- IMT Institutional Repository

Fragmented Authority from Ancien Régime to Modernity: A Quantitative Analysis
Data Appendices 1-4
2 May 2009
Mark Dincecco
Assistant Professor
Department of Economics
IMT Lucca Institute for Advanced Studies
Piazza San Ponziano 6, Lucca 55100, Italy
[email protected]
For additional details, see the text of “Fragmented Authority from Ancien Régime to Modernity: A
Quantitative Analysis” (Forthcoming, Journal of Institutional Economics).
Appendix 1. Customs Zones
For additional details, see the text.
Part A. Internal Customs West of the Rhine
England. See the text.
France. See the text.
Netherlands. I made use of the 12 present-day provinces to reconstruct customs divisions between the
provinces of the Dutch Republic. For tractability, I abstracted away from local customs barriers within
provinces themselves. The map of present-day Dutch provinces was from Sensen (2006) and the historical
map of the Dutch Republic was from t’Hart, Joonker, and Van Zanden (1997). Note that the Dutch
Republic also included the Generality Lands, assigned after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648:
Drenthe. Present-day province of Drenthe;
Friesland. Present-day province of Friesland;
Gelderland. Present-day province of Gelderland;
Generality Lands. Present-day provinces of North Brabant and Limburg;
Groningen. Present-day province of Groningen;
Holland. Present-day provinces of North Holland and South Holland;
Overijssel. Present-day province of Overijssel;
Utrecht. Present-day province of Utrecht;
Zeeland. Present-day province of Zeeland.
Spain. I approximated historical sub-polities in Spain by present-day provinces. The map of Spanish
provinces with areas in square kilometers was from Martins (2006a). To determine Spanish customs zones,
I used this map in conjunction with the map of historical sub-polities by Martins (2006b), which were then
related to the historical literature on Spanish internal customs. The Balearic Islands including Mallorca
(4,992 km) were included as part of the Catalonia sub-polity but the Canary Islands (7,492 sq km) and the
islands of Ceuta (20 sq km) and Melilla (12 sq km) were excluded from the analysis because I was unable
to determine the sub-polity with which they were associated:
Aragon. Present-day provinces of Huesca, Zaragoza, Tereul;
Basque Territories. Present-day provinces of Vizcaya, Guipuzcoa, Navarra, Alava;
Castile. Present-day provinces of A Coruna, Lugo, Pontevedra, Ourense, Asturias, Cantabria, La
Rioja, Leon, Palencia, Burgos, Zamora, Valladolid, Soria, Salamanca, Avila, Segovia, Madrid,
Guadalajara, Toledo, Cuenca, Ciudad Real, Albacete, Caceres, Badajoz, Murcia, Huelva, Sevilla,
Cordoba, Jaen, Cadiz, Malaga, Granada, Almeria;
Catalonia. Present-day provinces of Lleida, Barceloa, Girona, Tarragona, Mallorca;
Valencia. Present-day provinces of Castellon de la Plana, Valencia, Alicante.
1
Part B. External Customs East of the Rhine
German Territories. See the text.
Italian Peninsula. There were many sovereign states on the Italian Peninsula in 1815: the Duchies of
Modena, Parma, and Tuscany; the Kingdoms of Lombardo-Venetia, Sardinia-Piedmont, and the Two
Sicilies; and the Papal States. A declaration for an Italian customs union was devised in 1847 but never put
into practice. The Piedmont system of low domestic customs was implemented throughout Italy in 1859.
Economic unification including customs between polities followed the establishment of the Kingdom of
Italy in 1861.1
I approximated historical states in Italy by present-day provinces. The map of present-day provinces with
areas in square kilometers was from Martins (2006c) and the historical map of states was from Hearder
(1983). To establish customs zones in 1815, I superimposed Hearder’s historical map on Martins’ presentday one:
Duchy of Modena. Central one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna, Northern onethird of present-day province of Toscana;
Duchy of Parma. Northern one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna;
Duchy of Tuscany. Southern two-thirds of present-day province of Toscana;
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. Present-day provinces of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Lombardia,
Trentino Alto Adige, Veneto;
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. Present-day provinces of Liguria, Piemonte, Sardegna, Valle
d’Aosta;
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Present-day provinces of Abruzzo, Molise, Campania, Puglia,
Basilicata, Calabria, Sicilia;
Papal States. Southern one-third of present-day province of Emilia Romagna, Present-day
provinces of Lazio, Marche, Umbria.
1
This account is based Hearder (1983), Carpanetto and Ricuperati (1987), and Toniolo (1990).
2
Appendix 2. Sample Cities and Surrounding Internal Customs Zones West of the Rhine in Sq Km, 1700-1815
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Polity
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
City
Bath
Birmingham
Blackburn
Bolton
Bristol
Cambridge
Carlisle
Chatham
Chester
Colchester
Coventry
Derby
Exeter
Greenwich
Huddersfield
Hull
Ipswich
King's Lynn
Leeds
Leicester
Liverpool
London
Manchester
Newcastle
Norwich
Nottingham
Oldham
Oxford
Plymouth
Portsmouth
Preston
Reading
Salford
Sheffield
Shrewsbury
Stockport
Province
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Customs Zone
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
3
1700
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
1750
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
1788
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
1815
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
No.
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
Polity
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
City
Sunderland
Warrington
Wenlock
Wigan
Wolverhampton
Worcester
Yarmouth
York
Strasbourg
Colmar
Nancy
Metz
Avignon
Saint Quentin
Moulins
Reims
Troyes
Bayeux
Caen
Falaise
Lisieux
Bourges
Dijon
Niort
Chartres
Tours
Orleans
Blois
Angers
Cherbourg
Chalons sur Marne
Laval
Nevers
Beauvais
Alencon
Angouleme
Paris
Chalons sure Saone
Province
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Bas Rhin
Haut Rhin
Meurthe et Moselle
Moselle
Vaucluse
Aisne
Allier
Ardennes
Aube
Calvados
Calvados
Calvados
Calvados
Cher
Cote d'Or
Deux Sevres
Eure et Loir
Indre et Loire
Loiret
Lois et Chers
Maine et Loire
Manche
Marne
Mayenne
Nivere
Oise
Orne
Orne
Paris
Saone et Loire
Customs Zone
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
England
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 2
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
4
1700
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
37,056
37,056
37,056
37,056
3,567
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
1750
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
37,056
37,056
37,056
37,056
3,567
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
1788
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
37,056
37,056
37,056
37,056
3,567
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
1815
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
151,201
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
No.
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
Polity
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
City
Macon
Le Mans
Dieppe
Le Havre
Rouen
Abbeville
Amiens
Poitiers
Auxerre
Versailles
Aix en Provence
Arles
Marseille
Toulon
Carcassonne
Nimes
Toulouse
Beziers
Montpellier
La Rochelle
Rochefort
Bordeaux
Limoges
Cahors
Agen
Clermont Ferrand
Riom
Bayonne
Perpignan
Albi
Castres
Montauban
Le Puy
Grenoble
Saint Etienne
Lyon
Vienne
Cambrai
Province
Saone et Loire
Sarthe
Seine Maritime
Seine Maritime
Seine Maritime
Somme
Somme
Vienne
Yonne
Yvelines
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Aude
Gard
Haute Garonne
Herault
Herault
Charente Maritime
Charente Maritime
Gironde
Haute Vienne
Lot
Lot et Garonne
Puy de Dome
Puy de Dome
Pyrenees Atlantiques
Pyrenees Orientales
Tarn
Tarn
Tarn et Garonne
Haute Loire
Isere
Loire
Rhone
Rhone
Nord
Customs Zone
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 2
5
1700
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
23,534
23,534
23,534
23,534
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
12,413
1750
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
23,534
23,534
23,534
23,534
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
12,413
1788
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
208,174
23,534
23,534
23,534
23,534
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
48,724
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
81,346
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
22,187
12,413
1815
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
No.
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
Polity
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
City
Douai
Arras
Boulogne
Saint Omer
Besancon
Brest
Lorient
Rennes
Saint Malo
Nantes
Leeuwarden
Arnhem
Nijmegen
Maastricht
S Hertogenbosch
Groningen
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoorn
Zaandam
Delft
Den Haag
Dordrecht
Gouda
Leiden
Rotterdam
Zwolle
Utrecht
Middelburg
Zaragoza
Bilbao
Badajoz
Cadiz
Jerez de la Frontera
Alcazar de San Juan
Cordoba
Lucena
Santiago
Province
Nord
Pas de Calais
Pas de Calais
Pas de Calais
Doubs
Finistere
Finistere
Ille et Vilaine
Ille et Vilaine
Loire Atlantique
Friesland
Gelderland
Gelderland
Limburg
North Brabant
Groningen
North Holland
North Holland
North Holland
North Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
Overijssel
Utrecht
Zeeland
Zaragoza
Vizcaya
Badajoz
Cadiz
Cadiz
Ciudad Real
Cordoba
Cordoba
Cordoba
Customs Zone
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 3
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Friesland
Gelderland
Gelderland
Generality Lands
Generality Lands
Groningen
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Overijssel
Utrecht
Zeeland
Aragon
Basque Country
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
6
1700
12,413
12,413
12,413
12,413
16,202
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
3,349
4,975
4,975
7,072
7,072
2,336
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
3,327
1,386
1,788
47,720
17,553
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
1750
12,413
12,413
12,413
12,413
16,202
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
3,349
4,975
4,975
7,072
7,072
2,336
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
3,327
1,386
1,788
480,881
17,553
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
1788
12,413
12,413
12,413
12,413
16,202
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
34,024
3,349
4,975
4,975
7,072
7,072
2,336
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
5,488
3,327
1,386
1,788
480,881
17,553
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
1815
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
543,965
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
33,873
480,881
17,553
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
No.
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
Polity
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
City
Granada
Aracena
Alcala la Real
Andujar
Baeza
Jaen
Ubeda
Madrid
Antequera
Malaga
Ronda
Cartagena
Murcia
Palencia
Ecija
Moron de la Frontera
Osuna
Sevilla
Toledo
Valladolid
Barcelona
Palma
Alicante
Orihuela
Valencia
Province
Granada
Huelva
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Madrid
Malaga
Malaga
Malaga
Murcia
Murcia
Palencia
Sevilla
Sevilla
Sevilla
Sevilla
Toledo
Valladolid
Barcelona
Mallorca
Alicante
Alicante
Valencia
Customs Zone
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Catalonia
Catalonia
Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.
7
1700
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
372,801
37,105
37,105
23,255
23,255
23,255
1750
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
1788
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
1815
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
480,881
Appendix 3. Sample Cities and Surrounding Internal Customs Zones West of the Rhine in 1000s of Urban Residents, 1700-1800
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Polity
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
City
Strasbourg
Colmar
Nancy
Metz
Avignon
Saint Quentin
Moulins
Reims
Troyes
Bayeux
Caen
Falaise
Lisieux
Bourges
Dijon
Niort
Chartres
Tours
Orleans
Blois
Angers
Cherbourg
Chalons sur Marne
Laval
Nevers
Beauvais
Alencon
Angouleme
Paris
Chalons sure Saone
Macon
Le Mans
Dieppe
Le Havre
Province
Bas Rhin
Haut Rhin
Meurthe et Moselle
Moselle
Vaucluse
Aisne
Allier
Ardennes
Aube
Calvados
Calvados
Calvados
Calvados
Cher
Cote d'Or
Deux Sevres
Eure et Loir
Indre et Loire
Loiret
Lois et Chers
Maine et Loire
Manche
Marne
Mayenne
Nivere
Oise
Orne
Orne
Paris
Saone et Loire
Saone et Loire
Sarthe
Seine Maritime
Seine Maritime
Customs Zone
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 2
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
8
1700
30
7
15
22
23
UNK
11
25
21
7
27
9
UNK
15
22
UNK
12
30
30
11
27
4
11
10
UNK
12
12
UNK
510
UNK
UNK
17
15
9
1750
40
UNK
22
29
22
UNK
11
30
18
8
35
UNK
UNK
25
22
UNK
10
22
37
11
23
5
15
10
UNK
12
12
UNK
576
UNK
UNK
16
18
14
1800
48
13
29
39
21
10
13
31
21
10
34
10
11
18
22
14
12
23
43
11
25
14
11
12
11
13
13
14
581
11
10
18
17
19
No.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Polity
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
City
Rouen
Abbeville
Amiens
Poitiers
Auxerre
Versailles
Aix en Provence
Arles
Marseille
Toulon
Carcassonne
Nimes
Toulouse
Beziers
Montpellier
La Rochelle
Rochefort
Bordeaux
Limoges
Cahors
Agen
Clermont Ferrand
Riom
Bayonne
Perpignan
Albi
Castres
Montauban
Le Puy
Grenoble
Saint Etienne
Lyon
Vienne
Cambrai
Douai
Arras
Province
Seine Maritime
Somme
Somme
Vienne
Yonne
Yvelines
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Bouches du Rhone
Aude
Gard
Haute Garonne
Herault
Herault
Charente Maritime
Charente Maritime
Gironde
Haute Vienne
Lot
Lot et Garonne
Puy de Dome
Puy de Dome
Pyrenees Atlantiques
Pyrenees Orientales
Tarn
Tarn
Tarn et Garonne
Haute Loire
Isere
Loire
Rhone
Rhone
Nord
Nord
Pas de Calais
Customs Zone
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Five Great Farms
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
9
1700
64
15
30
18
UNK
25
28
20
75
25
11
19
38
12
25
14
10
50
12
UNK
10
12
UNK
UNK
UNK
10
9
18
10
20
UNK
97
7
12
13
15
1750
67
15
33
18
UNK
30
25
23
68
26
12
30
45
13
35
16
UNK
67
18
UNK
10
24
UNK
UNK
UNK
8
9
16
10
24
UNK
114
UNK
12
21
17
1800
81
18
36
20
12
27
19
20
78
32
14
40
45
14
31
18
15
88
16
10
10
30
13
12
13
10
13
19
12
23
18
100
10
14
18
19
No.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
Polity
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
France
City
Boulogne
Saint Omer
Besancon
Brest
Lorient
Rennes
Saint Malo
Nantes
Province
Pas de Calais
Pas de Calais
Doubs
Finistere
Finistere
Ille et Vilaine
Ille et Vilaine
Loire Atlantique
Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)
*UNK = Unknown
Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.
10
Customs Zone
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 3
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Reputedly Foreign 4
Total Urban Population (in 1000s)
1700
UNK
15
17
7
UNK
30
25
42
1,804
1750
UNK
UNK
21
20
UNK
30
15
57
1,992
1800
12
20
24
22
15
28
17
74
2,382
1700
74
23
999
148
105
145
134
55
17
104
1750
91
22
1,093
142
135
168
148
50
21
122
1800
Effectively Foreign 1
Effectively Foreign 2
Five Great Farms
Reputedly Foreign 1A
Reputedly Foreign 1B
Reputedly Foreign 1C
Reputedly Foreign 1D
Reputedly Foreign 2
Reputedly Foreign 3
Reputedly Foreign 4
2,382
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Polity
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
Netherlands
City
Leeuwarden
Arnhem
Nijmegen
Maastricht
S Hertogenbosch
Groningen
Amsterdam
Haarlem
Hoorn
Zaandam
Delft
Den Haag
Dordrecht
Gouda
Leiden
Rotterdam
Zwolle
Utrecht
Middelburg
Province
Friesland
Gelderland
Gelderland
Limburg
North Brabant
Groningen
North Holland
North Holland
North Holland
North Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
South Holland
Overijssel
Utrecht
Zeeland
Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)
Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.
11
Customs Zone
Friesland
Gelderland
Gelderland
Generality Lands
Generality Lands
Groningen
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Holland
Overijssel
Utrecht
Zeeland
Total Urban Population (in 1000s)
1700
15
6
11
26
13
20
200
33
13
26
18
33
22
15
55
48
10
30
25
619
1750
14
6
11
18
14
21
210
27
10
28
15
38
16
15
38
44
12
25
24
586
1800
16
10
13
18
13
24
217
21
10
25
17
38
18
12
31
57
12
32
20
604
1700
15
17
39
20
463
10
30
25
1750
14
17
32
21
441
12
25
24
1800
Friesland
Gelderland
Generality Lands
Groningen
Holland
Overijssel
Utrecht
Zeeland
604
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Polity
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
Spain
City
Zaragoza
Bilbao
Badajoz
Cadiz
Jerez de la Frontera
Alcazar de San Juan
Cordoba
Lucena
Santiago
Granada
Aracena
Alcala la Real
Andujar
Baeza
Jaen
Ubeda
Madrid
Antequera
Malaga
Ronda
Cartagena
Murcia
Palencia
Ecija
Moron de la Frontera
Osuna
Sevilla
Toledo
Valladolid
Barcelona
Palma
Alicante
Orihuela
Valencia
Province
Zaragoza
Vizcaya
Badajoz
Cadiz
Cadiz
Ciudad Real
Cordoba
Cordoba
Cordoba
Granada
Huelva
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Jaen
Madrid
Malaga
Malaga
Malaga
Murcia
Murcia
Palencia
Sevilla
Sevilla
Sevilla
Sevilla
Toledo
Valladolid
Barcelona
Mallorca
Alicante
Alicante
Valencia
Customs Zone
Aragon
Basque Country
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Castile
Catalonia
Catalonia
Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Total Urban Population (in 1000s)
12
1700
30
6
UNK
23
13
UNK
28
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
7
20
10
110
UNK
30
UNK
12
25
4
10
UNK
UNK
96
20
18
43
UNK
UNK
UNK
50
555
1750
UNK
7
UNK
60
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
22
UNK
109
UNK
32
UNK
UNK
32
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
66
UNK
19
50
UNK
UNK
UNK
UNK
397
1800
40
11
10
70
35
10
40
18
25
55
10
12
10
10
28
14
167
15
36
15
33
40
10
28
11
14
96
25
21
115
29
13
19
80
1,165
Aragon
Castile
Catalonia
Valencia
Basque Country
Total Urban Populations within Customs Zones (in 1,000s)
*UNK = Unknown
Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.
13
1700
30
426
43
50
6
1750
1800
390
1,154
7
11
Appendix 4. Sample Cities and Surrounding External Customs Zones East of the Rhine in Sq Km, 1815-1871
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Territory
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
City
Braunschweig
Flensburg
Bremen
Frankfurt A M
Altona
Hamburg
Lubeck
Mannheim
Rostock
Kassel
Hanau
Mainz
Ansbach
Augsburg
Bamberg
Furth
Munich
Nuremberg
Regensburg
Wurzburg
Emden
Hanover
Hildesheim
Luneburg
Berlin
Brandenburg
Potsdam
Aachen
Barmen
Bonn
Cologne
Dusseldorf
Elberfeld
Munster
State or Province
Niedersachsen
Schleswig-Holstein
Bremen
Hessen
Hamburg
Hamburg
Schleswig-Holstein
Baden-Wurttemberg
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Hessen
Hessen
Rheinland-Pfalz
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Bayern
Niedersachsen
Niedersachsen
Niedersachsen
Niedersachsen
Berlin
Brandenburg
Brandenburg
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Nordrhein-Westfalen
Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815
Duchy of Brunswick
Duchy of Schleswig
Free City of Bremen
Free city of Frankfurt A M
Free City of Hamburg
Free City of Hamburg
Free City of Lubeck
Grand Duchy of Baden
Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
Hesse-Cassel (Electoral Hesse)
Hesse-Darmstadt (Grand Duchy of Hesse)
Hesse-Darmstadt (Grand Duchy of Hesse)
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Bavaria
Kingdom of Hanover
Kingdom of Hanover
Kingdom of Hanover
Kingdom of Hanover
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
14
1815
4,761
7,727
404
422
755
755
315
17,876
11,590
10,346
12,332
12,332
70,548
70,548
70,548
70,548
70,548
70,548
70,548
70,548
33,330
33,330
33,330
33,330
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
1850
47,624
15,769
404
422
755
755
315
35,752
11,590
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
47,624
47,624
47,624
47,624
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
1871
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
No.
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
Territory
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
German
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
City
Halberstadt
Halle
Magdeburg
Quedlinburg
Erfurt
Bautzen
Dresden
KarlMarxStadt
Leipzig
Stuttgart
Ulm
Gotha
Modena
Reggio
Parma
Piacenza
Firenze
Livorno
Lucca
Pisa
Siena
Trieste
Udine
Bergamo
Brescia
Como
Cremona
Lodi
Mantua
Milano
Monza
Pavia
Vigevano
Chioggia
Padova
Treviso
State or Province
Sachsen-Anhalt
Sachsen-Anhalt
Sachsen-Anhalt
Sachsen-Anhalt
Thuringen
Sachsen
Sachsen
Sachsen
Sachsen
Baden-Wurttemberg
Baden-Wurttemberg
Thuringen
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Toscana
Toscana
Toscana
Toscana
Toscana
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Friuli Venezia Giulia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Lombardia
Veneto
Veneto
Veneto
Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Prussia
Kingdom of Saxony
Kingdom of Saxony
Kingdom of Saxony
Kingdom of Saxony
Kingdom of Wurttemberg
Kingdom of Wurttemberg
Thuringen States
Duchy of Modena
Duchy of Modena
Duchy of Parma
Duchy of Parma
Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Tuscany
Duchy of Tuscany
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
15
1815
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
99,771
18,413
18,413
18,413
18,413
17,876
17,876
9,703
14,888
14,888
7,301
7,301
15,331
15,331
15,331
15,331
15,331
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
1850
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
250,451
14,888
14,888
7,301
7,301
15,331
15,331
15,331
15,331
15,331
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
63,715
1871
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
357,022
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
No.
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Territory
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
City
Venezia
Verona
Vicenza
Genoa
Alessandria
Asti
Cuneo
Fossano
Mondovi
Novara
Savigliano
Torino
Vercelli
Sassari
Reggio di Calabria
Napoli
Altamura
Bari
Foggia
Lecce
Monopoli
Taranto
Acireale
Caltagirone
Caltanisseta
Castelvetrano
Castrogiovanni
Catania
Girgenti
Marsala
Mascali
Mazzarino
Messina
Modica/Pozzallo
Noto
Palermo
State or Province
Veneto
Veneto
Veneto
Liguria
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Piemonte
Sardegna
Calabria
Campania
Puglia
Puglia
Puglia
Puglia
Puglia
Puglia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
16
1815
63,715
63,715
63,715
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
1850
63,715
63,715
63,715
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
58,173
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
1871
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
No.
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
Territory
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
Italian
City
Piazza/Enna
Ragusa
Siracusa
Termini
Trapani
Bologna
Ferrara
Roma
Viterbo
Ancona
Perugia
State or Province
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Sicilia
Emilia Romagna
Emilia Romagna
Lazio
Lazio
Marche
Umbria
Affiliated Sovereign State in 1815
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Papal States
Papal States
Papal States
Papal States
Papal States
Papal States
Sources: See the text and Appendix 1.
17
1815
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
1850
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
98,973
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
42,732
1871
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
301,338
References
Carpanetto, D. and G. Ricuperati (1987), Italy in the Age of Reason, 1685-1789, London: Longman.
Hearder, H. (1983), Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento, 1790-1870, London: Longman.
Martins, A. (2006a), ‘Clickable map of Spanish provinces’, Flags of the World,
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es(prov.html.
Martins, A. (2006b), ‘Clickable map of Spain’, Flags of the World,
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/es(.html.
Martins, A. (2006c), ‘Clickable map of Italy’, Flags of the World, http://flagspot.net/flags/it(.html.
Sensen, M. (2006), ‘Clickable map of the Netherlands’, Flags of the World,
http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/nl(.html.
t’Hart, M., J. Jonker, and J.L. Van Zanden (1997), A Financial History of the Netherlands, Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
Toniolo, G. (1990), An Economic History of Liberal Italy, 1850-1918, London: Routledge.
18