne . For ms l i k e t he hol o t yp e o f Sa n ne ma nn s e em t o be r e l a t i ve l y r ar e i n t hi s z on e a t l e a s t i n t he Mo nt a gn e No i r e. Cl e a r l y t he pr ae t r i an gul ar i s mor ph o- t yp e c r os s e s t h e Fr a s n i a n / Fa men ni a n bo unda r y a t Sc hmi dt Qua r r y, a s wa s we l l doc u me nt e d by Sa n db e r g a nd ot h e r s ( 1 9 88, Ta bl e 1 ) . [ The 27 s p e c i me ns l i s t e d a s Pa. pr ae t r i an gul ans i n Be d 1 6 a t Sc hmi dt Qua r r y oc c ur wi t h 33 80 l i s t e d a s Pa. s ub r e c t a ( a j u ni o r s yno ny m o f Pa. wi nc he l l i , s e e Ma pp e r a n d Fos t e r , 1 9 93, bu t s p e ci - me ns o f Pa. b o gar t e ns i s ma y ha ve be e n i n cl ud e d i n t hi s c o un t ) ] . Th us , e xt r e me l y r a r e Pa. t r i angu l ar i s as t hi s s p e c i e s i s d e l i mi t e d he r e ma y oc c ur s l i g ht l y be l o w t he l e ve l of t he l o we r bo un da r y of t h e Lo we r t r i a ngu l ar i s Zon e a t bo t h Cou mi a c a n d Sc hmi dt q ua r r i es ( up t o 1 2 a nd 1 0 c m be l ow t h e bo un da r y, r es p ec t i v el y) . I n bo t h i ns t a n ce s , t hi s i s wi t h i n t he co nt e xt o f t he domi n a nt u ppe r Fr a s ni a n f a u na of t he Upp e r Ke l l was s e r Li mes t o ne . Pal mat ol e pt s t nang u- l ar i s do es no t oc c u r i n t h e be ds e q ui va l e n t t o Be d 3 1 g a t t h e o t he r Mon t a g ue No i r e l oc a l i t i e s c i t e d p r e v i ou s l y. I t f ol l ows , f r o m t he f or e goi ng d i s c us s i o n, t ha t t he r e s ho ul d be modi ic f a t i o n of t he de f i ni t i o n of t he l owe r bo unda r y of t h e Lo we r t r i an gul ar i s Zon e ( Zi e gl e r , 1 962, P. 25; Zi e gl e r a nd Sa nd be r g, 1 9 90, p. 2 2) f or whi c h t h e s o l e c r i t e r i on i s t he ir f s t oc c u r r e n c e o ft h e no mi na l t a x on. I ns t ea d i t i s pr opo s e d he r e t o u s e f o r de f i ni t i on t he D ecember 1993 437 a b und a nt o r lo f od o cc ur r e nc e of Pal ma t ol e pi s t r i a ngu l a r t s , t o t h e v i r t u a l e xc l us i on of ot he r s pe c i e s o f t h e ge nus , s t r a t i g r a phi c a l l y a bov e t he f au na do mi n a t e d b y t he c ha r a c t e r i s t i c upp e r F r a s ni a n s pe c i e s . The s e i n c l ud e Pal ma t ol e pi s wi nc he l l i , Pa. b og ar t e ns i s , Pa. r h e nan a, Pa. boo gaar di , Anc yr o gn at hu s as y mn i e t r i cu s , Anc y- r o de l l a c ur v at a ( l a t e f o r m) , a nd i n s ome a r e as , Pa. l i ngu i f onn i s a nd Pa . i . u n t i ane n s i s. Thu s , i n t h e t hr e e s a mp l i ng i nt e r va l s wi t hi n Be d 32 a a t Up pe r Co umi a c ( Fe i s t , 1 99 0, p. 36 ) a n d Be d 3 2b, Pa. t r i an- gul ar i s i s t h e on l y Pal mat ol e pi s s pe c i e s wi t h t he e xc e pt i o n of t r a n- s i t i o na l s p e ci me ns he r e t e r me d Pa. a f. ' de l i c at ul a d e l i c al u l a' . Re c o gn i t i o n o f t he Up pe r t r i an gul ar i s Zone ( Be ds 3 4a , 3 5a , 3 6) , t he Lo we r c r e pi da Zon e ( Be d 37 , on t he u nq ue s t i o n ed oc c ur - r e n c e o f t he n omi na l s pe c i e s ) , a n d Mi d dl e c r e pi da Zo n e ( Be ds Non e of t h e s pe c i e s i n Be ds 31 a n d l o we r a t Uppe r Cou ni j a c ( ig f ur e success i on f r om t he Mi ddl e Fr as ni an t o t he M i ddl e Famenni an. 41 -44) i s s t r a i g ht f o r wa r d , but no t e s pe c i a l l y pe r t i n e nt t o t h e de s c r i p- t i on of t he GSSP. Goni at i t e record Co u r n i a c i s o n e o f t h e f e w k n o w n p l a c e s w i t h。 c o n t i n u o u s g o n i a t i t e 5 ) r a n ge s a bo ve t h e GSSP pos i t i o ne d a t t h e l owe r b oun da r y o f Be d 3 2a , e xc e pt I cr i o du s al t e mat us , whi c h i s we l l kno wn t o c r os s t he Fr a s ni a n / Fa me nni a n bo und a r y e l s e wh e r e [ t h e de s i gn a t i on Me hl i n a s pp. r e pr es e nt s s e v e r a l s pe c i e s whos e de ma r c a t i on i s u nc l ea r ] . The n e w s p ec i es of Anc yr og nat hu s i n Be d 32 b i s pa r t o f t he Fame n ni a n l i ne a g e i n cl ud i n g Ag. s i ne l ami nu s a nd Ag . c r y pt u s a n d i s mo r pho - l ogi c a l l y di s t i nc t f r o m t he ma i n Fr a s n i a n Anc y r o gn a t h us l i ne a g es t ha t i n c l ud e Ag. as ymme t r i cu s a nd Ag. u bi qu i t u s . Cha r a c t e r i s t i c u ppe r Fr a s ma n s pe c i e s of Pol yg nat hu s , s uc h a s Po . we bbi a nd Po . de c or o s us , d o no t r a ng e a bov e t he GSS P a n d a r e r e pl a c e d by Po . br e vi l ami nu s a n d Po . n. s p. a bo ve t h e bou nda r y a t Co umi a c . Th e l o we r b ou nd a r y o ft he Mi d dl e t r i an gu l a r i s Zon e , de i f n e d b y t h e l o we s t oc c u r r e nc e o f Pal mat ol e pi s cl a r k i an d Pa. de l i c a t u l a de l i - c at ul a ( Zi e g l e r , 1 96 2, p. 2 6; 1 9 71 , c ha r t 5) , i s a t t h e ba s e of Up pe r Cou mi a c Be d 3 2 c. Th e f o r me r s p ec i e s i s pe r f e c t l y u s e a b l e f or de i f n- i n g t h e b a s e of t he z on e a n d t h a t pa r t of t h e o r i g i n a l d ef i ni t i on i s f o l - l o we d he r e. Bu t us e o f t he l a t t e r t ax o n i s c l o ude d by a t a x on omi c pr o bl em. Th a t i s , Pa. de l i c a t u l a de l i c at ul a i n t he s e ns e o f mo s t a ut h o r s s i nc e 1 96 2, a n d Pa. d e l i c at ul a p l a t ys o fZ i e gl e r a nd Sa nd be r g ( 1 99 0) , a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by p l a t f or m ou t l i n e s of t he Pa e l e me n t di s - t i n c t l y di f f e r e nt f r om t ha t o f t he l e c t o t y pe │ Ammo no i ds oc c ur b ot h i n t he l a t e s t Fr a s n i a n ( Be d 3 I g ) a n db a s a l mos t Fa me n ni a n ( Be d 3 2a ) . P r es e r v a t i o n, h owe v e r , i s i n ma n y c a s e s r e l a - t i ve l y po o r , e x t r a c t i on t e di o us , a n d s p e c i e s - l e ve l de t e r mi n a t i o n i s of te n di ic f u l t . Th e f a u na l r e c o r d ( ig f u r e 6) ha s g r a du a l l y be e n b ui l t u p ov e r t h e pa s t s e v e r a l ye a r s a nd c e r t a i n l y c a n be f u r t he r e x t e nd e d. Be d - by - be d i n v e s t i g a t i o ns we r e ir f s t c on du c t e db y Ho us e a n d o t h e r s ( 1 9 85 ) a n d u pd a t e s o f f a u na l l i s t s we r e s u p pl i e d i n c o ns e c u t i v e ye a r s t o SI DS a n d l a t e r s u mma r i s e d ( i n Fe i s t , 1 99 0) . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i pt i o n of t he Fa me nn i a n pa r t i s pr o vi de d i n Be c k e r ( 1 9 93 a ) . The b ou nda r y i t s e l f i s c l e a r l y ma r ke d by t he d i s a pp e a r a n ce of t he ge p hu r oc e r a t i ds a nd be l o c e r a t i ds wi t h t he i mme di a t e s ubs e q ue n t bl o om of t he t o r noc e r a t i d Ph oe ni x i t e s f r e c hi i n t he ha ema t i t e - e n r i c he d ba s e o f Be d 32 a, bu t t he s p e c i e s i s k no wn t o o c c ur i n l a t e Fr a s n i a n b e ds e l s e whe r e ( Be c ke r , 1 993 a ) . Thef r e c hi ( p a r t i a l r a ng e ) Zone or Ph oe ni x i t e s Ge no z on e ( do H- A) i s f ol l o we d i n Be d 3 5c by t h e e n t r y o f ir f s t Fa l c i t or no c e r a s a nd q ue s t i o na bl e c r os s - s e c t i on s of Che i l o ce r as . Bot h g e ne r a a r e de ini f ng f or ms o f t he d o 1 1 - B. Un do ub t e d Che i l o c er a s s p e c i me ns ha ve no t be e n c o l l e c t e d b e l o w Be d 39 a nd ea r l i e s t f a l c i t or no c e r a t i ds ( es pe ci a l l y t hos e f o un d i n Be d 3 6) a r e s t i l l s ome wh a t i n t e r me d i a t e t o Phoe ni xi t e s . MI DDLE COL I MI AC FORMATI ON L PPERCOL I MI AC FORMATI ON LOW . GRI OTTE FM . of Pa. del i cat ul a Br anson and M ehl F R A S N I A N F A M E N N I A N │ ( 1 93 4, pl . 1 8 , ig f ur e 4; 。 } ,} :} ' l } 。 │ . l b I 小. │ 。2 l b 5 1 } │ a } 。} :I d │ 2 7│ 。} 。} :k I - │ 。卜I 小 │ . 3 . 0 I t , │ 。! b ! } l d 1 . ! 1! ,│ . l b I } I d卜} ,1 9│ a} 。! :1 , 1 - 1 , │ 。1 3 b 4 1 } │ 。} 。! :! d} . │ 3 │ 6 │ . 3 . 7 l b │ 3 8 │ 3 } │ . l b │ │ a ne w p ho t o gr a p h i n a no n- o bl i q ue vi e w i s 巴详嘿 } 一一一一一一一一 R A N G E S OF GO N I A T I 花T A XA囚刀f │ avai l a bl e f r om GK on 解ent. Cf .自Uc附 │ LPPER OUARRY AT COLI M IAC │ r e qu e s t ) . As t h e s o l u - Aul at. cf . aurt s │ Lobobactrltes甲 ・ │ t i on of t h i s pr o bl e m cannot be t r eat ed 已王l oceras terxi istrf atu们 │ Phoenfxftesf rechl │ f ul l y i n t hi s p a pe r , t h e na me of s p ec i me ns c or r e s po ndi ng t o Pa. A r c h o c e r a s . . 一 T o r n o c -s c t t y p um │ T o r n o c e r a s v e l L }} uo f n o c e r a s s p . W . -一 . — 一一 一 一 Ma c t r i t e s a n e l l u s │ A u l a t o r n o c e r a s s p . — 一 一 一一 一 一 二盟一 o c e r a s │ T . C 尝竿 } 2 . . . 一 一一 一一 一 P h o e n f x l t e s c f . s u l c a │ t u S del i cat ul a del i cat ul a ( s e ns u a u c t . ) i n Upp e r Mant. cordat um │ W alc1 tornocerasf al cl Cul │ u m Cour ni ac Beds 32c, 33c, and 34a i s wr i t - M朋 t. adC 飞们5心 │ Lobobac. terml eror │ us 尝5 0之 5 e e m ’ I O a“争 r 一 L o b o b a c . g u e r i c h l │ 竺t 1 c o c e r a s l a md9 p . │ t en i n q uot a t i on m arks. Ce │ ratabel oceras schul zi │ L f r qu a t 竺) o c e r a s c l a u s u │ m A r c h o c e r a s 罗u l a t u m │ C r I c k i t e s h a l z a p f e l f │ Fi gur e‘ Ran ge c h ar t o f s u c c e s s i o n Arch. cf . varl co} m│ │ o fg oni a t i t e s s of ar r e c o r de df r o m Be d 23 t o Bed 39 i n t he s ect i on around t he GSSPa bove t he U ppe r Coumi a c Qu ar t y , wi t h t he a s s i gnme n t o f - 邃 一一一 一 ├────────────────────────────────────── 一 - .......‘二二二二名二口二二二二二..- , 二。 r d │ 巨 亚理 t a x o n o m │ i c i m p r e c i s s i o n 【 二] i n f we d r a n g e │ ammono记 z ones . For cor rel at i on wi t h t he conodont 0一i】 │ I一K │ │ │ I一L 1 1一A “- B z o na t i o n, s e e igur f e ( NEOM) │ ARCHOCER人3 │ ?│ CRI CV JTES PHOENI Y JT ES FAL CI TOR. /CK │( R AYMOND】 反 Eni sodes. VoL 16 no. 4 438 The Cou r n i a c g on i a t i t e s e qu e nc e ge n e r a l l y ma t c h es f a un a l s uc - ces si ons des cr i be d f r om cl ass i cal s ect i ons of t he Rheni sh Sl at e Mo unt a i ns a nd Thur i ng i a. Co r r e l a t i on wi t h t h e n e w i nt e r na t i ona l z on a t i on bas e d on t h e a p pe a r an c e a nd s pr e a d of ge n er a ( Ho us e a nd Ki r c hg as s e r , 1 9 93; Bec k e r an d o t he r s , 1 9 93; Be c ke r , 1 993 b) i s s t r a i g ht f o r wa r d, a l t ho ugh t he r e a r e r e gi ona l f ea t ur e s mi r r o r i ng l o c a l f a c i e s de v el opme n t s . For e x a mpl e , i nt e r na t i o na l ma r ke r ge n - er a s uch as Thmant i coceras, Cari noceras, Neoni ant i cocer as and Pl a y f or di t e s a r e s t i l l l a c ki n g i n t he Mon t a gn e Noi r e a r e a. La t e Mi ddl e Fr a s ni a n be ds at Coumi ac , be l ow t he e qui va l e n t of t he Lowe r Kel l wa s s e r Li mes t o ne ( Be d 24 a ) , c on t a i n Be l o c er as , v a r i - o us ma nt i c oc e r a t i ds a nd s ome wha t a mb i gu ous Co s t a ma nt i c o ce r as ( Ho us e an d o t he r s , 1 98 5; pl . 2, f i g ur e 1 1 -1 2 ) . The l a t t e r i s a ma r ke r f or t he Pl ay f or di t e s a nd Ne omant i c oc e r as Ge noz o ne s ( do I - I a n d I - J ) , o r f or t h e c or dat um Zo ne ( do 1 1 3 / y) of t he c l as s i ca l go ni a t i t e z ona t i o n. I n de x s pe ci e s f or Di vi s i ons I - K s o f a r ha v e o nl y be e n f ound above t he Lower Kel l wass er l evel i n Bed 25b ( Ar chocer as s p. ) a nd Be d 2 6b ( Ma nt i c oc e r a s ado 价n s e ) . The ir f s t e vi d e nc e f o r t h e l a t e s t Fr as ni a n Cr i c ki t e s Ge n oz on e ( d o I - L) co mes f r o m Be d 2 6c. At Co un na c a n d n ei gh bo ur i ng s e c t i ons o t t he Mon t Pe y r o ux Na ppe a s uc c es s i on o f Cr i c k i t e s s pe c i e s ca n pos s i bl y be es t a b- l i s h e d. Al l e a r l y, of te n s ome wha t dou bt f u l membe r s o f t he l i ne a g e ha v e who r l f or ms s i mi l ar t o Ma nt i c oc e r a s c or d at u m a nd ma y b e r el at e d t o t he Can ad i a n Cr i c k. c or di for me ( Mi l l e r ) . Cr i c k . h ol z a p f e l i , t he i n de x s pe c i e s of t he c l as s i c al ho l z ap f el t Zo ne , e nt e r s i n gr e a t pr o f us i on i n t h e l o we r pa r t o f Be d Me a n d co nt i nu es t o Be d 31 g a nd t o t he e nd of t he Fr a s ni a n. Th e a p pa r e nt p at c hi ne s s o f t h e Uppe r Fr a s n i a n go ni a t i t e r e c or d i s o nl y t o a l i mi t e d e xt e nt a c ons e qu e nc e of s a mp l i ng bi a s . Cl e a r l y t wo di f f e r e n t go ni a t i t e M I D D I Z C O U M I A C F O R M A T I O N a s s e mbl a ge s a l t e r na t e wi t h e a c h ot he r . The f i r s t i s c ha r a c t e r i z e d by gr e a t a b unda n c e of Bel oc e r as t e nui s t r i a t um ( e. g. i n Beds 26 d a n d 31 a ) a nd r a r i t y o f ge p hur o ce r a t i ds a nd t or no ce r a t i ds . Ot he r be d s ha ve r i c h Mant i c oc e r as or Cr i c ki t e s f a una s a c c ompa ni e d b y mor e a bun da nt t or no c e r a t i ds , a nd Buc hi ol a. Du e t o t he l a c k of l i t h ol o gi - ca l di f f e r e nc e s be t we en be d s c on t a i n i ng t h e t wo f a un al t y pe s i t i s i nf e r r e d t ha t c ha ngi ng a s s e mbl a g es mi r r or luc f t u a t i o ns i n t he t r op hi c s t r u c t u r e . Es pe c i a l l y t he Upp e r Ke l l wa s s e r Li me s t o ne eq ui va l e nt s wi t h t he i r r i c h Cr i c ki t e s a nd pe l ec y pod f a una s a s s oc i - a t e d wi t h unus ua l l y l a r g e os t r a c ods but wi t ho ut Bel oc e r as ma y ha ve be e n de pos i t ed unde r e ut r o phi c e c ol ogi ca l c o ndi t i o ns . Thi s s ug ge s t s t ha t b e l oc e r a t i ds t h r i ve d d ur i n g ol i go t r op hi c pe r i o ds . The c ho s e n s t r a t ot ype h as on e o f t he b es t kn own go ni a t i t e r ec o r ds a r ou nd t h e Fr a s ma n / Fa me nma n bo un da r y a nd i s t h e be s t kno wn a ny wh e r e f or i nd e x s pe c i e s oc c u r r i ng i n b e ds e xa c t l y a t t he bo und a r y. Howe ve r , i t i s f a r f r o m b e i n g a n i d ea l a mmono i d l oc a l i t y d ue t o a s p e c t s o fp r e s e r v a t i on a n d d i f f i c u l t r ec o ve r y o f l a r ge f a u na s . Thi s mi s f o r t un e c a n pa r t l y b e ba l an c e d by t he wi de r a nge o f ot he r g on i a t i t e- be a r i ng a nd e a s i l y c o fe l a t a bl e l o c a l i t i es n e a r by i n t he Mo nt a gn e Noi r e, whi c h s upp l y a d di t i o na l i nf o r mat i on on s t r a t i - g r a ph i c a l r an g es a nd oc c u r r en c e s i n s l i g ht l y di f f e r e nt f a c i e s s e t t i ng s The s e wi l l be d oc ume n t e d el s e whe r e ( Be c ke r a nd Ho us e , 1 9 94 i n pr ess ). Tr i l obi t es Amo n g b o t t o m- l i v i n g b i o t a s , t r i l o b i t e s a r e mo s t f r e q u e n t a n d d i v e r s i f i e d i n t he La t e Fr a s ni a n s t r a t a a t Cour ni a c. Of e i gh t f a mi l i es } U P P E R C O U M I A C F O R M A T I O N │ FRASNI AN FAMENNI AN │ a l b I c I d l e │ a l b I c I d} ’ │ a l b I c │ a l b I c I d │ 2 7 │ a l b I c I d } ‘ │ a l b I c I d │ a l b │ a 户卜I dl e } ‘1 9 │ a } ”} “ I d } ’ } ‘ } ‘ │ a l b I c} d } ’ I f │ │ a l b} c │ a l b } “ } d } ‘ │ 日 .. record │ ││ = I nf er r e d ││ ra nge │ Fi gu r e7 Ra nge c har t s ho wi n g t he t r i l obi t e r e c o r df r om Be d2 3 t o Be d 39 ar o und t he GSSP i n t he s e c t i o n a t t he Uppe r Quany at Co un z i ac . Modi ie f df r o m dat a o f R Fe i s t ( i n Fe i s t , 19 90 ) . [)Prpmhpr 1993 439 k nown gi oba l l y t o he pr e s e n t at t he Up pe r Ke l l wa s s er e xt i n ct i on c\cnt ( Fei s t .] 990: 1 991) .Si x Occur i n t he st r a t ot ype s ect i on ( Pi oc t i da e , AUl a c opl e ur i d a e. Odon t o pl C U r i da e . Ha r p et i da c , Da l - ma ni t i d a e a n d Pha c op i da e) a nd o f a t ot a l of 1 3 s p ec i es kn own , doba l i y, ni ne ar e r ep r es e nt e d a t COL I l f ua c ( s e e f i -u r e 7) . Al l b ut t h r e e f a mi l i e s a n d川 s pe c i es di s a ppe a r w i t hi n Zon e 1 3 . o r a t t h e ba s e of t h e Upp er Kel l wa s s e r Li mes t on e e qUI Va l en t ( Be d 3} 9) . Th e l a t t e r d oes n ot yi e l d a ny t r i l o bi t es , n o r d o t h e S u c c e e di n g be ds oft h e Lo we r t r i a n gt dar i . s Zon e ( Be d 32 a - b) , a f a c t wh i c h h as b e e n o bs e r v e d i n a l l kn o wn F r a s ma n / Fa r n e r i ma n bo un da r y s e c t i on s wo r l d wi d e. Re c ov e r y do e s n o t t a k e pl a c e e a r l i e r t h a n f r om t h e Mi ddl e t r i a n gul ar i , } Zo ne o nwa r ds wh e n s ol e l y ph a c op i ds oft h e g e n u s A劝Ar a t i o p s o c c u r ( Be ds 32c -e) . Thus t he del ’ i ned basal Famenman at t he bas e of t he Lower t r i a m} i i l ar i s Zone . ca nn ot be pr e ci s e l y r ec og r u s e d L I S 1 1 1 " t r i l o b i t e s . B y c o n t r a s t . t h e b a s e o f t h e t o p mo s t F r a s n i a n Ke l l wa s s e i Li i rc , , t one l e ve l c an b e l o ca t e d wi t h con s i de r a bl e pr e c i s i on by t h e ma j o r ex t i n ct i on a f f ec t i n. , t r i l obi t es a t t ha t l ev e l ( Fe i s t a nd Schi ndl er, 1994) . Fi n e - s c a l e i n t r a z on a l s ub di v i s i on a n d bi os t r a t i g r a phi c al c o r i - c - l a t i on oft h e l a t e s t Fr a s ni a n a t CoL u ni a c i s pr o vi de d by ev ol ut i o na r y s p e ci es of 、 t he p r oe t i d Pal pe b , 一 ( di a wh i ch a r e c ha r a c t e r i z e d b y a t r en d i n r e du c t i on o f t h e p al p eb r al l o be a n d i n t h e s t r a i g ht e ni n g of t h e f a c i a l s u i u r es . Th e a n c e s t r al f o r m, Pal . l at e pa l pe br al i s b ei n I g a l r e ad y pr e s en t b el ow t h e Lowe r Ke l bv a s s c r[f i nes t on e c qL ] i \ a l e n t ( Be d 24 a) , ha s be e n r e c ov er ed a s hi , , h a s i n t h e mi d dl e of Zon e] 3 ( Be d 29 d) . I t g I a ve r i s e t o Pa l . pal pe br al i s whi c h i s a bu n da n t川Be ds 3 1 。 t o 3 1 e and i s al s o known f r oi n l at es t Fr as i nan s ect i ons i n t he Rhen- i s h Sc hi cf c r 1 ( , c bf i - g c a n d Ha r z ( Fe i s t a nd S ch i n dl er , 1 99 4) a n d ma y Oc c ur i n t he Ca n ni m, Bas i n of We s t e r n Au s t r al i a ( K Mc Na ma r a . o r al co mmun i c a t i on) Th e l as t r e pr e s cr i t a t i v e of t h e l i n e a g e i s Pal . b r e ( - (i oe v \ h i c h ci ne r s t h e s t r a t ol yp e s e c t i o n i n Be d 3 1 c an d f , t h us mar k - i ng p r e ci s el y t h e l as t ox yg e na t e d l c v el - bo t t oi n en vi r on me nt pr i o r t o t he h yp oxi c ov er t u r n o f t h e Up pe r Ke l l wa s s e r Li me s t on e . Th i s s pe c i e s i s a t l e a s t of mod e r a t e v a l u e f o r l ong d i s t a n c e c o r r el a t i on a s i t ha s be e n r e c ov e r e d i n t he Rh e ni s h Sc h i e f e r g eb i r g e ( a t St embr u ch Sc hmi dt ) a i 记i n t h e Ha r z ( Ac kc Va l l e y) i n a n e qu i v a l en t p os i t i on a n d a s s oc i a t e d t h e r e wi t h Pal i ) i at ol e pi s l i n guU i ) r i n i s ( Sch i ndl e r . 1 99 0) . Cons e qu e nt l y Pal . br e c ci ae a p pe a r s t o be l i mi t e d t o t h e l owe r p ar t of t h e l i n gui Mi - mi s Zon e . Th i s s up por t s t h e r e s u l t s obt a i ne d by gr a p hi c c or r e l a t i o n, wh i c h i n di ca t e d t he p r e s e n c e of l i n gi t 咖r MI A Zo ne e qui va l e nt s a t Cour ni a c i n Be ds 3 I f a n d g ( Ma p p er i n Be c k e r a nd o t h e r s , 1 98 9, p. 26 2) . Conc o mi t an t l y wi t h t he Pal pe b r al i a l i n e , a n ot h e r e v ol ut i on a r y t r e n d i s s e en i n S u c c e e di ng po pul a t i on s o f Cr Y pho ps ac u t i ce ps a n d t hi s t r e n d i s of bi os t r a t i g r a ph i c a l s i gni f i c a n c e. Thi s gr ou p, whi c h i s r a t he r c ommon i n Be d s 3 1 a t o 3 1 f , e xh i b i t s a s p e c t a c ul a r r e duc t i on i n t h e i ne a n nu mb e r of i t s e y e l e n s e s wh i ch d r op f r om t e n l en s e s i n Be d 3 1 a t o on l y t h r e e l e ns e s i n Be d 3 1 f be f o r e i t s ina f l e x t i nc t i on ( Fe i s t , 1 991 ) .Thi s CV OI L I t i o n ma y r e pr e s e nt: 、f ur t he r po t e n t i al f oi t i n e - s c a l e h i os t r a t i g r a p hi c al s u b di v i s i o ns a nd c or r e l a t i on dur i ng a p e r i o d of ' wo r l d - wi de bi ot i c c r i s i s . Ot her f os s i l gr oups Pa l y n o mo r p h s h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e U p p e r K e l l wa s s e r l e v e l ( Be d 3 1 -) bu t a r e t o o ba d l y p r e s e r v e d f or pr ec i s e i de nt i ic f a t i on : f ur - t h e r wor k i s r e qu i r e d h e r e . The s t r a t i g r a phi c a l l y i mp or t an t e nt or no 〕 - zoaccans ar e a ra t her mi nor f aunal el ement } de t ai l ed wor k i s cur - r e nt l y b e i n g c a r r i e d ou t b y F Le t hi e r s . S ol i t ar y r ug os e c or a l s , ga s - t r opods, or t hoconi c and br evi coni c naut i l oi ds , cr i noi ds and r ar e is f h s c a l es r ep r e s e n t f ur t he r a cc e s s o r y f os s i l g r ou ps S t i l l t o be i nv e s t i - " a t e d i n de t a i l . Br a c hi op od a a n d bi v al v e r e c o r ds of C Bab i n an d P R Ra ch e b oeu t h a v e be e n pr e s e nt e d ( i n F ei s t . 1 99 0) . Ri c h h or n o ct en i d f au na s ha v e be e n de t e r mi n ed b y M Tr u vol s - Ma s s or n ( i n Fe i s t . 1 9 90) } t h e Hoi n oc i e nu s u l t i mu s Zon e i s i f r s t r e c og ni z ed i n Be d 2 6c and t her ef or e s eems t o cor r el at e wi t h t he Cri cki t es Genozone. 0s t r a- cod dat a of ' F Let hi er s have been l i s t e d ( i n Fei st , 1 990) , and mor e t ha n 30 di f f e r en t s p e ci e s ar e r ec o gni s e d i n t he t opmo s t b e ds of t h e Epi sM es ,、初/ .I6,, , ( , .4 F r as ma n. a r n om, t he b e nt ho ni c f o r ms . t he Fr a s ni a n [ Fa n i e nn i a n bou n da r y i s c ha r a c t er i z e d b} a ma j or ex t i n ct i o n s i n ce 0 5 pe r c e n t of al l r e c o r de d t a xa山s a p p ea r t h e r e ( Le t hi e r s a n d F e i s t . 1 9 91 ) .Thu s . t h e Co ur ni a c s t r a t ot yp e be a r s e vi de n c e( ) 【a n ex t r a or di n a r y b r e a dt h off a un al r e p r e s e n t a t i on e n abl i ng c or r e l a t i on i n t o r e -i n - l e s wi t h be t t er s po r e an d a cr i t a r c h r e c or ds . Th e SDS vi e ws t h i s d oc ume nt a t i on a s t he b es t ofa ny oft he l ev el s i t ha s r e c omme nd e d l o t - b 0L mda r y s t r a t o- t ypes i n t he Devoi nan. Che mos t rat i g raphy As y e t g e o c h e r n i c a l m e t h o d , d o n o t p r o v i d e a n u n a i r i b i 2 t - I O U S g u i d e t o c o r r el a t i on i nt e r n a t i on a l l y. a l t h ou gh t he r e i s gr e at p o t e nt i a l e s pe - ci a l l y wi t h s t r o nt i um i s o t o pe c h er n os t r a t i gr a p hy a ppl i e d wi t hi n t he f r a r n ewor k o f c o no do nt bi o s t r a t i gr a ph y ( e . g. Ru pp e l a nd ot h e r s . 1 9 93) . Ge oc l i c i ni c al me t h o ds d o. ho we v e r , pr ov i de a n i mpo r t a n t cl u e t o e nv i r onme n t a l i n t er pr e t a t i o n. The s t r a t o t y pe s e c t i o n a t C0 1 1 1 1 1 j a c h as b e en i nv e s t i ga t e d f or 6 "CI "C v al u es b y J o a c hi ms k i a n d Bug gi s ch(1 9 93) whe r e: 、 po s i t i v e S h i f t of ( 3 - 1 T wa s n ot e d a t t h e b oun d a r v. Rar c- c a r t h e l emen t s i RLI - - ) h av e b ee n i n ve s t i ga t e d b y Gr an dj e a n- L&L l y e r a n d o t h er s(1 9 93) u s i n g i n di vi du a l De von i a n c on o don t s , bu t n o a n or n al y a t t h e b oun d ar y wa s no t ed a l t h ou gh t he REF p a t t er ns di d n ot c onf or m wi t h t h os e of mod e r n s e a wa t e r . Th e pu r s u i t O f i t - i di l l m an oma l i e s ha s n ot be en S uc c e s s f ul a t Co un na c ( Gi r ar d and ot her s , 1 993) , nor at St ei nbr uch Schmi dt ( McGhee and o t h er s , 1 9 84) . Th os e cl a i me d a t t he b ou nd j r y i n t h e Ca n ni ng Ba s i n ha v e p r ov e d t o he f r om a muc h I nL he r s t r a t i g r a phi c l e v el ( Be c k er a nd ot h er s , 1 9 91 : Ni c ol l a nd Pl a yf or d. 1 9 93) a l t h ou gh t h e r e i s a we a k i r i d i u m a n on i a l v a pp a r e nt l y a t t h e c or r e c t l e ve l a t Xi a ng t i a n ( Wa l l g a nd ot he r s , 1 99 1 )a nd ot h e r el e me n t a n oma l i e s , bu t t h e c a u s e i s uncer t ai n. Ther e has been no l i nk of r ui cr ot ekt i t es wi t h t he bound- a r y s t r a t o t yp e a n d r e c or d s el s e wh e r e a r e hi gh er i n t h e Fa me n ni a n ( hi gh wi t hi n t h e Lower t r i an gi dar i s Zo ne a t S en z c i l l c s i n Bel g i u m: Cl a e ys a nd ot he r s , 1 99 2. f i gu r e I ;Lo we r cr e j ) i d o Zon e i n S o ut h Ch i n a: Wa ng , 1 9 92) . Re l at i ons hi p t o t he Uppe r Ke l l was s e r Eve nt The mai n s e di me n t a r y ma r ke r oft h e GSSP i s t he t o p of t h e di s t i n c - t i v c l ev e l k no wn i n Ge r ma n y a s t he Up pe r Kel l wa s s e r Li me s t on e ( Wa l l i s e r a n d ot he r s(1 98 9) . Thi s da r k h yp oxi c l i me s t on e a pp e a r s t o r eDr cs ent ai l acme i n t he sm- cad of a di st i nct i ve 九ci es whi ch i n many sect i ons , I ot ) al l y i s pr eci sel y const r ai neo ny conoc i oni mos - t r a t i g r a phy. I n p a r al l el wi t h t he wor k of t he SDS i n r e c en t ye a r s h a s b ee n t h e r e c o gni t i on of a n i mp or t a n t ex t i nc t i on ev e n t n e a r t he Fr as ni a n / F ar n en ni an b oun da r y. Some of 一 t h es e ex t i nc t i on s we r e l i s t e d i n t he p r e vi ous s e c t i ons . Th e r e c omme n da t i on o f t h e Su b- c ommi s s i on f o r a GSSP f a l l s a t a l e ve l i mme di a t e l y a bo ve t h e a c me of ext i nct i ons . t hat i s at t he bas e of t he Lower t r i ongul ori s Zone. Th e mos t pr e c i s e d oc ume n t a t i on f o r t hi s ( Be ck e r a n d ot h e r s , 1 98 9) h a s b e en f ol l owe d by da t a a s s e mbl e d f or t he Sub c ommi s s i on a n d i l l us t r a t e d h e r e ( f i gu r e s 5 -7) . Fol l owi nI g e s pe c i al l y t h e wo r k of Sa n db e r g a n d ot he r s( 1 9 88) t hi s l ev e l h a s be e n wi d el y t r a c e d i n t er - n a t i ona l l y. The r e ha s be e n mu c h d e ba t e on t he C a us e of t he s e di men t a r y p e r t u r ba t i on r e pr e s en t ed by t h e Up pe r Kel l wa s s e r Li mes t on e. The mat t er cannot be s ai d t o be r esol ved. I ndeed, s ome member s of t he Su bc ommi s s i o n e a r l i e r t ook t h e vi e w t ha t a mor e a p pr op r i a t e bo un d- a r y mi g ht b e c ho s e n a wa y f r om t h e s u d de n f a un a l a n d s e di men t a r y c h an g cj us t b el ow t h e ba s e oft h e Lo we r t r i an gul ar i s Zon e b ut i n t he e n d, t h e e a s e ofi n t e r na t i o na l c on e l a t i on ba s e d on t he f a un a l c ha n ge s l e d t o t hi s bo un da r y b e i n g r e c oi nm e t i de d. Fou r ma i n g r ou ps of hy po t h es e s ha v e b e en i nv ok e d t o e xp l ai n t h e f a un a l an d s e di me nt a r y c h an g es a r o un d t he b a s e of t he Lowe r t r i - an gu l ar i s Zon e . Fi r s t l y, c a u s e s r e l a t e d t o a bol i d e i mp a c t o r i n a pa ct s ( San d be r - a n d o t h er s 1 989 , Mc La r e n a n d Goo df e l l ow 1 9 90 ) . S ec - on dl y, a s p r e a d of ' a n oxi c c on di t i on s on c on t i ne nt a l s h el v es a } s o c i - a t e d wi t h pos s i bl e t e c t on i c e v e nt s an d o c e an ov e r t u r n ( Wi l d e a n d 440 Be r r y , 1 98 4} Bu 1 g gi s c h , 1 9 91 )wi t h a t r an s gr e s s i o n f ol l owe d by q ui c k r e g Z , r e s s i o n a t t h e L i pp e r bou n da r y ( Sa n db e r g a n d o t he r s , 1 98 8) . Thi r dl y. t h es e s e c on d ev e nt s bu t a s s oc i a t e d wi t h a p e a k of c o l d c l i - i na t i c c on di t i on s , r es ul t i n g i n a r i s e of ' t h e p yc n oc hn e ( Cop p er , 1 98 6) . Fou r t hl y. t h e s a n i e , bu t wi t h t he Upp e r Ke l l wa s s e r Li me s t o ne r ep r e s en t i n g a p ea k of h ot cl i ma t i c c on di t i o ns , r es ul t i ng al s o i n a r i s e of t h e py cn o cl i n c a nd p r o ba bl e di s r u pt i on oft h e t r o ph i c t i e r i n g, pa r - t i cu l a r l y t ha t of t he pl a n kt on ( Be ck e r a n d Ho us e . 1 99 4) ; t h i s l a t t e r t h e or y wa s f i r s t i nv ok e d f o r De vo ni a n a n oxi c ev e n t s b y Be ck e t ( 1 9 92) . Re l a t e d h yp ot he s e s i nv ol v i n g c l i ma t i c wa r mi ng h a ve b e en s ug g es t ed b y Th omps o n a n d Ne wt o n(1 98 9) a nd Or mi s t on a n d Kl a p p er( 1 9 92) . I t i s - e ne r a l l y r e c og ni s e d t h a t t h e c ol l a ps e of s t r o- ma t op or o i d r e e l ' s y s t er ns r i c a r t he en d of t h e Fr as ni a n l e d t o e x t i n c - t i ons( ) { ’ass oci at ed f aunas . Hous e(1 985) has dr awn a t t ent i on t o t he ma n y s i mi l a r e v e nt s a t o t h e r l e ve l s i n t h e Dev on i a n s uI , , gc s t i i l g t h a t a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n e n ab l i n I c , a c ommon h yp ot he s i s i s t o b e pr e f e r r e d. Wh a t e v er t he c a u s e ( s ) oft h i s s e di me n t a r y p e r t u r ba t i on ma y b e, t h e SDS t ook t h e、i ew t h a t t h e hy p oxi c p er t ur b a t i ons bc l o\ N t h e b a s e of t h e I - o\ x , c r t r i mi gul ar i s Zon e r e s ul t e d i n a c ons i d c r j bi e f a un al c ha n t , eov e r an d a n h or i z on wh i c h ma y b e c or r e l a t e d i nt e r na t i on a l l y wi t h pe r ha p s mor e pr e ci s i on t ha n a n y ot he r i n t he De v oni a n. I t i s i n t h e l i , , h t oft h i s v i ew t ha t Cour ni a c wa s r e c ommen de d f or t h e GSSP t o del i ne t he bas e of t he Fai nenni an St a-c. Fe i s t , R, ed,1 990, The Fr as ni an / Famenni an boundar y and a dj a ccnt s t r at a ol t he eas t e r n Mon t a gue Noi r e, Fr a nce: Rj GS Subcommi ss i on on Devoni an St r at i gr aph y, Gui de Book, 69即 . 1 - c i s t , R, 1 99 1 , Th e l at e Dcvoni a n t r i l obi t e C r i si s : Hi s t or i cal Bi ol ogy, v. 5, pp.1 97 - - 21 4 Fe i s t , R, and Schi ndl e r , E - , 1 994, Tr i l obi t e s dt - 1 1 - i li f ! , t he Fr a sni an KcI l was s er cr i s i s i n Eur op ean La t e De von i a n cepha l opo d l i ni cs i on es: Cour i er For s chungsi ns t i t ut Senck enhcr g, v. 1 69, 1 95-223. Gi r a r d. C, Rocc hi a, R, Fei s t , R, Fr oge t ,[ 一 ,a nd Robi n, F . . 1 993, No cvi denc e of i mp act a t t he Fr a sni an / Famenni an bOUnda r v i n t he s i r at ot vp c ar ea. S ou t he r n Fr anc e- I nt er di s ci pl i nar y Conf e r en ce on Gl obal BO 、 L 1 n dai \ 1 Fvci ns , Ki el ce , 27-29 Scpt c[ i i bc r 1 993. Abs t r ac t . Goodf el l ow, W 「 ) ,Gel ds et z ei , I F I F J, Mc Lar en, D J , Or c har d, M J , and Kk甲per , G, 1 989, ' ] ' he Fr as ni an / Famenni an ext i nc t i on- cur r ent 1 - C. S UI t S and pos s i bl e caus es. i n McMi l l an, N J , Embr y, A F and Gl as s . 1 ) J , c( I s . , Devoni a n‘ ) }t h e Wor l d: Canadi an Soci e t }( ) !Pe t r ol eum ( wol ogi s t s, Mcni oi r 1 4, } . 3, pp. 9- - 2 1 . Gr andi c an, 1 ' . Al ba r e de, F. an d Fei s t , R, 1 989, REE N ar i a l i ons aci os s t he 1 了 r 是 1 、 1 1 1 之 1 1 1 / 1 了 之 汇 l l l cl l l l l 之 川 b ol - I n c l ar v. F er r a八hs t r a ct 、 一\. I } pp. 1 8 4 Gr andj ean- 1 . 6 cu yei , P, Fe i s t , R, and Al hai &l c, F, 1 993, Ra t e c at ( h cl e ment s i n ol d bi ogeni c apal i t cs : Geoc hemi ca c t (’ o , mocl i ci ni ca八ct } l . v. }7 . 1 ) p . 2507- - 2514. House, M R} 1985, Cor r el ati on ofmi d-Pal acozoi c ar nmonoi d c\ ol ui i onarv eve nt s wi t h gl obal s edi ment ar I v p er t ur ba t i ons: Nat ur e, Lon dor,、3 1 ' , pp. 1 7 - 22. HOL I S C , M R, an d Ki r chgas s er , W 下,1 993, Devoni ; 川9‘ 川l a t i t e bi OS I I - al i gr aph} a nd t i mi ng〔 ) { 、t a ci cs mov ement s i n t he Fr a s ni a n of R eferences e as t er n No r t h Amer i ca, i n Ha i l wood, E " . A. and Ki dd, R 1 3 , eds,H i 0 i RC} 01 1 . 1 1 [ 1 01 1 St r at i gr aphy, Geol ogi c al Soci et } Spe ci al Publ i cat i on, no. 7 0, f 3 cck er , R T, 1 992, Zur Ker ni t ni s、 〔 川f i e川hCr V- St l I l C L i nd Annul a t a- I . ondon,pp.267-292 Schi ef et i m Nor ds au er l an d t Ohci - ( I c\on, Rhei ni s ches Schi ct cr geb i r gc, Hous e, M R, Kf i r chgas s er , Pr i c e, J D, al l ( ] Wade, G,] 985. Goni a t i t es hom GK 4611 Hohcnl i n nhm, , ) : Be r l i n er Gcowi s s ens chal - li f ch e Ahl - r an dl Unge r Fr a sni al l ( Uppe, 一Devoni an) a r i d ad j a cent s t r at a of t he Mon t a gn e Noi r e: F } , \. 30 一pp. 3- 41 Fl er c yni c a.、.] 、pp I 一] 9. Bec ker , R T} 1 993a. St r a l i gr a phi s che Gl i cd er r j I 1 2 und Ammonoi de en- E Q} 1 989, Oi l t i r e Fr aqi j an / 1 - ani cr i ni an t r i as s c xt i nct i on e\cr i t i n Sout h FAI L I CI I i n n Neh( l ent i - 1 1 1 1 ( Ol vi dewn 1 1 ) wn FI V I OI NI L i n d Nor d- Al - r i k a: ( I nt r a:(01 1 1 I CI - FOt S Cl l Ul ) ,S l T Ni t L u Scn cl k cnhc q- } . ] 7, pp. -75-1 2 01 COL I l i c r For s chUngS i n St i t i r Scr i ck cr i ber g, v . 1 55, 405 pp, , l oa chi mski , M Nt and Bu ggi s c h, W, 1 993, Anoxi c event s i l l t h e l at e Bec ker , R T, 1 993b,八c oxi a, CI L I S UI t I C cha ngcs , and Upp er Dc\ oni a n【 ( ) Fr a sn} a r- - - Caus es of t he FI 飞 1 , 1 1 ] an/ 1 了 是 1 l l l cl l l l l 之 t l l t a unal cr i s i s : GC01 0 2).、 l ower mos t Car boni t el - OL I S9l obal ammor r oi d di v er s i t y, m Hous e , M R, 21 ,pp.675-678 c d. , The ammor r oi dea: cr i vi i - or unci n, cc ol o gy, an d evol u t i ona r y cha ng e : Kl a pper , (; ,1 98 9, The Mont a gne Noi r e Fr as ni an ( Uppe r Dc} oni aj l f Svs t el l i at i c、八s s oci a t i on s pe ci al v. 47, Cl ar endon Pr es s , Oxl md, pp. conodont } L I CCCS S I OI I , i l l Mc Mi I l an, N J, Fmhr y. A F and Gl as s , D J } 】15-161. cds . , Devoni an ol ' t hc Wor l d: Ca nadi an Soci et y of Pel r ol cur n Ge ol og i s t s , Be cker , R T, Fei s t , R, Fl ai s . G, HOI . I s C} M R, and Kl app cr , G, 1 989, Menr oi r 1 4, }. 3, pp. 449-468. Fr a sn i a n/ Fame r i ni an ext i nct i ( 川 C}ent s i n t h e DeN or l i a l l al ( ( 川川i ac, Kl apper , G. and Fo} t e r J r , C T, 1 993, Shap e anal ys i s of Fr as ni an s peci cs of s out hc r n Fr anc e: Cor npl e,尽endL I S C I C I ' Aca &r ni e des Sci enc es , Pa r i s, t h e Lat e DcNoni an c onodont vcnus Pal ma t ol e pi s : Pal eont ol ogi ca l Scr . 1 1 , \下) ( pp. 259- - 266 Soci e t y. Memoi r 32( J our nal of Pal eont ol og y, v. 67, no. 4. }L l pp. ) 一 3- } pp. Be cker , R T. and HOL I S ' e, M R,I L ) 94, Kel l wa ss er eve nt s a nd g oni a t i t c Lct hi ci s ,「 ; ,and Fei s t , R, 1 991 ,La c r i s e des os t r ac odc} hent hi C I L I C, }川 } t i c cc ss i ons i n t he Mor amune Noi r e wi t h cor r un ews on p os s i hl c pas s age Fj a} ni cn-Far r i cnui an C I C COL I A l l i a c ( NI ont aLl i c Noi r e, Fi anc e C Al S i t t i ons : Cour i er For s c hun gs i nS t i ( L i t Scr i ckc r i h er g, v. 1 69, pp. 45-77 met i di on al e) : COl np t C S RCF I C I L I S ( I C I ’ A ca demi c des Sci enc es , Pa l i s , S c i . Becke‘ 一 ,R T. HOL I S C, M R, and As hoUt i ,/ \ R, 1 988, Pot en t i al s ( r a t ot ype 1 1 , v. 3 1 2, pp. 1 057-1 063- J r , G R, Gi l mor e, J S} Or t h, 〔一J , and Ol s en, F ' , 1 984, No s ec t i on l or t h e Fr as ni an/ 1 - mi r enni an hounda", at El At r ous, Tal i t a l l . McGhee M orocco: DOCL I F Y I CI TI SUbm i ned t o t he Int er nat i onal SUbcom mi ssi on on gcoc her ni cal evi den ce f or al l as t e r oi dal i mpa ct at l at e Fl e%oni a n r na} s Dev oni an St r a l i gr a phy, Rennes , 1 988- 6 pp. ext i nct i on hor i zon: Nal ui c, Lon don.、308, pp. 629-63! . Beck er , R T. HOL I S C, M R, Ki i chga s } cr , W 1 ' , and Pl a yf or d, P F - 1 991, Mcl - a r cn, D J, a nd Goodl ' el l ow, W D. 1 990, Geol ogi c al ar i d hi ol ogi c al Sedi ment ar y a nd I ' aUn al Chang es a( r os s t he Fr a s ni an/ Famenni a n c ons e qu ence s 01 gi a nt i mpa ct s: Annua l Revi e w Far t h ai r ( ] Pl ar l el m- y hOUndar y i n f i l e Can ni ng RaJn ol ' Wcs t cr i i Au st r a l i a: 1 1 i s t oi i c al Sci enc es . v.]8} pp.1 23 -1 7] . Bi ol ogy, \. 5一pp. 1 83- 1 90 Ni c ol l , R S, and Pl aNt or d, 1 ) F, 1 993, Upper Devoni an i n山Hi l l al l ( ) I l l al i c s} conodont zonaii on and the Frasnian/Famenni an 1 1 01 - I ndarv i n ti r e Be cker , R 1, Hous e, M R一and Ki r chLas s 以w一 丁,I 99飞,De voni a 丁 I9ol l i a nt e bi os t r a t i D- aphy a nd t i mi ng ol ' I ' a ci cs I l l menl ent s i n t he Fr js ni an of t he Cal mi ng Ha si n- Wes t er n Aus t i a l i a: Pal a eogeogr apl i v Canni n g Ba mn, Wes t er n Aus ual i a, i n f l ai l wood, F A, a nd Ki dd, R B, Pal ac ocl i n l a I 01 02y, Pa l aC OCCO] 02},、.1 04, pp. 1 05-1 1 3 eds . , Hi gh r CS Ol U t i Ol l S t i a l i 2r a phy: GeOI O}i Cdl SOCI Ct } l Spe ci al Or nl i s t on, A R, an d Kl a ppcr , G. 1 99- 2, Pa l eo cl i ma r c . c ont r ok oi l Uppe r Publ i c at i on, no, 7 0, pp, 293 -; -l ? Devoni an I OUr c e r oc k s e qu enc es and s l a ck ed ext i nc t i ons: 51 h Nor t h Br ans on, E B. an d Mehl , M Gi . 1 93 4, Conodoni s f r om t h e Gi a s s y Cr eek Amer i can Pa l e ont ol ogi ca l Conve nt i on, Abs t r a ct s a nd Pr og r a m, Shal e 01 'M I SSOUri Uni ver si t v of Mi }soui . i St UdI CS, V. 8, 1 7 1 -259 Pal eont ol ogi c al So ci et y Sp eci a l Publ i ca t i on no. 6, p. 2 2T j i mpr i nt 1 9331 . Ruppel , S C, J ames , F W一and Bar r i ck, J F, 1 993, F l i gh r c} ol li f O[ l s t r ont i L l i n BL I ,Li s ch, W, 1 991 , The gl ob al Fr a} ni an/ Far r i c nni an ' Kcl l wa } } er Eve nt ' i s oi opc c he mos t r a t i gr aphy of ' t he Pal eoz oi c Usi ng con odont s: Geol ogi cal Gcol ogi s che RL i nds chaU, V. 80 /1 ,pp. 49-72. Soci et y( ) } 、 Ame r i ca, Abst r act s wi 山 Pi ogr ams, v. 25( 6) . pp. A473-474 BUI t VI l Ck, 1 ' . Dr e es cr i , R, Gr oc } s ens , F, St r uve , W, We ddi ge , K, Wer ner , R, San dbe r g, C A, Sc hi n dl er . E .Wal l i s er , 0 H, a nd Zi egl er , W, 1 990, a nd Zi ei ler f , W, N88八r d ennes ( Bel gi um) and Fi l cl Hi l l } ( Feder al Pr opos al f or t h e Fr as ni an/ Pamenni an } I t St Ci I I I I I - L i ch SCI I I I I i dt ( Er r s . c ar c a, Repu bl i c of Ger ma ny) : Con ner Foi - S CI l L U I LS i l l S t i t l i t Sc r i ckci i bc q u, v. 1 02 - Kel l er wa l d, Rhei n. Schi ct er g chi r ge, Ger many) mi d ma t ci i al f or t he pp. 9- 1 55 cor r es pondi ng f i el d t r i p on Sep t e mbe r 1 8, 1 990. Document Cl a c}s, P, Ca. } i cl 一‘ J - G, and Ma i gol i s, S, V, 1 992, Mi kr ot ect i t cs and mas s ( UnpUb l i s he山submi t t ed t o [ t i c Subcommi ss i on on Dcv oma n c\ I i n ct i ol l s : C\i d ci l cc f ol; ‘Lat e Dev ol l i al l as t cl oi d i mpac t : Sci enc e, V. St r a t i gr l a phy OCS, I UGS) , Fr ankf ur t / M, 18 pl ) . 2} 7, pp. 1 1 02一!川4 Sa ndbe r g, C A, Zi cl ,l e r , W, Di cc } cn, R, and But l er , J 1 - 1 988, La t e Fr a muan Copp er , P, 1 98 6 Fr a s ni a n/ Fame nni a n ma s s ext i n ct i on a l l ( ] col d-Ni ncr mas s ex t i n ct i on: Conodont e ven t s t r ai i } l r a pf r \, g dol i a l c hang es an d pos } i bl e oce ar i s: Geol m- , y, v. 1 4, pp. 835- 83 9. ca L I S CS : COUr i er Fot , . , chL i nL S i r l s t i t i l t Sen cken her g, v. 1 02, p p. 263-3 07 Oecem ber /993 441 Sa nnemann, D, 1 955, Bei t r ag z ur Unt er gl i ede r ung des Obe r devons nac h Wal l i s e r , 0 H, Gr oos - Uf f enor de, H, Sc hi ndl er , E, and Zi e gl e r , W, On t he Conodont e n: Ne ues J ahr buc h f t i r Ge ol ogi e und Pal bont ol ogi e , Uppe r Kel l wa ss e r Hor i z on ( Bounda r y Fr as ni an/ Famenni an) : Cour i e r Ab h a n d l u n g e n , v . 1 0 0 ( 3 ) , p p. 3 2 4 -3 31 . For s chungs i ns t i t ut Senc kenbe r g, v. I 1 0, pp. 247 -255. Schi ndl e r , E, 1 990, Di e Ke l l wa ss er - Kr i s e ( hohe Fr a s ne- St uf e, Obe r devon) : Wang, K, 1 992, Gl as s y mi c r os pher u l e s ( mi c r ot ekt i t es ) f r om an Uppe r Gbt t i Dge r Ar be i t en z ur Ge ol o gi c und Pal don t ol ogi e, v. 46, 11 5 pp. De voni a n l i mes t one: Sci enc e, v. 256, pp. 1 547-155 0. Scr ut t on, C T, 1 988, Pa t t e r ns of e xt i nct i on and s ur vi val i n Pa l a eozo i c Wa n g , K, Or t h , C J , At t r e p J r , M, Ch a t t e r t o n , B D E, Ho n g f e i , H, a n d c o r a l s : S y s t e ma t i c s As s o c i a t i o n S p e c i a l Vo l u me n o. 3 4, p p . 6 5 - 8 8 . Ge l ds e t z er , H H J , 1 991, Geoch emi c al evi den ce f or a cat as t r ophi c bi ot i c So r auf , J E, a nd Pedde r , A E H, 1 986, La t e Devoni an r u gos e cor a l s a nd t he e ve nt at t he Fr as ni an/ Fa menni a n boundar y i n s out h Chi na: Geol ogy, v Fr as ni an/ Fa me nni a n cr i s i s: Cana di a n J our nal of Ea r t h Sc i ence. v. 23, p. 1 9,pp.776-779. 1265-1287. Wi l de, P, and Ber r y, W B N, 1 984, Des t a bi l i za t i on of t he o cea ni c dens i t y St e am, C W, 1 987, Ef f ect of t he Fr a s ni a n/ Famenni a n ext i nc t i on ev ent on s t r uc t ur e and i t s s i gni ic f anc e t o ma r i ne ' ext i nc t i on' eve nt s : s t r omat opor oi ds : Ge ol ogy, v. 1 5, pp. 677-679. Pal ae ogeogr a phy, Pal a eocl i mat ol ogy, Pal a eoe col o gy, v. 48 , pp. 143-162. Thomps on, J B, and Ne wt on, C R, 1 98 9, La t e Dev oni a n mas s e xt i nc t i on: epi s odi c cl i ma t i c cool i ng or war mi ng? i n McMi l l a n, N J , Embr y, A F Zi e gl e r , W, 1 962, Taxi onomi e und Phyl ogeme Ober devoni s cher and Gl as s , D J , e ds . , Devoni a n of t he Wor l d: Cana di a n Soc i e t y of Conodon t e n und i br e s t r at i gr a phi s c he Be deut ung: Abl i andl un gen d es Pe t r ol eum Geol ogi s t s , Memoi r 1 4, v. 3, pp. 29 -34. He ss i s c he n Landes a mt e s f 6r Bodenf or s chung, v. 38, 1 66 pp. Va ngue s t ai ne, M, DeCl ai r f a yt , T, Rouha r t , A, and Smee s t er s , A, 1 983, Zi e gl e r , W, 1 971 , Cono don t St r at i gr a phy oft he Eur ope an De voni an: Zonat i on par a cr i t ar chs du Fr a s ni en Su p6 r i eur - Fanmenni an I nf 6 r i e u r Ge ol ogi c al Soci et y ofA mer i c a Me moi r 12 7, pp. 227-284. dans l es bas S i Ds de Di nant , Namur , Her ve et Ca mpi ne ( 1 36v oni e n Zi e gl e r , W, and Sandbe r g, C A, 1 990, The l a t e Devoni an conodont zo nat i on: Supd er i eu r de Bel gi qu e) : Annal es Soci 6 t 6 g6ol ogi que de Bel qi qu e , v. Cour i e r For s chungs i ns t i t ut Se nck enber g, v. 1 2 1 , 1 06,pp.1 21 -1 71. 11 5 pp. 口 Dr Gi l be r t Ma ppe r ( t o p r i gh t ) i s Pr o f e s s o r o f Ge ol og y at t he Un i - v e r s i l y o f I owa, I o wa Ci t y , I owa 5 22 42, US A. Hi s r e s e ar c h c o nc e n- t r at e s o n Si l u r i an and De v on i an c o nod on t t ax o no my an d bi os t r at i g- r a phy , wi t h s pe ci al e mph as i s on t h e Fr as ni an . He i s c ur r e nt l y i nv ol v e d wi t h me t ho ds o fm or ph ome t r i c a nal y s i s o f co no do nt s a nd t he i r us e i n gr a phi c c or r e l at i on . He i s a Ti t ul ar Me mb er o ft he S ub- c o mmi s s i o n o n De v oni an St r a t i gr a p勺 a nd was i t s Vi ce - Chai r man fr o m 1 97 6 t o 1 9 84 . Dr Rai mund Fe i s t ( bo t t om r i gh t ) i s Di r e c t o r o f Re s e ar c h wi t h t he Fr e n c h Nat i on al Sc i e nt fc i Re s e ar c h Ce n t r e ( CNRS) a t t h e Un i v e r - s i t y o f Mon t pe l l i e r ( USTL, 3 4095 Mo nt pe l l i e r , Fr a nc e ) . Hi s r e s e ar c h c o nc e nt r at e s on n or t h- Gon dwana n t r i l ob i t e ge o gr a p勿, s y s t e ma t i c s an d bi o s t r at i g r a ph y . He i s c u r r e nt l y an al y s i n g t h e i mpac t o f gl oba l e v e n t s on l at e De v o ni an o ut e r s he l f t r i l o bi t e b i o - j ac i e s , e v ol ut i o n and di v e r s i t y . He i s Vi c e - Ch ai r man o f t he S ub - commi s si on on Devoni an St r at i gr aphy. Dr R Thoma s Be c ke r ( b ot t o m l e f t ) wor k s at t he Pal ae on t o l o gi c al I ns t i t ut e o f t he Fr e e Uni v e r s i t y Be r l i n ( Mal t e s er s t r a j 3 e 7 4 - 1 0 0, Bui l di n g D, 1 2 249 Be r l i n ) . He r e c e i v e d hi s do c t o r at e i n 1 9 91 , fr o m t he Ru hr - Un i v e r s i t y o f Bo c hum, Ge r ma ny . Fr o m 1 988 t o 1 9 90 he wo r k e d a t t he Un i v e r s i t y o f So ut ha mpt o n on Dev oni a n e xt i n c t i o n event s. Hi s r esearch concent rat es on Mi ddl e Pal aeozoi c ammon oi ds , h i g h- r e s ol ut i o n s t r at i gr a ph y, s e a- l e v e l l f u c t u at i o ns an d t he l i n k s be t we e n gl ob al e n vi r o n me nt al c han ge a nd e v o l u t i on i n t he De v on i a n. He i s a Co r r e s pon di ng Me mbe r o f t he S ub c ommi s s i o n on De v on i a n St r at i gr a p柳. Pr o fe s s o r Mi c hae l R Hou s e ( t o p l e t) f i s Pr o f e s s or o f Ge o l o g y at t he Uni v e r s i t y o f Sou t h ampt on ( Sou t h a mpt on S09 5 NH, UK) a nd f o r - me r l y o f t he Uni v e r s i t y o f Hu l l , He i s a f or me r Pr e s i d e nt o f t h e Pal ae o nt ol ogi c al As s oc i a t i on , t he S ys t e mat i c s As s o c i at i on a nd Pal ae ont og r aphi c al S oc i e t y . Hi s r e s e ar c he s ha v e mai nl y c o nc e n- t r at e d on mi d - Pal ae oz o i c i nt e r na t i on al c o r r e l a t i on an d r e gi o n al an d e v e nt s yn t h e s i s , mai n l y u s i ng an i n i o nou l s . He i s c u r r e nt l y Cha i r man o f t he Su b co mmi s s i on o n De v o ni an S t r at i gr aph y . r ' _ F i s ode s A r e mi nde r o f our addr e s s c hange s , P ' _ F i s ode s pl ea s e t e l l your c ol l e ag ue s and f r i e nds . For edi t ori al mat t ers cont act: For subs c ri pt i on mat t e r s c ont ac t : The Edi t or , Epi s ode s Bri t i s h Ge ol ogi cal Surve y Keywort h Not t i ngham NG12 5GG Uni t e d Ki ngdom Epi s o de s Epi s od es , Vol . 1 6 , n o. 4 Comput e r Pos t i ng Group 120-126 Lavender Avenue Mi t cham Sur r ey CR4 3HP Uni t ed Ki ngdom
t
h
l
e
gen
d
and
expl
anat
or
y
t
ext
of