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r r a : ] B y K o r s r c .c c p r 3 / l c r r r H a r p r l r p y r r ! l : I ) ; l n x a r c , l c n a n a p a r , x o i i ' r . oo 6 x l a l l t a f i c - n u l c , r t p o 6 o r r cr r ' r p t x e r t ' a : 2 1 ( r o l a I l r o r r e r r a n a p a r , x o f i . r o o 6 x n a r r l a
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, t l ac c 3 a K p L f" r t T l r , r r r 3 T e f J t T B c r p a r r [ r n o T o 3 HH a q l t r A a [ p o M e l t . f l Tn . L I xt{rrart r (popN,raTa
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Karo rpaHHuaMex,qyycrHara H HocHaraxyxnHa.To ce pa3AenqHaABerracrv: TB'tpro c KocrHoo6pa:yaaueH Mexo c MycKynHoo6pa:ynaue.Kparr Ha
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M e r o r o r r e 6 u e e n o , u s r r x e Ho p r a l . E , r a r o q a p e H u e H a M y c K y : r H a r a c l t
cTpy(Typa To Moxe '[a ce oTrrycKa K rr3lHfa rj rro To3Lt HaqI{H H3ALr[IHaTa
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po,ra. flpn cflycHaro l,rero He6ue rr cnyxrl Karo lorrhnH[TelreH pe3oHarop.
l l o c r r a r a K y x x H a r l e r r p o M e r r rc a o r r a Q o p n a an o 6 e w . 3 a g u a r a r p a n l r q a H a
r r o c r { a r aK y x I r H ae w e x o r o u e 6 q e , a l p e g H a r a H o 3 A p [ T e .
flocoqegnre rpn KyxlIHI-lIIa r-uacoBrlt KaHar'IkMar ocHoBHo 3HaqelJle 3a
o 6 p a : y a a n e H a p a 3 r x t r H u r e 3 B y K o B eH a p e v r a . T p . r 6 n a o 6 a v e g a c e r r o a q e p Tac, qc Huro eAHa or rqx lle leiicr8S cgM.r ]l He3aBficr.ruoor 4pyrnre. Hanp o T r r B ,T r x l | a T a r r e A e J r r M o c Te n p H q H H a3 a a p T H r ( y n a u l l o H H o - a K y c T [ q H a T a
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I l o g a p r u x y , r a q u o H n oM r c r o c e p a : 6 l p a r a 3 n q a c r o r r n a c o B H r K a H a r , r J
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e corrorpatlrr, xoiiro arpxy nscr xaprur (cororpava) qpe3 nperaprHe
oqepraBa $opvaurure Ha 3ByKa,T.e. ycuxeHHTe co6creeHr,rqecroru Ha r;rac o R n r K a H a , r rO. o p v a u r u r e c e o 6 o l u a q a s a r c , r a r n H c K a r a 6 y r s a ( F ) , a r e x Hurr HoMep c apa6cru qnQpu. <DopvaHrtr c naii-Hucxa qecrora ce or6err:na c quQpara I (Fr) u e pe.qa Ha noBHrtraBaHeHa r{ecrorr.rre c qN$pnre
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qCCTOTATA HA OCHOBII't' TOH HA UHTCIT3HTCTA.
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Ha 3ByKoBere B peqra, orxollxoro rlo3BortBa o6[xuoseuoro rrucMo, ce I{3nol:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::ra
$orrernvHara rpaHcKpHnuur. Harpuvep 6nt xtn6 SoneruqHo ce 3an n c r a [ 6 ' d : r x r ' i r ] . O o u e r u v H a r a r p a H c K p x r l u n re r p a $ l l v e n c n o c o 6 : a : a nIlcBaHe Ha peqTa, 3a Aa ce noxyr{H no-n'bnHo u rlo-{cHo choTBercrBrle Me)KAy 3ByKoBapeanfi3auIIt Ir nrlcrueu 6e,ter. OcuogHllsr npnnqrln npr'tSoxeruvH o r o 3 a n c B a H ee B c e K n3 B y K , q aH M a c B o i i n u c v e H 6 e , ' r e r .
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[ ] 3 a o : u a u a r a n eH a $ o u e r u v H ar p a H c x p r r q r s : f c n ' a x ] , [ v e r i , ] , [ r p d r
R n . q u H l [, S c r d i i a r a ] .
,^ 3a or6erg:gaHe rra HeyAapenar.lacua [a] c no-c,ra6acrerreHHa pelyKu u r : [ 6 ^ x d ] \ , 1[]n, " r d r r ] , [ r p , r g i j r ] . C r o : u : r r a r c e o r 6 e l r : B a r r o - o r B o p e Hr.{rrrracex rra Hey/'laperra
r;racHa[r,]: In"rexa], [i,r",r], [rarr^r<].
c 3 a o r 6 e r r : s a s e r r aH e y n a p e Hra, r a c H a[ a ] c n o - c n ; r H a
c r e r r e rH
r ap e I l y x u r n : [ 6 e p " 6 i x ] , [ v a r " : l i r n ] , [ 6 d 6 a ] . C r o 3 r 3 H a Kc e o r 6 e r s s s a u n o - c l a 6 a
c r e r r e H1 1 ao l t r o p e H o c r r ar r e y n a p e r rra" , r a c u [ar , ] : [ 6 a p r u u a ] ,[ n i r c e , r ] .
jtxxurrr Ha rrupoKa r,racrra6e: y,Eapenue.3a
a 3a o:laqalane Ha rro,:rype
H e y 7 1 a p c rrr;ar a c u a[ a ] r o 3 ] r 3 H a Ke p a B e ] rl a 3 H a K a^ : I e p a r i ] , [ o 6 d u ] ,
Ivor6i].
a 3 a o : u a q a g a r rH
e an o - c H - q r cr ar e n e HH ap e l y K u r { r .3 a u e y g a p e Hral a c r r a
I a ] r ' o : u : r r a x e p a B e r r r a: H a x aa : [ p a l l n r r d ] , f r o n , r r . r H dI ]u, i , r x o ] .
y 3 a o : t r a v a a a t cH ar r o - o r B o p e r {J ' r a c e H
x a} r c y l a p e H a
r r c n a r , r a c r r a[ y ] :
C
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[6rnr1i],[cyvardxa].
H 3 r o B o pH a r r u p o r a r n a c r r a[ e ] n o , ry1g a p e H n e[:v e H e ] ,[ r e 6 e ] .
'a
3a olltaqasaHeHa no-npclno yrl.qenelrxe
HafJracHKcre/l MeKr.r
r tuyulK a B uc L r ' r ' r a c H [uu: i r p a ] , [ x a p ] , [ v a c ] , [ 6 a r ] , [ x d s r , ] .
a 3 a o : t t a g a l a H eH a n p e / ' I H oy q - ' r e n e t r r r rea 3 a ! H a n e , t a 6 u a t t Hra, t a c n a
p e ! u y r r K a B l .cr b r r a c H u : [ - r i v e r r ] .
i i 3 a o : r r a q a g a Htct a I l p e , ] H oy q r r c H e r r uHea 3 a l H H T er ; r a c H uM e x A y ; 1 B e
M e K I cr ' b r l r a c r r rI{o: 6 ' l i r ' d n a v ] , [ , r ' j i r r 'a x ] , [ r ' y r ' j , H ] .
r 3 a o : H a q a i l a uH
e aA , L r x H H a( x n r H r e . r )H af r r a c r r lf i c t r J r a c H n [: x y 6 a n ] ,
[ v y l e c e r r ] ,[ , r y H a ] ,I e c e H a ] .
y 3a o:rravaaaue
H a H e c p i rK
Lo
i r B o p H raJ r a c r a :[ n i i : a ] , [ a ! r ] .
€ 3 a o : l r r a q a n a Hr rea u H p o l rr r 3 r o B o pH a r . l a c r r a [: 6 € r ] , [ , r € r e r r ] [, r r 6 n l r o ] .
i 3 a o : H a . r a s a HHea r r o c o Bi l 3 r o B o pl a r " r r a c u a[ x: a H c r r ] , [ r d n r p d c ] .
d 3 a o s H a . r a s a Hr iea r J r a B t ryo, u a p e H H [ev:A c a ] , [ l , r a n n H d ] .
6 3 a o : H a q a s a H eH a B T o p o c r e n e n u o( g o n r , l u u r e l r r o ) y l a p e H u e :
Icp6lHoerpor6ricxu], Icrj'goycrofrvirt], Ici,,rHordron].
f i 3 a o : r r a v a a a Huea g l r Q r o u r u v e Hr i 3 r o B o pH ar B e f n a c H u :t f i r ] t O O ] .
e a a x u e H T Hea! H H H u a[:n o r _ r r l A c a r a ][ ,a l r g ' a x , r o ] .
, 3 a o : n a . r a n a nH
l 3 a o : H a . r a s a HHear B b p . qH 3 r o B o p
H ac l r r a c H a r a [ " , r ][:l o u r ] ,t l o $ ] , t l e r ] l
l9
n'3a
o s H a q a s a H eH a M e ( a ( n a ; r a r a l u a ) c L r J I a c H a :[ 6 ' a l ] ,
IcH'ax],
[6'ySer].
n' 3a olnaqasaHeHa nonyMeKocr Ha cbr;lacHara: [r'e6' e], [u' ero].
p 3a o:HavaraHe Ha cpHqKorBopHocr Ha coHopHl.lre cI'rJIacHIr [p] lt [,1]:
[apx], [c;:a].
f a cbcracHara: [r'yr], [,q'p"yv].
r o 3 a o s H a . i a s a H en a - l a 6 l r - n l t l a u n fH
utrpt I u no3tamu n,raHu'
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6uetrc u cauomtto.
# 3a osua.ranaHeHa,qbJlra nay3a B Kpat lla u3per{eH[ero: Eces # Mlr.rn
rr abxaoBe f .
y 3 a o 3 u a q a B a H eu a a $ p n r a r d : r : [ v o n ] , [ v y v d ] , [ v a c ] .
s 3 a o s H a ' l a s a H eu a a Q p u x a r d : : [ s i ; u x a v ] , [ s n $ r ] .
| 3 a o s H a q a s a H eH a K 3 r o B o p a H a c p e , q H o[ , ' r ] r p e g r , r a c u a [ e ] [ n ] : I l e Q ] ,
fldotoI.
(6u,ra5ua.aett)
u3roBopHa c'br:Iacuara
Ha,qByycrHen
w 3a o:uaqagaue
x].
In]: Iwosd],[rvofirri
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Ha rByycrHeH
[dr]: Irpj,pua].
1 3 a o : u a r a s a u e H a 3 B y q r l ac b r ; I a c H a [ x ] : [ r u g ' i y r o ] , [ 6 u 1 r o o : d . ' r ] .
1 13 a o l r r a v a a a H eH a l { 3 r o B o p aH a 3 a A H o( r e - n a p H o )[ r r ] : [ 6 i r 1 x a ] , [ r a t l r d ] .
v 3 a o : l r r a . r a g a H eH a t , t 3 r o B o p aH a n p o x o l l t l a c r , f J I a c H a I u ] : I r d v c r n ] ,
lavcirv6 r:rl.
20
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y c r I r c r r u ( ; r a 6 r a , r r r uo r . l a r . l a b i u n t ) H l e y c r r r c r r l r ( H e r r a 6 t a l r r n ) .
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B 6 r , ; r r a p c x u l e 3 u r {r - t a c H u T ec a c a M o y c r u u ( o p a : r H n ,H e H o c o a n ) .
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22
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{lopvaHruure rrecrorr no cner(Tr,pa.3a u:ronopa Ha BcrKa rnacHa aprhKynHpar.rlHTeopraHH 3aeMar onpe,ueneHorrojroxeHHe, or Koero ce ooycraBrr
qecrorHHTe crofiroctll Ha
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3 a r p u r e r p y n n r n a c H H n p e g H a [ n , e ] , 3 a t r H nH e , r a 6 n a l s u [ r , , a ] r a : a g H n
,ra6na,rHu Io, y], - o6oco6eHH Ba3 ocHoBa Ha apr[KynaqtroHHr.rre [pr43Harlrr
yqJteIIIrTeIHOMACTOjCTeIIeHlla n3Ar-rraHeHa e3I{Ka r,IyqacTfie Ha ycTHt{Te,
r p o p v a H r u a r a K a p r H H ae c n e A H a r a .
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qra SopvaHra e MHoro l-o;rrM. To:lu arycrrveH e$err ce o6yc,raat nail-o6ulo oT rrpeaHaTaapTr.rxyrausq Ha r,'racHHTejKorTo cTecHrBa npe.qHaTaqacT
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e x a p a x T e p H o l l o - f o n r M o c l c p e l o T o q a B a H e t l a 3 a y K o B a T ae H e p r I - I n ,T . e .
n p x 6 , r u x a a a H c H a n b p B U T e4 n a $ o p v a u r a . H a i : i - : u a q r r e , r u o e c 6 c p e A o r o q a B a H e r oH a e H c p r r r r a r r o c n e K T , b p aB 3 o H a r a H a 1 2 0 0 x q t a r , r a c H a r a
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c:boTBerHo cTecHeHa.
3a ra1Hnre la6nalsn r,racHu [o] u [y] e xaparrepHo c.bcpeAoroqaBaHe
Ha 3ByKoBaraeHeprur B ltxcKara qacr Ha cneKTbpa.3a ro:n aKycruqeH
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Ha fnacoBnt xala-1, 6larogapeHHe Ha Koero Qopvanrnrlre qecroru ce noHI-IXAB AT.
23
Bpl:xara Mex,qy aprrrKyJrauHoHHr{Te
npn3Harlu H pa3npeAeneHuero Ha
qecrorure ua Qopuanrure nafi-o6u1o e cne.qHara. {ecrorr.rre Ha n6pBr{t
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Ha BTopr.rrrpopvaHr (F2) c aprxxy:raquoHHoro vscro. Kolxoro no-Trcna e
r;racHara, ToJrKoBaqecrorfiTe Ha nbpBr{r t}opvanr ca no-HltcKlr u o6paruo
KoJtKoro rJlacHara e no-tttupoKa, ToJrKoBare3n qecrorlt ca no-sucoru. flo
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THTe Ha BToprlr QopuaHr, a 3a,{Hara rn noHfixaBa. OcreH rosa, KaKTo ce
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u
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400
450
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2000
1600
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2500
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2200
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Ha rrbpBlrTegaa QopvaHra Ha rJracHHTe,B]3 ocHoBa Ha KoHTo
cJryxoBo ce unelrruQuqnpa Bcrxa rrrracHa,vorar Aa 6tAar npeAcraBeHt-rcxeM a r r L r r o n o H a q H H an
. o c o L r e Hx a Q r - r r .L
rfecrornre Ha BTopr.lr rlopvaHr ca Hafi-s[coxr{ 3a rlracHara
[n], a HafiHHcKIl 3a rracHara [y]. Mexgy rqx B cfla,qaul peA ca qecror[Te Ha BToprlt
QopvaHr Ha ocraHarHTe r,racnrl. 9ecrorlrre Ha nr,pBrlr rfopvaHr ce noBr.lfiraBar or rJracHara [u],uo r,racHara [a], c,reg Koero ce noHnxaBar.qo r;racrrara [y]. Brcoxnre uacuu [u] u [y] I cpegHnre [e] n [o] nMar eAHaKBr4
rrHcjrl-rTenHI,r
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or rnacHara Ia] e nocoxa xr,v
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r,lacHara [r-r]Ao rracHara [a] x
csoTBeTHOCe nOHIXaBaTa nOcoKalla rnacHara [y].
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B xoopaxllaTHaTacrcTeMa Ha r.,racHxrecflopea rrecrorfiTeHa nlpBut |r BTopttt
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Ha BTopr.rrrlopvaHr. B ro.rxara rra npecfir{aHero Ira (oop.qxnarnTe e or6eJIg3AHA fJIACHATA.
qecrorHTe Ha Qopvanrure
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rro cneKTrpa rJracHHTes 6r:rrapcxu.a e3HKnpI,ITexaBar creAHtrTe aKycrt{trHlt
npH3Harlu:
l . K o v l a I ( T H o c r H , ql t Q y : x o c r . K o v n a x r s n c a r l r t - r ' l ] a c H u ,
lrpn Korlro rlbpBntr H BTopHtr Qopvaxr ca npu6,ruxexr eallH Ao Apyr, a
gutfy:Hlr ca rnr, rrpu KoHTo rrLpBI{Te,usaQopvaura ca oraar'IeqeHneAttH o'r
Apyr. B aprl.rKynaqHoHHo orHoneHue KoM[aKTHocrra ce cBbp3Ba c uHpoKlrre r;racHn, a .qu$y:Hocrra c recHXTe. KovnarrHl ca r.nacHure [a], [o],
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Hocr cr,c 3aaHure fJracHn. C sncoxa roHajlHocr ca rjlacHl.ITe [u] n [e], a c
rr[cKa roHaJ]Hocr - r;IacHI{Te Io] " [y]. f,racntre [a] n [t] ca c'r'c cpe,[Ha
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25
oHHo orHo[reHrie rot ce cB6p3Ba c yqacruero Ha ycrHxre (na6uluocrra).
Ber'4orHri ca rracHure [o] n [y], a ue6euo;rss - r,rracHure [n], te], [r], ta].
B 6rlrapcxna
e3HK -irlrrrcBarlllrrlr H Kparxn rnacHu c Qonoloruuua
crofinocr. Ygr,,rxaaar ce r;racHprc eKcrrpecr{BrraSyuxqrlr 3a u3pa3.sBaHeHa
pa3rnqHn BlrAoBeeMourri. OcneH rona qr,-lxfiHara Ha rJ]acHara e nefiua ntrpeuHo rrpncbula xapar(TepucruKa. Taxa Hanpnvep ufpoKnre rJracHr.rnplt
pannn QoueruvHn ycJroBHr ca rto-.ub:]rH or recHr.rre rracHlr.
B :as cyvocr or y.qapeHHerornacuxre r'aorar ga 6r,gar o6oco6eHras gae
rpynu: H a n p e r H ar H H H e H a rrp e r H ar n. Hanpernarn ca rJrac_
Hr.rrcrroA yAapeHne, a HeHanperHaru - rnacHr.rre6er yaapenne. To:ll npn:r r a Kc e c B l p 3 B a c u 3 p a 3 x o ! B a r r a T a p T H K y n a r l H o H H o - a K y c T r r q
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H a H C y A a p e H u T fen a c H u .
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$ 1 7 . f , r a c t a l u l . 3 a n : r o e o p H al . r a c H a r a[ r ] e : r x r , r c e [ 3 A . b p r B a
cu;rHo
nalpeJI. Karo lrp6r,r lra fipe,qHaraH cpc.utiaraMy qacr e BHcoKoLt3A]tftrar
Kr,Mnpellrroro rsr,p,qoue6qe. C xpalrrqaraclr e3[Krr ce nprTrrcKaAo cre_
r r n r e H a H e 6 q e r on I I o r o 3 H u a q H I tB n p e i l H a r aq a c r H a y c r H a r a K y x H H ac e
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a a r r p e fl i l a r o p e , q l t H r B a ; r nMaa ca c r,3llaBarrltpoK [poxo]] B f.r,pjrer{aTa
r 3aaHaTaqacTHa ycTHaTaKyXHHa.
IIo rarrs Haqulr3a u3roBop Ha r;racrrara[u] xorrrlarypaufirra Ha r.r,racoBurr
K i l r r a lc c x a p a K T e p H 3 Hcpbac c H J I l r coT e c H e H [ B
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Aprrr(ynaquoHHr..rre xapaKTepucruKu onpeAentr rracHara [u] no c,regHUr HaqLIH:IIO yqneHIITeJIHOMTCTOTt e n p e,{ H a, nO CTeIIeHHa LI3,qIIfaHe
H ae 3 r . l KB
a n c o K a, anortpoxo,{Mexay rrp6anaetwra r ue6qero r t c H a.
B axycruvuo orrJorrrcHrjecnerilbptT Ha r,lacHara [lt] ce xapaxrepu:upa
cbc creaHuTe oco6eHocu. 9ecrorure Ha nbpBxt Qopvartr (Fr) ca srlcru r.r
cpeAno rro crreKT'r,pace norBqaar B roHara Ha 250 xq,' a Ha BTopt{t (ropwaur
(Fz) . cpe,qHoB 3oHara Ha 2000 xu. I,I:wex.qy Bclrt{Klir,,racHl caMo r;IacHara
r{ecrora Ha Bropl.rr $opnraHr. flopa,qr
[u] ce xapaxrepn3Hpa c rar(aBa BucoKa
r o B a r ; r a c H a r a [ r . r ]o c p a a H e n N ec , u p y r n T e t r a c r l ] r c n y K o B o c e B L 3 I l p n e M a
raro naii-rucoxa. 9ecrorrre ua rpern.n $opuartr (F1), xouro nMar 3Har{eIIfic
c a T a 3 } rf j r a c H a , c p e A H oc e n o t B t B a T n o c r e K 3 a c n y x o B o T o p a 3 n o 3 r r a B a r {H
lr,pa B 3onara Ha 2500 xu.
ArycrruHnrc
xapaKTeprlcrnKH otlpeae,:ltr rracHara [u] ro cregturn rtarrxll: fio pa3cpe,[oroqaB:lHeHa 3ByKoBaTaetlcpf]lt, T.e. rlo oT,{ajleqaBalleHa
BTopur or n'spatrr Qopvaur rr e
Xq
! u Q y 3 H a, a fio-BxcoKara qecrorxa croiilrocr Ha nropNr Qop3000
(oncort rona,rMar{T BrrcoKa
r ro c r ) .
7000
$ 18. l-,racxa [e]. 3a r:rosop rra
r
.
j
r
a c H a r a[ e ] e r n r r r c e [ 3 A ' b p r r B a
6000
H a n p e A H H a f o p e B r r p e n H a ' f aq a c T
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5 cer
Olr- 4. Corrarpa*ra.l,lrroeop
rra uacua Iu] R I\yv^ra ntpu
I
H a y c T H a T aK y x K H a ,H o s n o - c , r a 6 a
c T e I I e HB C p a B t l e f i H e
C n 3 r O B O p aH a
rnacnara [n]. Kpanulara Ha e3HKa
ce orrHparAo creHnre na ue6qero,
HO 3acerllaTaTa IITTOUI
e I]O-MaIKa lI
no-Kbca, oTKoJrKoTorrpH apTr.rKyjrlrparrero Ha rJracHara Iu]. flopagu
c p e ; I H a T ac r e r r e H H a [ 3 / ' l H r a H e H a
e 3 H K ac r e c H e H H e r o ,K o e r o c e o 6 p a t y B J n o , qn p e n n o r o r a r p a o H e 6 u e .e
cpaBHxTeJrHorro-tx[IpoKo, oTKo-rIKoTo rlpu r-qacHara[n]. VcrHlrre cr,r1o
ca no-uupoKo oTBopeHr.rr.r[o-cj]a6o u:rer,resu Bcrpanlt, orKoJrKoro
r p H x 3 r o B o p a r r a r , r a c r r a r aI r ] .
.rccrorr{ca 3aM6xxu r,1ac.Ilpr{ xeucKxrcrnacoscc roiiquOpoBxreIaHHx3a{l)opMaHTIlurc
U O C T I 1 T CC a C p a B l l t ' l T C r ' l l l o n o - a u c o X l r .
21
6
d
O H r . 5 .f , , r a c f[l e
a]
t(olrQnryparlHt
ltit rnacouHtkaian; 6
nalaTorpaMi!
CpasHeuuero vcxgy xoHrfnrypau(HTe Ha rlracoBr.{rKaHajr3a r.r3roBopHa
rrpeAH[Te rlaclru [l] u [e] noxa:aa, qe B rrperlHara ctl ,lacr roi e crecneH, a
B 3aAuara cH rlacr pa3rxnpeH. Pa:,rurara ce crlcroll B crerrelrra Ha orBope_
uocr u 3arBopeuocr Ha pa3-rtlrqHureqacrl.r Ha KaHaJra.flplr n:roeop Ha r;rac_
uara [e] npeguara qacr Ha KaHa,rta
e [o-r trpoKa B cpaBHerr[e c [3r.oBopa Ha
rracrrara Iu], a:aguara cborBerHo no-crecHeHaT
. oaa ce gr,,rxn Ha no-cJra6
o
r
o
n
:
g
r
,
pneaue rra Jrr{HrBaJrHara
Xq
Maca B xopH3oHTaJrHatr BepTrrKajrrra
8000
rloc oKa.
Aprlrry,raquoHrr IlTe xapaKTep].tc70m
T H K x o n p e l c n r r r . na c Ha r a I e ] n o
CJ'IeIHHt IlaqHI{: fiO yqr'IeHI,IT€J'IHO
MtcTo Tq e I p e.q H a, [o cTerIeH Ha
H3]lr.rfaHe Ha e3HKa - c p e ,q II a, a [o
6000
-s000
rrpoxo,]lMexay rrp6a na e:rra u ue6ueTo-lxtrpoI(a.
B axycrlrvuo ornoureHlte ctle(T.bplr Ha rJ'racHara[e] ce xaparrepnrup a c b c c n e A H H T eo c o 6 e s o c r n . V e c rorKre Ha [bpBr.rr 4)opMaHr (F1) ca
40m
3000
2000
3 H A q U T E N H O T I O - B T , I C O K IO
-IT I.ICCTOTUTC
l0m
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,5 ceK
TEjIHO IIO-MAJII(A CTEIIEH OT qECTOTIIOHr. 6. CorrarpaMa.l.l3rosop
Te Ha BTop[.q Qopvanr Ha rJ]acHara
rra fnacua Lel B ly,v.ara 6e6e
[lt]. CpegHo re ce norBrBar B 3oHara
28
0,4
rranrpnna QopvaHTHa rnacHara[r.r].
Cpeguo re ce norB.{BarB 3oHara Ha
400 xq. 9ecrorure ua sroplrl $opvaxr (F2)ca BlrcoKuH
, o B cpaBnrl-
H a 1 6 0 0 x u . C p e A H H T er { e c r o r s H a r p e r l ' I {
QopuaHr (F3) ca e 3oHaraHa 2300 xq.
AKycrrqHt,ITe xapaKTepucrHKlI onpeAeJrflT
rJacnara [e] no c:regHur HaqttH: no pa3nonoxeHlre Ha r|l,pBtITe,qBasopMaHTa B cpaBHeHIle
cr,c cneKTlpa Ha rJlacHara [u] rr e r o v n a K T H a , I n o B f i c o K a r a, l e c . r o . I gca. I o I g o c r
Ha Fz - B H c o K a (BI4coKaroHa,'IHocr).
3aitu ue,tabuatHu zracHu
$ 19. l','racxa [a]. llpu ti3roBopHa rnacnaKaHaJIe cI.IJIHocrecHeH a
o6rac.I.raHa f'bpreHaTaKy-
O x r . 7 . f n a c H a[ a ] .
ra [a] r:raconlrlr
Kor()Hrypau s Ira rnacoBtt xaHajl3a.qHaTa
cu qacr s
xxrra H c'hoTBeTHotx}IpoKo oTBopeH B IIpe,{HaTacn qacT B oo,rscTTa Ha ycTHaTaXyXUHa.flOpaln Qaxra, rle cTecHeHfieToe B 3aaHaTaqacT I{a KaHaJIa,
a tre B cpe,4[aTa, rJacHa [a] no yr{JeHlTerHo Mscro ce onpeaejlt KaTo 3a.qHa.
3a uaroaopa Ha rJIacHara [a] e:nxtr B utrara ycrHa KyxKHa 3aeMa HI.IcKo
roJroxelrre, KaTo 3aaHaTa My qacT e cxxllo H3a'bpnatlaHa3a,4K'bM cpeaaTa
rra fLprefiaTa (yxHna. KparluaTa My ca ornycHaTfi [l He ce AoKocBa'f Ao
cretlure na Hc6lrero. B'spxtr ra e:rrra
xrl
e clrlo orrrycrlaT. KaTo "leKo iloKocBa
3000
ocrloBara IIa Io,'IItrre pc:llr. Ycrtturc
c a x r l r p o K o p a 3 T B o p e I I H6, e r ; ( a c e l t : 70m
llbpnBar llcrpaHU. f{o;rttara qeJIrccr e
c]'rrlo cujrrro orrycfiara r{allo,ry u 3ae!(6000
r r o c y c T r r u T eo c H f y p t B a M l l o f o l I u p o K
o r r o p H a y c r r r a r a K y x H H a .H u c r o t o n o 5000
noxeHI,Ic Ita e3nr(a, cHJIHoorllycllarilra
qeJrrocTH ItIHpoKoorBopcHHTeycrrlri xapaKTeptl3nparflracrrara Ia] xaro Har-or- 40m
RoperrB cpaBHerrrec,qpyfHTe r,'IacIlu.
n p r u K y J r a u u o H H H T ex a p a x r c p l l c r H - 3000
Kx o[pelleJ]rr r;lacHara Ia] no c-re;ltrltr
H a L r u l r : l l o y q , ' r e H r t T e J I H oM t c T o T t c 2000
3 a a lr a, I]o cTerIeIIHa k3,IIHfaHeHa e3uKa H x c K a, a rto npoxoa \lex.Ity rbp6a 1000
r r a e 3 H K a uu e 6 u e r o t u l t p o K a .
B arycruvHo orHorueuue cneKTbpr,r
0
0,4 ceK
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
Ha r.Jracrrara[a] ce xaparrepu3Hpa c]c
- ecrotn.re ga
c . J I C J I H l l TOeC O 6 e n O C r g 9
nrpru.n Qopwaur (Fr) ca Hafi-srcoxu s
c qecrorHTe ua nrpau.n QopcpaBHeHr.re
4) r. 8. CorrarpaMa.tl3rotsop
Ha rnacna [a] B )\yvara 6d6a
29
MaHTHa Apyrnre rracHu. CpegHore ce norBrBar B 3oHarana 600 700 xrr.
9 e c r o r u r e H aB r o p u r { o p v a H r ( F 2 )c e n o r n a e a rc p e l H o B : o u a r a u a I 1 0 0 1200 xq. Ilo.recrortrara 6-ru:ocr vex;y F1 t,tF2 rnacHara [a] ce onpene,ra
Karo .spI<oH3pa3eHa
Kol{flaxrHar,racsa. 9ecrornre Harperrrr rfopr.,ranr
(Fr)
ca.qocraorAa;reqeruor r{ecrorfiTelra Bropxr QopmaHr.CpegHore ce rorBrBar B 3orrarana 2200 xu.
Arycruurrurc xapaKTepKC
l'rKlr oflpe,qe,rrrr
rJracHara[a] no clre,4HuaHa9n|l: rro pa3ltojtoxeltue Ha rl],pBnre,4Ba QopMaHTa rt e K o M II a KT H a, a
rro qfcreHara croinocr Ha BTopHr rfopuaHr
cbc cpeAH
a ro HarlI o c T.
$ 20. I-racxa [r,]. 3a n:roeop Ha rJracHara[r,] e:ur<tr B ycrHara Kyxurra
: ' a e M aI l o - B l . t c o xIot o , t o x e I I H eo,r x o n ( o r o n p ! rH 3 r o B o p H
a ar l a c l a r a [ a ] , r a TO KpanrqaTa rra cpeaHaTa My qacT JrreKocc /xoKocBaTao 3aaHaTa qacT tra
rrc6rlclo. B rlp,reHara Kyxlrra e3u(r,r e cpaBHxreJrHorroBeqe x3AbprraH o.r.
flpJreHara crerra, orKoJ'rxoro rrpH r,rracnara [a], nopana xoero n o6pa:ylat l o r o r y K c l c c l t c u u c c n o - c - t a 6 ot 3 p a 3 e n o . B r p x r r u a e : n x a J I e K oc e , ' l o K o c a a
A o f o p n a r a n o r o B l l l l u a J l o , r r r x r cp e r r r r . O r R o p l r H r y c r t t r . r r ee c p a B n u r e l t H o n o - T e c e H ,o r x o r x o r o n p u u 3 r o B o p a l a r - r r a c n a r a[ a ] . V c r r r r a r e c a n p u 6 ,rIIlXeIIx eJlHilllo,i1pyf a u 8 apTsI(y-IIauxtTt ca IIeyTpaJIHII IItl]'o ce H3TCrjlrT
r r r r r p e l l r x r ' o c e r l 3 , t b p n r l a lB c r p a r r l r .C r e : u c x o c o 6 e r r o c r r K o H $ t , t r y p a ( u r l i l n a r l r a c o B r i qK a r r a , 3r ra u 3 r o B o p r r a r J r a c H a r a[ r , ] u a n o g o 6 a e ax o H t ! r . r r y p a t l u t r a I I a f J I a c o B H 'K
l a t r a -B
r rc ] , c r o r l | c f l t n o K o t , I l p f i x o t r o c e a p r x K y J I H p a r
I t c y ' f p a ; t H l r c f - r t a c n t ro r , , [ r r n " r u r r . X a p a x r e p n a o c o 6 e n o c r H a f r a c o B r - j t
Kauan npu u3roRop na 6r,rrapcxara r,racHa[t] c o6aue ovepraaaHero na
H 3 B e c r l t oc r e c H c g l t c g o 6 r r a c r r a H a f r r p j r e H a r aK y x u H a .T o s a c r e c H e H L I eM
, ax a p x A a r r ee r a K a l r 3 p a 3 c H oK
, a K l o n p l r r r l r o B o p a r r a r : r a c H a r a[ a ] , e g o c r a 'lLrrro, 3a
A a . c ey c r a H o B r .ar p r l r K y - n U l t o l l t o - a K y c r H L t H6t . r r l t o c r M e x l y A B e -
O r . 9 . f n a c r r aI L ]
ar (olrOfirvpaqur lra r-'racoBrrxaua-l;6
30
nalarorparla
Te r,racHH.flopagt ra:u r.rMeHHo
rrpnquHa r rJracHara[r,] ce onpe.qerutro yqne-
Xq
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4 cex
O H r . I 0 . C o r r d r p a M aH. i r o B o p
rra rnlcrra [r,l r] Jlyr\lara6.a-?
HHTeiIHOM'CTO KaTO3aAHa.
Aprnry,raqlrouul.ITe xapaKTeplrcrfi Kn onpeAe"{rr rlracHara [r] no c:reguna
HaqlIH:Iro yqneHkTeIHo MrCTOTt e
3 a .q H a, no cTerreHHa H3AIZfaHelta e3r{Ka B U C O K a, a nO npoxoaa Mexl(y f],p6 a u a e : l r x au s e 6 u e r o r r c H a .
B arycrrvuo orHouleHr{e crreKTbpr'r
Ha r.r.racHara[r,] ce xapaxrepn3r.rpa cbc
c j r e , q n u T eo c o 6 e r l o c r u . 9 e c l o r u l e
tta
nrparr Qopvanr (Fr) ca ro-BrcoKri or
qecrorHTe Ha n6pBur
Qopvanr Ha rJracrara [e] n [o-HKcKll or trecror(Te Ha cbulnr $opvaur Ha r;racHara Ia]. Te ce nor B r B a r c p e . u H oB 3 o H a r a l r a 4 5 0 5 0 0 x u .
9ecrorure Ha Broprr rlopvaHr (F2) ca
rro-HrlcKr or.recrorrrre Ha nropul SopMaHT Ha r-iracHara[e] r.rca rarp,4e 6,rn:ro
,qo qecrorrrre Ha cr'rrllrr Qopvaul rra
r-rracHara [a] r,rn cc fi3paBHfiBar c rrx.
T e c e n o g s q s a rn o c n e x r b p ac p e l H o B 3 o H a r al r a 1 2 0 0 - 1 3 0 0x q . g e c r o r u r . c
ra'rperr'rr rfopvaHr (F3) nogo6no ta qecrorfiTe Hacrrqra dropvarrrHarlracna'ra [a] ce rorBrBar cpeArroB 3oHaraHa 2200 xu.
ArycrnvHure xapar<repHcrrlxx
onpeAe-rrrrrJ.racHara
[t] no c,regHnl lraqnu:rlopa3nono)KeHH
[ ean r , p B H Tgen a Q o p v a u r aI c p a B H e H nce, b cc r r e r T ' [ , p a H a r ; r a c H a r a[ a ] r . a e g u t Py : x a , a [ o q n c - ] r e H a cr ar o i i H o c r l r a B T o p r z ,
Q o p l r a u r c ' r , c c p e A Ha r o H a i r H o c r .
3alnu
ia6uarrutl
zracqu
$ 21. I.rracua Io]. 3a u:ronop Ha r.iracHara [o] e:nxr,r ce r{3,4.bprrBa
rra3alt
B ycTHaTa KyxHHa, KaTO C.brrleBpeMeHHo
cT,c 3a,AHaTaCr{ t{acT ce r.r3ar{faB
rlocoKa K bM veroro ne6qe, Ho B no-MaJIKacrerleH, orxo;rKoro 3a H3foBopa
r a r l r a c H a r a [ y ] . K p a n u l a r a H a e 3 u K ac e . q o K o c B a rr T e x o , q oc r . c H t l T eH a M e xoro ue6qe, a BT,pxr,TMy e orrrycHar r.ru3lbprrarr Ha3a! or npeAHnre pe3rlrr.
flo ro:r HaquH ce o6pa:yna cpaBHHTe-rrHo
ro-lrMa rrpe.qla KyxHria t.rcpaBrrtlTeJIHoMarr(a 3a,IIHaxyxrlla. YcrHure e,qHonpeMeHHo
c ABt{xeHllero Ha e3I{Ka
B XOpH3OHTajlHaX BepTHKa,tItaIIOCOKaCe 3axpbfntr r.rJIcKo ce [3Terr.sT
3l
lralrpel r(aTo He caMo crecHtBaT, Ho I.ry,{bnxaBaT oTBopa Ha ycTHaTa ryxuHa. B arycruuen njraH ToBa y,qbnxaBaHeHa rracoBlr{ KaHaJrBoAu Ao noHl.lxaBaHe Ha qecToTIjTexa Qopvaurnre.
AprurylaquoHuHre xapaxrepl-tcrllKI{ onpe,qertr rJIacHara Io] no c:re,qMtcTo Tt e 3 a a H a, no cTeneH lra I'I3AHraHeHa
Hn.nrraqHH:no yqJleHI.ITe-rrHo
a
6
Orr. I l. f.nacrra
[o]
d - (olrq)firypauxqlra rracoRrq Karan; 6 .. nanarorpNMa
Xq
E000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0,t
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
O x r . l 2 - C o B a r p a M al .4 3 r o B o pH a u a c r r a [ o ]
v gyvara 6o6oa
32
0,7 ceR
\\----2,/'
6
a
@ r r . 1 3 .f : r a o r a[ y ]
rouifurypaqrr lla r_qacoam
rarra,r;6 - na,rarorpava
e 3 x r ( ac p e A H a , n o n p o x o A M e x ; l y l b p 6 a l t a e : n x a r u e 6 q e r o r x H p o K a a n o y q a c r l . r eH a y c r H n r e I a 6 n a , r n a .
B axycruvHo orHo[reHne cnexTbp]T Ha rrracHara
[o] ce xapameplr:npa
c b c c r e A n L r r eo o o 6 e n o c r l l . 9 e c r o r l r e H a n b p B x ,
$opvaHr (Fr) ca cpaasu_
reJrrrorrlcKr.rH ce rrorBrBar cpelHo B sotrara Ha 400 xq. C ra:u croiirrocr F1
rra r;lacrrara Io] ce tapaetr.aaa c Ft tla r.racHara
gecrorure Ha BTopr.r,
[c].
r f o p v a r r r ( F 2 ) c a c p a e x u r e l H o r r r r q K nr r c p e . q H or e c e [ o r B r B a r B 3 o a a r a H a
800 xq. Vecrortre Ha rperr.rr rfopvaar (Fr) ca Aocra orAareqsHr.ror qecrorl.1r'cHa B'ropltr (topvHar. Cpegno re ce [orBrBar B 3oHara na 2200,2300
xu.
AKycruqnr.trc xapaKTeprcrl.rrrr onpe,Ielr.sr r;racHara
[o] rro clegulra ua_
q r: tro pa3rrolroxeHne rra nrpB]rre,qra
B
cpaBHeHr.re
cbc c[eKT.l_
Qopvaura
pa Ha r.ltacrrara[y] rr e a r r] y : H a, a rro rrKcleHa croiiHocr ua tropnr
Sop_
MaflT urrcKa
(c uucra roHanHocr).
$ 22. l'lacrra [y]. 3a r:rotop Ha r_qa*rara[y] e:nxrr ce r3rer;n Ha3a,q
I y c T H a T aK y x I l H a , x a T o c b u e B p e M e H H OC , b C3 a A H a T ac H q a c T c e f i 3 A I { f a
B
nocoKa K.bMvexoro He6qe B rro_forrMa creneH, orKo;Iroro 3a l_I3foBopa
Ha
rracHala [o]. C xparqara c].re3KKl,Tr_rlGTHoce onnpa
,qo crcHrrre Ha rrpe.q_
lroro MeKo rre6r1e,rt4cro ce o6pa:yaa r saii_ro,rgvoro crecHeHr.re
Ha r,rracoBIIr KaHtn. Br,pxr,r rra e3rlKa e orrlycHar I_rcl_IJIIloI{3A,bpIraHHaB,hrpe
B
ycrHa l.a KyxrjHa, Karo no ro3n HarrHHce o6pa:yaa H ror.reMtlrr o6ev
na ycTrrilra Kyx[Ha. YcrHlre eXHoBpeveHHoc !BKxeHr.rero Ha e3uKa ce 3ar(pbr_
nrr l u3Terlrr Hanpe/l lroBeqe, orro"rKoro 3a H3roBopa Ha rlacHara
[o], e
pe3ynTaTlra KoeTo f_nacoBnrTKaltaJIce y.qbnxaBa tr ce cTecHrtsaHa
H3xoaa.
B arycruveu IIraH ToBa ylrnxaBaHe lla fJacoBH, KaHar, KaK.r.ot-rrrpu rnac_
Hara [o], BoIu Ao rroHxxaraHe ua QopvaHTHure .{ecroru.
AprHKynatluoHHHTe xapaKTeprrcrtrrr.ronpeAeJrrr rracHara
[y] no c,regfillt HasUH: rro yq,!eHlITe.!HOl\{trCTOTt e 3 a a It a, no cTeneH Ha II3_[rZf
aHe
l. rp.r.fr.
B. a|p.6vr.6.
rDdretrr.
JJ
Ha e3LIKaB H C O K a, rIOIpOXOAMeXAy fbp6a Ha e3HKau He6uero r t cH a, a no yqacrr.re Ha ycrH[Te - r a
Xq
8000
6uats a.
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ce rr3paBHrBaTc qecToTr.ITeHa rIT,pBl.rf
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ce norBrBar B :osara ua 250 xu. 9ecror[re Ha sropur $opvaHr (F2) ca
r rcKr.r,Haii-Hl{cI(I,IB cpaBHeHI4ec qecTorHTeHaBTopnt Sopvaur Ha acnvrn
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B 3oHara Ha 700 xU. flopagr roaa u
c,[yxoBo rracHara [y] ce B'b3[preMa Karo Hafi-gucxa. 9ecrorn're tta
{lopvaur ca c't,c c.;ra6IrHTelr3rrer. Cpegrro re ce [oqBtBar B 3otlara
rra 2200 2300 xu.
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xapaxrepxcrl.rKLJ
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[y] no c,regHl'Ir
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crpyxrypa. IIpoMtHara e Haii-olrlra, Konaro yqnpoMerrr! a 3acalro c rrx r {opvaxrxara
, c H l r T c J . r r r T l ] M e c T a H a c r c c / ' l l r u T e 3 r l y x o B e c l A r l l o r o o T / ' l l n e q e l i H . B T a K u B ac I y ' l a u M o x e I a
B r , 3 r r n ( l c J l o n B J r H T e n e r n p u 3 R y t ( x a M r r a c H a r a f i ? ' I t o 6 p a 3 y B a H e t I a H o B x S B y K o B c .T p g 6 t l d
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n a c 1 ' c e j l t l , t r r: ! B y x , c r p e M e x ' l T e n p l , l l l 3 f o B o l l r a u d r l e l r a r r l a c H a A a c c 0 6 f l t y B a
rra fllacoBlrt xar{ajl
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TJIACHI.I 6E3 YAAPEHI,IE
Pedyx4ua
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c n3roBopa Ha y,qapeHarafracr3roBop Ha HeyAapeHarafnacHa B cpaBHeHr.{e
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rloHerlrvun ycjroBus rs ce rr3roBapr raKa, KaKToce rI3roBapt rJlacHara rIoA.
qe ocraBar He:a6e,rqylapeHfie, HnH pa3nHKnre ca roJ'lxoBaIIe3HarII.{TeJIHI.I,
3aHUOT CJryUaTen9.
Kaqecrgenara peayxqnr 03HarraBarIpoMqHa B r;lacexa Ha r.nacHata. Eer
yAapeHr.re
Tr ce rr3roBapr no-pa3nl{q[o, oTKoJ]KoToc y.(apeHl.reI,tMHoro qecro e TpyaHo,ua ce ol]peAentr ueiirrara reu6pona xapaKTepficTsKa.
ocHoBa Ha xojrHi{ecrBerrara r.{KaqecrBeHara pe06uara Qr:noloruvna
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falru u o'rrKpauJaBarre
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Ha fJracoBr-trKalIar, B pe3ynTaT Ha xocTo ce fioryrlaRa HoB TI-.I[3ByqeHc
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r.roT Apyru npHqHHfi,npHcl,ulI-l Ha aa.qeHHre3HK xapaKTep Ha yaapeHr.{eTo,
ropaxAarrt ro-culreH n,ru no-cra6 Korrrpacr MexAy yAapeHH H HeyAapeHH
cplrrrKtl, KoucoHaHTHo-BoKarHosraHvo,qeilcrsre. Boxa,'tHI-t
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npoMeHx B 3ByKoaua crpoex na 6rnrapcr(ara ,uyMa.B pery,rrar Ha xon!{qecrBeHara peAyKqr{t
HanprMep (.rper c r,rparqasaHe Ha BpeMerpaeHero) rracurare [N] u [y] a oruoHerurHu ycJroBurMorar.qa ce KoHcoA e n H u c n y q a n r . ,r r p u o n p e , q e J r e HQ
fnacHn
or.qa,qeH
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HaHTI-{3Hpar,
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$ 24. Kavecraenara pexy(qr{f, e eAHa or u a ii- xapaxrep uure oco6esocrpr
T.a ce npoxsraa npeAuMHo n npn6.nura 6r,rrapcxn.r Heyaapelr BoKa,rr.r36M.
xaBaHe Ha rJracexa Ha trrupo(xre r-,racur [e, a, o] fi],M rJracexa Ha crorBerHlrre recHu [u, r,, y], 6e: o6aqe ila ce crura ao n]rHo noKpurne c rqx. B
3HaqHTeJIHo[o-MarKa crerleH ce Ha6Jrcaaea r o6paruoro tBJ]eHHe,Koero
35
MoxeM ra HapeqeM,,o6parua peryr<qxr.. npn6,rr.rxaeaue
Ha r,qacexa I{a
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36
Cmenen na pedyx4unma
r{Jrriro-ManKara crereH Ha pelyKur.tr Ha HeyAapeHr,rre
$ 25, flo-rolavara
r,lacHracc o6yc,rarr or ar,:leiicrstero
Ha pa3,tHeHl,rnpIrq HH. Ha nr,pao
lrrcro rp.a6ra Aa ce [ocor{H ,qtrareKTHaraapKHTynarIHoHHaocHosa. flo orHoueHue rra peAyrrlt rra 6r,-'rrapcxnre !HaneKTK ce pa3.qe;rrr lra rr3ToqHtrr{
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s 3 r o B o pA o p x c u J r r { a r ac r e n e H H a
l l c l ( y K r l x rr t r e y l a p e r r e r , r a c l r r I o ] w I y ] r r e n p a a r a r t e q a l . . l c l r Hrcr a r r i r J r e K ' r elrlr3 f o B o p , / l o K a r o 3 a M e c r B a H e r or r a H c y l a p e r l a r a r n a c H i t [ e ] c r l a c u a
.
[u], oco6elo B cncly/'laperr[ rro3nu]r[, afip. spe.uu BMrvspc
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xodc.t.ve, cc oqclrrBa Karo orKjroHcnre o-r.nDaBoroBODr r a T aH o p M l l .
I l o - r o r q v a t a x J r Hn o - M a J r K a r ac r e t r e H H a p e A y K I l H re B 3 a t s t r c [ M o c ru o r
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r r 3 r { c K a rrr, r 3 f o B o p , 3 a K o t - r , f oe x a p a K T e p H or p x x j r } l B o T o a p , f r r K y n n p a r r cH a
3 R y K o B c l e ,r q e n o - c n a 6 o H 3 p a 3 e H a .
$ 2 6 . C l e l e n r a H a p e , [ y x u u r r a e B 3 a r ] u c r v o c r L ro r M r c r o t o H a r , q a c u a r a
c r p r M O y J l a p e r r u e l o . B n p e g y l a p e H u r r o 3 I r r ] x Hp e . q y x r l n r r a , 4 e i i c r n a r r r . r
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la peAyKuu.q) H o6parHo
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ro3rrrluu rraii-o6u1o e paBHa la crerrelrra Ha BTopa [pelyaapcna rro3lrrluu
37
(Bropa creneH Ha pegyxqux). flo raxlr HaqI.rHnepu$eputra Ha.qyMara npu
cpeanuHo yaapeHlre ce oKa3BaHai-3acefHara or eoeKTa Ha pe.qyKuHtra.
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or aprr.rKynauuoHHIISrHn Ha OKpr'XaBaI{ara t carjlacHa.
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$yut<llr oHar HoTo xNl e.lllHCTBO.
$ 27. Hcyaaperra rJIacHa fa]. l4:vexgy Bc[qKI.t]IeyAapeuu rJIacHHrJraclrara [a] ce rroAAaBasaii-vtloro Ha peAyruut. KoH$nrypaqnrra Ha rracoBt'It
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c rrpHrroBAHrHaraxrv ne6qero, a 3a.qHaraMy qacr e orAaJleqeHaor rLpJIerara crera. Il pe:yrrar Ha ra3n npoMtlla ycrllItre cr,qo ce npn6lnxanar
elllia Ao Apyfa, Karo llaMa-rrtBaroTBopa Ha ycTllaTa KyxI{Ha. flo rolr Ha'iHH
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r l a c H a [ a ] c e n p n 6 ; r n x a a a B r I o - M a J I K lal r l l B n o - r o : I t M a c r e n e l g o r o n Q l r y p l u r { r r a r r l l r a c o B } t q K a H t . I3 a l t t r o B o p H a r , l a c l l a r a I u ] .
B axycru.rrro orHo enue cneKTbp't,TI{a Heyaaperrara rlacla [a] ce xaq B a H eH a 3 B y K o B a r ae H e p f H t ,T . e . B y B e J I t { q a B a H c
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KT,M['[,] eAHara, xotro e no-6,1[3Ka Ao rnacexa na [a], rpaQllrecrn or6eJ r r 3 B a r ac . r , c : u a x a [ ^ ] , t I a p y r a r a n o - 6 l s : o , q o r n a c e x a u a [ l ] , r p a r f u v e c x u
or6er.flssaua ctc 3HaKa[a], 6e: o6ave aa ce crr'Ira Ao H3paBHtaaHe:
lnl r ["] -t [a] -+ [n].
$ 28. BapuaHrr,r [^] ce octuecrnsBa B napBa flpeay.qapeHano3r{Ill4t, a
I4:rosopr,r Ha ro3ll BanpI-I no-fpr{xJrr..rB}r3foBop u B ocraHajlllre rlo3I.{uI'IK.
opprraHT ce xapaxTepH3Hpac [o-cna60 HanpexeHne Ha apTHKyJII.{pau,lIrTe
38
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t-/ I
I
I
OMr.15. CpaBrreHxe
llexly xou{xrypauxr.rTcra lracoBHr (alla',r 3a
u3roBopHa r.nacxara Ia] no1 y1aperfreu 6e3 y,[apcH,e tt ryval a 6a6d. Ilon yAapcHvc-,
6ca ylapeu€---
raHh, c rro-3aTBopeH
fnacex H c no-MaJrKo
B p e M e r p a e Hoer x 3 r o B o p au a r n a c r a r a [ a ]
rroAylapeHlre. Hanpuvep acneKmf^c CKTI,
asaHc l^Bd[cl, adpec faapd,c),aKmus f^Kfir$1, anopd l^xdprl, anpu,t lxr'pirl], apxue
[apxnQ], 6adeu [6"sd.ul, 6amou l6nuduf,
epama fspnrdl, zaaem fzxzdr), uanem ln"tndrf, zraea lr:tl.zi), 6pada [6p"..qd].
Cx.nsaracrenes Ha 3arBopeHocrHa rnacuara [a] B nbpBa npeAyAapeHano3r.rqurce
o u e H r B aK a r o T H a J I e K T euH: r o s o p : a e r i r r c ,
t'dpic, trmia, 6diu, 6urxdu, 6tuqd.
B axycrlrvHo orHo[teHne cneKT'bpbrHa
rJracHara[a] r nr,pnanpeAyAapeHa
rro3nrtr{t
B cpaBHeHr.re
clc cneKTbpana r,racHara [a]
no,q yAapeHr.re
ce xapaKrepr{3npac paBHoMepHo noHl{xeHne
Ha qecToTHTe Ha n'LpBI.{t
fi Bropl.i.qQopvaHr
c ororo 150-200 xtt. IIoHHxeH[ero Ha re3n qecrorr
e yxa3aH[e rrMeHHo3a no-3arBopeH[r r;racex Ha rnacHara [a] a nr,pea npexapaxTep Ha crreKTpanHaAyaapeHarro3Hurr, a 3ana3BaHeToHa KoMrraKTHr.rr
ra KaprHHa - 3a rracex, 6.:rn:tx,qo r;racexa rra yAapeHara r,racHa [a]. Bapuaun r [^] cJre.qoBarenHoe a-3ByK, Ho c no-3arBopeH r;racex.
BpeverpaeHero Ha r;racrrara [a] a n'r,psa flpeAy,qapeHarro3rlqnr e tloKparr(o or BpeMerpaeHero ir rIoA yAapeH[e. B u:roropa Ha I\yMara ?naaa
HanpuMeprJeyAapeHarar:racrra Ia] HMa BpeMerpaeHe0,07 cex, a yAapeHara
1,12 cex. Cnexrpaluure xaparTepncrrKr..tca cJreAHrrre::a r,racHara [a] nog
y1apeHr4enbpBr.rrr $opr,lanr uv.a 750 xuj a BropxJrr 1300 xq, 3a ueyAapcrara rracHa [a] nr,prurr $opavaHr uva 600 xq, a Bropn.qr I100 xrt.
$ 29. BapnaHrrr [a] ce peanr:upa B cpr.rqKa,Korro He e HerrocpeAcrBeHo
npe;1cplrqKara c yAapeHse lr B cJre;Iy,qapeHlr
no3nr(xu, l{erosHsr I,r3roRopce
xaparceprr3[pa c oule no-3aTBopeHr-nacex r c oue [o-KpaTKo BpeMeTpaene
or u3roBopa Ha r;racHara [a] r nr,pna npeny.qapena rro3uur{r. Clyxoao r.nacexbr Ha ro3r.r 3ByK ce nnerrrn$xuupa xaro 6ln:rr 4o rracexa Ha rJracHara
e tro-cKopo c Bapr.raHTaHa
[r,], 6e: o6aue Aa ce cnuBa c sero. Blt:ocrra
HeylapeHara rracua [r,], orKo;rxoro cbc caMara rjracHa noA y,{apeHHe.
B axycruuHo ornolueHlie crreKTbplr Ha Bapr.raHTa[a] I cpanHeuue c'tc
cneKTbpa ua BapraHTa [^] ce xapaxrepu3Hpa cr,c c,ra6o nounxexae Ha qecTor[Te Ha nrpnu.n rpopvaur - c oKo,to 80-100 xq. flo-sllcxnre qecrorn Ha
nrpru.a QopvaHr ca nMeHHoyKa3aHle 3a no-3arBopeHur rlracex Ha r;racHara [a] u ra HeiHoro HaBJrH3aHe
B cnerTpa:rHara :oua xa r,racHara [t].
Bpeverpaenero Ha r;racHara [a] srr eropa npeAylapeHa rro3r.lunr e noKparro or BpeMerpaeHero Ha r-racHara [a] s nr,psa npelyrapeHa no3urllrr.
B n:roaopa Ha ,qyMara 6opa6au HanpHMep BpeMerpaeHero ua r:racHara [a]
39
Xq
8000
7000
@00
5000
,to00
3000
2000
1000
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
n 5
0,6 ceK
O H r . 1 6 .C o [ a r p a M a .l , l l r o B o pr r a
r , ' r a c r r aI a ] n o r y r a p c r r r u 6 c ]
y I a p c f i u c t n p c . r l y J l a p c rnr a
o', \ux n )\yl.ratt Sapa6att
Il'bBr] r'opa flpeaylapcHa no3[ulJt e 0,06 cer, B II]pBa npe,[yAapeHarlo3lluxt
0 , 0 9 c e r , a B p e M er p a e r i c l ' o H a r , l a c l l a r a [ a ] n o 1 y l a p e H I l e e 0 , 1 I c e r .
T p n 6 n a l a c e o l 6 c " r e x u , q e a a p H a H T b r[ : ] n o p a g r c , r a 6 a r a H a I I p e r H a r o c r
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f o B o p a e r B b p , ( ex o , r e 6 , r n nB 3 B y K O a a r ac H
T e l r 1 1 e l t l l t t r ae K r , M r r o - c H J r u a3 a r l l o p e H o c r , T . e . r r o - c u J I r I on p N 6 , r l x l R a u e
K r , M u 3 r ' o B o p i tr r a r - r r a c n a ' r 'Iar ' ] , a e r o n 3 n c K a H I t tI i 3 r o B o p n p l r 6 , r n x l r a t t c
K r , Mn 3 r o r r o p aH a B a p H a r l r a[ " ] , x a n p u v e p : 6 u p a 6 a t r[ 6 a p " 6 i t t ] u [ 6 " p " 6 i r ] ,
:tttctad.i lzactan'd] u [:^c"t"n"i'],
.vu?u3urt Ivar-^:urr] u Iv"r^:liH],
r [r"x,rvi,rra],
su6tantltr f :a6-rr"r'drr]u [:"6.,r"rdrr], suxu'rd'txu [:ax,^.vd,rr<a]
nupuutym Inap"ujrr] u In"p"rujrr], .uaxapd Ivor"p;)] u Iv"r"pn], npo3tlrttru
[npa:Hrrri] r Ittp^:Hurtd, pastturtul IpranuHd] tr fp"rrnlral, .ttuxulu
Ivax",rd]u Ina"x""ri].
B xruxosurlg
rrrire Itap[aHTx:
rr3roBop fllacHara [a] t npegy;lapenn rIo3I.{qrHuMa c.lrer-
tdl -+ i"l + [,^.]n,ur [i] + [e] + [.^].
B a p u a u r H r ec r c CK.IHO 3aTBOpeH f"'racex a flbpBa npe.qyaapeHa
TIO3IIIIH' CE OIICH'BAT KATO ,IHA"IICKTHIj:
Bropa npeay'trapeHa
[A] + frl -+ [r].
40
I{ B'bB
$ 30. B c.ne,4yaapeHr{no3Hrrrrrl pa:xoo6pa:aero B rJracexa Ha r,racHara [a]
e no-c"la6o u:pa:eHo, orKoJrKoroB npeAyrapeHr.rrro3nuntr.Brnperu H{Kor{Ko;re6aHrarvex4y no-orBopeH H no-3arBopeH r,racex o6ulara reHAeHurrJrB rltrpoKaTax3foBopHa npaKTkr(ae KbM IIo-3aTBopeHf"rracexfia Hey.qaperraTa
fr'rac_
na [a], nparruvecKu u3paBHe]rc r-Tacexa u s.sn aropa fipe.4yAapcHarro3trrlr{r.
llpn no-rpuNlun lr:rorop o6ave ce rr3roBapr H no-orBopeHusr Bap[aHT rra
HcyllaperrararnacHa Ia]. Ero 3ar!o B KHHXoBrnrrrr3roBopBapltaHTr.tre
Ha r;racrara [a] r cJreAyJlaperru
rro3uuHn Morar xa 6rgar c-rreluure:
[d] -+ [a] + [e] H,'rH[e] -+ t"l -+ t"l.
l. B :arnoperra cnery.qapeHacpuuxa: sanud [:inar] a feata.r), opurr
fopcu] a [6p"r],puscad lpdccarl ra[picc"r], xta1uet fxti6a$l n [x,rd6,rt!],
rz,paaoIripaarf] H Iri;pe^r[], .ul,pzacluypra$l n [wj'pr.^,rf],uuau liwavl
r [irwnv], varca.nIvdrav] r IvAr"v], daoa.rr[;1inav] u [aieav], cvlme.M
fcv'drcr.r] H [cv'ir"v], npo6aa.u[npo6r:v] N [npd6s"v], nucat lrritcar l u
[nr]c",rl, ptunut lp renl n [pnr";r], rutmo.ufnirar l u fnirnsrl, atpturr
Iri,p:err] n [ai,p:"rr], cxaatrumfcxnAuar] I [cxsirr,"r], 6_qrcsar[6.ni;cHcr]r
[6nicHnr].
2. B oraoperracpnqr(aB Kpaec-,toBrie:
6a6a l6i6al a [6n6^], uaca laical a
rpuaa
I
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[rpdaa]
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lxttir "), mairru [riiile] n [ririirr"],
Xq
.r'r.tudalu fi.1a1 u fv tti,y"f, mururc
80m
friruaa] r [rivu,r], uocu ludral u
fwolr,], z,,reda
Irndqe] u [r,rd1"], r;lrra
7000
u
[airxa] [arir<"],varca[virxa]r [var<"].
3. B uexpaiirra
c,reAyAapena
cpfiqKa:
6000
npuKu3KaInpixacxa] n In pr]rc,r
cnr,rI ,
num
tKu
u
6ufnirauxa]
[nirr,.,rrr,r],
50m
6 a n u l 6 d 6 e r e l u [ 6 A 6 ^ r ^ ] ,t t o 6 n n t u
I r r d 6 e r e ] r . rI r , r d 6 " r " ] , K u L t . u n u
4000
Ixurilere] x Ixrrirr^r^], apa uma
I e p i H e r e ] u I a p a H " r ^ ] , r t u . u n ol u
3000
[,rdvnere] u [.rriwn^r'"].
O6ntarapelyxrnBrracxeMaHa Hc2000
y.capcHal'a
r,racHa[a] e:anucrvoc'r or
MrcToTo Il crrprMo yAapeHueTou B
1000
c LcelcTBo c TBbp.qII c'Lf,rracHlt r] KlIaxoBHl.tr ir3foBop rIMa cJIeAHltt BttA:
0
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0,2
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O r r . 1 7 . C o r a r p a M a .l l r r o l o p H a r r e y A a p c H a
t -laclra[a] I orBoperracpx.JXaR xpacc-qoBtets
I\yMa1a6bda
t"l <- t"l <- [a]-'>t^l -+ t^l
uJlw
[a] <- ["1 < [d] -+ [e] --+ [a]
4l
B crceAcrso c MeKHH rryuxaBn cBrJracHHrJracexBTHa HeyAapeHara
rrpoMeH[,pe3ynrar or s'r:geicrrJracHa[a] ce no,urara Ha aorrbJrHHTe.rrHu
yqJreHeHue
Br{eroHanpeAHoronaJraraJrHo
HaTe3t.r
crrJIacHI.t.
or :aaua r:racrro-cr,rjrHa
cTeneHHa 3aTHa Tr ce npeBparqaB npeIHa H c6c cpaBHr.rTenHo
BopeHocr(ex. flpouenn Ha rracHllTe B cr,treraHuecrc c'rr.racnu, $ 104).
ABoftra[a-'r]
$ 31. Heyaapena rracHa [b]. B pavxrre Haxoperrarr{BHara
KaKToHeyaapeHararJacHa Ia] ce npu6.rnxaBaKt'M r;racHara [r,], rara r
HeyAapeHarauacHa Ib] B eAHaHJrr{B Apyra creneH ce npu6;ruxana xr,l,r
rracHara [a]. B peayrrar rra roBa B3auMHonpn6luxaaaHe ce no;ryqaBar
6.nr.r:xnu,rs o6rqu napuaHruHa rracHnre [a] u [r,]:
['i,] -+ [a] -+ ["] -+ [a].
Koutlurypaqurra Ha rracoBrrr Karrar3a r3roBop Ha HeyAapeHara
rracHa
rouQnrypaqrrra
yAapeHara
e
cpasHexue
c
Ha
H3roBopa
Ha
r.nacHa
[r,]
[r,]
ce xapaKTepr..r3r.rpa
c no-fo-nrMaoTBopeHocT
rra ycTHaTaKyxrHa, T'l,HKaTo
e3 l(r,T l-lMa no-ItHcKo noIoxeHHe,
H c'boTBeTHo c fio-fojttM€
3aTBopeHocT
rra rr'preHara ryxuHa. flo rorn HaqnHce c's:4aaaxoHQnrypaqnr,6lr:ra go
xonrlurypaqn.rra 3a rr3roBopHa rracrrara [a] n,rn no-tovuo Ao r{3roBopHa
HefrHnreBapxaHTH.
B axycrrveH nnaHTa3lrrrpoMrHar roHQurypaqlrrra ce orpa3rBa BT,pxy
cIIeKTr,pa B cRcpeAoToqaBarleHa aKycTI{qHaeHepfllt qpe3 IIoBH[laBaHe Ha
qecroruTe ra II bpBHr q)opMaIITr-rcT,oTBeTHo
r{pe3noHl,IxaBaHeHa qecToTLtTe
yKa3anHe 3a rro-orBopeH r,racex. OceeH npoMeHr.rre
lra BTopHr QopvaHr
B r.r3roBopaHa rlracHara ['l], no ue,u.n cneKTrp ce ua6:rrcgana, KaKTo nplr
llpyrxre Hey](apeHx r:racuu, o6ulo orc,'ra6saHe Ha aKycrHqHara eHeprllr.
OcuoslrHnr BaplraHTHa HeyAaperiara rnacHa [r,], rpadlrvecru or6err3aH
chc 3HaKa Ic], ce xapaKTepr.r3r,rpa
cbc cpaBHxT e n H o n o - o r B o p e Hr ; r a c e x , 6 e : o 6 a q e A a r . . r 3 J r H 3 a H 3 BL H a p T H K y n a q r { O H H O - a K y C T h q H3a0THaa
Ha rrracHara [r,] noq ygapeHHe. Toor napuaHr
e rBbp,ue 6,ur:r,x.qo BapuaHTaua r:racnara [.1],
pea_qr.13[paH
BbB BTopa IIpelynapeHa rrnH B cne-
tii
,4y.qapeHrlno3HuHH, rrj]n ce cnr.rBac nero. B
cnoBoQopMHKaToHanpHMep
puma.M14pumbM
n
omKa3
14
omxuc fdrxecf u
[pirav]
[pireu],
ldrxacl, uuct,t v nucar [vircen] a [uirca.n]
drrr. 18. CpasrrerrlrcMcxly xou- MexAy H3roBopa Ha HeyAapeH[Te rnacnn
[a] n
q)uryprqtrte rra rracoBrs xattat
pa:,rura He cr,LrlecrByBar.{npaKTnrrecKlrre
3 a x 3 r o B o p H a r n a c l a [ L ] n o a [r]
ce cJrHBar s eAHH o6u npo r.r3Hocr.rre;reHBax 6c3 yllapenue
YIapcHsep ualrT.
B AyMa'fa b2b,Ia
/t.)
Hape,4 c ocHoBHnr BapriaHTHa HeyaapeHara r,racna [r,] ce ua6,rro,4asalr
Terr,qeHqHrKbM no-uupox H3foBop, clBnaaal! c H3foBopa Ha BapI,IaHTaHa
HeyAapeHaTauracHa [a] B nbpBa npe.{y.{apeHa no3HIIHt. Pa: rpanlrvenuero
MexAy no-3arBopeHr.rrIr no-orBopeHltrl rnacex Ha lleyAapeHara rnacwa [r']
ce 3arpy,[HrBa ocBeH or 6;ru:ocrra Ha 3ByqeII[ero IlM oIIIe fi nopagn Qarra,
qe B e,uHaH c'bula no3urlHs Moxe Ia ce cpeulHe H e,qt,IHHqr,I{,qpyfrltr BapHalrr. Haii-o6uo o6a{e Moxe aa ce xaxe, qe B cpIIqKa, Kotro He e H€nocpe,qcTBeHonpeA yaapeHHeTo, no-qecTo ce cpeua It3foBopl'T Ha no-3aTBopeHnr BapHaur: 6t'duurta [6agnnud], 6z'psuua [6op:rHd], az'duuap [naguvdp],
nbmenuc [uerenric], mbpJrcecmso [repxecrad], Kr.qpoKoc [xagpoxdc], cacmyA eHm [cecrygdHr], Mbp 3enaH [vop:e,r]rH], du'r6wt a fnan6uwitl, dtrcdoonn [,uaxaoairr] , pbqeHuK [pauenix].
BapHaHr Ha HeylapeHara r.nacxa [r], rpaSrvecxn
$ 32, IIo-orropeHurr
or6el.agau c.r,c 3HaKa [a], r.aoxe.qa ce [otBII c Qaxyrraruaxa ynorpe6a n
c n e a H x T ec n y q a f i :
l. B n'spaa npeayAapeHa no3rurlq: sont6apttux Iro,r.r6ipnax], nbcmbpau
[n"cri,pna], ^tbttucmo [v"Hilcro], utuuve fl u r'wilvel, ctcmao [c,rcr?rrp],ca-
Xq
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
@rr. l9- CoI|arpaua. l{-JroBopria anacHa[b] B nperyAapeHanolHqfit
R I\yM!^ia?6a66apHuK
43
6op lcn6itpl, ntmexa lr,nrd.xal, dtx,de4 h"N,qeql, zfiap
lr n6itpf, cz,r)y,rxa
[r",qj,.rxa],Spr.uud l6pnw,tdl, dapao [g"pad]
2. B c,rc,UyAapeua
no3Krlllr B 3aTBopeHacpuuxa:ez,,tz,6
lrin^,n1, nta,vux
[ n , r d v " x ] , x a , n a x I x A v , . , x ] , n : r c a r ,I n , a c , ^ x ] , u t p m t e f u i p r n e l , 6 o d t p
[6da,rp.],o6ot [d6":t], ar.,ca,t[noc..x],.r.rorap[wox,^p],*"*ui
1rdi^n1, *i_
.;la.,r[xd:^,'r], .urrct,.rluic",stl, ve,ra,rIvex,.,;r],rtueatt
[tri,r nr.l,HAnrH[Hiu,^rr].
B ra:rn noruqrs Mexlly rJacexa HaneyllapeHarar,racHa o"u qropr"*
[a]
rra MHUaJIOCBtrptlrerloleqTe,rllto npHqacTue r{ f_nacexa Ha BMel
HaTaTaeDoBa
r l r a c H a p a 3 n u r a n e c e u a 6 , l r o g a e a .I , l : r o t o p t r M o x e
Aa 6rle c tro_tartopc__
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fsixcll u [airr",r], nucttt lni,rctll
w fnic"stl,-pact r [pAca.r] r [pAcr,r], otrecz,,t
lzwdcatl w fsrudc^|, urcti
[vriccr] r [vica,r].
3. B,r,'lcnuara tlopva:a Mbxnu po/'l e.rrrHcrBclo trlrcJ,roc.bruo
ce cperrla
lo-orBop-eH rr HJJt rro_3arBopclnrrr f,qacex Ha fJ,IacHara
f.sf: vvetturcz,nt
.yt!ettuKu[yuerrirxar] [yvcruix,.,],_rrr_,_rantm.,to.nt6u [vd,rnnei]--[vd:rua^],
t-tul:)odbnt rtupodu fuapdttarl
xpucmi lipicrarl'
flrapdg"], xlacnhn
cntyicrrntu Icry;rerir:r]
Ixpicr"], cmyderrnnnl
[cly1errr,.,], si,troit,nt
. : t r r r o d a[ : l as d ! a r ]
[:atox"].
Xq
3000
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
O f i r . 2 0 . C o l r a r p a r j al., l 3 f o B o pl r a r x a c l r a
[!]
B C.'re,lvjlapcHa
nolxufit B llv[1aTa.vltcb,/
44
O6qara pegyrruBna cxeMa Ha HeytrapeHarar,racua [l] B 3aB[cr.rMocr or
MrcToToHa fnacrraTa cnprMo ylapeHxero lr s c'bceacrso c Tabp,ql{clrjlacHn
B KHITXOBHHT
LI3|OBOpUMa Cre,qHHt BH,q:
[a] <- [a] e
trtlt
[i'] -+ [e] -+ [e]
[a] <- ["] e- [i,] -+ ["] -+ [^].
Cle,q veru c'r,r;racH BapIraHTHTeHa Hey.uapeHarar,racua [.r] rro,q863rlpoAeicrB[Iero Ha I]aJIararHoro yqneHeHHece IIOAJIararHa,qo[],JIH[lTeJIHa
urua, npu,4o6urairs no-cn.rso u3pa3err orBopeH r,[acex, Hanpr.rMepnbmJt
[ntt'n), yuumett fyvirrer'"], xodr [xd,u'a].
$ 33. Hcyaapeua r,racua [o]. B HeyAapeuo noJ'roxeHlleaprnKyJ]arI[oHno
a x y c r f q u u r e K a q e c r B aH a r r a c H a r a [ o ] c e n p o v e x n r t sn o c o K a K . b Mf r a c r r a r a
[ y ] , r a x a K a K T or r e y A a p e H a r ar r a c H a I a ] c e n p o v e n n B n o c o K a K r M r J r a c n a l . a
It]. B nHrxoaunr u3roBop crrllrra crerreH Ha pe.qyxunr na r,racHara [o] ue
ce lorycKa. B pa:ronopnara pev o6ave rr e rltkpoxo 3acr.bfierratr oco6erro
R rr3r-Jracrro
roroxeHue HeyAapeuara r,racxa [o] e c reHAeHrlr{r 1a ce npn6l r H x r . r . u (x)3 r o B o p a H a r , r a c t t a r a I y l .
K o r r r J rrny p a q H r r a H a r J r a c o B H rK a H a r 3 a H 3 r o B o pr r a l r e y A a p e H a r ar n a c H a
[ o ] c c x a p a r l e p u 3 u p a c b c c J r e . q Hrre{ o c o 6 e u o c r n . 3 a g r r a r a u a c r r r a e 3 [ K a c c
np[,IlBxxBa ncKo Hallpea I, Hafope B nocoKa KbM rrpenHaTaqacT tla MeKoTO
l c 6 r t e : r o r a r r a a p r u r ( y J t x p a l r eH a r , r a c r r a r a[ y ] . B p e r y n r a r r r ar o a a r l 3 M e c l B a l r e t l b p x ' L l I l a e 3 u r ( ac e u 3 . q b p [ B ao r q e n o - I l i l B t T p e B y c T H a T aK y X [ H a ,
K a r o c ' l ,r [ c B p c M e l l r o r ] , p , ! e r r a r aK y x H n a . l e K oc e p a 3 t l r r . r p f l BEal.l o a p e v e u r r o
c ' f a 3 x I I l l I J I a c i lH a e 3 l r K ay c T I t u T eI l o B e q ec e 3 a K p . r , f n t TI i n p o T t f a T I l a r l p e l .
B axycrlveH nralr npoMruara n xon(ltrypaql.rlra Ha fJracoBnfK
l a r r a r c' re
o l p a 3 f l l l aB b p x y c r e r ( T b p a q p e 3 J r e K on o H r l x a B a l t el r a q e c T o T H T er r a I I b p B ] t t
,,')ii;
Sopvarrr u e o6uoro orc,ra6garte rra
I,trrrerr3Tera Ha BctlqKHtpopuaH'ru.
Ctererrrrre IIa peAyKrll{tra Ht r:Iacrrara Io] ce o6yc,raelr or pa3rlrqrul
rp[qnHtl. 14ryr no-oraope[rnqr r.r]'lH
rto3arBopeHr.rrrBapkarrr Ha r,racrrara [o] l
rrpelylapeHa no3r.trlllr e a 3aBucr.tMocT
or Mrcroro ri cnplvo y,qapeHnero -
K o , ' r K o r on o - 6 n l t 3 o e A o y l a p e H [ e r o ,
T O J ' I K O Bnao a e q e C e 3 a I I a 3 B a TX a p a K f e pncrrrrxre Ha ocHoBnr.rrrlacex rra [o]
Ko-rrKororro-Aareq e, TorO r r . 2 ) . C p a n r r c r r lvce x 4 v r o r r r f r r y p a -u o6parHo
u l l l l ' l e r r a f n a c o a H r x a H a I 3 a u 3 f o a o p t r a K o B an o B e q e r a c e g o 6 , r u x a a a , q o u 3 f o rnacl|a [o] no/.Iytapeflue f i 6 c a y / ' l a - Bopa Ha rnacHara [y]. OcreH or M.f,cropeluc " - -.s;1yua'rt6o6oa
ro cIprMo y,qapeHHeTorro-crrjrHaTar.rr'[r
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nc)3fiLlrrr
lr )\yMlr1a,vonbpe lKu
lo-cla6ata
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crelreu rra peayxrlr'rrra ce o6yc,raa-r fi or rt{na Ha KoHcoHaHTHoro
6ula6ua,rrrure
n BeJrapHltrecr,r;IacHH cnoMafar
3a no-cxrrra
nporBa ua peiryxrlurl a rrar;racr;rra [o], orxo,rxoro or.qpyrl.ire r[noBe cLrn o - c , r a 6 ac r e r a c r r u . O r g p y l a c l p a H a ,r ' l r a c H a r a[ o ] n o " ' r y r a n ac p a B H H T e , ' r H
trerr rra peJlyKrlllr HJrl rroqrH ,rHncBa pcnyKrllrr, Koraro r.r3rnJrHflBar[yrrxqnl la rra cy$rxc 3a 3Bare,rruaQopva rra kMenara, uanp. Mumxo, e.ra; nucax
ttu Mumxo. (>oreruqrrara ocHoBa Ha no-c,ra6ara crerreH Ha peayKur,rrB Te3h
cJryqa c yar,nxaBaHeroHa rracuara [o], a orrav H rro-rcnnrr i rracex,
6rusr,x.qo rlracexa HitriracHara [o] no1 ygapeHue.
$ 3 4 . B a p r a n r x r e H a r r e y , q a p e H a rfa: r a c H a [ o ] e : l a n n c u v o c r o r r r o 3 u u rra i crp.avo yaapelluero Mora r Jra 6r,gar npegcraaeH[ no crean[r
[d] i[s]
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+ [q]+ []l
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Baplaurrr [o] ce pea.ru:upaB rrr,pBanpeqylapeHarro3Hulrfl[r B 3Bare:ruarir $opva Ha [MeHara, a B [o-H3HcKaH
r.r3roBop
rr B ocraHaJrnTe
[pe.qynapelr[ no3rrurrn.Xapaxrepn:rpa ce cbc cpaBHxre,rrHo
no-3arBoperrnacex, c
or H3roBopaua [o] no4
rro-c:ra6aHarrperHarocrrr c no-KparKoBpeMerpaeHe
46
y,{apeHue: o6en l96dul, o6sop fo6zdpl, oeat foziutl, opus fopicl, eoda
[sq!,ir], zopa [ropit], do6po [ss6pd], uouuue lllglli're), KoKuve [xprive],
xouap lt<gudpl, uot6a fwgn6itf, uope fvqpd], co,,rucmlcg,r.icrf, zoduutuux
[rg,{iruru/r], uu,vo fv,iwol, mamxo [rdrxol, napmuio fniryruhof , E,teuo
[Erdno], Mumxo fM rxol, Bauro fBdn'ol.
Pe,qyruunraHa rracHara [o] ce orpa:rna rrpI,ru3roBopafl [rrcaHero Ha
Hzrou co6crsevh nMeHa:fleio u Ifen $ldiryl, Kotao u r(ozn [Ko:r'y],
)Itetao n )Ketn [Xdn'y), ilopdat u lOpdau filypnitu].
B axycrnvno orHo[reHue cne(T'r,pr,THa BapI{aHTa
[o] r cpanHernecrc
yaapeHne
Ha
nog
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xapaKTepr.r3r.{pa
c
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crr€KT'bpa [o]]
r{ecrorure Ha napBnr H BTopr4rr}opvaHr - yKaraHxe3a no-3arBopeHrnac e x , H oc r , u l e B p e M e H H 3
o a3 a n a 3 B a HHeao - i B y K o r n n aC
. p e n u o r ou e c r o r H o
pa3rrpeAeneHxe
Han'r,pBr.rr
n BTopnqQopvaHr na rracuara [o] n ua sapuaHra
:
4
7
8 x u , F z: 8 9 4 x u ; [ S ] - F r = 4 0 5 x u , F u : 8 5 5 x r t .
e
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BpeverpaeHero Ha yAapeHarar:racua [o] e cpe,uHo0,13 cex, a Ha Heyl(apeHara 0-09cer.
Bapuarrrr,r [o] ce ocrrqecrrrBa B cpHqKa,Korro He e HerrocpelcrBeHo
npeAylapeHnero H B cneAy,qapeHfi
cpuv xu. Toii ce x apaKTcpr.l3r.rpa
c [o-3ar-
2000
1000
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B CneAylap€rran03Huur B ,yttrara 66pto
47
Boperr rjracex l' c no-KpaTKo BpeMeTpaeHeoT BaprraHTa,peanr.r3HpaH
B nbpBara npeAyAapeHarro3Hurrr.flo c,ryxoro anevar,'reHHece r{,qeHTr.r(br4ur.rpa
Kago riracHara [y], 6e: o6ave Aa ce cJrHBac uex. flo-cxopo
To 3ByK, 6lu:rr
ToBa e 3ByqeHe, paBHo nJrH 6,q[:ro ao 3ByqeHero Ha HeyAapeHara rJ]ac]ra
fy): omonteuue IoronrdxHe], .uonopemKa Ivoropdrra], doeop,s [norop'i,],
,rionomotrctr IuoxordneH],
nodapneau Inogap'isaN{], KoKoutuptruK
IxoxoruirpHnr], nodeteuue Ineae,rdHlle], 6opoauurca [6oporirHra], cotluiteu
IcouuAreu], montu tn [ron'lruHir].
B axycruuuo orHotueHne cneKTapLT Ha Bapnarrra [o] a cpanHeHlre c:lc
crreKlbpa Ha fraclrara [o] e nlpra flpe.uy.qapeHa
n03r.ruur ce xapaKTepr.r3upa
cr,c c:ra6o rroHlrxeHHeHa qecrorrre Ha n6pBHfi u BTopnr Sopvaur
cpeguo
c o x o , r o 8 0 1 0 0 x . l - tc o u l e n o - K p a r K o B p e M e r p a e H e .
I 4 r r o n o p r r H a r r o - 3 a r B o p e r r u !B a p H a H Te B 3 a B H c H M o c ro r r r 3 r o u o p H l r f i
c r f i J I B l t o - l t 3 f i c K a Hn 3 r o B o p r o t c e 3 a M e c r B ac n o - o r B o p e H H _Bqa p I { a I I t .a,
B p a 3 r o B o p r r a r ap e q e 3 a c r l n e r r r , r I a B H on o - 3 a r B o p e H l t t r B a p u a H t . K o i i T o ,
v a r a p u 6 , r u : r , r A o r n a c H a r a [ y ] , H e c e c n H B ac H e r . I 4 : r o e o p r , r H a H e y n a p c H a r a r . r r a c H a[ o ] x a r o [ y ] c e o u e r r B a K a r o a r r a J r e K r e H .
B c:regylaperlr no3DrIl,l]r,oco6erro B r(paecnoBHe.Ba[pex!{ ro,re6aHl,t.rra
Mex.rly lto-oTBopeHr-IfiH IIo-3aTBOpeltHqr,tacex TeHIeHuRtTa e KTtMIIO-3aT_
l o p c r r r a c e x r r a u e y l a p c r { a r a r ; r a c u a [ o ] . B a p l a l r r r r e p a B e uH a B a p H a H T a
r]r,B BTopa npel;]ylapeHa n03HuHr: Sumoa f6itro$1, cnoco6 fctdcon], nodtoz
Ird;prox], 7ra:.rod Ipicxor), npuntox Inpirrox], rcynot lxyngn), ntoto
[wrr<)r-o],,ua,rrr.,Ivirrro], ir2uao Irpriao], utaio lwtaagl, czadro [c.rr;irr<o],
Lt.teucmnomo
Kut!ecn6otiro Ini.rccrsoro],
?omBettomo
Iv,rdHcrsgro],
Ir'dlr;errolo].
C , r e 1 v e r u c r , f l t a c H nn o c o 6 e H o M e x / ' l yI l B e M e K c t , f r a c r { u H c y ; l a p e r r a r a
rrracrra Io] tltpoMeHrB crrJ]Hacrenelr apr[KynaufioHrro-aKycr[qecKHTe cr-.r
Kaqcc'lBa, Karo ce flpeBp]tua or 3a.qHala6ua,rHa B rrpeAlra la6rc,rrra rtrlcul
(ax. Ilpoveur.r ra rnacflr{Te B c'bqeraHr.rec.rJccr,rJracHr{,{ 104 106).
$ 3 5 . H e y a a p c n a r J r a c r a [ y ] . l . , i a c u a r a [ y ] a c p a a H e n u ec r l a c H a r a [ o ]
ce noAAaaa B 3Haqrre;rlto ro-Ma_rrKacrerreH Ha peAyr(qlrr u Haii-o6u1o :ana:_
Ba rracexa ua [y] no4 y.qapeHue.B onpege,renu rro3uuntr o6aqe rn e c rerr.qeHrlrrrKr,M rro-lrrHpoKH3roBop, KoiiTo ce lo6,rfixasa Ao H3roBopa Ha rreyIapeHara r,racra [o] B'bBBTopa npely,llapeHa ltJ]r{B cneAyAapeH[ no3lrrluu.
B apruxy,rraquonrro orHorrrerrKeno-oiaoperrar rlracex Ha HeyAapeHara
r r a c u a [ y ] ( r p a Q r a v e c x uo r 6 e l g : a H c r o q K a H a I 6 y x a a r a ) c e o 6 n c H q s ac n o cna6oro HarrpexeHue rra aprr.rKynr,rpaqHTe
oprar{x, [pr{ Koero HacrrnBa rroc,ra6o n:pa:eHa ,ra6llaln:aqr.a u no-HtrcKo nonoxeHue Ha e3r.tKa.trI elsara.
n Apyrara oco6cHocr rra xoHQurypaqnrra Ha rracoBHr KaHan [plr rr3r.oBop
Ha Hey.qapeHararlacHa [y] Botrrr no npu6"rrnxanaHego xou$urypaqnrra :a
r'r3roBopHa Hey,qapeHarar"lacHa [o]. IIo rartt Ha.ruHB paMKrlre Ha Kopena48
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no:uqur
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r u a r r a r an a o i x a [ o y ] , r a r a x a r r o I n p r ; a o i i x a r a
[ a r ] , c e o y e p r a B ac r p e _
Mex Kt M B3a[MHo npu6.ntxasaHe Ha Bapr{aHT}rre.3a pa:,rnxa
or rJracHara
I r ' ] o 6 a v e r J r a c ] i a r a [ y ] c e p a : ' r u p r r a B c p a B H H T e J r Hnoo - c r a 6 a c r e r r e H '
cnyxoBo ce u4eHrHrluqupa Br.rrrarr.,t
Karo ,y_3ByKorHn.
tl axycrurrHo orHorrJe![e crrerT,r]p.br]ra Hey,qapeHara
r,racua [y] ne ce
pa3nr{qaBact uecrBeHo or cneKTLpa Ha rracHara
yra:ano.q
ygapeHr.re.
[y]
Hr.re3a rro-orBopenr{r rnacex Ha Hey,qapeHarar,raclra
e
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Ha nbpBr, $opvanr, a B HrKoH cJtytraun Ha Bropr.t,
T^.:_r_rl_.l
PopMaHT. Lpentloro gecrorHo pa3npele,rreHne Ha nr,pBpr, u aroptr
Qop_
Mar;rHarnacHara Iy] noa y.qapeHrie 300 r g50 xq,
a 6 e r y a a p e u r a e3 g 0 n
v u u x u . r J p e M e r p a e H e r oH a r n a c H a r a
[ y ] n o g y . q a p e u u ee c p e A H o 0 , 1 5 c e r ,
a 6e: ygapeHnc0, l0 cex.
Kore_6arruc MexAy no-orBopeH H [o-3arBopeH rnacex
Ha HeylapeHara
r,racua [y] ce xa6,rrogara B cJre,trHrrre
crvqaH:
l) a a6co,rrorHo KpaecrroBle --6ruiy
[6ninyl, doty lnittry], dpyeuuy
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[apj'rrzvli], treny ftnd.:'vyl,
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[r<yrypnr!]:
a. rD.enh
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fti"pe"1g1, ,i*oiy
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oxr. 25. h Jrorroprra r,racrra[y] 8 crellyllapcrrano3lruxq
B Jly,!{aIa,r,lr'liy,l
cpl.vKt mo yc frdrycl, ntetryu [udHyv],
2) a :aruoperrac.rr:Ayllaperra
clri-r2
,uycx.1,,r
[cirrlyp], xrl'r17rIxirvyp], cmuuyt fcr uynf, uaxcuIw]cxy,rl,
,uy,u[vArcururyv];
3) a cpH.rrr, Korlro rre ca HenocpelcrBeHo[pe.q yAapeH[ero 6yteaupr)
[ 6 ! n e a A p r ] , 6 y p t xo a : u n I S y p x o i r : n r ] , d y 6 r u r c u m[ g ! 6 r u x i r ] , n y u t u l t a K
I r j r r q u l d x ] , c y a n o x a [ c y u a r d x a ] , x v . u o p e c K[ax y v o p d c x a ] ,
C : r e Aw e r r c ' l , r - q a c Hr .l Jro c o 6 e r r oM e x r y . q B eM e K xc b r n a c l r nH e y A a p e H a r a
ra6[a,'IHace trpeBr,racna[o] or sa,[,Ha
r.rracHa
Iy] no.qo6sorra uey.qapeHara
B c'Lqe'laIIHe
p:brrlaB npeaHa,ra6na;rsar-racra (ux. flpotrleuu Ha rJIacHI.{Te
c r , c c r , r J r a c H r{, 1 0 , 1 1 0 6 ) .
$ 36. Hey.rapexa r.racHa [e]. I4:uex,1y rxrpoKllre r,racHnrracuara [e]
B KHIIXOBHUTH3rOBOpce no,q.03BaCpaBHtlTenHOlraI{-Ma]'IKOHa pe.qyl{Ullt.
C l r , r s a l a c r e n e H H a p e . q y K u l { tB n o c o r ( 3K b \ l r l I a c H J T a[ r ] u , r r : a v e c r a a H e r o
Ha rJracrrara [e] c r,racHara [n] ce oueHrna Karo orKroHeHue or rlpaBoroB o p H a r a H o p M a n o r B i r n q H H er t n r t o q H o 6 l . l t a p c l ( r H e y g a p e HB o K a J I I T 3 T ' M ,
Harrp Mep cucd, uu6i, "runt,aa"v, 6durtt, epi'tttt, cudixttru.
Brrperu qe HeyaapeHara rlacHa Ie] saii-o5nlo 3ana3Baulacexa clr nog
y,[apeHue, KaKTo.apyfltre HeytrapeHlrr-lacHl{, TaKa lI Tt B enHa HnI4B Apyfa
50
creneH Tbpnn apruKynauHoHHo_aKycruqHx npoMeHr.r.Te ca e gee pa3rr.rrrHlr
rloco(H: B npeAyAapeHn no3r.{quuuacexbT e cpaBHHTeJrHO
rro_3aTBoDeH
r.re
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aaofira [e u],
a B creAy,qapeHn no3urlHH rracexbT e opHeHTnpaHB nocoKa K:bMrJracHaTa
[r]. 14 n aaara cryvax o6ave B KHr.rxoBHr.rr
x3roBop He ce crr.rra ao cr.rJllo
lpr6.nuxaaaue llJrr.tAo cJrHBaHec fJracexa Ha rracHara
[n] tr [r].
B apruxylaquouHo ornorrreHHe npoMrHara n xousnrypaqnrra Ha rJtaco_
Blr KaHaJrB rrocoKa xrv rou$lcypaqurra
ja 'r3roBop ua r,racHara
[n] uln
rnacHara [t] ce o6rcxlna, KaKTo tr fipx npyrxre HeyAapeHr.rfJracHn, c
[o_
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Ie] Karo npeA[ra
no MrcTo Ha ytlJIeHeHI{eH CpelHa rro cTerIeHHa r{3nt.{faHeHa e3r.rKa
e eIHaKBO
6.nygxaxarro Io yqretreH[ero Ha rJ]acnara
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Apyrara
r,racHa.B creAy.qapeHHno3r.tulruc6,rKxasaHero c r:racHara
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Ha
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[e], r.e. uanJr 3aue B apruKynaufiolrHara 3oHa Ha r,,racrrara
[r,]. Toaa $oHerrvHo as-rre_
H r e u e r r T p a n H 3 H p a r rHea H e y a a p e H nf I a c H H _ e 3 B e C T I { O
B M H O | Oe 3 r u .
B rrlroN 6r,"urapcKrJAriarcKTu 3aMrHara Ha rrey,uapenarar,racrra
[e] c r_nac_
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[ 6 d , r , r , u ] , y x , t .6 r t t e r t ,
I r o p ' r , r r ] t v . , ' o p e r r , [ g d . l ' r , r ] e : r l .i o t e r t , I s d p , r r r ] B v . .o e p e u ,
f r r p a t , . s , r ]a v .
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B arycruvuo orHorxeHre c[er(T]p.LT na ReyaapeHara r,racHa
[e] e lpelryuapcHH rro3r lHu ce xapaKTepH3],pacrc c,ra60 rroHHXeHxc Ha qecrorrrre
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H e y a a p e H o r r o j r o x e H H e c e x a p a K T e p n 3 l , p ac 6 c c p a B H H T e n H on o - o T B o p e H
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$ 38. Ilpnxqnru Ha I(nacH(DHKaIIHq.
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55
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56
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n p e r p a A H r r e c b r J r a c H ny c n o - K p a r K o B p e M e r p a e H eB c p a B H e H r . rceQ p u x a T}{BHHtulyM Ha npoxoaHuTe cGf_rracHtl.
B arycrnvHo orHolreHHe cneKTr,pbr na aQpuxartrnlrre cbr;racHt,lce xapaKTepu3r.rpac Ha;ruqlre Ha nay3a, c eKcn;ro3nr r $pur<aruseH tlIyM! KoHTo
B cneKTpanHo orHorueHxe ca nogo6uu n,'IH TT,xAecrBeHr{Ha cbcraBsrrrrrre
fx lperpaAHr.r H rrpoxo,qHlrc]rnacHr.i. Pa::rrxara e npeA[ BcHr{KoBbB BpeMerpaeHero ua $pnrarnaxu.n myw, xofiro npn a$pnxarrre e HarroJroBr{rra
t,tlruna e,[Ha rpera or BpeMerpaeHero Ha [tyMa wa Qpararuanrre ctrracHr.
Ercnlo:urra,
Korro ce rroryqaBa npH pa3pyuaBaHe rra nperpaAara, B rroBeqero cryrrar ce oraenr xa 0,0 I 0,02 ceK or Haqaroro na tfpnrarnauua rlryv
u ce oqepraBa Ao6pe no coHarpaMara. B gpyrn c,ryvan o6ave rr e rBtp.qe
cla6a no rrHTeH3HTer,c.nt-rBa
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Ty B rro.lr3aHa $pnrarneunr uyv. 14gsere c bcraBKu o6aqe uvar o6u1o npeMerpaeHe, Koero He Ha,qBurxaBaBpeMerpaeHero na egua o6nxHoaerra tfpr.rKaruBHa nnu nperpagHa cbr;racHa. AQpuxarllsxrre cbr,qacHr.lc;reAoBareJruo rpl6aa Aa ce pa3f'llexAar xaro xov6ugaunr Ha eJIeMeHTuo l. saHara I-ror
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57
4. IL ar e p a Jr H H r e (crpaxrvHrl) clr,racnx rro Haqr.rHHa yqJreHeHr.re
crqeraBar s ce6e cr.roco6enocrsre Ha nperpaAHhre r{ npoxoAHuTe c'brJracHH, Ho 3a pa3:rr.{Kaor ar}puxarunxlrre cr,r:racHu npr.rrrxHoro yrlreHeHue
yqreHr{TeJreHaKT. Ilperpagara ce
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ocT,IIlecTBtBaB 3OHaTaHa aIBeO.iIHTeC nOMOIIITaHa Bbpxa Ha e3I4Ka,a npoxo,qbr qpe3 ornycHarure Kpauula Ha e3r.rKa,noKpan Koxro nporHqa o3ByqeHara n3,[uuHa crpyr.
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Or axycrnrlo rren[rue crreKTbpr,THa J]arepaJrHHTe
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( r p e n e p , r x s n ) c ' r , r . l r a c Hnuo . q o 6 n oH a i r a r e p a J r H r . r r e
5. B H 6 parrrHure
cr,qeTaBaTnpH cBoeTo yqneHeHr.renpefpalaTa K rrpoxoAr,T, Ho 3a pa3JrHKa
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c noMouTa Ha r(opoHaTaHa e3t{Ka,
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SprrarraeH Tr.rnc yqneHr.rrerH o M r c r o H a M e K o r o u e 6 u e s e e n o 3 H a r a ,n 6 r , , r r a p c r r x e : n x .
B z 6 p a H r u r c b r . n a c H nn 6 r , r r a p c x u r e : l l r c a [ p , p ' ] .
C)r axycrlrvrro r.lleAuule nl-r6paHrHurec rJrlracHunogo6Ho Ha Jrarepa;]Hr.l're ce xapaxrepu3rpar c rcHo orrepraHa
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KaTetopllt, npoTrrBonojloxHa Ha opaJlHIiTecbf JIacHK.
I I a : a , r s u c r , r J r a c H Hr 6 r l r a p c r u r e : u r c a [ v , u ' , H , H ' ] .
B axycruuuo orHouleHHe crreKT'r,p.br
Ha Ha3aJIHItrectr,tacau nogo6uo Ha
nareparHHTe u rr6panrxure ce xapaxrepH3Hpa c qcHo oqepraHlr tfopvaurr.r,
pe3yn'rar or ceo6olnur flpoxo,q Ha o3ByqeHara H3lr{[rHa cTpyr npe3 HocHaTa KyxHHa.
f l a i a [ i i ] o r a u u . g l i d e , , l e u x a c e " , , , n p u , r e n n a uc e " . I l a f i g o n e r e c a
oco6eHa KareropHr Ar.rHaMuqr{x3ByxoBe, npu qfiero ytrreHeHUexou{rHryparlnrra Ha rJracoBur KaHan He ce 3aAbpxa B laAeHo loJroxeHue, a 6tp:o ce
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rrMeH-
58
HOB1,3OCHOBa
Ha ABUXeTTHeTO
Ha apTr.rKynxpaulHTeopfaHx rr Ha nopoaeHxfl
or roBa aKycrt-rqecxneQexr. Tasu oco6eHocr Ha yqneHeHr{enolgorssa o6oco6.snaHerona rrafigonere B caMocrorreJrHa 3ByKoBaItareropfiq.
B 6r'nrapcrut e:nx r:rafiA e ffi]. IIo Mtcro Ha yr{reHeHr.ierofi e ne6en, a
n o H a q H HH a y q l e H e H H e n p o x o A e H .
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cuHTe3aHa peura, e 6e: c bulecrBeHo 3Hat{eHHe:a ugeuru$lrraqnrra Ha [[].
O6parHo, r'r,pB qr $opvarrr ua [ii], xofro lr.jraBHoce cBrp3Ba c npexoAa Ha
nrpnlrr QopvaHr Ha cbceAHara rJracHa,3ae,qHoc flpexoAHTeHa caMara r;lacfla ca or pe[raBaulo 3rratieuue :a nlerrrrQrxaqNrra rra [fi].
Illy,roeu cbzrac u-3eyq
u u 6ezzeyvs111
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ca pa3TBoperrn
lt u3Arurna.ra
crpya cno6oguo nporuqa Mex,qy rrx, a fipx aprrKy:]au[rra Ha 3ByrrHrrre
c t I ' J t a c r r l re I H o B p e M e H H oc t x y M o B H t t t 3 T O q H l - t Kx ,o i i r o c c y c r a H o B r B a B
crecHeHara l'lnr.rB rlperpaleHara qacr Ha fJlacoBlrt KaHar, jleicrBa lt fjttcoB x r r u 3 T o q H l r K o, 6 p a : y n a t r o r r p c n r e r r u r r a t I a r n a c r t J I K f i T e .
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r.c. lrHTo pa6orara Ha aprnKy,rrnpautaTeopraHrr 3aar{crror geficralero rra
rraculKnre, rulro nlK,qeiicrBuero rra r;IacHJIKrrree B nptKa 3aBrlcuMocr or
noroxelruc'l'o ria aprfiKyntlpauhre opraHs. Tona o:uavana, qe Aalerra KoHcoHaHTrraapr[xynauur Moxe .qa6rgc N,ru;1axe 6t4e npugpyNeHa or rpen'relrtrrra Ha r-nac[J'lKUTej
r.e. ,4a6r,,qe3ByrlHannr{ 6e::ayvrra. Karro Haquurr
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rro3BoJItBaTIa Ce OCHrypLt
pa3rnrinero Mex.qy crrracHrire B paMKHre Ha e! rr r c.r,ul,qoKaJreH
pe,n.Cr,rracHrire [n] H [6] Ha[pHMep llMar e,llla H c bu]a xaparTepr.{crnKarro Mrcro
I,l Haqr.rHHa yqJ]eIeHl,le eauHcTBeHaTapa3nxKa MexIIy T.SXe B rraJ'lfi.IHeTo
xnl, B IUI]caTa rra 3ByqltocT.
B 6r,rrapcxrl e3rix c'brJracHHTerto 3Bytrnocr 6e::ryvuocr o6pa:yaar
crelHxre nBotKr{:
6e:rsyuun: [n,n', S,Q', r,r', c,c', q,q', ru, v', x,x', x,x']
3ByqHr.r: [6,6', a,n', !,,[ ', 3,3',.rc,.q3',x, 'ax', r,r]
B arycruuHo orHo[reHHe cneKT.bpbr na 6e::syvHure cr,r;racH14ce xapaKTepu3lrpa c Haj]urt}lecaMo lta IIyMoB r(0MIIOHeHT,
a CIIeKTIpbT Ha 3ByrIHI{Te
c'hfjtacHu - c Hart-tqt'e Ha lIIyM r-i ocHoBeII ToH, KotTo B bpxy coHarpaMara
59
ce noraaaa nog SopMara Ha rpenreuH.s g Hafi-Hr.rcxarari qacr. flpu nperpa,qIrr.iTecbfJracHrr ocHoBHr.sTToH Ce rroqBrBa no BpeMe Ha nperpaAaTa, a llpu
eAHoBpeMeHHoc Qpuxarn;Hul uryv
QpuxarunHnre
3 B y q H n r e n 6 e : : t y v H u r e c B r J a c H r . ro 6 p a : y e a r f p y l a r a H a [ t y M o B u r e
cT,fjracHl', KotrTo rro cBoHTe apTuKyjraurroHHo-aKycTHrrHxapaKTepr.rcTtrKn
ce nporxBorrocraBrr Ha,[pyrara rpyna c.brracHx - coHopHXTe.Illyvornrc
q'hrnacHHBbpxy aKycTHqeHn-rraHce xapaKTep{3r.rpaTcaMo c rxyM r,rn[
c txyM
u ocHoReHToH, a coHopH(Te ocBeH c ocHoBeH ToIt ce xapaKTepn3rrpaTrr c
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pa3rnqxe, Tr,rlKaro HrMar clorBereH 6e::svqeH KoDerar.
CouoDnu
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cc
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n p e r p r A a B y c r r r a r a x y x u r r a , a ! o r A p y r . a ,c s o 6 o g e H n p e x o A r r a o 3 B y q e H a r a
r.r3Ar4urH
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[p, p'].
B axycrH,ruo orHouetlfie cne(Tpl{Te Ha coHopHI{Te cT,fjlacHlt ce xapaK_
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Ae;rrrarpyna, HapeqeHarpyna Ha rra3a,'rrrre.B axycrNvuo oruoureHHe Hoco_
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60
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64
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crrJracHa[x] ca or cbull.{rnoprn.bK,KaKTorrpr{cl,orBerHrre BenapHHnperpaAHxcr,r,qacHr,[x, r]. Hecr,uueuo o6ulure cnerrpa:rHHxapaxrepncrrKH ce o6yc,ranar or o6ullrl Mexanu3lM Ha naJrararru:npaHe, rofiro e eAr{Hu cr,lrl KaKTonpll flpoxoAHaracr,rlracHaIx], rara u
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o6pa3yBaHeHa npefpala u tpoxo,q Ha rJracoBrr raual. flperpaqara ce o6pa3yBano c'bu1ltrHaqt,tH,
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IO fOprraTa rrojroBHHaHa fopH[lTe pe3rtl4.
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$ 8 6 . / . ( n t fe p e u u l r a : r H u r rn p u 3 H a xH o c o B o c r ( H a : a l H o c r ) e n p u c ' t q
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npoxoA B rrocnara xyxnrra. B paMKHTeHa roKanHtlr peg o6pa:ynaxara nperpa,[a e KoHcrnryruBeH flpn3rraKl-tHe ce H3rro,q3Ba:aQoHevHa gar[epeaqr.raqul. [u$epenquaJrHHrr [pH3HaK rrpH ToBa rrpornBonocraBrHe e HocoaocrTa, Harrp. - 6qc - uac. Ooselrnre [6] n Iu] ca [perpaAHH, Ho eAHara or rrx
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Ha pa3nHqHHr HaquH Ha yqreHeHue, T.e.
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$ 87. .(nQepeuquarrvflT rrpri3HaK n a r e p a Jr H o cr (crpanxvHocr)
xapaKTepH3upa Souer'.rure [,r,r']. B aprltKynau[oHHo orsoueune rofi ce
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B arycruvHo orHotrreHlte npH3Hax6T narepaJrHocr ce cB6p3Ba c rpKara
rfopMaHTHacrpyr(Typa Ha cnexlr,pa, 6,rnrxa go crreKTtpa Ha uracHrire.
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(rpenepllreocr)
$ 88. [n$epeHquaJ'rHnrrrrpH3HaK
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6rr:ra ,4o crpyKTypara Ha r;racHHTe.
flo npnarraqnre larepanHocr n rr.r6paHruocr $oHeMr{re I,'r], tr'],
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$ 8 9 . [ u Q e p e u q n a J r H u r rn p r . . r 3 H ar x, r a i S o
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cauo {roueuara [i]. Heronoro B,r,BexAaHece Ha-rrara,3a .qace pa3rpaHrqar
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uara [fi] ce onpenelr xaro cb,qbpxaua npn3HauuTe HeBoxaJrHocrH HeKoH_
COHaHTHOCT,
a B ApyfH Cnyqa[ KaTo cb,qapxaua Te3r.rnpH3gaqu, rro3Bo,,rr_
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KoHTo ocBeH Ha3aJrHocrragn$epenqna;reH e u JroKaJrHHrrnpll3HaK.
C:bOTHOCI4TEJIHI{ (KOPEJIATIIBHI,I) NPU3HAII[I
$ 9 0 . C ' l o r x o c u r e J r H r r r e n p H 3 H a u r {o 3 H a q a B a r H a r r l q H e , p e c [ e K T H B H o
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pa3rHqaBar r-rrll HeyrpaJIIi3Hpar. Cwlc u,rr,r ua cborHocI4TeJIHororIporHBoI I O C T a B ' H e I - i M e H HB
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ua [ii] ce
oprarru3npar B ABe KoperausH: no 3By{Hocr
6 e r r a y v H o c r 1 4M e K o c r TBI,pAOCT
$ 91. Kope.raqnq rIo 3Bvqrrocr - 6e::nyvxocr. Kopelaqnrra no 3Byqnocr - 6e::ayunocr B cpaBHeHHec KopeJraqfirra rro MeKocr - TBl,p.qocr e
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6e:aeyunocr u:6opbr e HnH 3ByqHH.sr,u;ll 6e::ayrHlr.ar ropelar, nanp. da,u
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a(ycTHqHo oTHouJeHHeca 3ByqHr.r,T.e, npHTexaBaT KaqecTBoToBoKaJIHOCT,
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6e::ayvxocr.
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3ByqHocr - 6e::nyuuocr e Ha-nrqHero, pecll. nHncara Ha yqacrHero Ha rra_
cl0rr(HTeB apTxl(yJrarlHoHHHraKT H nOCjTeABaJTOTO
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flpr n:roropa Ha 3ByqHrre carJlacHH ocHoBHHrr roHt noryqeH or geficrslr_
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,{on'l:rxure,reH aprHKynauHoHHo-aKycrHqeHnpH3Hax,xoiro ce cr.reraaa
c npr.r3HaKa3ByrrHocr - 6e::nyvnocr, e HanperHarocr - HeHanperHarocr.
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- 6e::syvnocr.
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$ 92. Iloeuqxx xa Qoueuno nporHaonocraEffse tro 3By{[ocr - 6e33By.rHocr.flpornronocrarrHero no 3ByqHocr- 6e::ayuuocr B 6BnrapcKHt
E3I'K CE OCT,UICCTB'B
B CJIE.{HHTE IIO3I{UHI,I:
l. flpeg rlacnu B HaqaJloro H B cpeAara Ha.qyMara: nun - 6ua, natxa Ma,4Ka, ntr - 6nt, fiap - eap, $at - aa,4, ce.fl - 3e.fl, ma,u - dau, mou ooM, mflcHo - o.flcHo, rc4p.8 - uaPn, JtctL,to- utu,,to, ucecm - utecm, Kocm
- ?ocm, KyKa - zyKa, yac - dxas, uon - dtron, onepd - o6epd, mpenn mpe6n, rcoca - Ko3a, HucbK - Hu3bK,cHuaaaaM - cHutcaaaJu.
2. flpe,q coHopnn car;racHu: npaeo - 6paeo, npnx - 6pne, npat - 6pa,t,
- dptnua, cueu - tuei, pomuLt
Qpax - epaz, mpbHltus dpuuue, mpbn a
- podHa.
3. flpe,q cr,r.:racHlrre [r,s']: m6ope4 - daope4, maoi - daoeu, csuHeq 36btte4, nacaa - na3Ba, catm - 38np.
E,quncreeHo B Te3r.rrpu no3nrpli e BB3MoxeH n3roBopl,T KaKToHa 3ByqH a ,T a x a u H a 6 e : : r y v u a c b r n a c H a ,T . e . n p o r n B o n o c r a e t n e r o e O o H o r o r n q HacranBa Heyrparr.r3aq[r Ha npr{3uaKa rro
no. Brs ac qru Apyrn no3r.rrlHr.r
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or KoHKperHararro3Hur.rrce cpeula
:ryuuocr
caMo 3ByqHr.rrTr.rjrr..r
caMo 6e::nyvHlrrr KopenaT.
B nporlrronocraBrHero rro 3ByqHocr 6e::ryvnocr no-oco6eso no,roxeHt-reHMar 3ByqHHre KopenarH npn nperpa,qHo-npoxoAHHTe,{noirt-r Iq-s],
I u ' - s ' ] , [ . r Y ] . T r x H o r o y q a c r l r e y p a B H o B e c r B ax o p e n a q u f i T ar { n p a B n n p n 3 HaKa3By.rHocr - 6e::ayvnocr npo[opunoHaneH, Ho B cs loro BpeMe rrxHaTa (bynl(qnoHanna HaroBaperrocr e rpaiixo orpaHHqeHa. C no-ro,rerraugr:MoxHocrn 3a nporr.rBorrocrasgHe e Asoiixara [v v], a crc cT scev c,'la6u
JreKc[KaJreH
varepnal {oueasoiixara [u s]. Ilopagx JrHrrcarbx Ha HaJrHqeH
(aro
Mara [s'] ce onpelenr
rroreHurlalreH3Byr{eHKopenar Ha Qonevara [u'].
Ocaeu rona:oyuHr..rre nperpa,qHo-npoxoAHr.r
KopenarH npogB.,rBarr.{HeycroiiqNsocr rlr Qouo;roruvHoro cH ctAcpxarrue, 9ecto B TexHHr r{3roBop
ce na6rroAaga orcra6saHe r.rJrnH3rrycKaHeHa rrperpaAHHJ{
eJIeMeHT,Karo no
TO3r.{HaqHH Ce CTHfa,qOH3paBHrBaHeHa nperpaAHO-npoxo,qHaTacarjracHa
c ' b c c b o r B e r H a r a 3 B y q l { an p o x o A H ac } r , r a c H a . T a r u r e H A e g q a qc e f l p o r B r B a
lrloBeqenp/ u3roBopa Ha cbriracHara Is]: dzuQm suSm, d3tuxau - sumau,
dzeucxa -- 3aucKa.
$ 93. Ilorxqxn Ha HeyrpanH3arIufl Ha rrporrrBonocraBrHero no 3Byqnocr - 6e::ny.rnocr. B 6r,.nrapcrHc e:l,tx cra6t,lre rro3urlt-ruHJrHno3ltqultre,
B Kolrro HacrtnBa Heyrpann3aurr Ha npu3Haxa 3ByqHocr - 6e::eyunocl, ca
CJIEAHI,ITC:
l. B rpa.aHa nyMara npeA nay3a, xtAero ce rl3roBaprcauo 6e::ayvHa
cbrrracHa: xtn6 fxt' a6l, uaulaf llua:,l:rdr:l, rcopa6[xdpan], x,ry6 fxtynl, zonoa [rordQ], do6ue [yd6n$1, yumua lyuri$1, 6raz [6mx], epaz fzpax),
dpaz fxpaxl, zpad frpar], mpyd lrpyrl, uoctc luoutl, xunete fxund.usl,eop-
t20
nex frrrpl..ld,tuf, uzpas lizpacl, auatus laudtucf, mopuoz fropudcf, 6pudt<
[6prv]. (3a rpoMeHrrre Ha MexlycnoBHo paBHlru1errpu cBbp3BaHeHa nBJ]Ho3HarrHu
lyMr.r H B paMKr.rreHa QoHerH.rHara AyMa Bx. $ 122.)
2. B no:uqlrr npeg 6e::syvna cr,rJracHa,x;Aero ce ri3roBap,{ cavo 6et3ByqHachrrracHa: apa6ue Irpalvd], o6t4 [orlrtr], upaerca fv.pitQxa], noxpuera [norpiQxa], pozue fpilxue), S,taeue lQ xueJ, cttadxa fc nxal, pedxu
[pdrxt), cuazrca [cudcxa], crca:ra [cxicra], uoxue f:adwvef.
3. B roruqu.r npeA 3ByqHa clr;racHa, KT,Aero ce H3roBapr caMo 3ByqHa
cauracHa: ceam6a lcydg6af, atexdom IaHer.qdr], rcocum6a fxocinla],
c6upxa [r6npra], cztcma ftrrcr'i.),
czpada [:rpdga], cdr,pxau [:gipxaN,{].
IIpu neyrpa.nn:aurtra Ha nprr3HaKa:ayvuocr - 6el:ryqHocr cBr;racHara
Soueva [n] or r(opeJrarHBHara1rofixa, [Q-a] ce orAenr r.r3MexAyApyrHTe
3ByqHuKopenarn c no-oco6enoro cH rroBeAeH[e.B eAnn notnunxrr ce A.bpxx KaTo coHopHa cbfJracHa, a B,qpyfH rro3HrILrHKaTo 3ByqHa uyMoBa cbf_
,racua. Kaxro se.re ce or6e,rg:a, B no3rrrllr npeg $orevxre [t,s'] ono:r.rqrrra rro 3ByqHocr - 6e::ryvHocr ce rroAl(r,pxa, TaKa KaKToce noAlbpxa npeA
couopHnre cbrnacHH, cpB. mtope4 - dsope4 v mptnua - dptnua. B nozutlux
o6ave npeg 6e:aayvHll cbrJracHHr,rB KpaecnoB[e nogo6rto Ha Bcr4qKl.r
Apyfn
3Byr{HuKoperaru ctrJracHara [s] e a c,ra6a no3r.rrJnrH npn3HaK'br 3ByqHocr
ce Heyrpan"3npa'. anulua [Qnirua], exapau f|xi,pav'l, upaexu [vpiQra],
npaa frpafl, zomoe froldgl, poo [poQ].
,l]sorxoro rroBeAeHle xa $ouevara [a] ce o6rcuraa c Qarr.a, qe Ar,Jtro
BpeMeB ncTopljrTa Ha e3HKaTr e nphHaAnexana K]'M rpyrraTa Ha coHoprrHTe
cr,rJracHu. Oonevara [t!] ce e noqBHra n 6r,,rrapcxxr c3r.IKllo-K.bcno rro.il
q y x A o B J l l r r H r l e .O Q o p v r H e r o H a K o p e r a r u B n r . t r e4 a o f i x u
tQ-s], tO'-s']
o6aqe ce '.r3Bl,pruBacnel H3naAaHero xa cna6rre epooe. Or ro3!r MoMeHT
I{ararbK ce c!3AaBar QoHeruuHn ycJroBus 3a acltMn:rarr.rBHr..t
4efrcrarlr, n pe3y:rrar Ha Korro cr,rracHara [a] :anovra ga ry6N colopHoro cr{ KaqecrBo B
orrpeAeneIjl!.,rro3r..rrIHH.
Ta6rrua6
Clfnxx x cta6x no3rultr Ha nporlBonocraBtxero no Ssy.rlocr - 6e]3Ey{Hocr
IIor u qr n
<Douevr
SayqHt
6c l3uy'rrrn
B xpaecrocuc npeA nay3a
+
B |(paccnoBrenpcA 6ei3Byglrn
B rpaecnoauenpeA 3nygtix
B KpaecioBfienpcjJrrtacrllr,coxopu I cr,r,racxurc [e,o']
+
B cpeAncnoBr.re
npct 6e33By.rrr.r
B cpeAucnoBrenpeA 3RyqHH
B cpcnuclooue npea fnacHt, coHopltri cr,r,racrjJara
[s]
3 a 6 e r c x x a , 3 t t a ( ! T n n r o c o 3 H a q a B an o r B a , a 3 l a x l T
+
MfiHyc,
rlnca
na rrpr3HaKa.
t2l
o MeKocr - TB'r,p,qocr. Kopelaqrrra
no MeKocr $ 94. Kopeira{nq
TBr,p,{ocT,BanpeKu qe e cpaBHuTenHorro-HoBaoT KopeJ]alIHfTano 3ByqHocT
6ea:nyvuocr r.rBlnpexH qe gefisoro pa3Bnrr{e e HepaBHoMepHoB lrcropltrra Ha e3HKa,B caBpeMeHHH{ 6t,rrapcxlr KoHcoHaHTr.I3r,
M e rrmpoxo npeAcTABEHA I' CE OTHAC' NOqTI,I 3A BCUqKH C6fJIACHI'.
B roperaqnxra no Mexocr - TBr,paocryqacrBar 34 $ouevr.r,rpyn[paHr.r
B c . n e , [ H H TI 7
e x o p e , r a r x a u ua s o f i x l :
[n,6, lr, S, n, c, 3, r, A, H, p, "'r, u, s, r, r, x]
[ n ' , 6 ' , m ' , 0 ' , u ' , " ' , 3 ' , r ' , A ' , H ' , p ' , r ] ' ,q ' , s ' , r ' , r ' , x ' ]
I4:nr,Hxoperaurrra ca qeruplre cbfracHr.rrlouer'.rlr[ur, x, q, y], KoHTo
ca caMo rBrpAH n B KHuxoBHHre3lrt<HrMar MeKncl,orBercrBlrr. I,I:s'buropenarl.rBHororrporuBonocraBexee QoHevara [fi]. 14nerre c.rr,racHr SoneqHeToapTr.t(yflarlHoHHo
MH Ca npencTaBeHH
oT cl,fJracHlr3Byt(oBe,
MqcToe
n npe,quoHe6Hara
o6:racr Ha r,lacoBrr KaHar,T,e. o6lacr, cr,nnagaua c IoyqneHeHHeHa MeXHTeChf .lIaCHI-t.
IIIJIHI{TeJIHOTO
Aprlrry:raqnoHno-aKycrHqHara ocHoBa Ha rrporr{Bonocrat.tHero no Mexocr - TBl,paocT e HarHqr.rero,pecneKTuBHoJrHrrcaTarra Aon,bnHHTenHo.qBHxeH[e Ha cpe,qHaraqacr Ha e3HKaB nocoKa Kr,M TBap,qoro He6qe r noc.ne4BaJIOTOOT TOBa B aKyCTHTIeH
n-ilaH nOBHtUeHI{eHa IyMOBLITe qeCTOTHHa
clrlracHtrTe x cneqnQHunllre rlafiqost npexoAH Ha aoKarHnre Qopvauru.
Cr,rracHsre QoHevn [x'], u [s'] :aevar no-oco6eno no;roxeHueB Kopenaqnrra rro MeKocr - TBr,pAocr. B ua,rnqxu.r JteKcHKaJIeIt
Marepnan Ha KIIIIxonHn.a 6r.nrapcKn e3rK lrr.rncBar c,roto$opvll, B Korrro re3li Souevu ce
rrpornBorrocraBer rro Mexocr - TBr,pgocr. Cr,r..racHnre[x'] u Is'] ce cper,rlar
LlJtt'L
MOfaT Ia Ce CpeUIHaTB UMelta OT yyXI npO 3XOI l.t C KpaHHOOfparruveua llrcrpr.r6yqn.r.
Qolo,ror[qHara croiiHocr Ha MeKr.{Te
cr,r,racHn [x] lr [s'] ce onpeAenr or
crpy(Typara Ha 6T lrapcxur xoHcoHaHTH3r,M.
flpll oqexrara ua SoHo.nornvHara crofrHocr Ha,qa,qeH3ByK He ce Lr3J'rH3a
eAr.tlrcrBeHoor Harliq[ero Ha
gaofixa, xolto ga LrMaKBa3tloMoHHMeH
MHHr.iMaJrHa
xapaKTep, a or B!3MoxHOCTTaHa ABaTapa3nHqHK3ByXa,{a Ce [orBrT B e.qHar{ cbua no3r.rrlHr,Ha_
peqeHa cHJrHa,H B pe3ynTaT OT TTXHOTOnpOTr.rBOnOCTaBrHe
Aa Ce nonyqr,r
pa3nuque B 3ByKoBara oOBt,rBKa
Ha vopQevt lr c,roro$opvn.
B croaoQopvure xaro Xnt [X'yc], Xnu [X'yv], Xrocrr,H [X']crrul,
Xro:rgeprnu [X'drnep,rHH] cbrnacHara $oueva [x'] ce peanll3upa npe.q
3aAHHrnacHn, T.e. B Ta3li no3Hqur, npn Korro n 6l.nrapcxur e3HKce ocbrlecrBrBa Qouevuoro nporuBonocraBrHe no MeKocr - TBr,plocr. I,Ivesno
Bb3Moxnocrra Ha M€Kara c:brJracHaQoueua [x'] Aa ce pea;rr,r3upaB rro3r,rur.rr, B Korro ce ocbuecrBrBa u rBlp,qara c'rrnacua [x], onpeAenr u HefiHara
Qonororuvna crofiHocr. 9e rosa e raxa, noKa3Bace or nporHBonocraBrHe-
122
ro Mexly [x] u [x'] n gtoixara Xy: - Xnc lXyc - X'yc]. Or
Souo;roruvHo
rreguqe Qaxrlr, ve Qoue:iaHoronporHBonocraBrHe ce n3Br,prrrBanpu co6_
cTBeHnr.rMeHaoT qyx.q npoH3xo,q,HrMa HHKaKBO
3HaqeHHe.
Cr,aceu lpyr xapaKTep rrMa MeKara lrJrHrro-ToqHo oMeKqeHara (na,rara.llr:Npaua)peanr3ar\LrsHa cbrJracHara Ix] n nornqux npeA npeAHHTernacHlr
[l] l,r [e]. B ra:lr no:uqu.a tfoHelruoro nporr.tBorrocraBrHe Mex(Ay MeKr.tr{
TBbpAnc:brJIacBLe HeBb3MoxHo. rr,f raro re ce HaMfipar a orHoIrreHI.IeHa
aorlr,JrHnreJrHa
4lrcrpn6yqnr - npe,q npe,qHr.rrerJracHHe B.b3MoxHarraJrara_
Jrx3xpaHapear 3auvx Ha clrjracHara [x], no e HeBb3MoxHa rer,pgara. Tyr
clreaoBare;rHoJrr.rnctaneo6xoglluoro $onernvHo rbxgecrBo, Koero ra oct,trypn nporr4BonocraBrHero rro MeKocr
rBapAocr. Merara cr,uacHa [x,]
cJreAoBare:rHo
e Qoueva B no3uukq npen 3aAHx rJracHHH Bap[aHT Ha rBbptara QoHeva [x] n norr.rqtx npel npelHn rracHr.{.
Merara crrlacua [s'] n rHnxoaxxx 6r;rrapcru e3HK ce oflpeAer,r.,{
Karo
roreHurla;rHa Qoneva, T.e. Karo $oueva, qurro norBa ce upcAnolrara or
crpyr<rypHnre Bb3MoxHocrlt Ha cncreMara. Br,:uoxnocrra 3a ocatuecrBrnauena [s'] ce o6yclarx or uaJrHqHeroB KoHcoHaHTr43Ma
ua uexara Qoneua
[u']. flo rartt uaquH ce ycraHoBrBa rrapaneJrlt36MB KopeJrarlnrra no MeKocr
- TBlpAocr, T.e. uloM Karo cucreMara
r o n y c x a Q o u e v a [ u ' ] , H r { M ao c r r o R a _
Hr{eAa He AorrycHe x peanu3aurrra Ha 3ByqHH, Kopenar
[s']. flopagu ra:u
qyx/qn ayMH,cbAbpxauln cbr:tacnara
M e H H on p n q r . r B a
Is'], ce ar,:npteuar
r.rr3roBaprr 6e: sc.rrraxsurpyAHocrH or roBopeuxre 6t.rrapcru e3HK,
Hanpl{Mep AyMHTe or noJrcKHrrpoH3xoA
fldsn
lsndu ls'itAwl,
fAs'a], a ct Ulo
TaKau ,ql.ra;reKTHulr6r,.nrapcrr uzrozop dsnnau
[s,dnav].
.1], KaKToBcqe ce
Ipyflara Ha npe.qxoue6xure cr,r,racHa
nocotlu,
[ur, xj r{,
e carrucTBeHaTa,npH KorTO nrrrcBa KopenaTr.rBHo
npoTr.{BonocTaBrHe
rro Me_
Kocr rBlpAocr. rlo-vexllsr HrH no-TB6p.qurr u3roBop He 03HaqaBaHxro
peaJrHa,llrro noreuq[aJ]Ha B,t,3Mox]rocr :a
Qoxelrua gnQepeHqxaqna, rr,fi
Karo rrHTo e,[HH qJ]eHor ra3u rpyna He cbAapxa qnQepeuqNa;rur,
[pr.t3HaK
Nrexocr.B rosn cMr..tc
bJrAaJrHcrrJracHHTe Iur, x] qe ce lr3roBopflT Karo MeKH
n uyxAure gyvrz,2ffro,r, IIIn4, Aaou6epz xrrH Karo rBl,pArr )I{yt, IIIy4,
IIIotr_
6epz or $onotorHqHo rneAyl1e HrMa HrKaKBo3HaqeHne or rona (lorrev_
Ho rrporrBonocraB.sHe H.sMana ce nor,ryqH.Mexnrr x:roaop ua npegHoae6Hrrre c!r;racHl.t e noBerie xenaHHe ga ce npu6,rnxu r.t3foBop,r,T
rra AyMHTe Ao
n p o l , 3I H o c r . . r r e n H u r eo c o 6 e H o c r u H a c r o r B e r H H , q y x n e 3 r . r K o, r K o r , r K o r o
crpyxrypHa norpe6Hocr ua 6tlrapcxul
e:tr.
9
5
.
I
l
o
:
x
q
u
x
u
a
n
p
o
r
u
a
onocraBeH no MeKocr _ TBbp$
Qoner*rxo
nocr. EguHcrneHara cltJ]Hano3suHq, B (orro ce oc6ulecrBsBa Kopenaq]rrra
rlo MeKocr rB:bp,qocr I 6r,,rrapcrur e3HX)e rro3lrunrra npe.q 3anHr{Te
rJ]aca n $ o H e v H [ a , ' s , o , y ] . C a v o g r o a a n o r o x e H H e M o x e I a c e r { 3 r o B o D rK. ta K T o
123
MeKa,TaKau TBrpAaCbfjracHa,B pe3yJrTaT
HaI(oeTo.{ace IIonyqaTpa3ruqHl.r
cronoQoptran:
L flpeg r.nacHa$oHeva [a] , 6at - 6n,t l6'atl, eat - ent fs'arlf, dat dnt ftn'anl, car - cn,r [c'anf, uapxa - MnpKa [rrr'dpra], 4ap - 4np [4'ap],
roaa - tflaa [trr'd,saf
, uemat - yemnr [ver'a,r], zpax - eplx lrpa'x], rcsa , t o t a l t l o t ' a l , H a . u- u n M I H ' a v ] .
2. flpeg rracxa tfoueva [r,] podtm - podnm [poX'i,r], Kynbm- Kynflm
fxjn''s'rf , cnoptm - cnopsm [cnop'r,r], ?lracbm- ztacnm fr nac'\r), 6polrm
- 6podnm [6pdg:br].
3. flpeg r.nacua$oueva [o] zorl - ?bo.tlr' olrl, nosop - no3bop[no:'dp],
nemo- Ilemto [ndr'o].
4. llpel r:racHa$oueva [y] - Kyn - Knn [r'yn], zyx - tnx lt'yx], ryd rnm fn'yrl.
flpornaonocratrHero rro MeKocr rBT,pAocr3a pa3r'Ir.I{Hr{Te
cl,r:racHr.r
tfoucvu e rBbplle HepaBHouepno,Toaa ce o6qcxssa c Oarfla, qe caMara
KopenarlurB Hclopnrra Ha e3uKace e pa3B(BaJra
rrepatnovepHo.Mexlrre
c o H o p H ]c. r r n a c H H[ p ' ] , t . n ' ] , [ u ' ] H a n p n v e pM o r a r A a c e o r K p u r r B A a r e q u o r o M u H a r oH a e 3 l t K aI,o K a r o M c K h r ec b r , q 3 c r mS o H e v r [ r ' ] , [ r ' ] , [ x , ] c a
c e n o t B t r J ucr p a B l r u T e r HKo r , c H o c l e a X J V B . - - B 3 a e M r [ o
r r rypcKue3rlr.
H a i i - r o l a v a l r p a t H o o 6 p a : u ae r p y r r a r ao r , q y M n B
, K o q r o M e K H T ce t r racllu ce cpeuaT npe.qrracrrara [a]. B ra:N rpyfla ce BKJIK]{BaT
MeclofiMeHrlt, cl,uecraxTe:rnu, npnJrafarerHlt, frtaron{ t{ rJIafoJIHLI
Sopv.u: ulttcoi
mnx fr'axf, (tpttz [6p'ax], enpu [s'i,pa], e:r[rr'drofi], uttKo/lKo[H'axo,rr<o],
mnp fs' irt p), crne lcu' axf, dru fa' anl, .ultnxo [vn'dxo], dndo fg, itsol, dpntr
flp'auf,,ttmo [t'iro],6tt,t 16'at), c,rtn lc an),zn,tnu [ro,r,iu], 4uf4'atf,
tna l:la$1, cnttza.u fcr'd,raul, 6nza.v [6'irav], etpetx lst pa,i,xl, aopast
Ierpa'A], arpan.t fzt"pu'itlf, uzctpatut [u:sr,pa'drr], u3ttuafl [r:xur'iu],
u3mbpnrut IHclrpn' dH].
Il ro,ruqecraeHoorHourel{aevHoro6pofiHae H rpyrrara Hagyvn u tfopM[r, B xorro MeKnre ctr;racHu ce cpeuar nper rnacHara [r,]. 3a pa:.nura
o6aye or Mexltre crrrJtacHrlrrpe/'IrnacHara [a] re uuar crecHeHorloJre3a
oclUIeCTBtBaIle cpellaT ce caMo rrpx rjraro,rrkB ceraurHoapeue u o6pa_
3yBaH]4Te
or Hero 6r,geuret 6r,geu1eB MKHaJroro
lr nptr llr,reHyBaHe
Ha onpecr,ulecrBuTerHr.r
rtMeHa.Clyvanre ca creAHI{Te:
AeneHI.I
l. flprz r.laro,ru or II cnpexeHue,Konro tlMar oKoHqaHlr,-n (,.t\, -am
( ' t r ) e 1 n . e A . . r .H 3 r r . v s . q . c e r a [ r H o B p e r e : o c f l - t t o c r l m
[ndc'r _
uoc'rrl, upasn upaznm fv.pi,z't -. updz'rr), mynmn mynmtm
frytr'\
- rynr'i,r], oceo6od.q- oceo1odnm
ocro6o4'.i;r], cxz,p6st_
locro6ol'i
cxtp6nm [cxrp6'i
cxlp6'ir], truc/n .\,tucjtrm[virc,r'r, - uirc,r'.sr), n,ra_
mt
n,tamam lr'nar''s n,rar'ir], K/reaemfl, K,leaem.flm
KJre[r,reaer'i
aer'irl, mezr,tn- mez.,tnmfrdrt'.s rdr_l'r,r], Mbwp.fl .r.tbMpnm
[vi;up'r,
124
ui,up'rr], zopn - zopnm frop'i"
rop'i,r], caemn - ceemnm fcedr'.s
cBdr'arl.
Kr,v rasn rpyna ce BKJrK)qBar
tr MaJrtK6pofi r,rarolu or I cnpexeuue:
Kan.fl Kannm [rdn'r - rdn'tr], cxy6n cxy(;nm[cxj'6'r, - cr]6'rrf, cmettt
cmetnm fcrdst''s - crd,r'r,r], dpettn dpeunnl [qpdvr
E2EM':tTl,rant
xannm fx|n'u
xi,vsrl, cunn cunnm lcin'r - citn':trf,6r,6pn
6r6pnm
6i;6p'rr].
[6i6p't
-mell w -ap, c:2. flpu vnenyaaueHa c bulecrBHTerHr.r
uMeHac HacraBKr..t
HaqaBau1u
nv\a: y\umen y\umennm fyvirrel'r,r], nucdme/r nucametrJtm
[rrcire,r'rr], Hocumal - ttocume)lnm[Hocirre,r'r,r], ceudeme,r ceudemetnm fczuadren' rrf , p a6omodamet - pa6ontodametnm lpa6orogiren'.sr],
- uso6pemume,tnn
uzo6pemame,t
[u:o6perire:r'trl, cexpemuT.t ceKpemapstm lcexperdp"r,rl, tr et esuu,rop )tce.te3 u\aprLm [xe,re:xnuip'rr],
pu6ap- pu6apnm Ipn6ip'rr], 6ltocuap (tpt,crrcpnnt
?noa.tmqp
[6prcuAp'.lr],
? na + am op t m I r . n a a a r a p ' r , r ] .
IIpr va,rrr 6poi (oro;ro.qecerrasa)c brlecrBxreJrHH,Kofiro rrph r{reHyBaHeBb3crarroBrBarcrapara cK MeKocr:dett - dert.qm[neu'i,r], :em .temnm fzdr'rlr), xorr xornm lxdu'.ttf , oeut ott rr:rmfdrun':.. rl, Llup tlupnm [udp'rrl, cbu .cbtnm [cr,rr'ir], rpa-r xpu,urm lrpd .t rf, taxtm ,
taKbmtm ltd,rt r':.^rl, nam
ntmnm ltir',t:rl,
rtor<tn - uoxamsrmfrudrTr'rr].
Hai-valxa e fpynara or AyMlt! B Korro HMaMexn c,r,r;racrnr
[peA fJracHute [o] a [y]. Cpeqar ce flpeAHMHoB uMeHaor qyxA rrpotr.txoJJ..
Kbopul
[r'dparf], zrot lr'onl, .,tt,ocln'ocl, cto.u,zalc'dura], utoy')oop[ruo$'dp],
utr,ot fraz' dlf, uortmoop fv our' dpl, Qputuop [$pu:'dp], no::r,oplloz,, itpl,
n u r c u o pf n u x ' i l p l , r r o n I x ' y n ] , . ' r o , r rI r ' y v ] , i ) n u t e x l f y u d x l , c n . a t e m
[c'yxdr], 6tocm [6'yctl, de6nm lye6'yrl, nrope lt'pd], peznue fpet'yud),
mtomntr lr'yr'yn], rrn.r frr'yx], npnn lrp'yul.
B,4yvn or cnaB.,rHcKn
npol.r3xollcaMo c,brnacHara[n] e uena upeA r.tracrrara [o] n [y]]. Ilpel rrracHara [y] ce cperua B KopeHHHv,op$ovn: ttn:t6oa
ln'y6d$),,r rottxult'y nxal,,ttont [,r'j,n'r],6,rrodo[6 y1'o],a upcArracHa.ra
a HacrarKara -jbo Iplr crqecrB]trerHH Haprrqare
Io]
tuu.. ipun-,rco
[aprinr' o], t uz,tao lnir t' ol, .vbp /1bo [vi,p,r' o], p eet ro fpduv.n'
ol.
P a : l u q r r u c r , r J r a c H lc. ra M e K r r r p e , qr n a c H a r a I o ] n p t o 6 p a : y e a H eH a
r a l r b o B l r I tcl b u l e c r B r j r e r H k c o 6 c r g e r r u u v . e w a :R o i t a o I K d L r ' o ] , B a a a o
[Bdn'o), Eomn [Bdr'o], ITemto ltli'r'ol.
Ha Heyrpa.q[fauns Ha nporH BorrocraBflfiero rro Me$ 96. flo:n{u[
Kocr - TBT,pAocr,C;ra6Hrro3HuHH
t-r"rnrro3]rrlxrr!B Ko[To Hacr],rrBaHeyrpan[3arrr4rHa gn$epeuquarr{ur npr{3HaK
Mexocr rBl,p.qocr,ca cjreAH[Te:
125
1. B no:uqllx npel npelHr.rre r,racuu [u, e], rugero ce H3roBaprr caMo
TBl,pAl, ctrracHu, 6aun - 6axu, 3avn 3evu, xodn - xoduul, 6ets - o6eten,
unpa - usuepeu, 6nt
6elrtt, cunz - ctte)tceH.
B ra:u nognuu.r Morar,qa ce H3toBoptr u caMo oMeKqeHr.tc'brracHl..t,Ho
B r.r3foBopaHa Jrnua c u:rouuo6r,lrapcKa AHaJTeKTHa
ocHona: cezo [c'dno],
ueeo fn'i,rol, dert fl,'eu), euuo fz':ar:ol, eurcau ln'irxaw), dz,lz [g'n\,r]. MeKlrrr H3roBop B Te3u c,-ryqaue a,roQoHenH nopaArrroBa e rtl,tuleHor BcrKaKBa
{roHororuuHa croiiso cr.
tr4:roaopr,r caMo Ha rBbp,qn nnll caMo Ha vexn (ouer<veHn) c'lrlacul
npeA npeAHr{TerJracHr.le B c r,ulHocTe,qHaoT pa3nHKrrTeB r]po143HocHTeJrHltTe
oco6enocrr Ha 3arraAHure rr H3ToqHHTe6tlrapcrn
Alta:reKTlt.V s enuaut,
rzB Apyrnr cryqafi o6a.re uo:uL(Hsra e c,ra6a:a QoHeMHonporrrBonocraBrHe
MexAy Mer(r u TBr,p.q cbfracHu.
$ 97. Or cr,rqn.naro$oHeu rrrn e n MeKHrr lt3roBop Ha crrlacxure
[r, r,
x, l] s no:Nqur rpe! rlracHnre [r, e], xoiiro e o6rqo6r,,rrapcra npo[3Hocr{rcrHa oco6errocr : z epoi Ir' epdn], . ulv truc muKa fr' wuwdc-ruxaf , xepeau
[r'epndH], /'adre [Pdrr'e], Xc,u1c [X'evyc] , ruutt lx' nun], nyxu fv.yx' itf,
tuna fn' ntaf, tecett fl'dc'euf.
2 . B n o : u u u r n p e A c ' b r J r a c H uK, b A e r o c e r { 3 r o B a p r r c a M o r B r , p A r .cr a r n a c u l l . n o r l t . - n o , , t c x u ,6 a t t n 6 a t t c x u , 4 e n n , 4 e n x u , c e l n - c e d t r u , r u a p x
utalKu, (6uplt
cnupKa, maoptr ntaop1u.
Merr crl:lacHu npeA cbrJracrrHce cpetl(ar caMo tso[pelenetrt.t.qnaneKTHu
K o l c o l a u r r r r i c l r c r e M l u c a u e r ' l o [ y c l x M u B K I I l t x o B H I t rr - I 3 r o B o p [: 6 o l ' r r u q a l , [ 6 i . r r ' x y ] ,I x d r r ' c x u ] .
3. I) xpaa Ha .qyMara, Kr,.qeroce lr3roBaprr caMo rBr,pAr.rc.t rJtacH a nhm
nz,ntnnt, iett
dettnnt, du.tt itt.tt:t, ctt,t co.t'.
Meru cr,l..uacrlt B Kpar rra ryMarlr nogo6uo Ha MeKu c.bfracHfi [peII TBcpAn Cr,fnacHlr CC CperqaT CaMOB JIlraJreKTHIt
KOITCOHaHTHI
CnCreVn: [CO,r'],
q
p
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[rou'], [nrr'], [:rer'] u
T a 6 , r r j r r u7
C l | r E x u c n a 6 xn o 3 f i u r r H a n p o r f i B o n o c r a B q H enroo M e K o c -r T D a p l o c r
llpea:a.rlrrrr,raoruIa, r,, o, y]
IlpcI npcjllu r',racrru
Ir.r,c]
+
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+
3a 6cn
126
ex(
a : 3 l r a x l ' r n , ' l r c c0 3 a q a B aH a r H ' t q e ,a 3 l r a x 6 TM H H y c- n t n c a H a n p r 3 H a t ( a ,
ooHEMA [frl
$ 98. B ronconaHrnaracHcreMaHa6rlrapcrur e:ur Qonerr,rara
[fi] :aeua
oco6enono:roxegue, Bcuqru cT,rJracHH
B Ko_
$oHeulr ce opraHn3hparr.tJrlt
peraUurra no 3ByqHocr 6e::nyvuocr, finH B KopeJraq[qrano MeKocr _
- rr3BbHBcTKaKBH
TB6p.qocr
KopeJrarr.lBHr{
orHorrreHH.,I
ocraBacavo Qonel,aa_
ra [it]. Ilopaau roBa or rre,qltule na Qouolorurra rr He Moxe ga 6r,ge r.nacrQr.rqupaua
Hr.tror(aroMera, 3aIr1oroHrMarB,bp,q(openar, HrrroKaro 3Byq_
Ha,3auloro uava 6e::ayueH xopeJrar,
Oono.norzqHorocbAapxaHeHa [i] ce H3qepnBa
c npr.r3HaKa
r,rari4otocr,
(oiTo He ce cr,atpxa B Htro erHa rpyra cbr:tacHa
$oueua.
OyuxquoHalnara crofinocr Ha [ii] no orHo[teHHeHar;racHara
[r.r]ce,qo_
Ka3Baor HaJlllqueroHa MLIHIIMaJ,IHLI
geofixu or rur a ua meo _ meou, ceoi
- caou, zepoir - zepou. flporuronocraarnero
[i] - [n] e $ouoloruvecnll
3HaqlIMol He no3BoJrrBa
Aa ce pa3rnexna [fi] raro Bapr{aHTHa rJraclrara
gaere $oHevr
Qoxerra[u]. B norora ua pevra o6aqeB onpeleneHHno:l.rr1llu
xoper[par noMexAy cn! B pe3ynrar Ha Koero ce rroryqaBaraloQonun pearll3allltlr, B3aHMHlt3aMeHHI-IpenyBaHHt. BcH.Ixo rosa IIoKa3aa.qe BlrIDeKt,t
{roHevuara caMocrorreJrHocr ua [ii] no orrrouteHne Ha rnacHara [ul rs cc
flaMlrpa IJr,B tpyttrqroHa,rrra Bpb3Ka H 3aBriclrMocr.
B norora Ha peqra rpoHernrara[fi] ce g bpxu Karo cotlopHa c,br,qacHa:Karo
BcHqxr cbrracllH u Ii] o6paryea cpur.rKnc rlracrra ,.uo
[irit-ua], nuu fiaynul, il,tmo [fio-ro]l Karo BllqKH corropHn c.rrrjracH[
He
ce o6e::sytana
[ft]
B cr,ceAcrBo c 6e::ayvHa ctrJracrra .uuixu, c,tueeite, uuicmop.
H a p e , 4c r e 3 H K o H c o H a r r r H ux a p a Kr e p K c r H x n o 6 a q e
[i] ce pa:lavara o,r
cbrJracnlire no cBorra Aucrpu6yt\uz u cbqeraeMocr
[fi] voxe 1a ce c.rrqe_
TaBacaMo c rnacHr.t,o6paryaafirl c rrx c.bqeraHri, or gnsronr.uven rnrr, Ho
r e M o x e A a c e c B T t p x ec b c c b f r a c H a a g a o 6 p a : y n a c H e , K o t r c o H a r r r H o
c b q e r a H n e .B c [ q r o r o s a r o x a 3 B a , u e S o H e u a r a
[il] e oco6eH eug $oHer"la,
Korro ts rroroKa Ha peqra lrMa pa3HocrpaHuo rotse.qeHUe.B ro:s cvncr,,r
pa3ruqHure onpeleneuHr Ha [ii] xaro corropHa, :nyvua
QpnxartBHa c.rrrlracHa, [onyrlacHa r,rnonycr,r.]IacHa lre ca -llIitIIeHHOT OCHOBaHITfl.
$ 9 9 . B a p n a n r x x a [ i i ] . B n o r o r a H a p e q r a B 3 a B H c H M o cor . r . r i 3 r o B o p H r n
crr,rJl,or rro3uur4rra r.i y.{aperrrero QoHellara
no,q Qop_
[f] ce octuecrnrta
Mala Ha pa3nuqHI B3pfiaHTfi.
flpn evoquoualuo-6yxnerr ri3roBop rxyMoBara cr,craBKa ce 3aca:rea u
Iii]
BbB Bcr.tqKu no3r.tqnKce pearH3Hpa Karo 3ByqHa
QpnxarurHa cr,r,racrra. <DprKATUBEH
BAPI'AHTMOXE AA CC NOJIYqUC],UIOB HAqAJTOTO
HJIHB KPA, HA AY.
Mara, axo [i] e a cr,veraHne c y,qapeHanpelxo.qHa nrrr c;re.qxolHa r;racHa:
xtuu firilttul, ri-u [iiav], nzoda fidrogal. o6uvair, noroi. Opurarnarrara cr,c-
127
aKo rjlacHara, c Kotro ce cB6p3Ba[i], e 6e3
lf,rr:/..,
H3ee3Ba,
TaBKaHaMaJrrBa
y,qapeHne:
u.nxoi, xuxort, ctyuait, fropdau, ftoma4un.
or yaapeHlreron3rbBop'br
B nosuqH.rMexry ,qBerracHn B 3aBr.rclrMocr
Aro rlacorcJtabBaHe.
Ha[fi] ce:ana:na hrl e c reHAeHrrurKr,M3Haql.rrerHo
Hara, c Korro [i] ce cnr,p:ra, e tro,{ylapeuu, [3roBop6r ua [fi] ce 3ana3Ba:
6on l6oiail, 6pon l6poir\), denme,t fae dten), zanrceau fzairdrzav'l, rcunma
fxaitlraf, paiou.
or roBa, ,[arlr
Koraro Ili] rpaHHqHc bc c.ne,qxoAHa
crr,racHa,He3aBucHMo
pa3HJrHHe, r,r3foBop'br
Ha [fi] ce 3alfla3Ra:.
npeAxoAHarafracHa e y,qapeHa,
ce na.u,,turtcixa, ycmpoiea.ttt,neitatr, x.tefi.uo,aofiuu.
peann3auHre [fi] c.negueyaapeHur.{yaapeHnnpeaC rnrp.Eeorc-na6Hana
Hr{r,rrc.HH:n^ytun l2o17u]al..ua_mepun
fvardpu"a]. Co,QunlCdbn'a!, nup
nutt lnaprw" a), nun lni"a],6un l6i''sl, enonet fer.or.dna),cuen lcvd''a].
BapuaurNre Ha [ii] ca cBbp3aHH
noBe.rec n3roBopHr{Jt
crlrJl t.'tB rro-MailKa
e occrelen c rro3r.rrlrrra.IIpn ncnuxlrc,rryuarr,rafi,4oraraxapaKTepr.rcrr{Ka
:rauto
r
e3lrK
e
rpy]IHo
ce
oraer,{T
rtoBHara.Ilro
6rrrrapcxlr.r
aa
aBa rltna
o a p H a H T Hr l p r x a r n n e t rH H e c p n xq o r t l o p e H .
$ 1 0 0 ,f l o : n q u x H a y r r o r p e 6 ar r a [ i ] . @ o r r e v a r a[ i i ] c e c p e u l ac a v o x p a i i
r;racHlr,c xouro o6pa:ysa gu$roHruuHr ctr{eraHr.rr(uelrcrrHcxu gur}rour u ) . I l a p n v a l c e g u r l r o r r r n v n l i ,3 a r l o r o c a c b q e r a H n eo r , q B a p a 3 H o p o a H r . r
c,reMellTil r,rlacuafl cr,rlracua - r BceKHearH or rtx :anasaa Qolevnara
cr cavocroirHocl. [oxa:are,rcrro 3a roBa e r Qaxrr,r, ve Ha vopQevnara
, J r p .? r l ' ) 1 1 t e p o - i t , m , . r u i t- . l d - u h m ,
r p f , f fH I t rr c M o r a r , [ a c c p i ] 3 K b c B t rH
t t 6 u v u t i- o 6 u v a - i r m .
K a r o r p e x o g e r re r e M e r r r[ i r ] c e c p e r u aa c J I e A H I . InTeer c r v e r a u u r : [ i i e ] ,
[ i i a ] , I i l o ] , [ n y ] , [ n r ] . B r , r Q o u e r u u r a r ac r p y K r y p aH a O a n r a p c r a r aA y M ae
H e B r , 3 M o x ucoa M oc b q e r a r r u e r oI i i u ] . f l o r n u u u r e , a K o H T oc e c p e u l a rc ' r , q e T A H H ' T T A .C A C J I E I H T T C :
l . B uaqa;roro ua gywara: [iia] ,r,u [[av], :tcrto liracuol, np* [itirpt x];
ltl,, fiiyr], nuu liiywul, wax litywixl;
[no] iod, i'lortxLt,iona4un; liy)
ietyun,
itepapxutr,
iepoz,rufu.
Cr,qerasne [iie] r raru no3llqnr ce
[ne]
cpeula B HrKo,rKollyMH oT qyxa [poH3xo.qH e c TeHAeHrIur.qa
ce pa3pyun,
xaro [ii] ornaAa r.r;ruce 3aMecrBac r,qacHaralu), cpz. tlesyum ue3yum esyum, iepapxun
uepapxun epopxun.
Ctqerauuero [iir,] n uara:roro Ha,{yMara He ce cpeua.
2. B cpegnc,ronue:Iiia] - Hacmo.saa IHacroftirav], 6onzm f6oi.z'irz'su),
porx fpoii?rx],nputmer [npufidrer]; fi.to) .uaiop, paiou,6aiotrcm; firel
KaKTor.ra HaqaJroro
doaiieu, Soiepaepr. Crueranrero Iiie] a cpeguc,roBHe,
Ha AyMara, e c reHIeHuHr Aa ce onpocrH c r{3[aAaHeHa [fi] doaet, fioepaepK.
t28
3. B xpaecnorue: lfial - uden fnadita), cmaa fcrd af, enonen
[enondfia],
cmamyn fniryiaa]; fits)
nen [ndfirf, cmon [c.rofiil, een fadfir]; litol
Mapuio, Cmoio, Ileiio. C,lqeraxne [fie] n ra:n no3r,rul.r,He ce cpeula.
Karo clegxoner eJreMeHT[fi] ce cperua B urecr c]qeraHrl.f, B cJreAHrrre
II 03I-TU I.IH :
1. B uaqaroro Ha nyMara: lairl - aitpnu, ai.erp, ai,rtx;
[yirl _ yrtduceau,
yiidopiuuta. Tr,fi xaro B Ta3t4 o3nrJtt ce cperlar caMore3k ABecbqeraHu,
qyxAH rro npou3xoa,Moxe Aa ce cMeTHe,qe 3a Ha_
B AyMr.r,lr3KjrroquTeJrHo
qaJroroHa 6:urapcxara AyMaro3rl rHn caqeraHn{ He
ca xapaKTepHu.
2. B cpegnc:rosue: fairl cafieaum,manea; luial nuiua, napmufixocm,
ucmopuilrca;feit], neixa, deiuocm; [oit) - rcpoixa,yno rca,eoieoda;
fyfif
nyfixa,pyfirto,6yuno.B razunosHrIHrrie ce cpeqa caMoct qeraHnero
[r,fi].
3. B rpaec,roouece cpeula.ruecrre c,br{eranl{,cac creIxotrHa ctcraBra
[fi]: [ail] - o6u,raii,rcpaeai, c,tyuai; lwfrl - uampui, rcatuii, 6ui; [efi] , xo_
putfei, ,recuuuei, zeozdei; lyfi) - myn, ouyi;
[t it] _ mfi.
Btn Qoueru.rHaracrpyr(Typa ua 6r,.nrapcxara.qyMaHe ce rbpn.{T
ABe
rroc;re.{oBareJrHr.t
4utfrorruunn cbqeraHHq.14:x,trcqeHne
npaBrr caMo ABa
r,tarola or ] cnpexeHHer.rrexHlrre npon3Bo.qHH:
etunn fatuitititt l, noeauntt,
c tuut fcu it i.i,i's),za c ua n.
yABOEHH CbrJrAcHI{
$ l0l. VgaoeuH cr,r;racHxce nonyqaBar xa vop$evHara rpaHnqa npn
cJr[BaHeHa rrpeAcraBxaH KopeHH KopeHH HacraBKa.B re:u clryqau, aKo
TexHlrrerpafiHH:nyxore cbBlalar, npn H3roBopce y.q,bnxaBar:
ommezrxlt,
uaooaaoM,aoeHtru.
Br,npexn qe B orAeJrHH
c:ryqax y.{t,JrxaBaHero
Ha c,brJracuarac.lryxu 3a
pa3rr.tqaBaHe
Ha HrKor4cloroQopvl.r, He Moxe Ia ce cMrra, ve ro e c
$ouo_
norHqHacroiHocr, r'1fi xa,Ioe Ha,ruqegry$oHeMHocar{eraHr.t€!
rrJreHLMo
Ha
uop$eunara rpaHr{ua:fau) - rcopoua- KopoH_tn,cmeHa, cmeH-Ha,
_
fI{A)
noda - nod-dan, xadyuan - uad-dy.uau.
B aprnrylaqnoxHo orHotrreHr.ie
x3roBopr,THaynBoeHHTe
c.r,rJracHH
e pe_
3yJ'ITaT
OT eAHHyqJleHHTeJreH
aKT C yntnxeHo BpeMeTpaeHe,
a He oT IBe
IIocJIeAoBaTeJHI-t apTHKynaunoHHrl .qBH'(eHHr.
B 6r-nrapcrnl e3uK Morar Aa ce ylBorBar carJracHHTe
[r,4, c, :] xaro
xpafrHn eneMeHTu Ha npe,qcraBKHreom-, sad_, nod_, nad_,6e2_, uz_,pas-,
cBfJlacHara [n] or uacraarara -e cre!.rtfla1.aHe Ha rJlacHara
[e] n n cr,acer,r
ofpaHr.rqeHxcJIyqaH c'brJlacHara [B] Karo cy$lrxc npu HrKoH rraroJrr{.
l. Cr,rnacsara [r] ce ygnolaa B cneaHnre cnyqau:
9. rFr.nE
q dp.6ur..t.
Oudrn
129
a) npu cBlp3BaHeHa npe.(craBKaom- c (opeH, 3ano.{Ba[Icrc cnuracHa
ommu4a.M,
ommou6a-M,
ommyr,raa, ommpoueaM,ommpbH*a^t,
lrf: omma,+t,
omme2rlaM,ommeHbK:
6) npu crr,p:tane Ha npeAcraBxHrezad-, nod-, xad- c xopeu, 3anoqBauI
ctc c'brJracHa
rIo 3ByqHocrce
[r]. B pe:y,rrar na perpecnBHaraacrlMHJraurlr
no;ryqaBac'bqeraH[ero [rr): nodmurc[ndrrlrx], nodmuuaau [norrirvear"r],
nodmosxa [ndrrdvxa], uadm elc a eau I Harrexda av], uadmuuau fuarritvaul;
a) npn u.neuyeaue
Ha cr,ruecrBr{TeJrHr.r
uMeHaor xeHcKrrpo,qu qucJrurerHrr,3aBap[Bau1ltua frf: cmapocmma,utadocmma, npoJxemma,
6otecmma,
mpe3aocmntd,nemme,utecmme,decemme,deaicemme.
2. Cr,r:racsara [a] ce ylgossa B cne,uHr{re
cJryqa[:
a) nplr crrp:nane Ha npeacraBKnresad-, nod-, xad- c ropen, 3anoqBa[l
cr,c c'brJracHara[l]: zaddyuaecxu,saddo6pydxaucxu, noddaeau ce, noddupexmop,noddpt:crxa,noddtptca.u, rruddaaa.u,
uaddetn, uaddyuau, uadiaerca;
6) npn crr,p:aane Ha xopeHHltvop$ervrnB paMKr.{re
Ha cJroxHaraAyMa:
nemdueaerL
IndagHdseH],nemdecemIne.qlecdr],utecmdecemIurecggecdr].
3. Cr,r.nacuara[:] ce yqsorna B crreAHr.rre
cryqah:
a) npn cnrp:naue Ha rrpelcraBKr{Te
6ez-, uz-,pat- c KopeH,3auoqBau{
cl,c
cbfJracHara lzf: 6ezsarcotrue,
6essaeemeu,6etseyueu, 6eztz,6,6ezzto6ert,
us:udau, u33uvyauw,tts:o6oau, u33e aaM,u33auut,pa33er1etrcr,
pa33eMt,
pd 3:tuH6uM:
6) rpn acnvn.nartnrHa crrracHara [:] or npeAcraBx[re 6es, -us-, pasc e y A B o e B a c b r ; r a c H a r a l c l : 1 e : c u u c t e u [ 6 e c c r i . r i c . n e H ]1, e z c n u p e r t
[ 6 e c c n i r p e H ]6, e z c n o p e r[r6 e c c n d p e u ] ,6 e s c p o v e u[ 6 e c c p d v e H ] 6
, escmpar.uer [6eccrpdureuf, uzcxota Iuccrdva], u3ceroa.M[nccd.neav], u3cunaeM
[uccrinaav], pa:cad Ipdccar], pa3csupn lpacczirpxl,pazcadar [pacci,4tr],
pascen lpaccd.t),pascmpoiaan Ipaccrponav], pc scz,uafpacci'an).
4. Cr,r-nacnara[H] ce ygao.nnaB cnerHxTecnyqa[:
a) npl'lnpxJaraTeJ]Hr.i
or xeHCKH!cpe,qeH
poA r{ MHoxecrBeHoqr.rcro,aKo
B M6XKU pOI 3aB.bpUBaTHA - et!: cmexeH _ cmeHHo _ cmeHHa cmeHtu,
mete$oueu - metetf otttto mete()ouua , metefiowtu, MaruuHeH, Matuult- I4AU|UHHU,
O - MATUUHHA
CeH3A4UOet! _ Cetr3a4uottHu,no3uquoHe
n0_
3u4uoHHo - no3u4uo a
no3uquortHu, paioHetr
paioutto _ paioHrr(l
paioHIru, ecetrcH- eceHHo- eceHHa- eceHHu,KopoHeH- KopoHlto , KopoHHa
- KO?OHHU.
B npnlarare:rur, npr.r KoHro fracHara [e] ue n:nana ar,e
Sopuara ua
xeHcKH r.r cpe.qeHpo4 er[HcrBeHo qucJlo, c]rnacHara [n] ue ce y,qBorBa:
KoHHuK,neceHHuK,nyHHUK,c?,ape eturuK, Cmpa uK,.
n) lpu nnxo:rxo rtarora: dpouua, zez,uua.
5. Crrlacsara
Ha vcroaHocr:
[n] ce yano.nra B r-qaro:lK cr,c 3HarreHr.re
nua6aM, pe66aM, 3 eMAAA,M.
130
CbqETAEMOCT II 3ByKOBLI IPOMEHI{
AI,ICTPI.IEYIINq I,I CbqETAEMOCT
HA TJIACHIITE
$ 102, B:se Qoueruurn.r crpoex Ha 6l:rrapcxara AyMa r;racHure ce cb_
qeraBarrrpeAHMHo
cbc c r,rJracHrr.
Boxa,tHxrecbtreraHr.r,
ca tro-pegrnlr Hafio6qo xapaxrepx3upar qyxAa no npo[3xoA AyMa. qpe3 aKTr.rBHoro
BoKaJr_
Ho-xoHcoHaHTHo
cr'qeraBaHece lr:6qrsa crpynBaHeHa car;racHr.r.
B lo:uuns npeA ctrJracHaBcrKarJtacHaB yAapeHoHJrl B HcyAapeHonoJloxeHlieMox(eAa ce crqeraBa c xorro I{.qa e cr,f,[acHa.B rrorrqrr
c,re.[
ct'rllacHa o6aqe HacranBar ofpaHfiyeHHr, Ha,!oxeHH or KopeJlar{l-rqra
no Me_
xocT - TBI,pAOCT.TB'rpgnre carllacHK ce c,bqeTaBaTC BCrKa
r.JracHa,a Me_
Kr.rrecaMo cac 3a.qHHTerlacnlr [a, r, o, y]. B 6r,rrapcxnl KHHxoBeH
e3r{K
cbqeTaHXt OT MeKn ct'rjracHH u npe.qHlrf_rlacHHca HecbBMecTllMH.
Ilo olHouteHte IIa rBr,pAHTe H MeKr{Tec,LfJIacHHce pa3ru.ratsar
cre.[Hnre
no3r.rqnrHa y,qapeHnTer.ilieynapeHxTe fnacHx.
L flo orHouteHre Ha rBaplr.rre c,r,rr,racur.i:
a) ur-lacla + rBbpAa cBrracHa (fC) a nava,roc"toaue..udeau,
uepa; edbp,
eiutt; z'zo,r,bz.4oaom; apvufl, anput; o\epK, o,upa3a; ydap, yp<tx;
6) rBlp.qa clr:racHa + r,racHa + rBLpAa c6rracHa (CfC) I
cpeguc,,roarie:
pu6u, pu6ap, aeK, ae.tuK; nbnr, nbmeKe,. aatrc, na3ap,.
mouxa, eoda; xyx,
.uyxu:
;) rrr,paa cbrJlacHa + uacHa (Cf) n xpaec,roa ve..novmu,
catcdu; rte6e,
tdpaee; tema [uerll, nupoda
[Hapo.qr]; cz,d6a,6yrcea; do6po, uz,dpo; noty,
00)tv.
2. IIo orHouresue Ha Mexr.rrcclrJracrrH:
a) uacua + MeKa carracHa (fC,n Ha qa,!ocJroBrre
j l:lttuo, utrr.tzun; etur,
emnd; Acn, arlo3ut; orm, o6na,.teuue:ysnxsa
:
6) vera c'lrlacHa + rnacHa + Mexa carjracHa (C'fC,) B
cpenllcroBrre:
llnpn, U3tA.n 6AM; r1to/tt K, mpm nH ;
r) vera cruacHa + r,'racHa (C'f) n rpaec,roBue: sbpmn
[ar,pr,i;], aod:r
lsds'\1,cedn[ce dl,6aun [6iw'a); curtio.
3. flo oruonesue
Ha MeKHl rBbp.qn caf-[acHH:
t3l
a ) u e x a c a f ; r a c H a + r r a c H a + r B b p l a c r , r J I a c H a( C ' f C ) : e t p e n m
pas detnu [paagdr'av];
fnr,pr'i,r], nucamennm[nncire.l'tr]; 6n,t 16'att],
tn6oa
)voHmbop,Kboce,lnm fn'yr),
[l'y6dS]
6) rrr,pla cauacHa + rtacHa + MeKacr,rracua (CfC):dupn, du'vt; ned.s'
3ew.fl;Kbn.fl,mz,dnea;6aun, xutndapxa; Hocfl,Kor.ntrc;6ypn,6y'tt'ou.
Ta6nt-lIIao
A crpxbyuxc fia rracHfiTe flo orHorne{{e Hs carrac||
re
n o311r.lt{t
fnacH
rc-
cfc
cfc
-c'f
+
+
+
+
c'fc'
+
+
+
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a
+
v
crc'
+
+
tl
e
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+
3 a 6 e,r e x x a: Cxo6ure o3ttaqaBarl]orclrl]ua,ltlaBI'3Moxllocr 3a notBa ua lracllara B
nOCO'lCllOTO KOllCOBallTllO C'l,CeIcTao
flpe.{Hure uacHLI [Ir] [e] r xov6unarnBHlrre rl{noBe C'fC, -C'f n C'IC'
no crpyKTypHlr npItqHHIr He MofaT aa ce notBtBaT.
I.nacnara [r] He ce cpeua trpe,u MeKa c'bf.IlacHaB Haqaroro Ha AyMara
(IC') u vexly aBe MeKH cl'rracHlt (C'lC') I HarHqH[q Jle(cnxaJres Marepuar. Ilpeura or crpyxrypeH xapaKTep 3a rlotBa Ha rJlacHara [r'] a ra:lt
no3[unr HrMa. Cauoro ce orHact 3a r.]racHara [o] a roll6ltrarnBHllt rl.ltr
C'l-C' n 3a rracHara [y] a rov6uuarnBHHflrl.t[ -C'f.
f,tacuu
I cvqemsHue c z./racvu
S f03. B 6r,,rrapcrua e3l{x cr,qeraHutra or rJIacHac rJIacHaca rB},pAe
peaxu n ce cpeuar npernMHo B qyxgll no [pou3xoA,qyMH.B 3aBucnMocr
- HaqaJIo,
no-va:rcpeaan,rn xpafi Ha,qyMara- ce na6.nrogasa
or rro3r.ruHrra
Br'a
Boxa.]IHa
cbqeraeMocr.
Ka nlx cpaBHnrerHorlo-ro.lrtMa
$onernvutlr
crpoex Ha 6r,lrapcxara ,qyMaMoxe aa HMaclqeraHllt or,qBe r,racnn. CtqeraHur or rpll rnacHH Morar.qa ce cpeulHar B ayMll olryxg npolrio4:
MAOU37>.M,
flo otuouesue Ha yaapeHlreroce cpeular rpu TI'InaBoKarHHc:bqeraHut:
l. flrpruxr ulen or cbqeraHfieroe c yaapeH[e,a sropnlr 6e: yAapenue:
dym, x,tdyu, 6yex, cmdu, zdy6u4a.
132
2. Bropuxr.r.:renor ctqeraHrrero e c yAapeHr.re,
a rr6pBr.r.,rr
6er ygapenue:
oopma,cxudp. 6aip, uayxa. 6od.
3 . I l r p e u r r H B T o p u r r q J r e Ho r c , b q e r a H r , r e r o
ca 6e: ygapenne:
ayduetulun,yeduuduue,rcouci,tyuu,cmyduo,pdduo.
Ha q a I H ara n o 3 uu nr orpaHr.IqaBa
o K a r , I H acrtaq e r a e M o c r .K a r o
rrbpBuqJreHce cpeurar caMo rJracHHTe
[a, o, y], ronro o6pa:ysar c.br{era_
uuna laul, [ae], [ay], [oa], [yx] H [ye].
f;racnara [a] a y.uapenoHnH B HeyAapeHonoJroxeHr,re
cc cB.r,p3Ba
c:bc
cneAHHTe
rracHra,Ho B H3Krtorruretnoqyx,uHno npon3xo.q,qyMH:
Au_
faul:
da;-lael: aepoduHsn4uka,aeponnaH; lao): aopma, iopur*;
lay): aymincun,
aydueuqun,ayna, aym. B na.nrqxN.a
Jre(c[KareHMarepHaJrHa 6r,lrapcrn.r
e3r.rK
Jl.trrcBarclqeraHur [aa] u [at] B HaqaJroroHa.[vMara.
f:racHara [o] n neylapeuo noJroxeHHe
ce cBr,p3Ba
eAnHcrBeHo
c fJracHara
_- H B ,qOMaUHr.r
[aJB qy)I(Anno npol.t3xoaAyMH- OA3UC
KoraTor{fpae
,{yMr.r,
poJlrra Ha lpeQnxc oaeHtr.
flacnara [y] r ygapeuor.rHeynapeHono;roxenxe ce cal,p3Ba
c r;racHara
, [e] n govanrnu AyMHKaro npe$nrc - yeduxeuue,yedpaea,tt,yedrtarcaneau,
ye
n c r-nacHara[u] n .ryxgara no npoH3xo,qI yMa yucKu. C gpyrr.rre
rracHli rracHara [y] He ce caqeraBa.
T a 6 n Hq a g
BoKarfia c6'reraeMocr B Bsqa,!oro! cpeAara x Kpaf, t|r
lyMara
L p e A u c r o B H a r a n o 3 r . ru H r e x a f i _ 6 , r a r o n p l r r r H3aa
crqeraHurra
Ha rjracHa IL'IK)CfJIaCHa.B ra:u nosHuu-gBctxa rJIacHac h3KJIK)qeHI,Ie
Ha
fracHara [rs] r.aoxega 6r,.qexarro n6pB].r,TaKaIl BTOpH{JreH
Ha BOI(aJTHOTO
cr,qeTaHHe.
l.nacnara [n] n ygapeno u HeynapeHonoroxeHue ce cBap3Ba
crc c;rel_
Hrlre rJracHr.r:fuul: excnponpuupa*t;
[uel: npueu, 6ymouiepa, sapueme:
133
fua]: eapuaum, nuqHo,?eHuareH;luof: cxuop, 6uona, uduom; fuyf: xoucutruyM, ko Hc op4uy M, n4opamop uy['t.
flacnara [e] r y.uapexor{ B HeyaapeHonoJIoxeHIIece cBap3Bacr'c cJle,qHr{re rracHH: len): eepeuu,eceucm,xodeux; feel'. udeeu, edpeeHe,3eeHef
leo): opeot, anomeo3,udeatozun; feyl:
fea): oxean, udea,tex,zeHearroeufl;
HeyK,HeyMecmeH,
HeympaneH.
no;IoxeHllece cBr'p3Bac'bccreaIlacsara [a] n yaapeuo H B Hey.qapeHo
rrrrre rJracHH:fau):6aup, KautuKa,a3du.uHocm;fael: saeu, zadaeue,saexeau laa]'. 3adHeaJtupa.t4,3aaxKaa,M,KoHmpaamaKysa,v:faol: xaotuu, sao6./reu,3so6uKar.a ; layl'. uayxa, zay6u4a, ea?ay3uH.
noiloxeHl{ece cB6p3Bacr'c cn€Af::acsara [o] r ylapeuo H B Hey,qapeHo
Hrrre rJracHH:louf: 6poume,r,npousaodcmeo,daou4a; loel: deoeu, xpoatr,
eoeaoda; foal: aoa,t, KroaKo, eKcn,loama4ux;lool: edrnox, edrtoo6pasue,
3oomexHukd,foyl: x,roytt,ocmpoy.ueu.
ce cBBp3Bacac creAfuacnara [y] s yaapeHoH B HeyaapeHonoJIoxeHI.Ie
Hrre rracrni: lyu] pyuua, esaKyupa.u,uyum: [ye): 6ye4 cyemet4 tteuurtye,v;lyaf: au3yaneu,esaKya4un;lyol: aupmyotnocm.
c6c cpe,qnclroBHara
e
K p a e c Jr o B H a r a n o 3 H u n r B cpaBHeHHe
3a crr{eraHHr Ha fJracHarrnrcc fJracHa,Ho H
cpaBltlrrenHono-orpaHHrleHa
no-6.naronpulrHaor a6co,lrctHoro rrarrarotla AyMara. 14 e ratr no3ltqnt,
c Irn(ot Apyra rnacHa.
KaKTo11B ApyrHTe,rJracHara[r,] He ce cBT,p3Ba
noJroxeHuece cBap3Bac6c cneAl',racHara[r] o ynapeHou B Hey,qapeHo
Hr.rrer.lracHx:luul: uuu, o6a4uu, 3ttuu; lue): rcpe1ue, acmpoetrue,nLtel
ltrol'.puduo, o,tuo, cmyduo; luy] nuy-nuy.
no;roxeHre ce cBT,p3Ba
ct'c c;reahacnara [e] r ylapexo H B Hey,qapeHo
Hhre rJracHH:lew): rrcu, ndeu, ctaceu; leel. nee, uutee; feol: Eopteo.
flacrrara [a] n yaapeHolr HeylapeHorroroxeHlrece cB6p3Bac'hc cneaHHTer.lracHr: laul: cmau, 6yxau; lael: ,ne, 6ae; faol: rcarcao;layl: 6ay-6ay,
/laxay.
flacHara [o] n yaapexo H B HeylapeHonolroxeHuece cB'Lp3Ba
cbc cJIeAlrure rracHu: fouf: noxott, ycou, msou: loel: ycoe, oe, HuKoe;loal: 6ypmoa, 6oa, at4n/toa;foyf: ftazzott.
fracsara fy] ce car,p:nacaMo c rlracHr{re[e], [a], [n]: uadye, acye,ITttdya, cmpyu.
Brn $oHerrvuara crpyxrypa Ha6r,nrapcKaraAyMacr'yeraeMocrraMe)Knpr{Mepr{ce BHxAa,qe BoAy rJracHxe cra6o :acrr,neHa.Or npnnegeHr.rre
KaJIHITTe
CAqeTaHI-ltB KOTTOI{ Ia e IIO3IiUH' Ce OTHaC{TB fOJItMaTa CI,ItIaCT
Ao AyMn or qyxa HecJraBrHcKlrnpor.r3xoa.B ,qouau.rnNayMr.rcbqeraHr.rsra
ua uopQeuxa f paHrrqa.
ca racpAe pe,4xll, o6pa:yraHrr npe,qr.rMHo
134
Ilpomena
Ho z/tacnume
a c64ema*ue
c6c c6zrracrru
S 104. B noroKa Ha peqra rracHHTe B c,bqeraHue c pa3nnqHrre Brl,(oBe
cBfjracHI.tnpoMeHrT B e,[Ha r{t}t B apyra cTeneH apTHKynaqHOHHO_aKycTnq_
Hnre cH KaqecrBa, a orraM H cBoero 3ryqene. Crenenra
Ha npoMrHara ce
o6ycnaw or rov6anupaHoro slsreficrrlre Ha
,qBeocHoBHr.rrtpnqr-rHH:Trrna
r{a KoHcoHaHTHOTO
Or(p6XeHnel,I y'qapeHocTTan HeyAapeHocrTa Ha
uracHara. flpu eluo H caluo KoHcoHaHTHoctc€acrBo rJracex.br
Ha HeyAapeHHTe
rJracHHce npoMeHr noBer{eor rracexa Ha y,qapeHHTe
rnacHn. Tosa ce o6sc_
n.rra c Qaxra, qe 3a [3roBopa Ha HeylapeHrrre r:lacHtl
aprr,rKyJrarl[oHHl.rre
opraHfi ca no-oTnycHaTl,I n B cBOeTO,qBH)(eHI4e
He aocT[raT OnTHMaJ]HaTa
xouQurypaqaa Ha f,racoBHr KaHaJI,XapaKTep'a 3a
rr3roBopa Ha fJracH,lTe
IIoA yAapeHxe.
B :astacurrocr or apruKynau[oHHHr rtan Ha KoHcolaHTHoro
oKplxeHne
rlracex:r,T Ha r;IacHnre ce npoMeH, no cneAHH, Ha,{nH.
B cbce.qcrBo c rBsD.qr4clfracHu c H3KnrcqeHlreHa clfracHxTe
[ur, x, v, gx] r.lacurte no"r, n"
npoMeHrT ocHoBHHr CH rnacex Bnr.ino_ToqHo npoMeHr{Te
ca oT TaK,r,BXapaKTep,qe B cJIyxoBo orHotrlegl,teocrasar uesa6e,,I{3aHr.r
or cJIy[tarenq. To_
Ba ce oTHacr KaKTo3a fJIacHHTeB HaqajroToHA
AyMaTa npeA'rB.bpAacbfnac_
ra, rov6lrHauneu rxn f C-, Taxa H 3a rlracHfiTe MexAy
ABe rBtpAH c,brr,Iacuu, rov6nuatnres
rrn -fCf-, r.t B Kpar Ha lyMara cJre.qrg.bpAa
c6uracHa,
xou6uuarnaeu rnn -Cf, nanp. uda, numa, aa,tu,
ex, deto, ne6e, t et,t, ntm,
uema lter\1, ad, eac, ceza, oztn, 6op, dupeo, yeod,
6ype, ma6y.
143Mexly rBr,pAKTe c r,rJracHHrro s.r,:aeiicrsHe uupiy
ruy""n"ro Ha rJracHHTece orAeJrrr txyuxaBHTe cr,rracHH
gx].
x,
v,
Te:n carJracHr.r[o
Iru,
Mrcro Ha yqneHeHr.ieca nperHoge6sx 'r B caqeraHne
c fracHfi qpe3 KoaprrKylraut4aran3nbpnBar Hanpe! B ycTHaTa KyxHHa yqJreHr.rreJrHo.ro
l.tMMrcTo.
LTENCHI{TC
HA B!3AC'CTBHE
CA B 3ABHCIjMOCT OT
YqJ]CHI{TEJIHI,TE MECTA HA
rtacHt,rTe. flo-cla6o e sr,:leficrsllero
Bapxy rrpeaHflre r.nacxn
[r.r, e], a
cpaBH'treJrHorro-cuJrHo_ Bt pxy 3aAHr{rernacHl
[r, a, o, y]. flpe,qnrre.na"Hr.rce yvreHrBar s 6rtsocr 'qo aprrixynauuoHHoro
Mrcro Ha rry[KaBnre
cbrracHu B npelHara qacr Ha rjracoBu, r{aHaJI,
a rJracHHTe[r, a, u, y] n
3aAHaraMy qacr. Ecrecrteno e B TaKIB c,ryvafi nopagu
no-KparKrl, fi ctorBeTHOnO-,qaJrfHrn!T Ha apTHKyIaU14oHHO
CB6p3BaHeHa c,brJracHac fJracHa
u crenegTa Ha Bb3nelcrBue Aa 6r,.qepasrrrqHa.
B:lageficrruero Ha ltryruKaBHTeauarua"n Br,pxy
npe.qxoAHara ylapeHa Lr
HeynapeHa rJIacHa e M'HfiMaJrHOr.roco6euu
[poMeHH B HeiHH' rracex He
ce Ha6rlo.uaBar: nutua, Ku\a, uutca, 6eute, 6exoe,
ntutxa.u, Mbvu, Kou,tct.
KAtCe, A.4O9A,KOU|,KOhCA,mOyKA, CyWa, cy\a,
aul4 OAKA,C6etcer, Mauta.
3AUIU', noula, cnyua me./I.
135
B noauqur cJreAlxylxKaBI-tc6fJracHI.rnpoMtHara B rJlacexa Ha rJIacHure
e cpaBHHTerHoIro-cHrrHoH3pa3eHa.B pe:y,rrar ua naJrarajrHoToyqneHeHI.{e
B E.qHAHNH B APYTACTENEHNP'.qO6HBAT
TJI CHI-T
HA TE3U CI|JIACHITBCIITIXH
IIo-npeaHo yqJreHeYHe.
f;racnsre [n] n [e] no.q y.qapeHueB raKaBa no3liqnt ce lr3roBaptr cpaBHr.lre;rHono-3aTBopeHo, orKoJrKoro cnea ,qpyfHTe rrrpAx crr.nacuu. To:u
eQexr e no-cn:uo u3pa3eH npn H3roBopa Ha rllacHara [e] x cpaaurrenno
no-cna6o - npfi u3roBopa Ha rracHara lul:. uunxa, yutu, Jtcu6, vufim, wenom, Luuu)e,zuute, JKe?a,qbJtce, qecm, Kpaqe, dtcetae.
B Hey,uapeHano3uuHr cjreA uyrxKaBH cr,rJracHfl rJlacexbr Ha rnacHara
[n] ue ce orruqaBa caulecrBeHo or rracexa ft nog ygapeuue. lnacnara [e]
rlo-3arnpoMeHH.HefiHurr r:racex e cpaBHLrreJIHo
06a9e rapnu 3Haqr,rreJrHH
BopeH, orKo;rKoro B yAapeua no3lrllnt, Karo no ro3n HaqLIHce ao6- nxasa,
a B rxr.rpoKaTaH3foBopHa npaKTHKaH qecTo ce u3paBHcBac rJlacexa Ha fieyaapeHara rnacHa Iu]. 3a no-:arsopeHnq rr'Iacex Ha rJIacHara [e] gonpHHacs
o c B e H B J r r . r r H u e T oH a y t x K a B a T a c b r J I a c H a I . r p e a y K I I H t T a : u e c m u 4 a
ecrirqa], uenmn ln enr'\1, xexa lx eui,l, xetat
lx eni,tl, uepeuta
[urrr
(3areopeuuar
r,racex
Ha rracHara
uemupudecem
erirpngecer].
epdurrra],
[v
Iv
- [ e].)
B
ntBa
crpaua
ua
6yxsara
rpaQr.ruecrlr
ce
or6ersgra
c
to.rKa
ropHara
[e]
3aasure rnacHu [a, r] c.neg uryuxarx cr,rJracnn nonyqaBar lr3Ter;reHo
HanpeA yqjreHeHHe H B cpaBHeHHec rrpeAHuTerJIacHHce noMaBaT Ha non3pa3eHaapTr{Kynau}roHHo-axycTr{qHa
rrpoMtHa, flpexogr'r oT npeAcHJTHO
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136
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B Ta(aBa creneH, t{e Aa 6bAar onpeaereHr{ Karo npe,4Hr.rna6uanuu..utuut
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cpaBHr,ITeJIHo
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137
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Ha KoeTorlacexr,r ir e
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139
Hara peq [ft] n cruerauuero [fia] c,re.quracHara [r] e c vuoro c;ra6apea:rn3ar\trll rrltrr urnaga. CrueraHl{ero e rro-cxopo lual uny [ll"a], orxo;rroro
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crpyrcypa lra Ayl'aara.Bvr,xsaHeHa [i] e neat:uoxHo na voprfevuara rpaHHuaBbnpeKr.f
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lI:naAau e Ha rJracHu (e,rx:nn)
c6qeraHwx ce ua6$ 108. H:nagaHero Ha rrracHr4or orrpenereHH BoKaJTHK
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Or cr,qeraHnero Ixa] n cpegucnoalte ].r3na.qa
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140
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flrlHara KoHcoHaHTu3arlurHa rnacHara Ilr] I c,rnpeuennnr 6urapcru
e3HKcr,3AaBa,qy6.nerun Qopvn c (3roBop Ha [u] u
[fi]: aouu u aoiu, eounc_
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[fi].
KoHcoHauru:aqlrq Ha rracHara [y] ce Ha6:rrogaaaB u3foBopa Ha HqKoH
MexAyMeru.s or rr{rra Ha 6ay > 6ai, uny > uni, ay > ai u B ayMr.r or qyx,q
[por.r3xoA: ,Qaxay > fiaxai, ayta > aita, aymoncun > almoncun u s1p.
141
II CbIIETAEMOCT HA CbUIACHI.ITE OOHEMII
AI{CTPITEYIII{'
Ctz.cacau a cbqema ue c zracHu
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$ 110. Cruacrtre B crqeranne c rJracHHTe
TB\pwl E naexu.3a rorpgure cbrJracHnHrMa orpaHrqeHx.n- Te Morar aa ce
cbqeTaBaTc BctKa rJracHaB KaKBaTO
H Aa e rIO3I{rIU.q
B AyMaTa_ B HaqaJIOTO
npe4 rracra
B cpeAara Mexny ABerracHrl. MeK[Te cttrracHlr no3r,rquoHHo
- Morar.{a ce ctrreraBar caMo ct,c aagnure rlacnu
ca orpaHnqeHr,r
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Aa
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napa nncbK, aa3a, etmbp, tfap - xaene, MapKa - n4npKa,dat _ dnt, mau
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xann. B Hanr'l r:'z.,s
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[x'a].
flo cr,ulna HaqrrH,aKo $oneuara [s] ce car,p:ra c rJracHara s dszuxau,
lrf
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[oA BJTUTHI.IeHa CtCeIHlt TJIaCHH rrtfi Ha rJIacHI{ non BJI!'HI,Ie Ha C],Ce]IHIi
cbfJlacHr,r, ltpx (oero ocHoBHHTe KaqecrBa Ha 3ByKoBere ce 3ana3Bar. flo
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nalara_
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[o]
npr c'btreraHrrec rnacHara [y]. Ilpnvuxa sa ta6uannsagunra e axTr.rqfinaq[_
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pes: 6op 16"opl, mox [toox), me [foQ), poa
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rroHr.rxeHre
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uoro $ouernuto (aqecrBo. flopagx rota cnyulareJrrr He orAeJn na6uanu_
3rpaHrrr or ueta6uatuzupauur BapHaHT,cpR.mav v, myK, ca
coM.
2. lla:raralxraqnrra Ha ctrJIacHHTee pe3ynrar or Bnr{rHfieroHa npeAH[re rracHr.r[u] n [e], Kor.rroB eAHauJruB Apyra creneH npoMeHrr yqneHr4TerHr.rreMecra Ha npegxoaHurecrrtacHu B nocoKartu rnrp.qoro ne6qe.
B axycrnteu n;raHToBao3HaqaBa
noBlluaBaHeHa uryMoBl{Teqecrorr.r,
llastaratusa4ntra Ha crrJracHnTe e pa3tl-tqHano cre[eH _ nai-c.na6a e
npu ycrHeHr.rre(-na6na.nnure)
c6fJlacHrr,no-ct,ltHae npn alteo.nunte u uafi_
cnnHae nplr BerapHHTecbrJIacHH.EQexrtr or naJIaraJI[3arI[tra e uafi_cu_
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3auloToyqteHHTenHOTO
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Ha nararaJII.t3HpaHIrre
c6rnacHr.tsx. $ 47.
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145
Ctztacnu
6 cb4emawue c6c c6zracqu
$ lf2. IIpu onpeaenrHe 3aKoHoMepHocrLtreHa KoHcoHaHTHaracrqeraeMocr rpr6Ba Aa ce uMa nper BLI.q,qe eAHLIor rtx ce o6ycnaBtr or crpyKTypHrrre oTHoueHHr na rponeunre, apyru or no3llq}lflTa Ha cbrJracHure B
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nocr - 6e::nyunocr H MeKocr rBtpAocr, flptt KoHToB onpeAeJIeHHno3l{quu
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cTporr.r 3aKoHH3a cbqeTaeMocT. Te ca aa:rugxn KaKTo 3a HaqaJroro, TaKa u
3a cpeAaTa s Kpat Ha ayMaTa.
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TOBa,KOeTO
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cc, rr] u ap., He Morar Aa ce c?'qeraBar noMexAy cH B Haqalloro Ir B Kpas
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caqeraHn.q n 6r,.nrapcxnr e3HKMoxe.qa nMa caMo B cpeAncJroBr{e.
orHolreHHr no snyvnocr - 6e:CrrracHltre, cBT,p3aHLc xopeJrarr.rBHHTe
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o6pa:ynane Ha cbrreraHr.rr:
1. flo aryuuocr - 6e::ayvHocr:
a) 3nyvna cr,rJracHaHe Moxe aa ce c'bqeraBa c6c cJlerxo.qHa6e::nyuna
CTTJIACHA.
6) Eer:ayvua cluracHa He Moxe.qa ce caqeraBac6c cJreAXoAHa
3ByqHa
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crr.nacnnre
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no 3ByqHocr- 6e::ry,trocr
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He Morar Aa ce cbrreraBarnoMexay cx. B pe:y.nrar Ha perpecr{BHaraacuCbrJraCHa.
MIIlrat\Ut 3ByKOBOTOr{3paBHrBaHe Ce OnpeAeJrr OT CJTeAXOAHaTa
2. flo vexocr - rBr,pAocr.
a) Mera clrJracHa He Moxe Aa ce c'bqeraBa cr,c cneaxo,qHarBbpAa cbrJracHa- Tt Moxe Ia 6rge cavo BToprrqneH Ha cbqeraHuero.
6) Mexa cr'rJracHa He Moxe,qa ce cbi{eraBa c nay3a, T.e. Aa 6bAe B Kpa{
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146
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ca
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[r'16,vn, vfo,
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Hocosrre cbrJracHr.r
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cbqeraHliero e coHopHacbrracHa:
lv.pl _ upaz, ntpaK,*tpecra, Mpt ceH:
funf - utad, MneKap,MnbK,n,tux; |v.u]: *rur, ,roro, )vHeHue:
fupl': xpie.
4. He ce cbqeraBar nperpa4Hr.,
ct rracHl{ c,bccJIeAxoAH}t
lpoxoAurr cbfJracHror eArrHr.tcl,ul JroKalreu
peg: [nQ,6t, rc, rx].
5. He ce cr,qerasar nperpaAHo-npoxoAHr{
cBrJracHH
c6c clreAxoAHH
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pagua: [qn, rlr, uK, qn,.rr] }l gp. He ce cr,qerasar
n c npoxoAHr.t
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or c'bultr JroKareHpeA: [uc, rru, s3, y3l.
flperpagHo-npoxo,qHuTe
clrracHu ce crqeraaar caMo c.bc ctrJracHara
_lsl: 4aercto, \seme, \abpKaw, lsop, o3aucKa,dlcaakaM.
6. He ce ct rieraBar nperpanHo_npoxoAHr.t
c flperpaAHo-npoxognlr:[qv,
qq, sq, Y3].
B uaqa.roro Ha AyMara crqeraHurra or
aBe cbrJracH' ce ,3BaprrrBarrro
cjre4HfiTe npaBHna:
l.IIIyvoBa carJracHa B c,rqeraHHe
c.bc coHoDH a c b r Jl a c H a. To:n run cr,qeranuee nafi-npogy*rnu"n
, ,u "aao n"ru
orpaHuqeHrrr:[6p] - 6pam, 6pada, 6pon, 6ptcna,
6puzada; 16116tamo,
6'ttcaa.u, 6,tust r<, 6tox, 6,tysa;
[np] a npou), ,pu"r), ,pou, npeceH, npe_
$uxc; lnnl - nroaav, nraq, n,lod, ,r"ri, ,ru.*o, ntyeau;1nul _ nHeaMo_
nufl, n eanrdmuqeu; fsla) 6tecmo, aMerla, aMbKHa;
fnuf _ euacnu, euurc_
eau, euoc; [vp] - spa3y*n, eparcda, "pono, ap"do*;
[uni _ unuuo*, uroro,
BneueHue;[w) - dnec, dueeuux-;
dptnrcau,
dpe6oiun, dpyuc6a, dpa_
[l_p)
ua; [nn) - dtemo, dttzuecm;
ftu] - nia; [rp) _ mpaeu, mparcaw, mpu,
mponom, mpyn; fr:ll - m,ttKa, mrbcm, mreeHe,mracaa,u;
lzwl _ tueii, zuun;
fsu] - suax,,suaue, 3Hoxap, zuoi; [cu] _ cn4et, cwec, cuasxi, cuym; ycn1_
crnza, cua6ds, cHeMa, cHutca;
_ cpau, cpe6po, cpuaa,
cpt6eai; linl
-[cp]
- c'ta6, cLrqetHutt, cJ.toao;
cr,vtuuuvxa;
fx:vl
[xp] : npe6e4, xpeiuii-,
t47
Jtcpeq, bKnl - )rcne6, te nna, )K'xb4i lutMf uMafi3ep, utMeKep,uMyeaMl
- upanxet, utpuQm; ltnttf - ut'taeep, urneM, wnocepi
fittuf - ruuota; fwpf
zHe6eH,?He3do, zuu,l, zxoi; lrpl - zpad, zpa6a,
lrw) - z,uypxau; fruf
epaduua, epbd, zpax; lrn) ztad, eno6a, enb\Ka, enynaE; fKMf - kJ emr lKHl
- KHuea; lrpf - xpaaa, Kpai; fKnl - K,'tdc,Kremsa, k,xul6a ; fxl/f - xue4
fxp) - xpacm, xpywsa, xpoHuKa; fxn] xnad, xJranaK,xre6ap, xnonKd.
2. C's\eraHus or lxyMoBH cbrJIacHI.{:
a) fI p e r p a a H a + n p e r p a A H a. Clqetasnxra or aB€ nperpaAlrl'l c
B HaqanoToHa.qyMara
orpaHHqeHH
yqJreHIjTeJIHU
MeCTaCaKpafiHO
pa3JrHqHIt
B 6'bnrapcKHte3ltl(.OcBeHToBaB
r{ MoraT ,4ace npneMar Karo IIeT}InHqHI{
cnyqaH:[6A] 6deue,6du'
re ce cpeqar B eAHHHqHll
OTHO[eHHe
JreKcHKaJrHO
xmumop. Klu ro:n tun ce
mxaa; lxrl
nmu4a; lrx)
menHocmi lnrl
CbqeTaHLIe
OTIlperpaaHaIi npefpaAHo-IIpoxo.qHa
BKrX)qBaH eIHHCTBeHOTO
cbrJracHalnu) - nueta.
6 ) f I p e r p a A H a + n p o x o A H a . H a q a r H H T ceb q e r a H f i to r n p e r p a A H a
n npoxolHa
cbfJIacHa ca cpaBHHTeJIHOnO-lxUpOKO 3aCT1,neHI.IOT CAqeraHI.l-
nce, ncyaaM, ncuxo'rozutu ln::lf rra c ,qBe[perpaAHII cr,rlacuu: [nc]
nuteHuqoifl.s] - deoeH,daop, deuzame4lrzl - meoi, mqope4,metpd; lrvl
- zaosdefi; fxs) - reac.3a rogt rnn crqeraHnt HsMaorpaHnqeHntLl Karo
Morar ,qace IIotBtBar B ayMHoT rlyxA npoI.{3xoA.
noreHuuarHaB1'3MoxHocT
Marepnan,
Crqeranuero Inx] Hanpuvep JII{ncBaB 6r,.nrapcruxJIeKcHKaJIeH
H :a
ITxeunu.
Tosa
ce
orHacs
Ba3MoxHa,
cpP.,
HO rrorBaTaMy e HanbrHo
apyrr{TenrrncBaIH cl,qeTaHHt [6x] n ayMaTaor rlonc(n npotl3xo.q6J4enpou3xo.qn$euuue,lxcl s xcutoSott u
JtcuttcKu,[nO] a gyr.raraor HeMcKI.r
uloM xaro ltMa caqeraHHe[nru], xr,ruloHe rlpeqn Aa ['IMaI'l
ap. OqeBr.raHo,
c L q e r a H H e[ 6 x ] .
noqrll HtMa
r) I[ p o x o,[ H a + n p e I p a r H a. 3arogurln cr'qeraHue
Marepl,Ian:
orpaH[qeHHsr,re tlrnpoKo3acrbneH a 6t,rrapcxur JIeKc[KaJleH
- lyp,)- edoee4,sduwa^t, edueau, edtxeau; [ar] - azae6un;
e6ecn,
[u6f
aau, azopua; lSrtr) [rbnnfit], enun, l$r,etar ndP'ref sne4am,'IeHue;lqTl'
- [Qxdpav] sKapaM,[$rircna]
fgrj'pHa] BmypHa,[$rr,rn'i;] sm6,'Inni[Sr]
ercucnu,fQxalzeu'\f ercaueun; [:6]
[:6op] c6op, fz6ipxal c1uprca,
sdauue;lsrl - ltrpiqal cepada,
c6tuxa;[zt]c1ueau,lz6nnx\)
[s6irear.a]
fzranl czan, [:r-nyn'i'] cznynnl fcn) cnadau, cna3aal'r, cnacenue; fcr)
cmaH,cmofureH, cmap, cmeneH;lcxl - cxtn, ct(oqa, cKopo, cmaK; lln l runa?a, uinarma, unex; lwrl
luranl r4a6, [urrae'r,] ulaea, ll:l:.riwsef
uxaf, urceu6e, uxota.
ulacmue; lnrl
rr{n
ctqeraHnt ce B(r}oqBar H c.rqeraHl{tra or npoxoaHa I.i
K:lu ro:u
ctrracHa: [$v] f$udpal auepa; lctf - ctumau; lzvl
nperpaAHo-npoxo,qHa
- [::gxaQxav] cdscaerau.
148
r) II p o x o AH a + rr p o x oA H a. To3H Tltn ctr{eraHne e Ba3MoxeH rrpu
ycnoBte, qe cbrracHnre rrMar pa3JIuqHHyqJreHIrreJrHHuecra: [n:] - a:eaM, asupa.M ce; lvx'J - axue.nlant ce; [Qc] - [Qcdfir] acex, f$cetd,naf ece-
rcxa, [Sced6wmJ eceo6t4, [Qu] [Qurnfit] euun,lgxoyf exod; lszl - seyrc,
36bHeq',lcBf - ceada, c6upn, cretci lc$l - cSepa; lcxf - cxann, cxe.ua,
cxotcda,u; lxtf - xeaxau; fusn] - IIIee1un, Illeei4apux; lxz] - xaoiixa,
xaana, xabpJlflM.
CaqeraHrrt or rrpoxo,[Hx npeguone6nn H npoxoAHn aJrBeonHH,a cr,rr1o
TaxaH cbqeraHHt or npoxoAHl,npeguoxe6xnn npoxoAHuBeJrapnnca He.qolrycruMrrn 6r,rrapcrur e:ux: [utc, x3, clrr, 3x, urx, xur].
Ctqemanua om meLpdu u ,ueKu c\zJtacqu a Haqhtomo na dynama
S f 14. B ra3r.rno3urlltr ca 3acBnAerercrnasu34 crqeras[r or rBbp.qau
MeKacbrJracHa.To:u 6poi e 6:u:o rpu nbrn no-MaJrcKor 6por na crueraHHrraor aBerBap,qt c brnacHI,t,
Clornouennero noKa3Ba
crecHeHaracSepa
xa ynorpe6a Ha MeKLtrecarJracHltB HaqatHano3quut.
Vcrauogenure npaBlrna3a cr,qeraBaHeHa rB r,p,qHTe
carJracHI.I
B 3aBtrct-rMOCTOT TTXHOTOMTCTOH HaqUH Ha yqneHeHlre ca HaIIaJIHoBaTLlIHI_iI{ 3a
c'btteTaBnsTa oT TBl,paa H MeKa ctfJracHa.
Or ra6r. l3 vorar,qa ce HanpaBtr cneAHnre H3Bo1H3a cbqeraeMocrra
Ha TBbpAH C MeKri CbfJtacHr.t:
l. Tntpgure nperpaAHu cbrJracHlt He ce cbqeraBar c MeKH rrpoxo,[Hl tr
tlperpaAHo-npoxoAHlt cbrJlacHr.r.
2. Kpafino orpaHHqeHu ca B!3MoxHocrr.rre 3a cbqeraBaHe Ha nperpa,qHr.{Te c6fJIacHr,r.Eluucrteuoto
sacBu.qereJrcrBaHo
crqeraHHe e [6g'] a gyMara
6dn.
3. flperpagnnre H npoxoaHure crrJracHu ca 6e: orpaur.rveHuqa crqeraHvara c c MeKHTecBrracHr.t [p', l']: [6-rr'] - 6,tnu, 6,rnctrc, 6tndo, 6noc_
mumen; l6p'I - 6pne, 6pncm, 6pntemxa; fnn') - ntnoa, turna&IHuK, ntt)c_
rca,n;[np] - npnrcop,nptrtr; fap'l dpnn, dpnuru; frp'l - mpnceau, mpn6ea;
fxn'l - x,,tnxau, mnu; frcp'l - xp.ncbK,KpAKa.+tl[rp'l - epnx; fst'l - etnsa,
ettro6eu;[$n'] Q,taouza;[yp'l , epnea,BpAKar4;
[sp'] - spm; lcpl - cpnda,
cpesaaM; fcl'f - ctnn, c,ltoHKailwnl - uttnnau, rutflxma: lxn'l - xan6;
[xp')
xpnH, xpnc.
4, Ct qerauugta or nperpaAHlt H npoxoaHr.rc Merrl HocoBr,rctr:racHu ca
TBGpAeolpaHr.rqeuu.
14:vexgy nperpaAHr.rre
cafJracHHcavo nelapunre Ir]
u [r] ce crverarar c MeKaracbrrracHa[n]: [xn'] - xxna; fru'l - znna. fIopa:xoo6parun ca c6.reraHr.t.rra
or npoxoAHar{ nocoBa crr.racta; [au'] sMflmav; fcu'f - canna, c .nmau; lcn') - unz; fxu'l - tcun.
t49
+ + + + +
+ + + +
:
+
+ + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
F
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
x
+
+
B
+
+
+
+
+
€.
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
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+
Q
+
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+ +
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\ o
150
t r <
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l o € o
.
3
X
x
i 7 a
x
7 r > a q
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5. Clqetaxusra or HocoBt.t
u nperpaaHo-fipoxoAHI{
ctrnacHx c MeKr,I
c6rJracHnca rpafiuo orpanr-rvenu.I{:uexgy HocoBl,rrecar,.roctrnacxara [v] ce
crrreraBa c nJranHrre [p'] u [:r']: lup') - npsxa, fv^tr'l - utnxo, a u3MexAy
rpefpaAHo-npoxoaHl{recaMo [q] ce crverasa c [t'l - 4enm.
6. Cr,qerann.araor nperpaAHHu MeKnnpoxoaHHcrrlaurn crqo ca rpafiHoorpaHr.rqeHn.
Tosu run e npencraBeHcaMoor ABecbqeraHun:fcn'l - cnn,
cntaxa; [cr'f - cmflzau.
7. Kpafixo orpaHuqeHlrca u cbqeraHrrrra or IBe npoxoAHx ctfnacHu:
ltv') - zaap; lca'l - cenm; [dc'] - [rfc'axaxf ecnxax.
T a6n r u a 13
Cr,qerarlt or rD]pAx ll MeKr ctrJtsctrtrE raqaJroroxr AyMara
------
II Mextt
I rr"nnr\--.
n'
E
T
r'
B'
0'
c'
+
6
3'
Jt'
+
n
t
A
T
+
+
+
f
X
+
B
,1,
+
+
c
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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UI
x
x
+
+
+
q
s (a3)
r.t
(ax)
p
JI
+
M
tl
Ctvemauua
om dse cuzrac+u s t<paa Ha ly- ama
6t.nrapcxu e:ur
S f 15. B HaJrn'rrnsJrexcu(aneHMarepuan Ha KHr.txoBHr.tr
ca 3acBxAereJrcrsaHu
46 crqeraHnt or rBe ctulacHr.rs rDaecrosne. Togu
l/r
6pofi npegcranlrBa rroqrlr
or o6ulxs 6pofi xa crve.raufirra or aBe clrnacHl a Haqaroro Ha.qyMara.H tosa e o6rcuuvo, Karo ce HManpeA BHg
t5l
tre B Kpar Ha AyMara npe,u [ay3a He Moxe Aa HMa H|tro sByqHH cbrracHH,
I1IITO MEKI,T ObTJIACHN.
HaJIoxeHLI or HeyrpaJll{3al{Htra Ha npx3lraqnTe
Ocnen orpaxu.reHlttra,
no MeKocT - TBbp.qocr Il 3ByqHocr - 6errayvuoct, Morar aa ce nocoqar n
creAHure otpaHIlqeHI.tt:
1. Kaxro B HaqaJloro, TaKa u B Kpat Ha,llyMara npeA nay3a He Moxe.qa
r{Ma y,{BoeHI,l clulacHH.
2. B xpan Ha nyMara o6parHo Ha crqeraeMocrra B HaqanHano3llqlrt He
MOXe.qa HMa cbqeTaHl.It c Il6pBI,IqneH uyMoBa clfJlacHa I{ BTopH '{JIeHcoHopHa ctrnacHa. Tora npaan.no e 6eg ngxlroqenne, Hanp. [rp], [u], [cl],
pumM, caemn,
[cp], [rv], [tn] n np. B 6r,rrapcrur e3HKlt3roBopbr meamp,
kocM A I p. e HeaonycTlrM.
Crqerannqra or,qBe carnacHt cJlea rJIacHaB Kpa{ Ha AyMara ce o6pa3yBaT no cneaHuTe npaBHJIa:
I'I uryMoBH c'I'rcoHopHH
MexAy
l.CrqeraH:,lfl
H lrryMoBa cbror
coHopHa
Jr a c H r-r.Hegonycruunre HaqaJIHlrclqeraHllt
racHa B Kpar Ha.qyMaTa ca HanuIHo Bl,3MoxHIl H Ca 6e3 OrpaHl'Iqeunr: [pn]
- [urrpn] qbp6,li::l:"pnl yqbp6; lp{l - [nep$] Heps, wap6, mopf; lp'tl cmandapm,Mapm, decepm,c bpm; lpc) - kypc, 6apc, [6tpc] 6tpr; [pq]
Ksap\, wnep4; fpu) - uapw, 6opw, xpexeuput; [pt] - xapu, 6opu, cut'pu;
napK, ovepK, [rtardpx] sb3mope,[ir:aepr] uteepe; lpxl - Motnpx,
ipx]
ercapx, fnnf - [crr,:rn] cmbt6, sa.rn, ny'4n; Utql - 2on6; lnrl - lcbnm, Kytm,
anm, 6azatm; lrcf - eatc, ny'tc; Uul - Sary, Qu'r4; lnwl - Qatu; lttxl ab,,tr,no./tK,mam; llln) - lpownl pou6, lfiaun] - nu6; lv.$) - mpuyuS; llacl
- peMC, 3e^4c;[Hr] - [$oxr] Soxd, zuzaum, cmarrcaHm,eapuaum; lucl
aeaxc, 6atanc, f6poac) 6poxs, laencl 4euz; fu\l * erauq, maH4, npu 4;
[nw) - 6paxw, peoaHu, xauut; luu) xleHu, nupuHq; fHK) maux, deux,
qultK.
M e x A y c o H o p H H c a r J I a c H ! t . T o 3 t T{ I r n
2.C't" eraHxt
npe,qI,IMHO
B AyMIr,
csqeraHnt e 6e3 ofpaHnqeHHt, Ho e 3acBLIAeTeJICTBaH
qyxAu no npouaxo.q: [rv]
ncatu, SuLtu, xtLtu; fpv.l - t4yp*t, xaxdapu,
n,xa4dapvilnu) - xutn; fwu) - xuuu; lpul - xox4epn; lptl - etpt, Kapt;
lrp) - ncaHp:lnll) - couu.
3. C t q e r aHv g M e x,u y rx y M o B I,I c b r JI a c H I{, C'bqeraHlrtra or ABe luyMoBr.rcbrJracH[ 3a pa3nHKa oT c'bqeTaHHtra Mexay coHopHu
H IIyMOBu Ca rpafixo ofpaHHqeHr. B narHqnHq JIeKcHKaneHMaTepHaJICa
OT M'CTOTO
TUNOBECbqETAHN'B 3AB}ICHMOCT
CJIEAHIiTE
3ACBI,IAETENCTBAHIT
yqJIeHeHHe
Ha
cbrJIacHHTe:
n HaqrjHaHa
e r p a A H a : l n r l - a d e n m ,e e x a t u n m ;f x r ) a)npe rp aAH a*np
akm, naKm, nyHKm, defeKm, afekm;
t52
+ + +
t
F.
F
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
x
+ +
+
-r-
+
F
-t
+
+ + + +
+
+ + +
F
u
I
+
F
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+ + +
l o t r r { F L e o + r : o 3 X
t) t
6) n p e r p a A H a * n p o x o A H a: [nc] - zunc; lxcf - KodeKc,6oKc,
K)KC, peQteKcl,
n) n p o x oI H a+ n p e r p aA H a-To3rirHncrqeraHHee cpaBHHTeJrHo
Haft-lIJHpoKo 3acrbneH u3Mex,qy cbqeraHrrra MexAy rxyMoBH cbrracHr:
[$rl - xefn;
lcr] - eecm, o6,iacm, Mnadocm, 3bpHecm, ^4ocm; lxrf -
fiparm, eexm; [ur] - [xour] uot4, fzeunl oeq, ltrnnysarurl etauyear4;
fcx] - o6ucx, ducx, xamucx,pucx;
r) n p o x o.q H a + n p o x oA H a: [c0] - [rpe:Q] mpa6; l6rnf - [6uau]
6ueut,fneueni$rtf netetuaw, [norrpnd$ur] nombpneaw;lcuf - eucu,
HUCW.
Ctrremanua om mpu cazrtacvu a Hsqaltomo u KpaB Ha dynama
no-prAKo B 6bnrap$ I16. Tosr rnn cbtreraHrece cpeqa cpaBnnreJrHo
cKara reKcHKaJrHaeAfiHlrua,Tora ce o6scutsa c QaK.ra,qe B 3ByKoBIrt
crpoex Ha clqeraHl,reroyqacrBar onpeAeneHr.t
carflacHHc Qr rcnpano u.rcro. Couopnu'recbrJIacHHnarrpuMepca eAHHor eJIeMeHTrlre
Ha rplrKoncolraHTHoroctqeraHne, go c onpeAeJreHo
Mtcro - Te Morar 4a 6r,gar cavo
TpeTHs'trrreH B cbqeTaHHeTo.
L B naqarua no3ltrlnr cr,qeraHueroor rpn ctrnacHu ce Lr3rpaxAano
cne.rlHIiTe
Mo.[err:
a) n p o x o A H a + n p e r p a A H a + c o H o p u a. To:u cr,qeTarejreH
rrn e Hai-unpoKo 3acrbneH:lnr t) - oe,tedau;lsnnf, adn6uamuHal [Rrp]
- ezpadt; ftrp') - eeuesdn; [rf n:r] - [Qn.rriraMf snnuma.u;
[<frn] - [$mrbva]
- 6K,tnuai [Qnp] - [<[npi;cxav,]enptcxau;
[gnp']
[$np'drar.a]lnptrzaM;
IQxp]
[ Q x p A r q e ] s K p a m 4 e it $ r p l
[ Q r p i c s a r . a ]e m p t c e a u ; l z r n l cete0a; ltrao6'\) czto6a; lztpl sdpaee; lzrpl - [zrpdna] cepada;
Iaur:.rrdsa]
[a6p] [o6pivruav.f - c6ptuxeau; [3np] - zdpaae; ftnp) - fzapyxLf cdpyxa', [x4p) - xdpeto; [cxnf
cK]uova, cxtonn; fcntl - cn/taq fctpl cnpuHm; lcnp') - cnpnzau; lcrpl - cmpax; lcxpl - cxpoueu; fll:npl - unpu4;
[urp] - [urpAraM] t4paKau, [urpirxa] uqpuxa.Krw ro3n rr{n ce orHacrr H
cGqeranlrtra, .{fifrTorper[ ereMeHr e npoxo,qHaracr,rJracHa[u]: [cxa] cKaeptul.
6 ) l l p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a + c o H o p H a .T o 3 n r H r r c l , q e r a H H e
e cpaBHItreJIHo
no-cna6o3acrbneH:lszpl espue;[Qc,r] - [rfclj,uraM] sc,tyutan; ffcll)
[<[cr,r]xoavl scllyKroM; [gcp] - [Scper] ecped; lcspl - capara; [cxr] - cx,nynt; [cxpl - cxpycxa,u; [xspf - xeptxeau.
B) n p o x o,4 H a + n p o x o.q H a + nx p e r p a A H a. 3actr.rgerelcreano
e caMo eAHoctqeraHue: [Qcr] - [$cri;n'r) - ecmtna.
r) II p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a + n p o x o A H a. Cpeqa ce ctrrlo caMo
eAHocbqeraHr.re:lcxaf - cxeaua.
154
g)fIp
o x o , q H a + H o c o B a + n i r a I H a . 3 a c B n l e ' r e n c r B a H oe c b r q o
caMo eAHo caqeraHre: lcupf - cupam, curbp3Ha, cr4pbt4tt.
2. Csqelarusra or rpu carJracHn B xpa.,rHa,qyMara ca rpafiuo orpaHuqeHI.rr{ 3ByKoBrrrr nM MoAeJr e pa3nlrqeH or MoAeJIa B HaqatHa no:nqrar: [uxr]
nyuxm;fnrcl - cfuuxc; lxcr)
mexcm;fmlr) - lonwrl o64.
Coqemaaug om c6zracvu a cpeducnosue
(u n m epooxatu a u Bu tlut)
no3r'rqur
MexAyABecrraacsne nafi-6nafonpH.{T$ 117.Cpe.qrrc.lloBHara
Ha 3a cbqeraBaHe Ha cbtJracHure. Tora, xoeto e He,qonycrltMo or 3aKoHr.ITe
3a cbqeraeMocr B Haqa.rrorou B Kpag Ha AyMara, TyK e ,qonycruMo. flo-roJreMrrreBr3MoxHocrr, 3a caqeraHue no3BottBar xarro no-pa:woo6pa:ur
3ByKOBUMOAen,TaKa H nO-rOJrrMaAsnXHHa Ha CaMOTOCbqeTaHHe.
B cpegucroane ce cpeular cr,qeraHr.rr or ABe Ao qernpu cttnacHH, Ho
TtxHoro MopQoJIorHqHo none Ha pea.lr 3aqn.f,e pa3ttlqHo: AByqneHHHTec,l,geraHrr Morar cBo6oAHo Aa ce ocbulecrB{Bar B paMKHTe na uop$err,rara
rlnu Ha MopQeMrara rpaHnrraj TprrqneHHnre - npeAxMuo na vopSevnara
rpaHHr{a, a qernpnqreHHure - caMo xa uopQevxara rpaHl{qa B AoMarrrHrl
AYMH.
3a crqerasrgra
or ABe carracHu He c6rqecrByBar HHKaKBLt
otpaHHqeHr,rq.
AKo B Haqanoro Ha AyMara e HeBr3MoxHo cbqeraHfie, qHiiTo ntpBII qre8 e
c6rilacHara Ip] uru Ir], a cpeAHcroBrree Han6JrHoBa3MoxHo: ,4dpKa, Kbp6u,
dtlttcuua, Kb,,t6o,nanKa. Br,lvoxult ca H caqeraHnt or HocoBa t-t [JyMoBa
ctfjracHa, rolrTo B HarraJrHano3Hrllrr cl,tqo ca HeaonycTrrMH: zpb.uaaM,
n,Ianlm.E,mbHKa, aHKema, c eHuecm.
Hegonycrnvure crqeraHr{r or trryMoBa n coHopHa B Kpar Ha AyMara B
cpeAlicnoBxe MexAy ,qBerlacHu cto6oAso ce peantr3npar:.meampu, c6em,'IU. KOCMU.
Or 4pyra crpaHa, yaBoeHr.rrect'r:tacHrl, KoHTo He ce cpeqar HHTo B HaqaJroTo,Hr,rToB Kpat Ha,qyMaTa, B cpe,{ncnoBHeca AonycTHMtl, HO np]t ycJroBr{e,qe cBbp3BaHero ce r{3BaprrrraHa uopQeuHara rpaHr{rla. B 6r.nrapcxu
.qyMr,(ygBoeHH ctrlracHu B paMKxre Ha vopQevara He caqecrByBar.
Vgroenra cluacHu, Ka(To Beqe ce [ocoq]t, ce nollyqaBar npu cJIl,rBaHe
Ha
[peAcraBKa H KopeH u HacraBxa H xopeH,,lltro rpafinu u HaqaJrHH3ByKoBe
cbBnaAar rro Mrcro u Har{uHHa yqJreHeHne:om-meztn - ommeeln, 6ezseyueu - 6essayteu, padocm-ma - padocmma, cmeH-Ha - cmeHHa.
Vgroeunre clrJracHn, nonyqeHs or cJruBaHeroHa Kopeu H HacraBKa, He
ce cB6p3Bar c rpera cbtnacHa. fIpN c:ruaaue o6aqe Ha npelcraBKa u KopeH
no npaBIriloTo 3a u3fpax,qaHe Ha TpuqteHHH crqeTaHI'r e BB3MoxHo cBAp3-
155
BaHeTO C TpeTa CTrnaCHa, aKO Tr e COHOpHar{Jrfi CGrJIaCHa IBJ'. be3CMUCte ,
[6eccvirc:reu], 6escpoven[6eccpdven],u33abHHd.
Crqerauurra or rpn ctrracHr.r B cpeAncnoBr.rece o6pa3yBar npeArrMHo
ra lroptfeunara rpaHrrqa.B xopenHuuop{eun re ce cpeqar no-prlKo: ,JcKpa, cecmpa,Hndpa, Jrepmla. 3ryxottrr MoAenHarpnqJrenHoroc6qeranue e noAo6enHa MoAena,cpeulaHB Haqatoro r{ B Kpar Ha AyMara.
Hai-qecro cpeqaH MoAen e cr,qeraHneroor npoxoAHa+ nperpa.qHa+
coHopHa,nonytr€Hor cBbp3BaHero
Ha npe.EcraBXHTe
6ez-, ets-, u3- , pa3- c
HaqaJrHHTe,qByqlreHHr.r
crqeraHIr Ha xopeHHaravoptfer"ra, calt,pxaIr1l,t
lperpaAHa u coHopHactrracHa: [s6p] - 6ea-6peaceu- 6ess6pelceu; fzrpl
- 6es-zpaxuueu- feszpauuuen; fcnn] - 6esn,tauoo[6e:nlAnoa]; [:rn]
arc-eted - etsz,ted; us-ered - use,ted;fzru] - pa3-zrrcst - pa3eHesn.
Or cerpaoanero Ha npeacraBKltreHad-, om-, nod-, nped- r.rAp. no.q.c
H a q a J r H ao B y q J r e H H cot q e r a H H e H a K o p e H H a r av o p Q e r u ac e n o r y q a B a r
crpyKrypn or nperpaAHa+ nperpa.qHa+ coHopHa:lrnpl - uad-npeaapn
[narnpendp'r,]; lrnnf - uad-ntyeau luarnnysanr]; [.qrr] - om-ztedau
[o.qrrdlav]; ltpr| - nod-zpen; [rnp] - nped-npuen4a
Inpernpndua].
Or c.nugaHeroHa xpaiHnre nByqneHHH
cr,qeraHHrua xopenxara vop$eMa c HacTaBKHTe -AAM, -KA, -.4UA, -HA, - UK, -CKU Ce nOnyVaBaT CbrIeTaHI,lf
or rpu c brnacHa c no-paruoo6pa:Ha crpyxrypa, orroJtKoro npn cB6p3BaHe
Ha npe,[craBrx c xopeH. fh,par v,rex Ha cbqeraHnero Moxe Aa 6rge coHopHa, npoxoAHa ri nperpaAHa cbfJracHa, BTopH qjreH - nperpa.qHa,npoxoaHa r.t
nperpanHo-npoxoaHa H TpeTHqreH - coHopHa,nperpaAHa, npoxoAHa n
nperpaAHo-npoxogHa: [p3B] - nodetpteau; fcxz) - odpacxeaJv; fxKBf u3oxKaaM; lcrxl - uucmxa; fnznl - curznue; lcral - eecmua, eecmnux; lrcx]
- tfnomcrcu u ap.
Ctqerasusra or qerHpn cbr;racHn ce cpe[rar cpaBHHTeJrHo
no-ptgKo B
3ByKoBlrr crpoex Ha 6r,lrapcxata JIeKcHKaJrHa
eAHHHqa.O6paryrar ce or
crrBaHero Ha rpafiuure c6fJracHH Ha npeAcraBKHc HaqaJIHorpHqreHHo c6qeraHue Ha KopeHHara vop$eva lrrH or cJ'IHBaHerona xpaftnnre ct,r:lacHu
Ha Mop(beMara HrH ocHoBara c HaqarHHre aByqneHHH(rpuvleHnn) crveraHH-'I HA HACTABXATA.
Ol c.[;rHsaHero
Ha HacraBxara6es-, us-, xad-, o6-, om-, nod-, pa3- c HarranHoToTpHqneHHo
KoHcoHaHTHO
C6qeTaHIte
HaKOpeAUara
rvropQeMa
ce nor y q a B a r c ; r e , q H u r e r t r r r o B e q e r r r p H q J r e H H Hc ' h q e r a H H r : I c c x p ] [ 6 e c c r p j ' n y n e H ] 6 e s c x p y n y t e x ,[ 6 e c c r p d u , r e H ]6 e s c m p a u t e n ;I c x e p ] Iucxrpixaar,,r]u3xspbKaant;[rcrp] - [xarcrpdfixa] uadcmpoixa, omcmparu.a,[norcrpirnau] nodcmpueeau; lncrp] - [onpcrpi,roau] o6cmpeteau;
[ctutp] - [pacurpdxav] pa3utpaKa .
Or crlrsanero ua xpainure nByqneHH HJrr.r
rprl{JreHHr.t
KoHcoHaHTHH
c.bqeraHur Ha KopeHHaraMopQeMa(ocaosara) c HacraBK[Te-cKu, -cmao ce
156
rroJlyqaBarcJle,qHlrrerunoBe qernpxqJreHHn cbqeraHrrx: [nrcr] - apecma mcKu, zuzaHmcKu, dupuzeumcrcu; lnrcxl - xytmcxu; Incrn] - [pdncrro) po6cmeo; lucrsf - eedoucmeo; [pcr;] - qapcmsoi f$crz) - zpaficmao; [rcra]
- demcmeo u gp.
9erlrpu.rrenxu KoHcoHaHTHH
c'bqeraHHt ce cpeuar rBrpAe qecro B AyMr,r
or qyxA rrpon3xo!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!:
deMoHcmpa4uf,
mpdHcntaHma4uf,
uHcmpyK4un, uHcmpyrreHm, KoHcmpyK4ufr H np. TexHHrr MoAer He e pa3nrqeH or MoAera
rrpu cBr,p3BaHeHa npe,qcraBKr.ic KopeHHaMopQ€Ma npff AyMnre or 6.r.nrapcKH npoH3xoA.
Cucev pegxn ca cBqeraHlrtra or ner cbrJracHHB cpe,qllcJroBIiero,noJtyrreHHoT c:bulr.rrMoAen npu cBr,p3BaHeHa KopeH c HacTaBKa,Hallp, cmydeumcmao.
flpo,veuu
Ha cuzJracHume I c6qemaa+ue c6c cuzracHu
$ 118. flponaeuxre ca rJraBHo,qBarnna: x o u 6 x H a r o p H r.r,xonro ca
pe3yrTaT oT HafJracaTaHa apTHKyJrr.rpaul[{Te
opfaHr.{3a H3roBop Ha caceAHtl
c'br;racHu 3ByxoBe, H rr o 3 H rl r.ro H H r,r,xoxTo ca obyc.noneuu or rro3r.lrlH,tra Ha cbrJlacHara B paMKr.rreHa AyMara. Kr,lr xou6tuaropHnTe npoMeHH
c n a g a ry n o l o 6 r B a
H e r o ( a c N v t . n a q u r r ra. )p
r a3 no,qo6t BaH e r o (AncxMHnaq rra) Ha cbrjracHHTe, a KbM no3l.IrlHoHHxres o6,.racrra
- o6e33By,{aaaHeroHa 3ByqHKTectrJracHx B Kpar Ha nyHa KoHcoHaHTH3Ma
MaTa H 3naAaHeTOHa AaAeHaC,I'fJIaCHa
OT fpyna C],rJracH[ B Ta3h rro3HrlHr.
Acuvnlat.ltguute
H ancr.rMHrarHBHure npouecl gefrcrear ct,uo 3a onpocTrBaHe HJrr.r
ycnoxHrBaHe Ha rpynH oT cbfjracHu.
Vnoao6gsaHero
H J r Ha c l n M r l J r a q l r q r a e r a ( o B aQ o u e r r v u o
rBJreHHe,npu KoeTo aBa cT,ceAHrr3ByKa B pe3ynTaT Ha aHTHTIH[arIHrTaHa
apTHKynnpa[IHTe opfaHr.i ce H3paBHrBaTno H3roBop r-t3q.f,Jro
HJrHqacT[r{Ho,
r(aro eAr.rHrrrror rtx (Hafr-.{ecro npegxognH.rr) flplreMa KaqecrBara Ha,qpyrrar (Haii-uecro ua clegxoluur).
B :asHcr.rvocr or rocoKara Ha ar,sgeiicrnte yno4o6.asanero 6nna gaa auAa: l) p e r p e c t-l B H o, r(oraro rrpeAxo,qHurr 3ByK ce npoMeH{ rroA Bb3AefrcrBr.leroHa cJre,qxoAHur,u 2) l p o r p e c H B H o, Koraro creAxoAnr,rqr
3ByK npoMeHr KaqecrBara cr.i noA Bjrr.rrHueHa flpe,qxoAHr.tr.B 6tlrapcrnr
e3r,rKrxrrpoKo e 3acll,rreH nrpBr.trr rrn yno.qo6.raaue,Hanpr{Mep H3paBH.f,BaHero rro 3ByqHocr Ha clrreraHr.rero [16] n x:roaopa na ayuara caam6a
[cndn6a] urra Ha 6es:ayvnocr Ha cbqeraHxero [:r] s H3foBopa Ha nyMara
npuKa3Ka Inpiracra]. flporpecurHoro ynogo6.rnane e xpafixo orpaHrrqeHo
t-rno cBor xapaKTep e qacrHqHo. Cpeua ce B or,qeflHr.rcny{ar.r B pa3roBopHaTa peq lIIpx c]qeTaHH.8 npeaHMHo Ha cbcTaBKH lr,Ju,tutyrJ[KaBu cbrJlacHr.r
crc creAxoAHa clrJracHa ful - ceumtx [cQirrlr],
ceeuq fn{.eryl, urea1a
157
[lrQd6a]. flpolrruara na cLrJIacHaraIn] n cr,r:racnaItf] e uo-cropo uacrnvnlJIHa, Ta npB yno.qo6tBaHeToce nonyqaEa3ByK,cpeaeH
Ha, oTKOJTKOTO
Mexay [B] r [O].
Yno,uo6ssaHerona cbr:racHureMoxe Aa ce norytlu KaKToor AeicrBHero
no 3ByqHocr- 6e:reyvnpn Koero HacranBaH3paBHqBaHe
Ha fJlacn;rKr.rre,
HOCT, Ta(a H OT apTHKynatIHoHHOTO II3paBHtBaHe nO MTCTO H HaqI{H Ha yqJICHEHUE.
- 6e:roy.rnocr. Pa:rnqr.rero no
$ 119. Vnoao6ffBaHe [o 38yq[ocr
3ByqHocr 6e::nyvuocr B 66nrapcKH.f,e3I.IK,KaKToBeqe ce nocot{u, e OoHeMarl,tqHo. Toea o:ravata, qe ABe rxyMoBH cbfitacHlt, pa3n[qaBatln ce no
3ByrrHocr - 6e::ryunocr, He Morar aa ce rbpntr eAHa.qoApyra. Bt:voxnu
ca aBa cryqaq: ynogo6rraHe no 3ByqHocr, npH Koero rJlac[JIKItre 3anoqBar
Aa rpenrrr npegBap[renHo, B pe3yJrrar Ha Koero lrpe.qxoAHara6e::ayvua
clrJracHa ce o3ByqaBa B cbqeTaHHe cbc cJreAxo,[HaTa 3ByqHa cbfracHa, H
rrpecraBar.ua rperrrsr
ylo,qo6rrane no 6eessyvuocr, npH Koero f;racr.rJrKHTe
u npeaxo.qHara 3ByqHacr'r;racHa ce o6e33BytlaBaB ctqeraHt{e c6c cJle,qxo.qHara 6e33ByqHa cbfracHa.
Vnoao6rsaHero Ha carJracrrHTeno :ryvHocr - 6e33Byt{Hocrce n3BBptttBa
CB'bp3BaHeB rOKaKTOB paMKHTe Ha AyMaTa, Ta(a fi npH MeX,qyCnOBHOTO
n
O
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B p a v x n r e H a , { y M a r a , K r A e r o 3 B y K o B o r oc r l e n r e H H ee H a f - c H n H o ,y n o lt3pa3eHolr ro.ne6aao6rBaHero ro 3ByrrHocr - 6el:ryvuocr e MaKcHMaJIHo
Htrr He ce xa6rroaarar, T.e. 3ByqHa cbrllacHa npeg 6e::ayvna ce H3foBapq
r,r3urlroKaro 6e:rryuxa, xarro r 6e::ayvHa cbrJracHa npea 3ByqHa ce r{3roBapr rr3urno Karo 3ByqHa: arrcxdom [anerldr], om6un fon6iirrf, cepada
[:rprina], czomet fzrdrs'r), usnun Iucnifit], nodnuc lndrtucf, uadnuc
apa1ue fspantdf, pozue
epz'srcafspicxal,
[ndnuc], epadcxu [rpircrn],
[pdrve].
flpel coHopulrre cr,rracHH r rrpeA cbrJracHlrre [a], Ia'] 6es:ayvHlrre crro6ave c'lrracuara [r] or
JracH[ r{e ce o3ByqaBar. IIoA ana,rexruo BJTHTHHe
rrpeAcraBKara om- Moxe HenpaBunHo,qace o3Byqr,r:omtten lorytdirt f , omfop,:ldral'z .'l,onpetrca [o,qpdxa], ompdc a [ogpdcHa], om uHazuM
om bcmJr [ogvrcr"b],
om acnu foy,udctlll,
omuoeo
[o4vnHinau],
[onndno], omauHmaov fogniHrnav], omanaa [oge'daav].
taeau
Ilpe,qcrasrara a- npe,qcoHopHr.rc6rJracHHHa MopQevnara rpannqa cr,u1o
HenpaBrnHo ce o6e::nyvara: eten l$ ftit's), etusau lSnitsav,f, epetrca
[$pdxa], a,vaxaa [r]uixHal, aaoc IQnoc], luyuasau [Qnyuiaav].
yno4o6nnane. B noroxa Ha peqra nyMr{Te ca
$ 120. Mex4ycronno
cB'bp3arruHerrocpeAcrBeHoerHa cneA apyra, 6rarogapenlre na xoero ce o6pa3yBa HenpeK'r,crrarocrra Ha roBopHara replrra. flopaln roaa rpaitulrre r.r
158
HaqaJrHI{Te
cBrllacHIt Ha ABecaceaHr.rAyMHT'LprIf,TCATqLITe
acrrMliraquoHHIl
rrpoMeHr.t,
ra(To cl,ceAHl,lTeCtfnacHu B paMKHTeHa .qyMaTa.
flpn vexnycnorHoro cBr,p3BaHe
o6aqecteneHTaNaacHMunarlHrrae pa3_
JrnqHa rr e B 3aBncrrMocror roBa, Aarlt HaqarH[Teu xpafinure cr,rJracHu
ce cpeular Ilplr nBe nbJIHo3HaqHn
nyMv, nnv B paMKHTena QoxetuvHara
.qyMa.
l flpra goe nr,itHo3HaqHH
.{yMn (aKueHTHo
cavocrorre.nulr) crerreHTaHa
o3ByqaBaHero
HaKpafrHaractrJIacHaHanpelXoAHaraAyMarroAanxrHr{eHa
HaqaJrHaTa
38yqHacrrJracHaHa cJrenxoAHaTa
AyMae B 3aBncr,rMocT
oT H3rO_
Boprr4gcrtllt. flpu no-6aren H3roBop,npu xofiro ce ct3AaBaa.b3MoxHocr
3a
pa3AeJrrHe
HaAyMr{Tec xparKunay:n, ynogo6xrauero rIo 3ByqHocre rBr'pre
cta6o utu He ce ocbr{ecrBrrsa:epad fa1poeo
[rpar fd6pono], dt,,t6oxeuu_
rrnr [grn6dr :ivnnr], eucox dou [alcdx ndv], c,radix xueom
lcli,at x
xutinf, uemeu dox.oad lterErss aor.ndr], arraKbm3awuHa
:aviua].
Inndxr,r
IIpt no-6r,psn:rorop o6ave,npr xofiro ue rtln"*u"" nuya" *")r(Ay
AyMHTe,
ynogo6nuauero e nr,rrHo:zpad fa6poeo
[rpdg fipoao], dur\ox suurturc
[.uur6dr :irvnrrf, eucox dou [nncdr gdv], c,tadtx crueom [c,rirr xrlrdr],
uemeu dox,tad Iverdx gor.ndr], araKbm3aMuHa
Iuirr,g :ar,,rirna]
Ynogo6xnauero no 6e::nyvxocr 3a pa3JrHKa
or yno4o6raaHerono 3Byq_
rrocr He3aBxcHMo
or lt3roBopHl.lrcrr;r e rrbnHo:xy6aa xpai
[xj,6a$ rpan],
epad Tz,prrcao[rpdr Ti,pHoao], 6taz xapaxmep
xapdxrep].
[6,rir
flprl vexgyc:ronHoro cBt p3BaHe,TaKaKaKTor.{B paMKHTeHa
nyMara,
ylono6lraxero no 3ByrlHocTJrHncBa
npu cpeua Ha xpafiHn6e::ryvau cr,r_
JracHr{
Ha npelxo.qnaraAyMa c HaqarH[ coHopHuHJlt crr;IacH[Te
[a, a,] Ha
cne.[xoAHaraAyMa:6ozam toe, dut6ox poa, tdpae uocm
[stpio N{ocr],aa_
coKHaaec,epad Bapua [rpdr Bdpxa], dtcrd ea,ru
[q.i,ur aanir].
flpeA,qyva, 3anoyBaurac rJracHa,xpaiHara cbrJracHaHa fiperxorHara
.qyMace H3roBap.a
6e::ryuuo: zpad Oxpud [rpir Oxpxr], saaod oepouert
[rardr orpdveu] , ntad o$u4ep [vndr otfNqip].
2. B pavrure Ha Qorteruvxara ,{yMa,T.e. nprr cB6p3BaHe
Ha eAHarlr,Jt_
Ho3HaqHa
AyMa c KJrHTr.t(r4,
Mexly xor.troe HeB,r,3MoxHo
(HeecrecraeHoe)
,qace nocraBtr nay:n, ylogo6raaHero no 3ByrrHocr_ 6e::ayvaocr uexgy
cbulacHHTee B cbuaTa cTerreH,KaKTO
rr B paMKITeHa caMaTa.qyMa:
a ) y n o A o 6 r B a r { en o 3 B y r { H o c ro: m e p a d a
Iog rpaqir], om 6ypama foa
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6j,paral, ctc sdpaee [cr: g,qpise],c dpyzapn .qpy.ap'"1.
ts
6) ynogo6.anateno 6e::nyvxocr: xad notemo
[nar no:rdro], nod nz,mn
[nor ni;r',r], nped xu4ama [nper xLrrlrrara],sad xirama [:ar xolira].
flpu cperqaHa crrracHlt c eAHon cbrrlo Mrcro H HaqHHHa y{JreHeHr.re
ce
nonyqaBaTyABoeH cr,fJ'racHu,
Taxa KaKTO
r.rB paMKr.{Te
Ha,qyMaTaHa MopQevHara rpaHnqa: nem duu lnel anir], uad me6e [nar rd6e], npe3 3uwama
[npe::irr.aara].
r59
flpu Qonernvuara IyMa npeAno3nre,3aBr,prrBarqu
Ha3ByqHara6es:nyvHa clbfjracHanpea ayMa, KotTo 3anoqBac rnacHa,coHopHacrrJracHar{ c],fJracHa[B], ce n3roBaprr no cJreAHurHaqHH:
l. flpeg.ro:nre, 3aB'bplrlBalqu
Ha 6e33ByrrHa
ctrracHa - om, c (cbc) 3ana3Bar Lt3roBopaHa 6e33ByqHaractrtacHa: om dpr4unma,om e3epomo,c
o?tH, c asmopumem,om MeHe,om Heeo,om Puu, om nemuulemo,c )uacno,
c Haz/tocm,c padocm, c,tacxa
3nyvur.r*ru3roBop Ha c:brJracHa'ra
[r] or npeg.noraom npn nocoqeHr{Te
ycJroBr.rr
e
om
AHaJTeKTeH: ap&utmd [og iprr,rnrra],om pa6oma
Qoueruvuu
pd6ora],
om Hulama loa Hirgara],om ,'tp6oa [ol ,r'y6dt[], om Mflcmo
[og
[og ^a'dcro].
- cted, uad, nped, uz,
2. flpegro:nre, 3aBbprrrBaullr
Ha 3ByqHac'LrJracHa
6ez u ap,,3arra3Barr.r3roBopa
Ha 3ByqHaracarnacHa:cted o6ed, xad o6,ta4ume, nped ozrun, cted pa6oma, rnd uopemo, nped uac, us pouaua,6ea
,trc6oa.B re3r{ cnyqan o6a'{e Kone6aHurraca Aocra vecru u rpafiHara crrJracHaHanpeAto3rrrece o6e338ytrasa:
cred o6ed Icner d6eg], rrado6tatlume
d6.naqlrre],
uad
uopemo
vopdro],
nped xac [nper ndc] u gp. Ove[nar
[Har
Br.rAHO
TyK fifpae por9 aHaJlorHrTaK HeyTpaJrHoTo
noBe.qeH[eHa fjracH[Te
H COHOpHr.rTe
C' r,rJraCHH
npl-laCXMHrar.lHOHHHTe
npOqeC]r.
3. IlpeAnorbr a, sba lpel\ rracHr,rH coHopul.tctr:racHn B paMKr{TeHa
{orrernuuara ,4yMace H3roBapr6e:reyuno - Q, at$: e ozun f$ drrHl], a
Artztua lS Aurrlrr], a oKomo [$ ordro], s pa^tomo [$ pdvoro], s Mopemo
[ $ v d p e r o ] , e r y d o c m m a [ O r y , q o c r r d ] , a , t a f o p a m o p u n m a[ $ r a 6 o p a rdpnrra].
IIpeg.qyMa, 3anoqBautacr,c cr,r;racHa[a] n,rn [S], Hacr.bnBay.qBorBaHe
Ha c'r,r;racHaraor npeAJrora:aba a.tdKa,aba 6uHomo,ez,eSa6puxama [w$
Qi6przrara], eoa Qtomoma [nr,Q Q:ldrara].
$ l2l, Vnolo6qBarre no Mffcro H& aprtrKynaqrrflTa. To:ll rng yno4o6rlase ce H3Br,ptlrBa
npn cbqeraHfieHa npoxo.qur,rre
arBeoJrHl.r
crrlacnu [c,
:] c ue6uure c'brJracHr.r
Ha aprnKy[n, x, v]. B pe:yrrar or anTnrlt.rnaqurra
rupaullire opraHHyr{reHr.trerHoroMrcro 3a r{3roBopua ctr.nacnure [c,:]
ce npeMecrBaor aJrBeoJIHTe
a npegnoue6Harao6,'lacr x 11oraK6B HatIIrH
H a c r t n B aa p r n ( y n a q s o H H oH 3 p a B H r B a H
uexgy [c,3] H [rx, x, v]. Vnogo6.snaHeroce lt3B:bpuBaKaxro B paMKHTe
Ha AyMarana vropQevuararpauuTpx6sa o6a.rega ce or6e,rexn,
ua, TaKaH npu Mex.qycnoBHorocB6p3BaHe.
ve ynogobroauero no Mrcro Ha aprH(ynaulr{ e cBtp3aHo c r{3roBopHfit
crur. flplr no-6aseu n:rorop (rrpxecrBeH, ntJren crul), npn rofiro scex
3ByKce aprl.rKynpa rplrxnuBo, no,qo6xoynogo6rsane ne ce na6,rrcgaaa.
O6parno - nplr pa3roBopHr.ir
crl.rr HacrbnBanl.nuo ynogo6xraHe,a npn noHe6pexeu rr3toBop l-rH3naAaHe
Ha cr,cKaBHTe
c'r,rJracHu.
160
a) Vnogo6aaane na vop$evxara rpaHurla: fctstl - uswun [r.rcurirfir,_
nnuirfir], 6ezuy.ueu [6ecnr]ven - 6euturj,r"ren]; fcuj , caynn
[urv]n,r,l,
u3qucmn[ncvficr'r - lluvircr'r], 6esuycmeex[6ecvj,rcrrex - 6eaurvj,a_
crsea],pasuucm.l [pacvricr'r - panvicr'r], racve [xi,urve];
fzx) * 6esleusueu f6exxitsxeu),
pasxarcaa
uztcueneau fuxfpaxxdnzau),
xnr'ira:u].
6) Vnogo6.raaHe npr Qouernvxara gy|.ra: [cur] - c untnKu
[ru urirnru],
npez llloei4apua [npec lllrefiqipxfia - npeur Itrrefiqipxfia];
fcuf _ c uecm
[ru .recr]; [zx] - 6es xe/tavue [6ex xen]rnue], u3 x,euaoma[r.rx xr.radra]
flpn ynoao6araHe Ha npoxoaHxTe clrJracHr.tB cr rHocr ce floJryqaBar
y,qr:rxeHnctrJracHn [lr, x], rouro npr ue6pexen [3roBop ce ctKparrlaBar
s o6firHoseHarracHa.
n) Vnogo6rranero Ha npeAnoHe6Hnrectrracun noA slgaeftcrsue Ha
cJreAxoIHHTeaJIBeOJrHl.I
CrrJracHH,T.e. IIpOMtHa Ha apTHKyJIaqHOHHOTO
MrC_
ro or npe4noxe6Ho B arBeorHo, e cpaBnurenHo p.f,Axo,BJreHrleH xapaKTepr.r:npaxe6pexu[r pa3roBopeH crtrn.. ltbx4u
l;rr,nrqi - rscq f, aaxew ce
f,rixec ce], dptctc ce [lpru ce Apic ce].
(gncrvuaqnr).
$ 122. Pasnogo6rrane
3a pa3nlrKa or ynogo6rnanero
pa:nogo6raauero e Qoneruvno sR'.eHHe,npr.rKoero or.qBa c.bce.qHH
3ByKa,
eIHaKBHHJrH6lusxn a apruxyJrauHoHHoorHolxeHHe, eAuHHrr or rrx _ npeAxo.qHHrT- npoMeHr cBoI.ITeapTuKyJraunoHHo-aKycTlrqHKarrecTBa,3a
JIa Ce
oT[eJrn oT creAxoaHn.s 3ByK.
Pa:no4o6.enauero e xpafiHo orpaHXqeHo n HenocJreAoBareJIHo
rBJIeHr.re,
Tr'fr l<aro n egxN cloao$opMIt onpeAeneHHKoHcoHaHTHtlcaqeranH, ce pa3_
nogo6asar, a r 4pyiu ne. B 6r.nrapcxr.rt e3HXToBa,BreHI{e ce cpeula B
nr{a;IeKTrire r{ He ce aonycKa B KHHxoBHHqH3roBop.
e Hanpr.rMep
[narerrxo
palno,qo6.aeauero Ha cbqeraHrero
[xr] a,qyvara doxmop, npr{ Koero carracnara [x] ce rpoMeHr t fxf - doxmop - doxmop, x-rru rra
[$] _ doemop,
cpB.crbruonoKmu- xoxmu - uoemu.
flono6eH xapaKTeplrua n pa:no4o6xBaHeroHacbqeraHHeronpoxoAHal,r
trperpaAHo-.
npoxorHa cr,uracHaor npeguoHe6Hxrper [ruq], lrptrKoero c],r_
,racuara [ur] ce 3aMecrBaor ctrracHa or npyr Jro(aJreH
peg _ fx]: xotcxe
[uduve], Hox4e,Koutve xoxye. Ot cctr1xl THrrca u pasnogo6raaun.ma
Ha cBr{eraH}rrra[Hr], [v6]: nlrnHKa- n.rpuKa, 6o,tt6apdupoarca
_ 6on6ap_
dupoexa.14npu gnere c:ltreraHHrpa3nolo6xranero e Ilo_MflcroHa yqneHe_
Hr{e,Karo HocoBocrra ce 3ana3Ba.pa:nono6xrane HMa H B crqeraHnero
[ua], npu Koero c]rJracHara [v] ce 3aMecrBaor car;racHara[n], r.e. npt
3ana3eHa
HocoBocT- ocHoBHaapTHKynaqltoHHo_aKycTI.tqHa
xapaKTepHcTr,rKa
r{ HaABerec'r,rracuu- pa:nogo6xBaHeroe no yqJreHHTeJrHo
Mrcro: cenme*r_
apu - cenmeHepu,oKmo.rnapu oxmoHspu.
ll. rt
.rm
rr Ep,
tM.
e. .loffin
16t
Pa:nono6nane rrMa c6 to H B cJryqar{Texopudop - xo,tudop, fpuzop ftueop, peeo,taep - nesopaep. To:u aug Ar{cr,rMr.rJrar1u{
ce Haplrqa A r.rc T a H H a (or pa3crorHHe) 3a pa3nur(a or Ar{cr.rMnrar.(HflTa
B flpenHrflHure
cny{au, HapeqeHal( o H T a K T H a (IIpr{crceAcrBo).
Ha crr$ 123. ll:ra4ax€ sa cbrntcf,f, (enutna). HgnaAauevnr4elrv3ufr.
JlacHllre [r, a] ce Ha6:rro.qaBa
B onpeAeJreH
THn KoHcoHaHTHn
cb.r.eralar4fl
Ll B
onpe.qeneHu
no3HuulrB paMKHTeHa JIyMara.Tosa qsneHr.re
xapa(Tepx3xpa
pa3roBopHarapeq. Cr,rracHrrre [r, g] urnagar npH creAHr{TeycnoBfir:
1. B cpegncrorue npr.rrprrKoHcoHaHTHI
cbqeraHnr, aKo ca cpeAnrqHr.r
ereMeHTr.r
H ca npe,quecrBaHuor npoxoAHr.t
ctrracHri
[c], [nr] nru nJraBHrr
ApruryJraqroHHr.rrr
rr{n
Ha
rperur
eJreMeHT
or
ctqerasuero
e 6e:
[p], [n].
oco6eHo3HaqeHrre:
fcrnf: eecmuux [odcrnnr], cbaecmHo[ciaecrno], padocmuo fpdnocuo),
necmHuK[necnirx], u3aecmHo
cm [r.r:ndcnocr],xocmxa fri:cuaf , KpbcmHuK
Irpi,cuur].
fcrr\f: xprcmqu [xpi;cux], yepseHoKpbcm4u
[vepsenorpi;cquf,,rtcm4u
lar,cqil.
lcrx): npaeucmrcaInpaeircra], eotei6 otuc mxa fzoneir6otrircxaf, fi awucmrcu fQauicxnl,
mettefioxucmrz [releQon crcu), aeanmnpucmxa
ypircra],
.^4
amepu anucmKa Ivarepna,ricra].
Iaeanr'
f c r n ) : u q a c m t t u aI r q a c r i s ] , 3 a a u c m r u a [ : a a r . r c . n i r a ] ,n a K o c m n u a
Inaxocrin], pad o c mtue lpaaocnial.
lcrrf: padocmma [patocri], utadocmma Ivnagocri], aecmma lsecri),
r o aKoc mma [:ronxocri].
fcru): xpz,cmue[xpi,cve], xpacmue [xpdcve], npbcm\e [npicve].
f c r v l : c e u e f i c m a oI c e v d f i n o ] , J r u m e / t c m l o I x i r r e . n c r o ] , o x o . r c m l o
Ioxdncro], 4apcmso luipczol, ytume,tcmeo fyuinetcsol.
fcr.*al:utecmuecnex IurecvdcreHl, n,tacmuac oe Inndcvacoa].
fzaul: seesdua[sod:ua], 6esdua [6|zua], 1esatsuesduo [6e:nr:vdtuo].
[npi:nnx] (or cr6. npa:4sxxrs).
fxaul: rndexduo [HagdxHo], uyrcno for ayxga].
fnru]: uot4ta [vdnna], no ot4Ha[ndvouna].
fissrr)'. oeoutxa [or oroulra], xuruxa for Hnultaf, npouKa [or npoulanav].
ltl $rl: Qe,tdfie6er [0enrQd6en - SerQd6er].
fnanl: $etdutep [Qd.nnuep Qd-ruep].
lprq): cry4e lor cbpgqe crprqe].
Hlnagaueto Ha cr,rJracHr{Te
[r], [l] e B pa3;rlrqHacrerreHB 3aBrrcl.rMocr
oT apTHKyJrarIuoHHoTo
MscTo Ha rrpe,qxoAHaTa
lt ct€.qxoAHaTa
c6rJ]acHa,a
ctrqo raKa H or r{3roBopHr.rl
crn.l. flpu crpynBaHeHa rpr.l c r,r;racHuc eIHo
r.rc'bnlo yqJreHeHo
Mrcro, KaKBr.rro
ca HanpnMepcbqeraHrr.rrra
[cru], [crq],
t62
[cu], [crr], [:aH], [pgq] r.r3roBoptrce 3arpyAHqBa.
3a ga ce o6:rervar ap_
TltKyJraUuoHHrre
AB[xeHLrr,nperpaAara3a r3roBop Ha cruacnnre [r, g]
oTnaaar.r3urJroLrnuMaKcrrMa.rrHo
pelyuHpaHa c€ cJrr{Bac apTI,rKyJIaqloHHoTO
aBrrxeHrre3a rr3roBopHa cne,qxo,qHara
cbrJlacHa,oco6eno Koraro e nper_
pagna cbrnacHa.flo-rpyqno rr3na.Ear
rrperpaAHnTe
cbrJracur.r
[r, g], arl ca
cJreABaHl-r
or npoxolHa cbrJracHaB ct{eraHtrrra
[cre], [nr$], [nrnr]. I,I:ro_
Bop't.r centeficso sw. certeiicmao, Setee6et av.
$engQe6er e xapaKTepeH
noBeqe3a ue6pexnnx H3roBop.
B Hgrou clonorfopr.anH3naAaneroHa cbrJracunTe g] e npuero
e run_
[r,
xoBHara HopMaHa r,r3foBop
n nrcMeHose ce ot6eltgga: pacaa (ot pacrua),
nycua (or nycrua), uyxua (or nyxgxa), npa3HuK(or npasgnnr),
HyrrctruK
(or nyxgnux), cap4e (or c.splqe), uuwxa (or HHrqKa- Hr.uxrra
), npowxa (o.r
lnpotrlKa- npourxa), nteutxa (or fineulKa - nJrerrrrxa), oaowxa (or
ororura
osourrra) H rrpon3BoAHrrre
or rrx.
I,Ilnaganero Ha cbrJracHara[r] r no-xe6pexeHtr3roBopce ua6.nrogaaa
lr
B ctqeranr{r or qerupn r.rJrn
roBeqe cbrJracHlt:6pamcmeof6pircsol, podc_
zao [pdrcno], 6etyucmeo [6e:j'vcro], azeHmcmeo
Iarducao], cmydeimcmaa Icrygducao].
Vznycxa ce cbrlracHara[c] or Hacrarrar a _cKunpv o6paryeane
ua npuJlararerHl-r,qr4tro ocHoBa3aBLpuBaHa cbcKaBa,IrryIrJKaBa
n crr.racna [r]:
6ypzac-crcu- 6ypzacxu, pyc-cKu, - pycKu, ndpu)tccKu_ napu:r{:Ku,
nepHuutcKu nepttuutku, pa3noJtc_cKu pa3ro)teKu, 6yxypet4_cxu_ 6yxyperyrcu.
2. Cr'rracuure [r,.q] [:nagar B KpaecJroBHe
or AByKoHcoHaHTHu
cbqera_
nn.a,vniiro nbpBr eneMeHre cbrJracHara n-rra
[c]
[ur]: utadocm [Nr:rigoc],
padocm [pAaocf, c,ta6ocm
Icnd6oc], mypucm lrypircf, yumueocm
[yvriraoc], ,vocm [uoc], uecm fuecf, tcuJ,tecm[x*:rlc], oO,racm
[d6rac],
.rucm fnucl, dntcd [a.su:],eoxd
feon), rc4 [nou],6tiet4 [6\aeu], ntoul
lnnoul. 6t ec mnr4 [6,recr'iu].
He u:naga carJracHara[r], axo npegxogHaractrJracHa
e npoxoAHaoT
ta6uall:us u .t BerapHvr pe.q,cpB. xe$m, Epexm (Sopuure
ue$. Epex ca
HeBb3MoxHua 6:rlrapcrlx KHr,rxoBeH
u:ronoo).
I4:nagaHero Ha c bfJracHure [r, g] I xpaec,roa[e e xapaKT.cpHo
3a pa3ro_
BopHaTapev. 3aglpxauero [n]r n3na,qaHeroHa re3r,r
c6rJracHr{ce o6yc,rau
B ror.sMa crerreH or eperleHrnocrra Ha
lyMara _ nptl no_qecra ynorpe6a
Ha AyMaTa c.r,rlacHaTa u3rana, a npn [o-prAKa ce 3a.qbpxa.
I 1 2 4 . B r r r r s a H e H a r J r a c n r ru c r r r a c E s { e n e n r e r a j . E n e u r e : a r a
e QoHerlrqHo .sBreHLie,nporl.rBonoroxHo Ha e.rre3Hrra.Mexgy
:ayronere Ha onpe,qeneHTnrr ct qeraHue ce BMbKBaHoB 3ByK, npanefirn
tro 1tl3r.rHaquH ct qeraHuero rro-recHo npor.t3HocuMo.
flo.sgara Ha HoBr.ir:ryx ce o6yclarl or
3al(oHIrTeHa 38yKOBaTaCbqeTaeMocT,
163
B 6r.nrapcrna e3HKcbqeraHne or uIyMoBa H coHopHa cbrracHa B Kpa.sHa
,4yMaTae HeAonycTuMo, Harrp.KocM, rvucn, meamp. ctueraxuero ce pa:geJrr, Karo ce BMaKBarracHara [r] HrH [e]. Tona QoneruqHo tBreHlre e MHofo
cTapo I,I e cBrp3aHo c npoMeHnTe, KoHTo ca HacTaHarn B cTpyKTypaTa Ha
6rrrapcxara cprrqKa u AyMa cnea r3na,qaHero Ha cna6l{Te epoBe. B crapo6rnrapcrx.a e3r{K e HMaJro3aKoH 3a crpoexa Ha cplrqKara - Tt e Morna Aa
pe6rAe cavo orBopeHa, T.e. aa 3aBlprrlBa Ha uacHa: A0-8p'h, Bt-rp'b,
KA'h. CneA u3naAaHero Ha KpaecnoBHHTeepoBe ca ce noJryqIrJII{caqeraHlrrt
or trryMoBa I-l coHopHa cx,rrracHa [6p], [rp], [cl{] x gp., Kol.lro ca HeaonycTIMH or 3aKoHHTe3a 3ByKoBara c'LqeraeMocr r 6lnrapcxul e3rt( u nopa,qn
ToBa ce pa3,4eJrrr,Karo ce BMTKBarjracHara [r,] nnn [e]: do6tp, enmtp; peKbJ'trt rp. T'bft raro BMbKHarure rJIacnH HtMar erHMoJIor[qHa o6ycnorenpu npoMtHa ua tfopvara. T.e. Koraro c'l,qeraHocr, Te He ca nocrorHHlr
Huero or rxyMoBa H coHopHa He e B KpaecnoBl{e,a MexAy gae r.tacun (NxrgpBoxanHa no:uqur) Te H3naAar. IIo raxrs HaqfiH ,qHecce o$opMt peAyBpHero rrracHa [r] u [e] c Hyna - [r - 0], [e - Ol: do6tp - do6pu, uucz"r
n4uc.ru, KocbM - Koc^4u, necelt - necHu, ocb'l.l ocn4u.
3arour,r 3a 3a6paHa Ha ctqeraHue or rxyMoBa B KpaecnoBl,reH coHopHa
ToBa Hafi-Ao6pe Jr[qH rrpu ayMn or ttyxn upollrxog: Qp.
e 6e3 r.{3Knro.{eHlle.
meombp, ministre (vnxr,rcrp) Muttucmbp, r6alisme (peath66tre (rearp)
(coqua,rr:u)
co4ualu3blr, magn6tisme
,rn::r.r) - pearu3bu,socialisme
(MarHerrr3Mr - MazHemu3bM H Ap.
CrqeraHne or ulyMoBa H coHopHa cr.rJracHac'btqo ce pa3.{ent rIpe3 BM6KBaHe Ha fJracHara [1.], aKo e nocreaBaHo or crrracHara [q]: or cyr[urcca -ue: nem o - nembHqe, nuc,t4o- nucbv4e, ,uacno - ^lacb,lqe; pe6po-pe6bp- 6edryqe, cme6to - cme6ur4e, a,'raKHo- 6!tdKbH4e, 6pawuo 4e, 6edpo
6pauttu4e. Krv cr,ulua run cna.qar r.{catreraHnrra or coHopHa l-t uyMoBa
or
rr;rK)c c'r,rracHara lt\] - uepeo - \epbs4e, a c'bIqo raKa ll ctqeraH[ero
coHopHa H rxyMoBa nJrx)c crrjracHa [r] uroc cr,fracHa fu] - 'utpmee4, Mbpmba4u,
Kpaecloonu cbqeraHr.rr or aBe coHopHn cr,rJracHllca.qonycruMl.r B 6bJIrapcrnr e3rrK- xaHp, xuux, Kapt, xb./ttr- w nopaAn ToBa He ce pa3Aentr
qpe3 BMl,(BaHe lta rJlacHrr.
Bunrsauero Ha c'brJracHure [T, A] Mexny coHopHa H IxyMoBa car;racHa
ce Ha6rrc.qasa B,ErranerTnre H ce orleHrBa Karo rpy6o orKnoHeHue or npaBoroBopHara HopMa: cmpau, sdpn,t, 6z'pdso, oxdsu.
t64
CPTIqKA
APTI{KYJIAIINOHHO.AKYCTI{IIHII
XAPAKTEPRCTI,IKI{
HA CPI{qKATA
eAHHt{rIa,
T.e. Tr e MH$ 125. Cpuurara e nafi-ua:rrara npo 3HocHTenHa
HliMaJIeH
orpf,3bKor roBopHaraBepHra,KoiTo B aprt{KynaqHoHHo
orHorxeRI{eno-HararbK He Moxe,qa ce,qenn. I.Irroeoptr Ha cpr{qKaraclB[a.qa c
r.r3foBopa
Ha oTAeneH3ByKcaMo KoraToTo3H3ByKe rJIacHa,a npH cbrnacHHTerr3roBop'l,T
ce cbnbrcrBa BIrHafnc r;racHa- 3aeAHoc (orlTo o6pa3yBa
apTr.rKyJraqrroHHo-aKycTHqHo
e,4ItHcTBo.
B 6urapcrur e3HK3aAbJIxHTeJIHa
cbcraaKaHacplrqKarae rJracxara,Korro cac cBotra MaKcrrManHa
3ByrrHocro6pa:yoa Br,pxaHnt{nAporo Hacpuqxata.3atosa r.r6po.r'rua cpHqKHTe
paBeHHa 6pol na rlacHure a
e BI,IHaTH
eo-da,
npu-nat-xa,
po-du-Ha,
cae-mo-y-ce-t4d-He.
nylaara:
B urrou 6r,rrapcKuAHaneKTn,
raro 6orenrpalcKug,TereBeHcKur,
cpt{vI<H
vorar ga o6pa:yBar H coHopHr.rrecbrracHH [p] x [.n]: epttea fzptza), eptx fzpxf, cursa
Ic4:al, aazr Is4x]
Cpn'rxara 3a pa3nnKaor vop$elrara Hee HocHTenHa onpeAeJreHo
cMrlcnoBo r{nurpaMarnqHo3HaqeHHe.
B noroxa ua pevra rr ce orAeJIrBb3ocHoBa
Ha aprrrKyJrarluoHHo-aKycrr.rrlnn
noKa3areJ,Irr.
a uopQevara Bb3 ocHoBaHa
JIuHrBr,rcruqHn
nor(a3are;rHMopQer,,rara
e eAt-rHHrla
Ha e3rKa,a cpHqKaraHa
peqTa.
Crulecraytar pa3nrrqHu
reopHH3a o6paryaaneron AeneHueroHacpurrKH
- eKcnnparopHa,aKycruqHa,
Qouo,rornvual-rgp. ErcnuparopHara reopnt
o6rcHrBa o6pa3yBaHeroHacpuqKarac MycKynHoroHarrpexeHtre,
nplr Koero
r.r3AnrrrHara
roBopHa crpyr He nport-ti{a nJraBHo,a Ha rJracr,qn, flpu rcexu
Ir3Au[eH TnacbKc opeA Ta3HTeopHt ce obpa3yBaI{ cprrqKa,a B MoMeHTa
Hanai-cra6olo roBopHor.I3Ar.rrxBaHe
ce tl3Br,prxBa
cpu'rxo4enenrlero.ArycT qHara reopuc rnn reoprrrra 3a 3ByrrHocrrapa3rnexla o6pa:yranero ua
cpnqKaraKaro cbqeraHlreHa 3By(oBec noBeqeH c no-MaJIKo
:oy.ruocr. 3aTOBaX CpHqKaTa
CnopeaTa3HTeopHr ce onp€aenr KaToMaKcr{MyM3Byq_
HOCT,OCbrqeCTBeHa
npeArrMHo
oT fnacHr.rr3Byr, ofpaHr.rqeHa
oT ABaMlrHrrMyMa 3ByqHocr.fpannqure Ha cpuqKHTeca raM, KaA€To3ByqHocrrae MrrHnMaJrHa.
Ooso.nonlquarareopst or cBor crpaHace crpeMn Aa o6ccHr.{
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165
pa3yBaHero Ha cpHqKara Br,3 ocHoBa Ha 3ByKoBaTaKoM6rrHaTopHKa.
HeaocTarrrlrrre Ha oraeJIHI.rTeTeopIrH B IHeITJHo BpeMe ce npeoAoJrrBar, KaTo ce
perXeHHeHa npO6neMa 3a CplrqKaTa.
TBpCHKOMTTJTeKCHO
BrnperN qe reopurra Ha orHocl.ITerHara, Bb3xoatlrlara 3ayqHocr uMa
cBou HeAocrarbrlrr rJraBHoB onpeaettHe Ha cpItqKoBItTerpaHnun, Tfl Moxe
,4anocJryxn Karo ocHoBa 3a o6rcHeHhe Ha cTpoexa Ha 6SnrapcKaTa cpnq(a.
Cpannnremrara 3ByqHocr Ha oraetnure rnnoBe 3ByKoBe Moxe Hafi-o6qo
Aa ce npeacTaBn no cJle,qHl-ttHaqnH: rJracHHTenpHTexaBaT MaKcIrMaJIHa
3ByrtHocr, cneA Trx ce noapexaaT coHopHtiTec'brllacHIl, a c Hafi-ManKa3ByqHocr ce orJruqaBaT rrryMoBnTe carnacHH, I,I:pa:exa B uxOpoBH cnMBoJrH,
Blr,3XO,qtUlaTa
3ByqHOCTMOXe Aa Ce npeACTaBHTaKa: IIJyMOBHCr,rraCHn C l,
coHopHH cr,rJracHu c 2 t r nacsvt c 3. Egnocpuvurre AyMrr uanp. 6op, xparc,
6pam, cntaa r1e uMar cJre.{HHrorMrorn:npau ur$poa rng: I 32, \23l, l23l ,
I 1231. B 6rrrapcrur e3HKH3rpax,qaHeroHa cpnrrKara Bb3 ocHoBa Ha rrpHHq[na 3a Ba3xoMuara 3ByqHocr e 6e] l,3K,uoqeRl.te,
.qoKaToB pycKH e3r,rKca
863MoxHr.fH ApyrH cpuqKoBr.r
crpykrypn, Harrp.Mznb -2123, ucmumt -2ll3l.
CTPYKTYPA HA BbJITAPCI(ATA CPI{qKA
$ l26.3agrlxlrrerHa clcraBxa B crpyKTyparaHa cpxqKara B 6anrapcKtate3IrKe fJlacHara.B :anxclrvocr or roBa, AaJIHfllacHara cava o6paayna
qeTliptt
cpHqKaHnr,re B cbqeTaHrjecrc cbfJracHH,ce pa3nHqaBaT
cneAHIrTe
crpyKrypu:
l . C p H v r a ,o 6 p a 3 y B a Hoar r r a c H a : o - x o ,y - 6 u - e ,o - n u - e .
2. Cpuuxa, o6pa:yraHa or cbr;racHa+ rracHa: da, He 3a, ua-ca, 6a-6a,
oa-oe. cu-,10.au-Ka.
3. Cprvxa, o6pa:ynaHaor rracHa + c6r,'racra'.a3, ad, ex, ox, om, y-6u-e4.
4. Cplrvra, o6pa:ysaxa or rJIacHac oxpt'xeHuega c'brnacHu:myK,maM,
6op, dou, dpyu, cmpax, nyuxm.
9eurpnre ocHoBHr.r
crpyr<rypfiHa cpr4qKaraB caripareu Br.IAMorar Aa ce
rrpeAcraBrrrro cneAHHrnaultr: l, Cf, IC, CfC.
C p u v r a , x o r r o 3 a B l p u B a H ar J r a c H ac,e H a p u q a or B o p e H a , a H a c b r JracHa 3arBopeHa.Cpnvxa, xorro 3anoqBac rJracHa,ce Hapu{a o r K p r{ T a, a Korro 3aBt,prllBaHa cr,rJracHa-3 a x p nr a. B 6rlrapcKul e3r.tK
orBopeHHTe
cptrtrKHce cpeqar no-qecro or 3arBopeHHTe.
B crapo6t:rrapcrux
e3rrK,uoH3naAaHeroHa epoBereB cna6a no3tlqnqscnvrn cpnvru ca 6r.tlu
orBopeHrr.B crnpeueunoro cacrorHHe Ha e3HKao6a.le ce cperuar KaKTo
TaKarr 3aTBopeHH
oTBOpeHr{,
cpl.tqxH.
Cnopeg 6por H Mrcroro Hacr,rJIacHHTe
cnprMo r:racHarace pa3nuqaBar
cneAHlrrenoATrrnoBe
Ha cpuqxoBaTacTpyKTypa:
166
l. Cpraurara,o6pa3yBaHa
or clrjracHa + rrac:fia(orBopeHacpuxxa, CI),
uMaTpr{ noATlrna:
a) c e.qHacatJracHa,run Cf: da-ea, Ha_?o_mo_eo,
nu_tae;
6) c gae crrlacuu, run CCf: 6pa-dea,mpe-ao-za,6ttu_xuu;
r) c rpn crrnacus, run CCCI: cmp.s_xa,cn,ta-au,dpy-xe_cmeo.
C narpynaarero Ha cLrJracIiHnpeA rracHara Bs3MoxHocTr.rre3a cplIq(o_
o6paeyeaueHaMarrBar. Tperuar noATr{nHa orBopeHaracp[rrKa ce
cpeu1a
cpaBHrretHo no-pqlKo, B rprxouconanrHoro cbqeraHr{eHa cpHqKara
3a.qbnxureJrHoyrlacrBa coHopHacrrjracHa r{JrltcauacHa
[r], a ocrananure
cblllacHlt ca uyMoBr,t, eAHaoT XOLTTO
e npoxoaHa no HaqnHHa yqJIeHeHIle,
2. Cpu,rrara, o6pa3yBaHa
or rnacHa+ crrlacHa (sarropeua cpnvxa,mn l-C),
lrMacneaHHTeTpU noATUna:
a) c egna c,brJracHa,
run lC: ad, a3, ap, ex, ap_Ma-zaH:
6) c gne cr,r.nacnu,rxn fCC: uck, aKm, 3,ta-mo_ycmi
B) c rpr.f cluacHu, rxn f CCC: o6t4
fonwrl.
flogrnnonere Ha 3arBopeHaracpHqKaca cpaBHrlreJrHo
Hafr-cra6o3aclbneuu a 6r:rrapcrlrr eanr. Cpu'rroBure crpy(rypu (6) u (a) ca KpaftHo
orpa_
Hr,qgHH
B eaHocp'qH' ,qyMrr,a B MHOfOCpxrrHH
KoHcoHaHTHr.rflT
CbcTaBce
pa3naaa,(aTo e,rIHaTa
cbfjracHace npriTer,,r,oT npeaxo,qHaTa
cpHtrKa,
a ApyraTa- oT cJleAxo.qHaTa:
ucx _ uc_ka_He.
3. Cprurara, o6pa:yrana or r;racHac oxpbxeHle HactrJracHn,
ce or;lrqasac no-6orar n pa:noo6pa:eHcrpoex,
Tr HMacne.qHnTe
rro.qrnnoBe:
a) c gne cbrracHH, rlrn CIC: myK, mat, dou, 6op_6a,za_aod,
6or-xa,
po-deu;
6) c nne Havaluu crbrJracHH!
run CC|C: cmo,t, 6pne, o_6tax, o-6paz;
n) c rpu xavalnu cbrJracHn,run CCC|C: cmpoz, cmaot, cupad;
r) c gee c,regxogHr.r
clrJlacHu, rnn CICC: 6ueta,6uxm, ducx,uocm, deSexm, xo-dexc:
A) c rpr-rcneAxoAHtrcbrracHH, rI,In C|CCC: nyHkm,meKcm:
e) c ABeHaqanHnn IBe creAxoAHHcr,r.lacnx,run C CICC:
ncantt, mpesa,
6o-dpocm;
x) c aBe HaqaJrHll
r.trpr-tcJreAxoaHn
carJracHn,rnn CC|CCC: c$unxc.
flo4rtnorere Ha cpurr(ara, o6pa:ysaxa or uracHac oKpax(eHxe
Ha crrnacHrr,MaxapH qecro cpeulaHu,ca HepaBHoMepHo
npeAcraBeHr.r
ora SoneTr.rqxr.rr
crpoex ua 6urapcxara AyMa. flo_qecro ce cpeuar crpyrTypu
c
no-Ma]lKoctrJtacHr{oKoJrornacHaTaI{ 3Haqr.rTenHo
rro-peAKH
ca cTpyKTyprr_
Te c noBeqecbr;IacHlt.B 6rnrapcrara cpuqKace npe,qnoqxTa
HarpynBaHe
Ha carracHlr npeA rJlacHara,orKolrKoTocJre,{Her. I,I r goara cnyval
o6ave
flpeae.n:bT
Ha KoHCOHaHTHOTO
HaTpynBaHe
e oT TpHC,brJracHH.
167
trPOMEHI{ B 3BYKOBII'
CbCTAB IIA CPIIqKATA
r pr{TMHqHae,qr.rHr,r$ 127. Cprvxara e ocHoBHaaKqeHTHo-HHToHar{xoHHa
rla Ha peqTa. B neftnure paMKHce ocrulecTBrBa y,qapeHr{eTo
H cprlqKlrTece
qecToTaTa
ri HeyAapeHH;qpe3 npoMeHure B sHTeH3r{TeTa,
IeJrrT Ha y,qapeHra
Ha ocHoBHHrroH n BpeMerpaeHeroHa rJracHaraB cpurrKarace o6pa3yBar
uHToHarlr{oHHrrre
KoHTyp}rHa r.r3peqeHflero;HaI-cerHe qpe3 peAyBaHeroHa
yAapeHIIIr HeyaapeHHcpHrrKHce H3rpax.qau pHTbMbTHa peqTa.
B gagucnvocr or Mrcroro Ha HeyAapeHara
cpltqKacnprMo y.Eapenero
ce n3B'r,prIBaT
cneqHHTenpoMeHt{B 3ByxoaHrr.rctctae:
1. Peayrqur. Illnporure rnacHHIa, o, e] B HeyAapeHo
noroxeHne npoMenxr $oneruunoro cH KaqecrBo,raro ce npn6rxxaBar B H3foBopaclr KrM
crorBerHu recHx rJracHlr[r, y, n]. Creneura Ha npoMrHarae ronKoBanofonrMa, KoJlKoToHeyaapeHaTacpHqKae no-,qajreqoT yAapeHaTa,a c]'ulo
TaKaB 3aBHCLMOCT
OTTOBa,AaJrr.r
CprrqKaTae B npe.qy.qapeHa
uJIr{B cneAyAapeHano3nrlur (rx. Pelyxqxx, $ 23).
2. Pegyrane ,r-e (npouexruro r). B onpe.qeneHu
cnyqan npoMeHr.rre
B
3ByKOBU'
CtCTaBHa Cp .rxaTa,rrO-TOqHO
3aMrHaTaHa eAHarJIaCHa
C Apyfa,
ce Abrxar uMeHnona 6e:ygapeuocrra, T.e. Ha npeMecrBaHero
Ha yAapeHnero B6pxy cteAxoAHacpxqxa, Hanp. u,tAxo - u,cercdp,eimtp - oempoei,
rrce,'ti3o- xerczd (sx. $ 170).
flpoveuu B 3ByKoBuqc'LcraBHa cpHqKHHacrbnBar u B 3aBncltMocror
3ByKOEHr
C],CTaB
Ha CneIXOAHr.r
CpUrrxIr:
a) xoraro cneAxo,qHara
cpHqKacrArpxa npeAHarnacHa npr-rnpaB}rJrara
3a npoMeHJrr.rBo
.s: 6n,t - 6etu, enpa - eepex (lx. $ l'15);
6) roraro naK npH npaBrrnara3a npoMeHJrrBo
, cneAxoAHaracpuqra c!Abpxa MeKaI{Jll, uyrxKaBa cbr;racHa: 6nn - 6en.fl,zpnx - zpeuKa, npnk n p e u x a( z x . $ 1 75 ) .
3. PasvecrsaHeH onpocrrBaHeHa KoHcoHaHTHIrt
ctcraB Ha cptqKara ce
ua6rrogara B HrKou c;ryqan npx noABuxHo[r] o ctce4crao c nJraBHn
carracux [p, n]: sp?,x- 66p-xo-6e,zpbK- zbp-qu,Kpb6- Kbp-su.B gpyru clyvan
ce Hr6qrsa crpynBaHeroHa crrJracHHcreA rJracHa,raro crveranr.rrra [rp],
[u] ce :avecraar c [pr,], [lr,], r.e. npe.qnoqurace c'rpynBaHeHa crrJracHrl
npel'[fnacHa: ?bpHe- ?pbH-qap,?bJlma - ettm-ua, ctp6uu cpt6-cxu.
TPAHIIIIN HA CPIIIIKATA (CPIIqKOAEJIEHI,IE)
$ 128. Onpege.nxxeroxa 6por HacpnqKr{reB eIHa AyMaHenpeAcraB.[sBa
HHKaKBa
rpylHocr, Tbf xaro rofi e paaeu ua 6por Ha rJracnrrre.Tpy,uuocrra
e cBbp3aHanpe,{HBcuqKoc ycTaHoBrBaHe
Ha fpaHHIIHTe
Ha cpl{qKHTe
BATpe
B AyMara. B ennn c:ryvax re ca rcHH H 3ByKoBIrtrcacraB Ha cp[qKara ce
i68
oflpeAenr6e:norpe'ruo, a B Apyru cnyqar' HacrbnBat xole6anr'g qacr
r
or
3ByKoBr.rr
c,LcraB ce lJpn6azt ry r(aM eaHara, Ty KtM npyrara cpr.rvxa,
Oc_
noBHaTanpr{qHHa3a TpyAHOCTTa
Ha cpfiqKoaereHneToce ctcToH B TOBa,qe
qJreHeHHeTO
Ha AyMaTaHa cpuqKliHe e cBtp3aHoctc cMr{cJIoBoTo
n rpaMa_
rnyHoro 3HaqeHHe
Ha,qyMara,KaKToe npu vJreHenreroua r,ropSett'r.Mexgy
cplrqKara u r"roptpevara HrMa HHKaKAO
.IIHHTBUCTHIIHO
CrOTBercrBHe.rlreHeHrero Ha nBere eauHtlru ce noaqHHqBaHa pa3JrlrqHH
nptlHqnrrlr. 3atoga r
AyMaraHanp.podumetu ce vaexn xa vopSewtre pod-u-met_u, a HacDHqKn
po-Ou-me-nu.{erennero xa cpuvrr r 6urapcrol.r e3HKce noAqrlHrBaHac;rcaHlrrenpaBl,r.]ra:
l. Equa crr.nacnaMexAy ABernacHr{trptl BcrqKr{cJryqarr
o6pa:yea cpnv_
Ka cbc cJre,qxo,lHara
rJIacHa:ua_ca, da_de,nu_ca,pa-6o_ma,xo_pa_6u,6o_
po-ee, flpu rozn MoaeJIHa cputlxara,rofiro e ytnsepcajreH
3a BcnqKue3lrufi.
HectlrlecrByBar HHKaKBU
ro.ne6asuq3a Mrcroro Ha cpHqKoBararpaHt-tua.
2. Coaopxara cr,r;racHa[fi] npeg cbrJracnactqo rrpu BcrqK&
cJryqance
npnTertr or npeAxoAHararJracna,3arBaprirH no rogs
Haql,tHcpr{r{(ara:
^.tdi-Ka,mafi-Ho, 6oi-xo, eoi-ua. CpuuxosararpaHuqa
e 6es urrlroqeune
cnea [fi].
B nxrepaora:rna no:uqur [ii] ce npurer,u or cjregxo4Hara
rlttcHa..a_ne_ua,
?e-po-ibm, nu- ax. Cpuuxosara rpaHxqa BTe3 cnyqat e
snHarn npeg [fi].
3. cpr.ruxoaararpaHurrapa3.qenryaBoeHr{Te
crr,racHH,Karo .JIHaracbrnacHace npHTertr oT npe.qxoaHaTa
rnacHa,a apyfaTa oT cJreaxo,[HaTa
fJlacHa.u3-cy-ua, pa3-3e-ne-He-e,6es_cu-teu,cmpaH-Ho,./tyH_Ha,
npo_rxem_ma,
pa-docm-ma. flpu no-ne6pexeHH3roBopB pa3roBopHr.t,
crHn .Hacr6nBaonpocTrBaHeHa yaBoeHr{Te
c6rJIacHtl,H3rOBOpeHI,t
KaToeaHacbfnacHa!KOrTO
rro npaBItJroce npHTefJrt oT cneaxoaHaTafJIacHa.
4. B rpyna cbrJIacHr.t
MexAy ABerJracHlt,B rrxftToc.rctas napBara car,acHa e coHopHa,a ocTaHaJrlTe
uyMoBr.t,coHopHaTa
ce npl-lTern,IoT npeAxo.qHaracpnuxa: 6tp-so, atl-Ka, mbH_ks,6ou_6a,
no*or-"_"o, koH-cKu,
dsop-cku.
5. flpu gre cunacHr.r,or (oxro nbpBara e IIyMOBa,
a BTOpaTacoHopHa,
rxyM-oBaTa
H COHOpHaTa
ce rrpHTefJrrToT cne,(xoAHara I nacHa..cmb-KrQ.
zpe-ono, Kpe-crlo, rab_dpe4.
6. [re couopnn crrtacHH ce pa3Aerrr or cpx.rKoBara
fpalut\a: abn-Ha,
6ot-uu-4a, duu-ua, suu-xa, enp-Ha,nap_Ha,
7. Crqetannxra cmp, ldp, cK,l, cma, wx, xd, cx, cm
o6ux^oseno He ce
pa3Aertr or cplqKoBaratpaHHIla,Karo
uenutr (oHcoHaHTeH
sbcraB ce rrDnTefrr or cneAxolHara rracra: o-cmpu_xa, no_sdpa_aa,
nu-cx,tue, 6pam_
cm6o,pa-3no-xxu, zpad-cxu,
fpaxr.rqaraHa cprrtrKHTe
npH clqeraHu, or aBeHJrlinoBeqeuryMoBHcbr_
racHH e B noBerreTocjlyqal.rHercHau necra6u.rna:KA-3eAjt
(u xaz_ea,vt\.
t69
ete-drca(u z,ned-Ka),c6a-m6a (u caam-6a).I4:o6ulo cprqKoaeneHrrero
npH
rpyna csrJracHHMexAy aBefJracHHe noBeqeHJrHno-ManKoHecHfypHo,aopH
CpUqKOBaTa
It B ClyqauTe,B KOHTO
rpaHHrlae IO-'CHOOnpe.qeteHa.
8. flpeqcranxr,rrer,rHacraBKHTe
He 3ana3Barcrorra uoQpo.noruqnacaMocro.f,TeJrHocr,
aKo cre,qBarlaracprrqKa3anoqBac rJracHa:6e-gu-ue-ueu
(6ez-uueuett), u-so-pa (us-opa)
170
yAAPEHT{E
CI,TIIHOCT
HA YAAPEHIIETO
$ 129. no.q yAapeHne ce pa:6rpa no_oco6euoro orAe;rrHe
c OoHerH.rHH
cpeAcrBa Ha e.qHacpHqKa B
IyMaTa. orge.r.rnero Ha yAapeHara cpHyKa
npx
rr3roBop ce l3BtptrrBa c rroMolqra
Ha pa3nr{rrHl{TeQonern"nu cbcraBKr,r
Ha
yAapeHltero - aprlKynauHoHHo HanpexeHHe,
n"t"nrnt"t,
Bucoqr.rHaH a6Jr_
xrrHa rrpr rr3roBopa Ha y4apelara raaclra.
Bt:npxeMaHero Ha eAHa cpfl{Ka
I(aro y.qapeHa(arqenryaana) B paMKr.rre
nu ,no.o"pr""ura
Ayva ce ocHo_
BaBaHat-Hanpe.q Ha cpaBHeHHeTo,xoero
ce npaBr.rc HeyAapeHure cp[rlKr4 I
cbrqaTa.qyMa. Karo
Qoneruvno ,BJreHlleo6a*e y.qape"fi"ro He ce ocL3HaBa
caMo orHocrireJrHo - Karo pe3ynrar
or cpaBHeHneHa :nyxoaNre oco6enocra
Ha y.qapeHaraH HeyaapeHara cpnrra.
To uva x a6conmeH xaparTep _ yaapeHara cpl-tqKace xaparc,tepu3Hpa
c no-oco6eHt rev6ponn caofic.raa,
rouro
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Ycroan.s 3a KoHTpacr H cpaBHeH e
Mex.qy yAapeHHr.rHeyAapeHr.r
cpfiqKn
ce cb3AaBar B cBrbp3aHapev. B noroxa
Ha perrra ygup"nn"ro oct LqecrBrBa
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oHHHH cJtyxoBx eAunnul. Cr,
y.qaperraraBaKueHrHara"r,::l:,,-,;1';ffi
fi :l1Hff ::ffi iltJil:
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H xapaxrepr.rcruraHa rl.f,_
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qeHTyBaHr,r
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rr3roBop_ z,rac,moi, dpy), , ruxa
H B cny_
qarjre, Koraro Hapel c
rrx B cB6p3aHapeq HrMa naygup"nu
"p"**o
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B egHocpuvnara lywa epad r;racHara
[a] ce u:roaapr rara, KaKTor.rB
ABycrpHqHaTa
zpddcxu. Koraro o6a.renr,a
Qopvlre zpadim, zpadoei,ygapeHfiero He naAa B,r,pxyrJracHara
[a], rx ry6u qacr or cBor.rrereM6poB'
raqecTBaH B CpaBHeHIie
c yAapeHaTa
rjracHace B'I'3npI-leMa
Kal.OHey,qapeHa.
VAapenuero He Moxe Aa ce H3oJrHpa
or 3ByKoBereB peqeBaraBepara r.i
.qace Bb3npoH3Beae
caMocrorrenHo,KaKToroBa a ""r"&no
npH nnHenHn_
Te 3ByKOBH
CerMeHTr.r,
cneaBarlr eaHHCnenApyr. To ce go6aen
Karo Harc-
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Haa 3ByKoBr{.f,
c6cTaBHa ayMaTa,HacJrafBa
ce HaAonpeAeneHanocJreAoBare.lrHocr
or Qoneuu 3aroBace onpe.qe;rq
Karo HaAcerMeHrno(cynepcerueurxo) QoHerr.r,{Ho
cpeAcrBonp}r qJreHeHr{ero
Ha peqra.
Y4apenuero opraHn3ripa3ByKoBr.rr
ctcraB HaAyMarar{ r xapaKTepH3rrpa
3ae,EHo
c ornenHnTeQoHevu, Bnr{3arr(n
B HefHIlt crcraa. 9pe: yAapeHuero
ce
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3spa
KaTo
caMocTo{TeJrHa
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B
peura. To H3rpaxnaueixara QouernqHaqtnocr r.loflpeAert HaqHHa3a nporr3Ho[nreHnero
i, \ymara udfircaHanpt{MepMoxe Aa ce npon3Hecea 6.tlrapcKHr e3HKcaMo c yAapeHr.re
Ha ntpBara cpnvxa. flpon:HeceHac y,qapeHxe
Ha BTopaTacpr-IqKa [uaftxd], - Tr rrpecTaBa,{a6tAe gna.reuaeArHHrIaB
e3I{Ka.
Ynapennero 3acrra BcHqK[3ByKoBXcbcraBKuB ctcraBa Ha cpllqKaraKaKTorJracHHTe,
raxa u :ao6nxaltrrlHTerH cr'fracHlr. Ho rril raro npH rnacHHTeHafi-rpKoce nporarra e$eKlr,r HayAapeHocrl-rHey.qapeHocr,
o6nrHoBer{oce roBoprr 3a yAapeHr.r
(axqeHrysanfi)H HeyAapegr.r
(HearqeHrysaHn)
IIACHH.
3a6enexl(a-yAape[rero,xapaKTcpHo3aorlenHaraAyMa,r.tJtHcro6HoroyAape{Hc!
Tpr6Balta ce pa3rparruraaaor tfparoeoro ( lpe{excxoro) ynapenle (ox. $ 210). Oparonoro
yAapellre o6n(HoBeHonaAa rra cpBq{a, s6pxy Korro [aAa ri cJroBHoroylaperrae. B rooa
or oue ne re ca rtcHo cBtplaHB noMcxAy ct. EllHospcMcHHo
c roBa ce pa3ruriaBaf no
oyx(uua, no c]'craBXurc,xosro rH r.t3apaxAar,u no 3aKoHoMepHocrlreB ynorpe6ara HM.
Opa3oBoro yAapeHuccc t3rpaxAa or MerIoAItqfitcrcraB(!t fl l{3Mete'lIr Bbn BucoLttflara
I|a roHa. To cc nolqu taa HaccMaHTuKo-cutrraxruvrrl
tlaxropq - o.rnent IloAqepTaBacaMo
orlenHu AyMx, BaxlH 3a cMt,tcarala x3peqeHlteroLtlt3Ka3Baucro,
3a pa3tIr,tKa
or ctoBtroro
yAaperrrerlparoooro e B TrcBa 3aBucHMocror rpaMarrqHara c1-pyxtypaHa {3pe,{eHuerora
or crArpxaruero u r-{errHTe
Ha fi3(a3BaHero.B o rlenH{ cny,lan r}paroooro y4apeIl ue 3aBncrl
u oT MtcToTo Ita ayMaTaB {3peqeHlleTo,oT cTh.,IttcTt{r{
oTo qrlelleHtek puTMLtqll|rcTpoex
|la u3(a3BaHeTo.
Ha 6rrrapcxn.r e:Hr e csoficrseHo c H Jro ao (gunavnvno) cnoBHoy,qapeHlre,Koero Moxe aa croH Ha (or ra e cpnqKaB ryMara. 3aroaa ygapennero a 6r,.nrapcrure3HKceonpeAensoule r{ Karo c g o 6 o g n o (paruouecrHo) yAapeHne.
Eurapcrurr e3HKce orHacr n KrM e3I,ruHTe
c uop$o.norNvecKH
cBbp3aHo yAapeHne,T'r,t Karo M{croro (noruqurra) My B AyMaTace onpelerr B
ro;rrMa creneH or HefrHr.rr
rpaMarr.rqeH
u clotoo6pa:yaare,reH vropQeuen
cr,crao.Moptf o.norfiqHarao6yclolenocr xa 6t,rrapcxoro yAapeHr.re
ce nporBrBa oule fi B ToBa,treTo ocTaBaB noBeqeTocJryqaHHenoaBr.rxHo
npl,lcJIo_
BOH3MCHEHMETO.
flo cura r 6t:rrapcrua e3uKce pa3nr{qaBaraBe creneHr{Ha yAapeHr.re
rJlaBHor.iBTopocreneHHo
r,r;tr.l
(nx $ 150).
Aorrr,JrHr.rre;tuo
flo ornouenne Ha y.qapeHueroB cBbp3aHapeq AyMnre ce A€nrr Ha nBe
fpynn - IyMx, Kor.rTo
HMaTcaoe caMocTorTejrHo
y,qapeHHe,
u.qyMr,t,Kor.tTo
HrMar caMocrorrenHoyAapeHHe eHKJIr{THKH
H npoKJrHTr.rKH
(rx. { 147).
172
OOHETITTIHAXAPAKTEPI.ICTIIKA HA BI,JITAPCKOTO YAAPEHI,IE
$ 130, On:uvecrr.rre cacraBrli na 6r,lrapcxoro cnoBHoyAapeHr{e,creIIeHTa
Ha r.qxHaranporBa u e:auuo,qeficreneBce oule He ca
AocrarbqHo
nbJrnoI.r3rcHeHHe.
VcraHoeeHo e, xafi_o6qo, ve 6tnrapcroro y,qapeH[e
NPOMEH' KAKTO KOJIHqECTBEHI'TE, TAKA I{ KAqCCTBEHHTE
XAPAI(TEPI,CTI4KH HA
rracHfire. Kr,v roruqecrseHHTe xapaKTeprrcrn** aa oanu"",
npoMerrr.{TeB
lHTen3r{TeTa,qecToTaTa n BpeMeTpaeHeToHa ocHoBHrrcToH,
a K],M (arrecT_
BeHure- rev6poaure [poMeHr.t. Hscle4aannlra noKa3Bar, qe
ocBeH BHco_
qfiHara,BpeMerpaeHero H rel,16r,prr,
xorrro Morar B3al.rMHo,qa ce KoMneHclIpar r.,Aa,qeficTBar o6yc,roeeno, c Hafi_ro,t.rvo 3HaqeHr.re
3a B.b3rlprreMaHe
Ha 6l:rrapcroro yaapeHr{e ca npoMeHnre B HHTeH3[Tera
Ha y.qapeHr.rreH
Hey.qapeHHTe
InacHr.r.
Erlrapcxoro yAapeHre cneAoBarenHo e npHero
,qace onpege,ra uafi_uan_
peAI.Irtpe.qnBcnqKo Karo rr.lHavnvHo (cu:roro) yqapexne,
]auloro t{HTeH3rrTerbr e ocHoBHrlrr $axrop, rofiro gonpnHac, 3a Br3rrpt,teMaHero
vy. Han_
pexeHHeToHa roBopHnTe opfaHH oT cBO' CTpaHanoBHlxaBa
oTqeTJrrIBocTTa
I KaqecrBoro Ha u3roBaprHa.s lnyx, B no-rollua
qacr or cny{afiTe nHTeH_
3rTeT'r,THJrt.{
cHIaTa Ha H3rOBOpaHa y.qapeHaTafnacHa e
noBeqe nrTr.r
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rro-roJrrMaor HHTeH3ltrera Ha rJracHHTeB HeyAapeHara
cpnvra. Tona cr,orHolreHne e oco6eHo nora3are,rrHo npx !yMH, s quiro
crcraa r.rMae.qHaKBr.t
rJracHH,Karo 6dsa, anapdm, ndeod, zomde, cieep,
demi, cydtcjtx, iet,t,
MUpUC.
Po:rqra sa npoMeHr..rreB HHTeH3r.rrera
Ha yaapeHHTeH Hey.qapeHlrrer:rac_
HIr BbnpeKH roea, o6uo B3eTo, rcHo c'I'orHollreHr.te
ue rpr6sa 4a ce a6co_
nroTH3upau,qa ce nplreMa, qe BaB BCHqKI'CJryqaHnoBlrureHhxT
r,rHTeH3HTeT
e nocTaTbqeHAa OTAeJrrlx pa3rpaH qn ynapeHHTeOT
HeyAap€HHTeCpurtI(H.
BT sMoxHo e e$errrr 3a yAapeHa cpnrr(a
ra ce r1onyqfi11rrpe3 y,qarxa3aHe
Ha BpeMerpaeHero HnH qpe3 Me,,Io,qHqHr.r
cpe.qcrBat 6e: ga e Hanr{ue flo_ro_
raMa cwJra B npou3HoueHlero. croxro
e H cl,orHottleHuero ocBeH TOBa
MexAy eAHaAyMa, Koero ca3AaBaB'b3MoxHocr Hey.qapeHara
rJ,racHaB H.sKor.r
cJtyqauna 6b,qe rr3roBopeHa c ro-ro-rrrM rrHTeH3r..rrer.
f.nacHaTa [a] nanplr_
Mep npn paBHr'rycJroBlrr e BuHafH cpaBHrrrenHono-cr-r;rHa
or r.nacnara [lr],
3aroBa r;racHara [a] naoxe na ce [3roBopr.l H H3B6HylapeHueTo
c no-roJrrM
r{HreH3urer or rracHara
[r.r] no4 ygapexre. IllNpoxtare yAapeHn r.nacnn [e,
a, o] ce xaparrepr3upar c rro_cnreH H3roBop or ctorBerHure
uM y;tapeltu
TecH rJracHlt [ra, r, y]. C:regorarelHo 3a B,L3rrpHeMaHe
Ha yAapeHxero B
taxrn c-nyvai He Moxe Aa ce pa3trnra caMo Ha HHTeH3r{Tera,
aHHa.qpyf[Te
A B E C b l o N : b T C T B A U I I IY ! ' A P E H A T A f J I A C H A C 6 C T A B ( H _ B I . I C O q I , I H A T A
!I BPEMETDACHETO.
t73
t,l3CJre,qBaHr.rr
rroKa3BaT,tre gHTerr3r.rTeAauHHTe OT eKCnept{MeHTatHHTe
rrr na 6urapcxuTe rJracHr e npoMeHnr{BaBeJrutrfiga,(orro Bapupa KaKTo
B 3aBIICHMOCT
OT TITIIaHa OTAeJIHaTa
rJIaCHa,TaKa H B 3aBUCI.iMOCT
OT no3rrqrllra Ha rJracHara B nyMara. Elxa x cr,rqa rJracHa, He3aBricl{Moor roBa,
He, npoMeHr B 3Haqr,rTejrHa
cTeneH I{HTeH3nTeTHananu e no.4 yAapeHHeHJrI.{
Ta cu xapaKTepr{cTuKaB 3aB[cI{MocT oT no3HqHrTa - B HaqaJIHano3llqrrt T9
e c no-cnJreHI-lHTeH3nrer.a B xpafiHa - crc 3HaqHTenHono-cla6 agteulu'rer.
Or cMecsaHero Ha re3r.rxapaKTepHn nporBu Ha HHTeH3HTerace nopaxAa r.r
T. Hap. ,,napaaoKc Ha y.qapeHrrero" - Hey,qaperrararnacHa,qa ce n3roBap.fic
no-cliteH HHTeH3r,rreror rJracHara noA y.qapeHHe.TaKnBa c;ryvan ce na6lrc,qaBar Hafr-qecro nplr AyMH, s qufiro c'r,cras Bn[3ar pa3lruqHr.rrracH[.
flpovanara B rrHTeH3HTeranpx I,r3roBaprHeroHa rJracHLITexMa orHocI.{TeJreH,a He a6co:rroreH xapaxrep. B noseqero cJryqar{y,qapeHl,{Te
rJracHll B
6r,.nrapcxna e3nK! He3aBncHMoor roBa, AanH ce HaM[par B KoHTpacr c eApa3IHqHH IIO yqneHeHHefllacHI-IB AyMaTa, Ce OTJIfiqaBaT
HaKBttl-tJILt
C IIO-CIIJreHHHTeH3I,iTeT
OT fJraCH[Te B SeyAapeHHTeCpI-{qKI4.
$ 131. flpoveur.rre B rrecrorara Ha ocHoBHr{rroH, TaKa KaKTor.tr.{HTeH3HTerHr{Te rrpoMeH}r,ca npH3HaKHa yAapeHHTer.{HeyAapeHHTeuacnra s 6rrrapcKHr e3rrx. EKcnepuMeHTarHure ,qaHHr.r
3a qecrorHr.rre xapa(Tepr,tcrr.rKu
qe
ua 6r,rrapcxure rJracHlrnoKa3Bar,
B HeyAapeHono;roxeHr{e rJracu[Te ce
xapaKTepH3llpaT cbc 3HaqHTeJrHo
no-HHcKa qecToTa Ha ocHoBHHr TOH, OTKoJrr(oro B y,qapeHono;roxerrue. V npw rtx o6aqe crenenra Ha npoMrHara,
KaKTOnpu nHTeH3HTeTa,
e B 3aBHCHMOCT
OT rro3HrlHtTaHa fjracHaTa B AyMara. Koraro yAapeHara rJracHae B HaqarHa no3nrlr{r, qecrorHara pa3nuKa B
cpaBHerrHec HeylapeHara rJracHae safi-rolgva
oxo.no 40%o.Crorsouerrr{eToce HaMaJrrBaHarro.rroBHHa oxono 20%o, KoraTo yaapeHaTa rJracHa
ce HaMnpa r rpafrxa rro3nusr. Te3t noralarelu ca BarHAHl.r,Koraro.qyMr.rre
ce H3roBaprr oraenHo n H3o.tlxpaHoB cr,craBa Ha yrB r,p.qr{TenHo
cro6qeune
c'bc cnaAaula MeJroAXKa.B noroxa Ha peqra, Kb,qero Me:ronlrqntrrr r(oHTyp
HenperbcHaro ce npoMeHr, cr,orHoureHuqra Mofar .qa 6r,,qar no-paoluuur
- B1,3MOXHO
e HeyAapeHHTefJracHli nplt noBlrlreHa Meiloal{Ka B Kpat Ha AyqecrorHrr xapaKTepr.tcrr.tKr.{
Mara .[a r.rMarQaKTr.rqecKH
rro-BHcoKr.t
or yaapeIJUTC f JIACHI-I.
flplr oqeHra Ha 3HaqeHr..rero
Ha qecrorH[Te rrpoMeH]r3a Bb3npr{eMaHeHa
yAapeHHero rpr68a Aa ce xMa npeA Br.rArr npncau11nrea6colrornn qecrorH14
xapaKTepxcrrlKu Ha orle-rrHr{Terlacnu. flo eKcnepaMeHTaneHHaqnH e ycraHoBeHo,qe cnopeA roBHrr-laBaHe
Ha qecrorara Ha ocHoenux roH 6r,lrapcxure
fracHr.l B yAapeHo noroxeHue ce nonpexAar rro cneAHnfl navur: [a, o, e, r,,
r, vl.
flpu pasHu ycroBrrr rlacHa Ia] e c saii-Hlrcra qecrora, a rlacna [y] c
riaii-BucoKa. flopa,qu pa3nn..rHaracreneH Ha peAyKur{r Ha rJracHr,rreB HeyAa-
t74
peHorronoxeHneHrKaKBacTpora 3aI(oHoMepHocT
B peaa Ha noBr,ruraBaulnTe
ce qecrorr.re rpyAHo Aa ce ycraHoBri.Bcuqro rosa noKa3Baornocr.rreJrHara
croiHocr Ha qecrorHara xapaxrepHcrnxaxaro rrpl3HaKHa yAapeHr.rero
B
6r,.nrapcrure:ux.
Ha6t:rrapcxoro yAap€HHe
$ 132. [pyr naxen QoternveH npH3HaK
e Bpe_
MeTpaeHeTonJrHKEaHTr{TeTt
T _ yAapeHHTerJracHHce II3rOBap.f,T
c JreKo
yAbnxaBaHeHa yrrneHeHlteTo,
a HeyAapeHHTe
fJlacHr.r
B cpaBHeHr{e
c yl.apeHr{Te,pearx3npaHuB enHau cbr{a no3uqur, ca no-Kparru cpegHoc 35%.
Ta:n ygl:rxeuocr B 3ByqeHeroHa y,qapeHnrernacHHcrrprMo HeyaapeHnre
oKa3BaBrr,rrHrre
H Bbpxy qrnaTa cp qKa,(orTo no BpeMeTpaene
crasa Hafi_
nbnrara B AyMara. flo-npo4r,lxlrreneH H3roBoplrMar I.tcr,fJracHr,tre,
c Ko_
r{To3arroqBayaapeHaracplqKa cnprMo ct,rnacHr.tr€a ueygapenara.Hapeg
c rosa o6aqe reMnoparHr.rrenporrrBotrocraBtHHrMexAy y.qapeHnreH Hey_
AapeHIlTe fJIacHI-t,TaKa KaKTO H ItHTeH3llTeTHnTe H qecToTHHTe OTHOCI_rTeJIHtt
xapa(Teplrcrnr(H, ca role6.nunu u BapxarltBHr-r.B rpax ua 6r,:rrapcrara gy_
Ma, T.e. B a6contotno KpaecJroBl.re,
ce Ha6,,rroAaBarcnyqa[, rrpu Kor.rroBpe_
MeTpaeHeToHa HeyaapeHHTerjracHu cT,Brra.qa
qnH Ha.qBnuaBaBpeMeTpae_
Hero Ha npeaxoAHHTey.qapeHxrracHlr. KsaHrtrrerrr B TaKr.{Ba
cJIyqaHMoxe
Aa 6r,Ae pe3ynraT KaKTo or HH,qr.rBHAyaJreH
Har{HHHa H3foBop, TaKa r or
3aKoHoMepHocrl, HaroxeHH or pHTMHT{Ho_HHToHaqHoHHr.rre
oco6eHoc'ru na
Qpa3ara.
Trii raro Al;txuHara ue e SoxolortreH
flpfi3Hax Ha 6t,rrapcxnre rlac_
HH, a CaMOOTHOCTTTeIHa
TrXHa XapaKTepHcTr.rKa,
Bb3MOXHOe noa y.qapeHr.reTo n H3B!H yAapeHHeToAa Ce X3fOBapcT KaKTOAAr'Ir[, Ta(a 14KpaT(H rro
BpeMeTpaeHefJracH14.
$ 133. B creKTpaJIHoorHolreHrre HeyaapeHnTerracHu ce orJ.Ir{qaBaror
ygapeHr{Ter c KaqecrBeHn (rev6posn) npoMeHr.rna
Qopvanruara crpyKTypa r{ c HaMaJreHr{HTeH3urerHa eopvaxrutre
qecroru, flpovlnara ara
$opMaHTHara crpyKTypa Bo.qs,qo npoMrHa r.rB r(aqecrBoro ga uacnNte. flol
yaaperrHe fjracHuTe ce H3roBaprT oTqeTjlr.tBo,a Lr3BlH yAapeHr.teTo_
c npoMrHa B rJracexa. B xHtlxogHtll H:ronop o6ave to:n npoqec He 3acrra Bcr4rrlru
rJracHu B e.uHaKBacrerrerr. Taxa Hanpnvep nptl rnacHr.rre
[e] a [n] <fopuaH_
THara crpyKTypa ce 3ana3Bal.rBr,npeKr.r
roaa cnyruarer{T 6e:norpeuHo or_
6ell:na pa:luvrlrra MexAy rrx B y,qapeHaH HeyAapeHa[o3ur][r. flpa
lpyrlrTe rJracHlt [a, t, o, y] pa3rrrrrlrra ca no-T.f,cHoAoJtoBHMHtr o.bu1ecrBeHr,r,
KaTOHeyAapeHnTefracHH uMaT HercHa apTw,Kynar\vs,
H ce no.qJraraTHa KoJrrlqecrBeHau KaqecrBeHapenyKrllr (nx. $ 23_27).
B HesHa.iurerna creneu 6r,,trapcxoro yIapeHHe npHTe)KaBaH KarrecrBoro
My3rrKaJrHocT, y,qapeHaTafJracHa B cpaBHeHI{eC HeyaapeHaTaMOXe
Aa Ce
rrpor43Hecetr c MaJ]Kono-BHcoK roH, Tr,ii Karo Br.{coqr{HaraKaro aKycrl,rrrHo
175
KaqecrBo He e QoHonor qeH npn3HaK na btlrapcxNre ftacHn, Tt stMa rot{Mo 3HaqeHHe3a xapaKTepHcrHKaHa yAapeHueTo.
I,Inteu:ure'ttt, uecrorara H BpeMerpaeHero Ha fJIacHure ca rBr,pAe IIpoBeJrr{qnHltB roBopHlrc noro(. TexHHTe npoMeHH ce o6ycjlaBxr oT
MeHJTHBIT
pa3jrrrqHHycJroBHt: Mtcro Ha rJlacHara cnptMo yAapeHl{eTo, Bu,4Ha cptqrara (orropena, sarropena) I(oHcoHaHTHo06KptxeHrle, TeMn Ha roBopeHe,
rrHToHarrHrIi Ap. Ero 3aulo 3a Bb3npueMaHe Ha yAapeHl{ero Qn:nvecrnre
c6craBKu AefrcrBar B enHH cnyqan xoMnJIeKcHo,a B.qpyfH - rlooTAeJIHo,T.e.
BcrKa or rrx Moxe aa c'b3AaaeBneqarJleHue3a yAapeHocr. O6ulure u nocMeXAy yAapeHHTeIr Hey.qapeHurefnacHl| Bce naK noTOrHrrHCl,OTHOrrreHI,.S
qe
c6cpeaoToqaBaHero Ha eHepfHtra e MHoro no-cl.IJlltonpH [3foKa3Bar,
BaprHe Ha yaapeHaTa cpHr{I(a,oTKonKoTonpH HeyaapeHaTa:
6e
BpcMerpaeHc
no
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3a
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137
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0,20
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cc
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7
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144
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0 ,r 0
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'7
aeun6eru
146
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0 , 1 4 0,08
ccKyxan
Tri raro peulaBaulr.r3a rrepuenrlutra Ha 6r,Jlrapcro'ro cnoBHo yAapeHl{e
ca cHJrara Ha npor.r3HoueHuero H cbcpeaoroqaBaHero Ha eHeprHtra B'I'pxy
y.qapeHaracpuqKa B cpaBHeHI.Ie
c HeyaapeHara, To ce onpeAeJrt or tfoueruvc
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Tp arw3Lr paqo,
lto rneAr.rule
xaro
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yAapeHrie. Hapeg cr,c cI.tJIaraKaro ocHoBa 3a pa3n03HaBaHeHa 6.rtfapcKoro
Ha rJlacexa Ha
yAapeHHeCLIlecTBeHa pont HMa It npOMtHaTa B KaqeCTBOTO
yAapeHr.rTeH HeyAapeHHTerracHI-l KaTo pe3ynTaT oT HanpexeHHeTo IIpn apTrrxyJraqHrra uv. 3arosa ocBeH Karo AHHaMI{qHobbnfapcKoro yAapeHne
orle H (aro K aq e c r B e Ho.
MOXeAaCe Onpe,qejrH
OYHKIII.TU HA YAAPEHI,IETO
$ 134. Y.4apeuuero e eAHHor ocHoBHnre ntnurxr $owernqHu lpn3Halrx
Ha caMocTorTeJrHaTaayMa. B pevra ec.exantrHo3HarIHa ayMa ce B'b3rlp14eMa
ce pa3rro3HaBaHe caMo no csor Qoxeuen cbcraB, Ho !t no xapaKTepHoro
H ycraHoBeHo 3a Hec y,qapeHue.YgapeHxero opraHu3Hpa B eAI,IHHall.snocr
iByKoBr4r cl,craB Ha ayMara H ar,n QonerNveH n.flaHs o6oco6rsa B cBt'p3aHara peq Karo oraeJrHa caMocTotTejrHa aKqeHTHar{ 3ByKoBaeafiHI,Iua.
y.qapeHr.re
Brsr\4oxHocrra 6tlrapcxoro
Aa naaa Ha Kogro I.t.{a e cpuqKa
B AyMaTa Ce H3nOJr3BaB e3l.tKa3a pa3rpaHHqaBaHeHa eAHaKBHnO 3ByKOB
c bcraB AyMu r,rJrurpauaru.lrx QopvH. Pa:ruqfis,ra s 3HaqeHHtHa 1yMu Karo
176
napa - napd, ciduu4a
ceduit4a, rcdteu _ xa,riu, )pedeu _ ypeddu, o6i.uai
o6uudfi,ce cB6p38artr c pa3Jrr{qHoro
M.,rcroHaylapeHrreroB oMorpaetrre.
Ta:u {rynrqn.nHaynapeHneroB 6r,.nrapcrnxe:ur "" onp"g"rr"
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Cvnc;ropa:llrvtre.nnara Qytrrqnl ua 6r,,rrapcxoroy.qape
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ce oc.r,ulec_
TBrBarJlaBHO
B Crre, HHTe
Cryqaw:
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noMexAy cH caMo no pa3JruqHoroMrcro Ha yAapeHr{ero:
sdeem _ saedm,
zpdfia - epafid, rcdna- xo,tii, ndtuqa _ notirqa, mpicxa _
mpecxa,rd.tert,
rcatin, qituua
4etuud u r.s. IIo vqcro nu yqup"nr"ro ce pa3ruqaBar H
npoH3BonHl.r
AyMll, o6pa:yaaun oT e,qHar{ c.t,ulanpoH3BexAarqa
ocHoBa,Ka_
'ro cor,t uqa , co,ruuqa,
cdduu4a , ceduiqa, mpduqa _ mpo
4a.
B egnn c,ryuaupa3nr.rqrrerHara
{yHrqnr "i ygup"n""ro ce 3arra3Ba
B.bB
BcrqKrre rpaMar,qHr.rtf opuu xa Eyuata..eitua, oi,tuama_
at td, ettuit,
ai'trtamu, autuitme. B gpyr, cnyqa[, (orro n otlrapcrxr
e3r,rK
ca no-MHoro6pofiHu, yAapeHHeropa3rpaH qaBa caMo orneJrHn
eAHaKBH
rro 3ByKoB
crpoex rpaMaru.nlr Qopvn (ovo$opvn) Ha,qBepa3rlr{Hl.r
Eyuu: ocit (or
ocd) - dcu , (or oc), dnepu (or cr,rqecranrel uoro dnepa) onepir(noserg_
TeJrHo
HaKJroHeHHe
or onepd).Hafi_qecrlrca cnyqanTe,Koraro" ,ur""rro",
or Mqcroro Ha yAapeHHeroce IuOepeHUHpaT
ocHoBHaSopr,.rana c.brllecr_
B[TeJ]Hon rpauarlruaa QopMaHaIpyro c6rllecrBr.rreJrHo
r.tJIH
rrptrJlararejlHo
uue. uopdea - ndpaea (or udpae), nxd _ ixa (or
nrc),aedpo _ a?dpo (or
aidtp)' xdpa .xopri(vHoxecrneHo quc,ro ,a xopo),
mixxuxa - mexuitxa
(.rreHyBaHa
Qopua Hamexnix), e?,,lvi_ ei,rye (cpigeH pog or et,tuu),nemd
nemu (wlcnrTerHo peAHo:a xeHcxt poq).
MHoro6pofiHr ca H cJryqat-rTe.
*oruro ygupan"aro pa3rpaHHt{aBa
rpaMarlrunu Qopvr Ha cbuecrB''TeJ]HLHMeHaor e.qHaKBI{
,'O 3ByKoBc6craB r,]a_
rornn Qopvrz:nutd. - ni,ta (npnvacrue,xeHcl<HpoA
_ orcosi
or nu)), orcdeu
(roBerurenHo uaxnonewue)6it,to_ 6u,td(npavacrne),
dyui
Oiruta(l nurte
ceratuHospeue), cmeuit _ cmixa (l ,rnqe cerautno
BpeMe),tceHa _ tcere
(l rlrue ceramrro speue), npaeutd npdearu
lnprnucrre,.^"ncKr.r poA or
npagun) v Ap.
2. Ilo vscroro Ha yAapeHueroMorar
!a ce pa3rpaHnqart-lABe3ByKoBo
eAHaKBH
rpaMarr..rvHu
eopvu Ha e,qHar c,l,rlaAyMa:xpdxa (6poirua $opwa)
- KpaKalMHoxecrreuo vucro),
ridd (ceraruHonper,ae)
_.ede (r,,rlrna-rro
cntp_
meHo BpeMe)veze (ceraurHorpeue)
udme (uuruanocntpueuo apeve),
ry)t?L(cera rHo epeve) - xyni )nozeturenHo uar,rouenre), nrr,
1"".u_ro
B p e M e ,M H H a n oc r t p r u e a o a p e v e ) u o c i t ( n o z e n u r e r H o
HaKnoHeHne),
' u p i su e m e ( c e r a u r n o r p e v e ) - u p z , s t t i m e( n o r e r u r e r u o
HaKJrOHeHHe.),
?oaopu(ceramBospeve) - zoeopit (noae,rlre;rxo sax,roneuue).
12,ft.rrrb
m Grp, 6s_ a, @oi.rna
177
PasJruqnrra r l,Igcroro Ha y.qapeHuero BbB Bcl'II{KI'ITe3u cJryqau crloMarar
ce
ocbnrecrBtr IIo-tcHo rpaMaruqHrtTe nporl'IBonocraBtHHt Mexgy QopAa
BpeMe l,I nOBeJIItTeIHoIIaKIoMItTe 3a CerauIHOBpeMe, MI'HaJIOCBLpUJeHO
HEHI.IE.
3. Cavo s or1erHl cltyqav pa3ttlrlv'flTa B Mtcroro Ha y.EapeHl'Iero Morar
,D,n(bepeHIlUaaa cnyxaT l| Karo AonaJIHIITeJIHOCpeACTBO3a CTI.!JII.ICTfiqeCKa
peqHnnpoMeHt
o6aqe,qa
ce
6e:
x
c't'ula
Ha
eAHa
npu
H3roBopa
ayMa,
rIHt
npdQunnpoQin,
ddxtad,
it
doKndd
3HaqeHve:
KoBoro nnu rpaMarHqHoro
- npedcmamanaHmris - matdumtua, nepudd - nepilod, npedcmdoumet
a me,'r,pz,rcon c pt'xdnuc u gp. (rx $ 156)
Ha pa3flHqHaraQyHI(ul.{sHa y,qapeHI.Iero
flo-oco6es cryuafi n u3rtoJI3BaHe
nbJIHo3HarIHa
I{Ma B Cryqalrre, xofaTo
AyMa ce oTJIHqaBac HannqHe Ha yAagyva,
c Het
Hea(ueHTyBaHaB cBap3aHapeq, Ho e,qHaKBa
peH[e or c.nyxeoxa
no 3By(oB crcraR" nod (crqectenre.nuo lfsxrN pog) n od (npeglor); cpa.
dioeex ndd - nod dtpedmo.
M'CTO HA YAAPEHI{ETO B AYMATA
or Mtcroro HaynapeHaracp[qxa B.llyMarayAape$ 135. B 3aBucr.rMocr
H nOABII)XHC.
HXeTOe CBO6O,ILHO
r
6r'rrapcxur
e3I{I(e c s o 6 oAH o I.lJIIip a 3 H o M e c r V.qapeHlrero
H o. To He e 3aKpeneHo(ycraHonexo) no3HIII.IoHHo3a onpeAelleHa cpfiqxa B
AyMara, KaKToB HqKoHapyrr4 e3HIIIr.B qeulKnt e3HKHanpxMep [a.qa BllHarll
Ha npearlocleAHaTa, BbB QpeHcKHHa nocJIeAHa nbpBaTa cpliqxa, B rroJIcKI.I
y,qapeHlrero
l6r,lrapcxNa e:nK Moxe.qa na.EaHa napBara
eAHr,r
Hara. B
ayMr.r
cprrqKa, B ,qpyru Ha BTopara, Ha rperara rt r.s.. udca, ndpmun, qacdeHux,
uexarrusd4un, no,vazd,r, 6puzadipu. B or,qe,'IualBycrpltqHu AyMH HarlpuMep yAapeHlrero Moxe Aa rlaAa KaKToBbpxy HaqanHara,TaKa ll Btpxy Kpafrcmpaud, creti, no'ri. B rplrcpnvulr lr
Hara cpfiqxa: xdmea, pi6a, z)ua
MHorocplrqHlr ayMH a(qeHTHHTe rlnoBe nr'a $ouerlrvulr.r crpoex Ha 6'lJlrapcKara AyMa Morar Aa 6r'Aar orqe no-pa3Hoo6pa3Hl.{:eidouocm, n,rcma'lxa,
epaduudp, noKasdHue,6,ticxauuqa, yuueepcumdm, deuoxpd4un u r.n.
Cro6ognoro y,4apeHueB 6anrapcKl{t e3IrKMoxe.{a 6b.qerI o .q B Ir x H o
H H e rr o A B n x H o. Koraro yaapeunero ce Mecrn Br'pxy Apyra MopOeMa
npu c,roaoo6pary BaHero. T. e. Koraro B cpoaHlt
rrpn cnoBor.r3MeHeHteroI.tJII.t
AyMn H B fpaMaTuqHH Qopvn Ha eaHa,qyMa npeMI,IHaBaor eaHa cpuq(a Ha
Apyra, cBo6oAHoro yaapesne e nonBI.IxHo: epad epadim, zpadoei, ut ttc
- ut uci, cecmpd - cicmptt, uemd
uuc,ri, sudue -'
vimox, uic,tn
eece'tix, uo'ud cmadd, 4eime
3HaMerrd,cmddo
4eemA, eicet
cmpaddrc4,
6pueadip,cmpddau
6*adp, 6puzdda
uouincrcu, 6i,!aa
txtnn - .tnnitun, cuu cuueed, )ua - yui'tut4e, 6nt - 6eti,to, uoc uttc,td
178
lr np. Koraro yAapenlrero3arra3Ba
HenpoM€HeHo
Mrcroro cu B.qyMatanpn o6pa3yBaHeor Her Ha rpaMarr{vul,lrfopuu u HoBrl[por,t3BoAHu
nyMu, To e HenoAzuxtto: 6pam - 6pdn, 6pdmxo, 6pdmtm, 6pdmcxu, 6pdmoe; uapdd _ uapddu,
uapddtm, uapdde, uapdden,uapdduocmeu,uapddxuqu,uapdduuuecxuu
ap.
B cr,npeuexnur 6t:rrapcxn e3rrxHe cbn{ecrBysar o H e r r{ q H r{ npa_
$
B[Jra,KoHToAa onpelenrr Mrcroro Ha yAapeHueroB.EyMara.Bc.sra
vHo_
rocpxqHaayMa u Qopva ce xapaxrepH3npac HcropfiqecKH
yoraHoBeHoyaa_
penrreHa orrpeAeJreHa
cpn,rra. Vcaor;aHero Ha,qyMara Karo JreKcr{KaJrHa
envHur\ao3HayaBarr ,qace n3roBopr.r
H Bb3npr{eMe
c xaparrepnoro ir y.{a_
peHHe.
.{oro-nroro vrrctoro HaynapeHHeroBaBBcrKaorAeJIHa
Tr.rnoBe
.qyMaI.rJrH
H rpaMar vnu $opvx e crporo onpeAeJreHo
AyMr.r
t-rHH.qHB[Ayalruo,
6r,.nrapcr(oToyaapeHr.re
Moxe aa ce onpeAelr.tn KaToJre K c tr K a Jr [13 r.rpaH o,
rrfi xaro [poMrHara B Mrcroro Ha yAapeHr{eroe cBcp3aHac npoM{Ha
B
3HaqeH[eroHa AyMara rrnr c HapyrxaBanena HefiHra.fi
o6ulonpner ssyroa
o6rux (ax. g I 29).
M.Rcroro Ha yAapeHHeroB caBpeMeHH[.,{
6r,lrapcxu e3rrKcaMo B orrDe_
reJreHhcny'9ar4e pe3ynrar or Aeictryaa,rn,te n npacraBrHcKH'I
erI{r(cJroxHr..r
arrreHTHr.r
3aKoHoMepHocrr,r.
C pa:rox Hae3HKacrapHTea(qcHTHHrrpaBHJra,
xolro ca 6!t:ru g:aeucnvocr or KBaHT[TerHI_ire
H HHToHaII]toHHHTe
xapaKTepHcTr4Ku
Ha fJracHnreB cbcTaBaHaAyMaTa,3HaqHTeJ,rHo
ca ce olpocTrrrtr
tt yulrrpuqnpa-nn.
,{nec v.rcroro Ha y,qapeHneTo
B lyMara Mox(e.qace ollpeaKo ce uMa npenBr.lA
AeJII.i,
vopSevu'Irr crpoex Ha.qyMara!r u*,lanrnuru
xapaKTepr.lcrljxa
ua vopQeulrre, r. e.cnoco6HocrralrMAa npr.rBnr{q
ar :artina
He rrplrBnr{qar(u36rrBar) yAapeHnero.B rosa orHoueHlle
s 6r,,rrapcrna
esux ce ua6rro4aBarcne,{Hrlreo6qu :axouovepHocrn.
Hafi-,recroHocHTenH Ha ynapeHxeroca KopeHoBrirevop$er.,rr.r
u c.noroo6pa:ynare:rHure
Hac_
raaxu. B MarKo Ha 6pofi c,ryvau l. caMo B onpe,qeJreH
c.noaoo6palyaare.nen
THII CblllecTBr.tTejrHr.r
oT M,hxKr poA y,qapeHr.reTo
rraAaHa [peAcTaBKaTa:
is6op, idxod, ndted, np noc. CpanHNrelxo fio_rolrqM
6pofi ca u cJryqar.rre,
Koraro yAapeHuerona.qaHa oKoHqagHero:zopd, uz,td,
uecd, sfii, do6pd,
,texd, ndi, uemi u rlp.
Mscroro Ha yAapeHrreroce perynlrpa B HrKoHcnyqafi t-r
oT ceMaHTHqHl,
npHqI.rHI.l.
Te ce npoxnaaar no-rcHo rrpHonpeleJtrHe MrcToTo Ha y.qapeHr.reTo
B crroxHr.t,qyMr.rc paBHonpaBHu
B cMHcJtoBo
orHolleHne vacru (nx. 5' tSO.y,"
a6pealrarypn(rx. $ 153),npt npoH3BonHH
nyM', o6pa:yaaxa c rpeAcraBK',
xouro nuar co6crBeHo3HaqeHrre,
xato nod_,npe-, npa_,ab3-,a cbrr{or{ BbB
$opvlrre:a cparHHTerHaH npeBb3xoAHa
creneH,o6pa:yaannc va crvr\r4no_
n uan- @x. g 152).
M.scroro Ha yAapeHueroB 3aerure,{yvn o6truoaeno, Ho
He Br.rHarr{
ce
3arla3Ba
raKoBa,KaKBoroe B e3uKa,or xofiro ce 3aeManvMal.a.
t79
aKueHTHr,r
cxeMr,rlr ycraHoBeH14B:auuoaefi crnuero MexAy HacJreneHHTe
Te rro-HoBlt aKueHTH[ Tr.rnoBe,B KoHTo M.scToToHa y.qapeHHeToB AyMaTa ce
onpeAeJrrroT ceMaHTrrqHo-MopoonornqHn Qaxropn, c'b3.qaBaB cbBpeMeHe3HK roJrrMoro rro3uqHoHHopa3Hoo6pa3ue g o6racrra Ha
ulrr 6rlrapcru
yaapeHI-1eTo.
NOtrBI,I)KHO YtrAPEHI,IE TIPU OOPMOOEPA3YBAHETO
B pe:y:rrar na ycraHoBeHarro rpaAurlnr rroABHxHocrHay,qapeHr{ero
npn
r,tycraHoBeHt-r
cneASopvoo6pa:ynanero r 6l,rrapcxHr e3KXca ot!opMeHr.r
HHTeaKUeHTHO
e,[HOTr.InH]r
rpynH OTAyMXI{nn a K Il e H T H I,r napaAHfMrr.
Ctt4ecmoumelHu
uneHa
rfopvN r.rn'lr $opvnre:a
$ 136. C noABxxHoyAapeH[eB orrpeAe:reHnTe
MHoxecrBeHouucno: 6pne - 6peeim, 6peeoai; urtrc - utttcim, utstcd;, ,tt,,t
,tt qim, ,Io'ri; xpax xpaxim, tcpaxi.
yAapeHr.re
Taxanaaxuenrsa napa,qurMac no.qBr{xHo
s .uenyeaHara$op-
Ma 3a eAI-lHcrBeHoqHcJIoH nts Qopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qHcJ'IoI,IMar caMo
cJreAHr.rreeAHocpuqriH cr,uJecrBKTeJrHHr{MeHa or Mr,xKH poA: 6ptt, 6ttc,
6eK, spam, spa\, erac, ?pad1, ?pad:, zpz,6, zpnx, zz,z, dap, durd,:ostp,
K,4ACt,K,|AC2,ned, teC,,'tbz, lieY,,MpA3, OC,nlAm, nIAq, n,tem, nlOi, npax,
ped, cenm, cutt, cunx, cH.fl?,cpa.M, cmux, cmpax, cmyd, yu,4np, uuc, \uu,
), dett, st'6, KpaK, ltbtt, )vt lt.
Pa:HosHAHocr Ha ro3r{ axueHTeH Tun e axrleHTHara napaAr{rMa Ha ABe
e.qHocpHqHHc bulecTBxTeJrHHHMeHa c rroaBr.rxHoyaapeHr.re86pxy II r,pBaTa
cplqxa or oKoHqaHHero3a MHoxecrBeHo ynctto -dee: do't - dotim, do,tiee,
poz * pozim (Hape,qc pdzrm), pozdee (wapep,c pdzoee).
H.gxo.nxocl,uecrBHTe-rrHHuvena nvar gy6lerHn Qopl,rt - c noABr-rxHor.l
rrenoABllxHo yAapeHHe:
l. Cavo sr,s Sopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo '<ucno'.dou
douim, dduoee u
do.tload, dyx dyxi,m, dyxoee u dyxoei, xyu
xyuim, rc)uoee u ryuoei, tex
' .tcxi, ,tixoee u tercoei, cpau
rfa.uim, cpauoee u cpauoei, spyy cmuxint, cmixoee u cmuxoei, qutt uutti, yituoae w quuoed, tt'6 - st'6iim,
si6u u tr,6i.
2. B vreHyraHara Qopva 3a enuHcrBeHo qricJro H B'r,BQopvara aa vuoxecrBelo unc;to:. dpo6 dpd6tm u opo6im, dpd6oee v dpo6d6e, eK drctm
u ercim, ixoee u ercoei.
Taxana arqenrua napaAHrMa HMa x eAHo cruecrBnrelrHo or xeHcKr.rpoA:
epod zpodmd, zapdit. Cr,urecranre,'rHo"rocseul nva gy6,rerHo yAapeHne B
M H o x e c r B e H o t u c l o . c e e L 4 m a .u o c e i t 4 u u c a e q i .
180
$ 137.. C noguxHo yAapeHr.re
caMoB qreHyBaHara$oplra:a egnucraeno
r{ cjro.
l. Enuocplzuuu cr,ulecrBrrenHn HMeHaor MsxKx poA:
dn6, di6oee dt6im, tta, tiaoee - ttaim, eutx, ei,t|u _ az,ttrcim.
TaxaaaarqenrHa napaAHrManMar o[le crelHr.rre
eAHocpIaqHH
cbrqecrBlrre;rHu.
rrMeHaor MI,)KKH
po1: sKlc, zpz,u,den, duu, dyx, dt 6, dttz,e,
dnt,
sayrc,sud, Kpr,z,KlM, J,tuK,Jtba,r,tbr,,tu?, :ut x, pee, p2,6,
cr,t))x,cmun, ct d, cz,u,
muri, muM, mun, mop, mpyd, uee, wyv, s?,nK,
r\bM Ta3fi fpyna ce orHacrr r'rerHocpltr{Hnrec'ulecrBr.rreJTHl.r
r.rMeHa
c
rroABr4r{Ho
yaapeHrieB onpeAeJreHara
Qopva, rorro Hrvar Sopulr :a vxo_
. unt _ 6umim,6nm _
x e c r B e H o, t u c n o . 6
6ezim, ztad _ ztadim, zuem
euemim, zuae euesim, dux - doxim, slz,u_ set
uim, 3oa 3oa?,m,kn(tcrceacim,,toa - toeim, ued - uedim, uup .+tupim,
xtad _ xtadim.
EggocpnuHnreclu]ecrBlrre;rHr,tHMeHaor qyx,q
npou3xoa HMat HerroA- nipatn, uipeu, nuxm _
ndrcmum,
ndxmoee,peiic
::TlY":l_::f
^ :-rrepa
peucose,
lteucbm,
mqtlK _ mdtuctm, mduttoee,
_
{,tue
etdzt m, Q,rtdzoae,
XU.MtI Xurutbm, xi),utU.
H:K,rro'{eHlie npaBx caMo ct ur€crBnTe,raor
o HMecmu/r, Koero I,IMano.4BMxHo yrapeHtle B qneHyBarara
_
cmu,tim.
Qopva
LneaHuTe cblllecTBHTeIHt
vn nT'pxy
*oo.uu
sop
"",;l;Y;XTffHTffi
Jl:t-lilT:#l:XlX"J#:
Hor{rzcro:6ux-- 6ixtm, 6urcim,.6yn 6)xtm,6yiim,
zpt,x__zipxt,m,ztptxi,m,
3eo- 3eq7,m,zeaim, x,rn,!, x,tiou?,m,rc.rn,i,ni,
xprre: rcpizr,m,xpz,zim,n x
, r t , t < i m .n u p n i p z , m , n u p i m . , , , . r ' ^ i r u , i r , ,
m u M b m ,m u n
. - - ! i : u . munhm,
nunbn,
4auK tlairtm, ryeuxim,uyx _ u)xtm, uyrcim.
2. Ilpor:rrogHrzH Henpon3BorrrH
cr,ulecrBr1re;rHr.r
"*enu u.. xeHcKr{poA!
K o t { T o3 a B r , p u B a rH a c , b r J r a c Hpae: u , p i u u _
p e u m i , c m i n e t t , c m \ n e r t t t_
cmenermtd,6lt,tecm,6dtecmu 6o,tecmmr).
tl. t: a noourrxHoyAapeHr.re
cavo arn $opvnre 3aMHoxecrBeHoqlc:ro.
..^^l
r o3rzT}iII nOIBHXHOyAapeHneB pa3jrr{qHa
cTeneHe xapaKTepeH
3a c.bri(ecTBtre,llHHTe
OTM1'XKltIl cpeaeHpo! fi caMo u organnu
"rry"ur{ 3a c,br{ecr_
BLITeJIH|-I
I{MeHa oT xeHcKH po,il.
flo4rrxHocrra
nu ylup"nr"ro
rrn rlopvrre 3a MHoxecl.BeHo qflclro
ce
ocr,LrJecTB.SBa
B ABe pa3HoBr.rAHOCTlt.
Peqecnnuo npeMecrBaHe Ha y,qapeHr.{ero
or po.qoBoro oKoHqaHneB enr.rHsrBeHo qncro Bbpxy Bt rpeuua cp r{Ka
Ha ocHoBara tln $oplrara :a vnoxecrBeHo qucro HMar caMo ,qBe clqecrB(TeJ,rHl.r
uueuai ct oun
cz,diu,
eocnox:a
zocndx:u.
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Bropurr tun no,qBnxHo y,4apeH e c npeMecrBaHe Ha yaapeHltero or Br,rperxHa cpuqI(a Ha AyMara 81'pxy oKoHqaHHero3a MHoxecrBeHo qr'Icro e noc raxaga aKIIeHTHanapa,4urMaca cJIeaIrIrpa3npocTpaHeHon npo,[yKTLTBHO.
TE CbIUCCTBI-ITEJIHN HMEHA:
l. Egnocpuvur cr'qecrBHTeJIHttI.IMeHac yAapeHI'IeHa oKoHqaHlrero-oBe.
AKUeHTHaTanapaAHrMa Ha cbuecrBnreJlHhre HMeHae or ,uBarl{na:
eotoee
eol, eottm
daop, dadpz'm - dsoPose
uocmoee
.uocm - udcmtm
Taxoea y,EapeuueltMar c6IqecrBllreJIHHre son, 2po6, deop, dot - do'tdae
u do,t 4a, Kout, Mocm, Holt, non,
C gaorxo y,qapexHeB MEoxecrBeHo qucno - Ha KopeHan Ha oKoHqaHI'Iero
CA CJIE,IIHHTE CGUICCTBHTE'HN :
zporu zpdutoee, zporudee
r)tro6 - dxd6oee. dxo6dae
Ko,,t xdroee, xordee
cxom - cximoae, cxomoee
cuoxdee
cuox - c,+tdrcoee,
cmot cmdroae, cmotoee
mon - mdnoae,mondae
6) C yaapenueHaxpafiHaracp qKaor oKoH'{alue'ro -ole ll -eae.Taxasa
ItMeHa:6oz, 6dztm napaAnrMalrMar caMo ,qBecauecrBHT€JIHH
aKqeHTHa
6 o e o a i ,6 o i , 6 d i t m - 6 o e a i .
,[norro yaapeuneB MHoxecrBeHoqucJlo HaKopeHatl Ha KpatHacpxqKa
cbulecTBlITenHK:
cJIeAHl,ITe
oKoHqaHHeTo
oT
AonycKaT
eux - eixoae,euxooe
6pbx
sipxo6e, sbpxosA
2. Mal'rr 6poii cr'ulecrnnrerHu [MeHa or M't,xKHpoA c yAapeHneHa
o x o r r r r a H f i e r3oa M H o x c cr B c H ow l cn o - i , - i t , - d :
6ac 6aci
xpeq - xpe4i
xunt - xxttti
xou - xoxi
,1b4
Kpa.l
.ttb\u
Kpane
4ap - 4apA
tucm - tucmd (noxpairticmoee, nicmu)
po? - po?A (noxpaitpdzoee u Poedee)
pa6
pa6
Cr,ulecranre:runre HMeHa,rouro o6pasyrar Qopr"ru3a MHoxecrBeHo
-ut4e,3aIIa3BarHerIoaBIrxHo
qucj]o c oKoHqaHVe
yAapeHlreroBapxy KopeHa:
Kpaii xpduula, ctu ci'uut4a,nz'm- ntmut4d.
182
Lbu{ecrB[Tenuure zto,t, dot,
nnem EonycKarABorr(o yAapexne,
Kotaro
obpa:yrar Qopull :a rvrHo
-
Ka u'4a: za6'tut4a zt o utX ttuw. - u', ",;: :)3"::;" :",i
:-:T;:B
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16
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C HCI
cHL cpuqKrr: 6odil,t - 6odttl, ::Tl-""
uacuu [e' r] noA yAapeHlreB
cydl'IK-
"pi: : "p;;. ; ; ; ; _ ; ;;' ;:',::#:,_;:::
{.r,
xozi,, - xo2,,i, o" a, _'ozni,
rro.4BrrxHoyaapeHuearr
$opuure 3a MHOXeCTBeHO
qlcno rMar H Cb_
qecrBHrerrHrre eimtp,
detu u ao,ytix " ,"ror;;;;;;;o"ro"rnu
rrracrra B
ocHoJara:aempoed,oeuadee,
uou4i.
Mecr.er ygapenuero ru
Qopvxre 3a MHoxecrBeqo qrl
yr{crlo Bbpxy or(oHqaHr{ero-a r cbrrr"""u"r"n"rnru'.,n.,-";;;:,:;:"j-::}ru
penue6opd4 - 6oprti,, auooel,'"'^l?pa3yBaHx c6c cy$urcc -e4 ll -4: no.qysaeexi4 - aex4it' 'toei4 - 'roe4i'
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yaapeHHeHMar I(aKToc?,urecrBIlTeJ]HfiTe
c Hel]ocrorHHarj]ac_
na [e] r cy$urca - e4,.raKai
crtlecrBrreJrH Te, " *onro
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or ocpu rrHri c5rrle
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5. Ct4ecrrnren :aoro dido
L npoH3BoqHoro
npddndo c flpeMecrBa'e
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Ha
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ux.clulecrBu:rer""pl.,"r,u;:;:dT:";;:u'"3";"qHcJ'oBo6pa3yBaHnreor
tr. Ul(ono 50 cr,Uecrsure,Tr
Ir.lor cpe,qeH
poA C eAHOCpfirtHa
ocHoBau po_
.qoBooKoHqaHlre
-o s _e;
ddno, di,tomo - de,td,detdma
cnoao,c,loaomo_ cttood,c,toeama
no3e,nogemo_ ,lozi, ,tosima
6ipdo, zip,ro,
udcno, uitmo,
cdado, cumo,
183
c,tddxo, ctdeo, cd,to, cmddo, cyxuo, c,riqe, mito, )mpo, uddo, wi,to, imo,
uedme.
I,Igr:rroqeglre npaBqr HrKorKo 3aeru cr, recrBr{TerHu r.rMeHac yAapeHxe
Ha KopeHan c KpaeH 3aBl,prrrex-o: cxdp4o - cxdp1a, mduno - miuna, mpio
- mpia (Hapeq c mpud - mpud).
Crnlecrgfirerunre
tco u nieo lnv'ar BapHaHTr.rc xpafiuo yAapeHrre B
-,tdca
'iLlcro
u tacd, nisa w nued. Cl,t4ecrsurer+o'to ,ti,to
MHoxecrBeHo
'ny:uxa.neu
uncrpyvenr' uva xpaiHo yaapeHre rr,a Sopvara 3a MHoxecTBeHo qlrcro -,letA, Ho B c'r,craBa ga c;roxHara EyMa suonoH\ero I.IMaHeno,u.B
l.fxHo yAapeHhe euo,lo rt,!i,'ra n euo,to t t,1i. t u.
7. fler cburecrst-rTeJrHH
r.rMeHaor cpeaeH poa c aBycpHqHaHenpor.r3BoAHa
ocHoBa r{ c yaapeHr.reHa B'r,TperxHacpsqKa HMaT rroaBr,rxHoyaapeHr.reB6pxy
tx:etesd,
oKoHqaHHero 3a MHoxecrBelro qHc;ro -d: dsepo - esepii, tcetiso
rotiuto - rotetd, urrdizo - uuduzd, nuduo - nuaud.
C r u l e c r s n r e r H o r o p e u t i m o , q o n y c K a A B o q K oy A a p e H H eB M H o x e c r B e H o
uuct:lo peutima u peutemd.
8. Cr,qecrrnrelntlTe
lrMeHa or cpe.[eH poA, (or.tro o6pa3yBar Mrroxecrquc;ro
-etla
-eca:
Beno
c
u
6piue - 6peueud (lo u 6piuema), opiue apeueud, zHa.Me srrauerra, iue-utertd,
pauo puuern,
ntiue-nteueud,
ciue
ceuetrd, cmpiue
cmpe.veru); ue6i
rte6ecd, mito - me'tect), 'tiio
- qy)eca.
9. flponrnogrru ctluecrBrrrerHr HMeHaor cpe.qeHpog, o6pa:ynaurz c uac'taBKA-ato, -Ltr,ro,
-ulo'. uzpdto - uzpatd, o1teedto - o6tezati, oetedifuo yecdta
nouazara, 'lecaro
u4undto - ugunata,
6eci,to
6ecu,td, 6et to
6erutd eeu\it,1o
e e r t , t u , , t d ,u a c m i t o
,vucntu,rd; eupiao
oapuad zopieo
topued zpad eo zpaduoii neuiuso
neYuqa v Ap.
oztedu,td, noMuzu,qo
Cr,uara trapaAHrMaHMar r{ 3aerr{ cr,u]ecrBrrrerHr.rHMeHa,Karo Katrditrto
' r<rtrhu,ti, 6.vttt)ro
6yrrtaru.
H e r r o g a n x H o y , q a p e H u en r , n t f o p v l r r e 3 a M H o x e c r B e H o q r l c ; r o r { M a r
,'t u t)i't rt. xz,p.uirt tt, o ?| ti,1! r, O?t riAO, mon t it'r,t.
uv,eua'.(tymiito
Isolro ygapeHue AorrycKar c,r]e,q]rnrec bruecrBlrTeJrHr.r
(tymd,ta u 6ymatd, eentpi,rt., aemp ta w eemputd, eurcd,tLt-.euxi,ru u
curca,tu,teni,'to - ienira w tenultd, uaxdto - uaxdta u uaxata, uu.uemdto
-- uauemdta n truuematd.
C no.qnuxHo yAapeHue B MHoxecrBeHo rrlrcJroe t-rnpor.r3BoAHorocr, IecTBTTeTHO
4ApCmeO UApCmaa.
10. Yva:rnre:rsn cbulecrBuTe-lrHlrc HacraBKa-4e B MHoxecrBeHo quc:ro,
Ile3aBr..rcr{Mo
oT ToBa, c KaK:bBTHn y,uapeHHece xapaKTepu3HpanpoIt3Bexna-
t84
u{araocHoBa:,rdc,ro,*tacut4i - uact,t4d,uo u di,uo,ditqe - dz,u4d,isep4e
- esep4a,xetisqe
xetes4d, e u4e (u euu4i) - euu4d, spin4e spz,u4d.
139.
C
noABr.txHo
yIrapeHHeBbB 3Bare:rHureQopr,ar.Arqenrnara na_
S
pa,4HfMaHa cbulecTBHTeJIHHTe
IrMeHa, KOI_ITO
I{MaT TaKOBarIOABIiXHOy.qapeH[e, e or e,[r.tHTxn - ylapeHlrero or oKoHqaHr{eronln or rpailtara cp}.rqKa
Ha ocHoBara ce npeMecrBa c eAHa cpuqKa HanpeA. Taxasa aKrIeHTHarrapa_
!UfMa VMaT:
lI Hxro:rxo c burecrBllreJlHIt HMeHaor MT,xtKHpo1 c HenocrorHHa KpauHa
cytfnxcHa rJracHa Il ABe c6r{ec..Brre.lHH c poaoBo oKoHqaHHe-o ll -o nott
y A a p e Hn e :
ope,r , optrr,o
nemit - nimtao
omi4
uza - azo
ctdni - cz,ditio
dnrre
2. IIpolreogHr.r lt Henpog3Bo,ilHuABycpHqHfiHMeHaor xeHcror poA c ylla_
peHHe Br,pxy poAoBoro oKoHqa r.re_u Il _t:
.rcctti, .rcctt - .n itttt
topa, tr tpi
t ip]
cu)6i. cz,d6i - ci,d6o
C no,4anxno y.qapeHueB 3BareJrHHTe{opvu ca s eor)d - eodo, 6pesd
6piso, z,raed utieo, dyad - djnuo,.tto,+td ui"ue, oa4t) _ itatlrt, cecntpa _
cicmpo, crruxi - cttdxo, ceutui csitrtuo, etp6d - ai,p6o, cmpurru cmpirto.
Mecrnr ygapeHlero or oKoH!.raHHero
Bapxy ocHoBara u npoH3Bo.qHrcr,_
tlecrBr.{TeJI}tz llveHa, o6pa:yaaH}t c HacraBKara -utra: t)oLtutti _ doit tto,
6ndrtutti
6z,r)rtiuto,ntauurtci - ntatiuo, paanwti - paouitto.
llo4rrxrro yAapeHrre uuar w dz,4ep:'t iirtge, ceo6odi - cao6itdo,
?0cnoJKA tocndx:o.
flputazametnu
ufieHa
uMeHa r.rMarHeno.qBHXHoyAaper[e fipu cJroBo_
$ 140. flprllararenrrrre
lr3MerreHnero:,rrl ad ,utadu.qm, u,td.da,,tt;tddo,utddu, detoci
de,toainm,
deroei, dero6i, detoai; dceueu - iceuuu:rnt, iceuua, iceuuo, icetttu
u np.
I,I:x:rro.ren e [paBlt caMo np[JrararenHoro cort, Koero fiMa rroAB[xHo
yllapenlre or KopeHoBara cpur{Kaxr'M ottoHqaHltero B orIpe;1e,reuara
Sopva
3a eIuIicTBeHo qHcno B Mbx(Kr.tpo! I{ BT,B
Qopvnre 3a xeHcKrr, cpeleH poll
Il MloxecrBeHo 'rficno: cuuiltm, ca.,ic),ca.+td.ce,uu.
185
crpyxrypuu npr.rvxuu(penopa,ql-r
Mecrrr yaapenueroKrM oKoHqaHIrero
nyaane) [r]-[o]) npr.ro6pa:ynaue Ha rpaMarnqHHrecn Qoplrn L creAHnre
npunaraTenHH:
do6i'p - do6pirxm, do6pd, do6pd, do6pi
3bn - g,|itgm,
3./la, 3Jto, 3./Iu
Vuc,aumeluu u.uena
$ 141, flo.qruxlrocr HayAapeHr{eronpx qxcJruTernureHMeHace Ha6n}o.qaBaB creaHlrTecnyqaH:
1n B na4exsure tpopvr lr arr Qopruxre 3a xeHcKHpoA, cpeAeHpoA I{
MHoxecrBeHo
qficto
Ha qHc,'rHTeirHoro edtlH:
ediu, ediuunm
-
edud, edud, edxit
eduoed,eduou)
or rrernpn Harope yAapeHneroce
2. flpn urexyaaHe Ha qHcJrHTeJrHHTe
qneHHara
me:
Bapxy
MopoeMa
npeMecTBa
raecm uecmmi
cideu - cedeumi
ddcem- decemmi
deauddecem- dsa adecemmi
nemuddecem- nemuadecemmd
oceu - oceumi
cml
cdeem deeemmi
uimupucmomux - uemupucmomuttmi
nem
nemmi
cmomi
3. Br,n Qopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHoqnc;ro Haxutida: xitndu, xitndume.
Mecmouneuun
Brnpoc}rrerHr.rrr orHo$ 142. flogrxxHo yrapeHue r{Mar noKa3areJrHn,
cuTeJrHr.r
MecTotMeHHtB cte,qHXTe
cnyqaH:
l. Br,a Qopvlr 3a xeHcKlrpoa, cpeAeHpo.qH MHoxecrBeHoqucJro:
mdt - moad
dun - oudn, oHo6A,oHifl
drtsu - ottdsu; ort)i, oudzu
roil - roi, xod, roir
qfifi - qHi, ,{fid,qnit
xdimo - xoAmo,xoimo, xoimo
xaxia
186
xarced.xaxed, rcaxei
2. Bra <fopr,ar 3a BHHureJreH u AarelreH naAex r.r3a Mlxrlr
B enl.tHcTBeHOqr.rcJro:
fi cpe.qeH
pon
mds moedea,mozdsu,mouyea
itun - onozdaa,ouozd, ouou)ea
xoii - xoed, xon).t
xdfimo - xozdmo, xon)mo
f tazo.,tu
$ 143, B o6lacrra Ha rraro:rHoro cnpexeHuenoABHXHoyAapeHHet,tMa
B CJreAHnTe
CnyqaH:
l. 868 OopMlr 3a MlrHaJro
cB'LpueHoBpeMeHa HrKolt rJrafoJrnot I lr II
crrpexeHrre.
a) Vgapetuero or oKoHqaHllero
ar,o Qopvara :a Lrxue eAuncrgesoqnc_
ro cerarrrHoBpeMece npeMecrBaBrpxy KopeHoBaracpfi{Ka ar,o rfopunre
3a MITHaJIOCB6p[teHO BDeMe:
uemdp
uimox
yime
udme
vdmoxue
udmoxme
'timoxa
ntemd -
ntimox
ntime
ntimoxme
nn)me
ntdmoxa
ntdmox,ue
I aKaBaaKUeHTHa
napaAnrManMar oxoJro20 ocHosrrr{uaro,ta or I oa:_
peg na I cnpexeur{e,KoHToo6pa:yrar
cB.bpue*o up"""
Qopvu ra Mr{HaJro
sa -ox: 6odt) (ua6odd), atexd (doetexd, saetercd),doaedd,douecd, xpadd,
x,tadd, uemd, o1,tercd,nacd, nexd (onexd, npunexd) n,remd, npedr), noeedd,
percd(ompexd, o6pend),cexd, ct6,texd, uemd, mpecd.
6) y.qapeHlreroor BarpetrrHacpHqKaHa ocHoBaraB ceratrrHoBpeMece
npeMecTBa
-flx, _ox,_a.r B MHHaJIO
Brpxy oKoHqaHrreTo
CBt,ptlteHo
npeve. c
raKoBayAapeHrreca caMo r;rafoJl.rreaidn, ddfida. udza:
eidn - eudi, eudA, eudAxue
ddida - doiiddx, doidi. doiddxue
Ji,ldza- MoJKax, .uolrcd, uotcaxue
I naronsr 6ida yrMa,qBorKoyAapeHHe
B MHHa;ro
cBbpruenoapeue: 6udd-r,
6udd n 6iidox, 6irde.
haro.nure sarda, omuda 3ana3BarHenpoMeHeHo
ygapeHHeroB MHHaJro
cBtputtrenozpeue: zdiidox, sdfide, sdidoxue,. omidox, omide, om dox,ue.
187
2. B nosernreruo Ha(roHeHr.re
Ha rJraroJr[Teor I u II cnpexeHr.re
c yAa.r[c,'ro
peHueHaBT,TpeuHa
cprrqKaB ocHoBHaraQoplra:a Lraqe e.qaHcrseHo
cefalxHo BpeMe:
a3eMa
ttdct
a3e u, a3e,Meme caupfl
toci, uocime
caupu, caupeme
cmaHa cm4Hu,cmalrcme
3. flotanNuo yAapeHueuvar u $opuure 3a xeHcKr.rpoA, cpeAeHpoA r
MHoxecrBer{oq}tcJroHa MuHa-rroro
nptaqacrreor rJ]aro;racz,u: 6ut ,6u,ti,
6u,td, 6u,ti.
3abenexKa'CnojlRlixuoylapeu
o o f a r , l ac c p a l r l e x A a c M I r r r a J t n r c
e y c n o B HM
npnqacrru c nMbxlaru rracrx noA yrapcxuc [t] I [e], xouTo ce peAyBarc A lr,u dropvurc
qfic,Io:
3a xcrrcKr,rpoA, cpcjle| poJJh MlroxecTRer{o
iouri,t. dorui t - dotrt'ri. dow.lit. dout.ti
o tntttLti,r, o n uuti,t o n uw.t ti, o n uu-,ro, o nruu,r i
u r.t,:i,r- .ttot,ri. troz ad. toetit
H aK o p e H a
e o c n o a u a r ac n r l o p $ 1 4 4 . f l a r o , r u r e J K o u r o H M a ry A a p e H x e
M a !M O f a TA a 3 a n a 3 r TM r c T o T oH ay . q a p e H K e T
Hon r {a a r o [ p e M e c T r TH a K p a t
B b p x y o c H o B H a r ra, q a c H a
e r , a{ r o p v u r e 3 a M t r l a , r oc B t p r x c H oB p e M e :
KAU( A
KA:tUX U KA3dX
xdd:t'xiduxuroditx
nituu .- nitcax u nucix
ztidau
,:,tidax u eteddx
Tarosa {rarylrarrlBHo npeMecrBaHe Ha y,Eapeutrero o6uxHoteuo ce gon y U I l J ac a M o n p u A B y c p H r { H u f l T p H c p r . r q H r .r{r a r o J r r . { : p a 3 ? n e c d u M
no npedceddmerc msynall - npedceddmet1tus,:,titrcdax n puzuexdar,
Cnln)6uX,
K0.tt)tttt tul)d1,1
Kt).tu
u'tillLIX.
l-,narolure or cBt prtlleHlrq, o6pa:yraur or HecB,rrpueHr{
c [pe4craBKrr,
3arra3BaT
yAapeHHeTo
Bbpxy KopeHa He.qo[ycKaTnpeMecTBaHe
lla yaape_
H u e r o B r , p x y x p a i i u a c p u v x a B M r { H a J r coB r , p u r e H os p e u e : p a t r ) x r t
puzxtisar, utxt))x
usxddtrx,noztidau
nozlidux, tuniun , rnnitcax.
ttutz,tida.u ousztiiox.
IIoABUxtHO ytrApEHrIE [plt
C,!OBOOEPA3yBAHETO
$ 145. flognr.rxHocrraHa ylaperrxero n 6t;rrapcrtr e3HKe no-qecro rBneHlrenpu c-rroaoo6pa:ysauero.
Mrcroro Ha y,uapeHr.rero
Ha rrpor.r3BonHure
c HacraBKujce onpeAenrcrrpJ{Mo
yAapeHr.rero
AyMrr,o6pa3yBaHrr
rra trpor.r3BeXAaqaTa
188
fH OCIIOBa U 3aBHCIl ,qO fOJ'ItMa CTeIIeH OT aKIIeHTHaTa XApaKTe-
pucrurb na c:roroo6pa:yBare;rHara HacraBKa. B:agIacfir,.{ocr or roBa HacTaBKr.rreB 6r,lrapcxua e3rrKMorar,Ea ce o6eAuHsr rJraBHoB TpH rpynu:
I. Clonoo6pa:oaareJrHrr HacraBKH,xo ro npr.rBnl-rqar
yAapeHrrero BBpxy
ce6e cu B npon3BoAHara AyMa He3aBucHMoor Mtcroro Ha yAapeHrrero rl
r.r3xo.qHaTa
ocHoBa.
a) flplr o6parynaHe Ha npoH3BoaHr.tc.bulecrBlrrerHn r.rMeHaraKnea HacTABKI' CA:
a) :a cr,qecrnnreJrHlrr.rMeHa
or MrxKH por: -ax ll-nx eecetix, co,tmix,
-anll-nx
do6pirc;
aeruxd.x,zpyfuiu; -apll-xp - 6wdp, epamdp, dryedp,
cmpyedp, teip; -tu ll-n'r - aodd,t, 6poiu; -etc - etpeittc, eatin, 6odittc;
-yn uedyrt, nucx)u; -ynnx - xa6)xax, upaeynax;
6) :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::a
crqe cra,nreJrHr.tfMeHa or xeHcKr,r poE: -asu4a - xpdcaeu4a,
(tpaddau4a; -a,run ll-utna - sauuudnn, rctndtun, cywirttn, tnnitun; -aua
- s u ( t p a e d t r ud, e 6 e t d u a ; - a u x a u z p d t x a , w u a d u x a ; - u H n l l - K u n n 6oziun, po6itusr,pycxirrn; -um6a - ce m6a, xeu m6a, xoc m6a; -ua zatucust, pacunit, nopasin, -yza , tact)za, yctyza, sadp)za; -y,rKd rrdy,t xa. auc)tx u. dpaux.iLtxu. -ypxa
rcz,ulyp
r<,t, xo c meuj.,p r a : -yua
rumpjtuta, de6et)rua; -n - truei rcu\i tr gp.
s):a c:lulecraure;IHr..t
rMeHa or cpe,qeHpo1.. -anut4e cKpuaor,tlturc,
nucAnuqe; -ato dpt rrxd,ro,xtend,to, ozteddto,. -auue ll-exue - yxay)uua,
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- 6etoei, tipert - uepuoad; -om-a 6ideu 6eduomi,
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npllnararenHV c HacraBKu..
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aupmetia, zopdetie; -eceu Dupeiceu, c,tociceu; -ue - 6t 6pita, tnm o;
- u c m 6 t a m i t c m , z o p c m ; - u m c t p d m , 6 e t e n i m ; - o 6 e n _ e a e Hl
( t y u m d c e u ,e e x d a e u ,c e e m i t e e u d
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a) flpu o6pa:ynaHeHa qnc:rrlrer'rHu
r.rMeHa -unall-muna - mDemi a.
oc,uitn, cmomit!o: -uJva uemupi.ua,nemi.ua. -uuua teduiua, dBaMio;
-uqa - mpoit4a, deoi1a; edutit4u; -oitxs - deoixa, mp\ircu: _opxa
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189
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6pdmue (6pam, 6pdmz'm, uo ztacti(ztac,
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190
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cMr-rcJroBa
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cbu Micnun, Uedue 6e - 6e I'Iedue.
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citt. 9acrugara 4e vopQo,rornvecrn ce cBrp3Ba c rJrarora n o6pa:yna :a_
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ce uudzo pddeax (zu. Cudt4u uu6zo u,tt te pddeax). Ha L[eau *ty 6Axa ce
saey6u,tu napime (zu. Ha l4edu uy ce 6ixa saz)6u,tu napime). E tu
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ce pidxo ciuqa.ue sa mix, u,ru ez,o6u1iuece cit4aue (H. Xairroal.
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KHI.IXOBHllt6r,,rrapcru e3H( H3peqeHlleToHe Moe Aa 3anotiHe c eHKJII.tTnKa.
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l. Kparrure naAexHx tlopvlr na JrlqHllre MecrouMeHr.rq:Me, me zo, fl,
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ujru rpoKJrHTHKa)
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KJrHTr,rKa
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rtiua zo - uizo zo xi.ua, aive zo uiua
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trocTorrrrriI
att
I Ipr urrlepcn.r u pa3Kr,carrcnoBopel ["uaBrro8 r]oer]rr{rrarapeq e B r,3MOxr r a H r r p o r l r u r r { r r H ay r r o r p e 6 a H a K p a r K H T cn p f i T e x a r e n H r { M c c r o n M e n f i q :
) l a r r i t t r u r r t i i i i a n n y t u x a n r c ( X p . I i o r e a ) ; r s t e . v i c u x t r i t , ' u m es r t . o t e u i t
r t t i t t u n e t u u t t u x t t i t , , u n t ec t t o l i . t t t t . T a x a r a y n o r p e 6 a e B b 3 M o x r a c a M o
cjrcll /.lyMa, KorTo uMa yjlapeHHe.
3. (>opvnrc rra crroMaf a'r'errKr r-trafoJr.6,r, H r4( r] cerarurro rpeve: xr)r)u"r
t:uu,,t1ittt tu, s e cme .u;tddtt, attdi t4e.
Oopvure rra croMarareirrr r'rr fJ'lafoJIcb,tr B cefallHo BpeMe ca ro,qBtIxHtI
e r r K J r u r u K t iK
. a r o e r r x . ; r r r r x u r e c e y n o r p e 6 r r a r r r pr ' rc B b p 3 B a H ec J I r t q H U
MecrouMcHHt H B cJIoxHH f;lafollrur $opwr: ri:r cz,.ttxitdut mdu; 6itt ct.t
tq,virrq.r; mii e io6ip: pu6imu.ru tu do(tp). Karo trpornnrurlr ce u3roBapsr cJreAApyra aKrleuryBarra,qyMa rr,'ruc"rre.a
[porJrurrlKa'. rru 6puztidamu cu
pa6dmutu do6pi; euipa ca rodulu rn x rto; t4e cme doeitrttr.
(topvure Ha crloMaf are-'IHHtr,rllafoJIa6-11
B MnHaro BpeMc ltMar cr]o.j yAapcHnc: ri.r 5ir, mi 6iue, trire 6.ix.ue s r.ru.
4 . 9 a c l r u s K a r o . 1 e , , t t ! -, t r u , 5 e , d e , n , t e p , ( t p e . c n i t u t , t t t , , t r i t , t t r u r t u , m i t
t t u e ; a i e t u n i n t a m e : n t i t , r u c t t; 5 d v o , te , S a q o l l e u r t e ; z o p o t e , z o p t ' t e . ri r t , t , '
194
end 6e; t 6e ne; 6d6o ua; Ildmpe 6e; rcatc de; rtiua da ddiide n; miii zep;
I4edrte6pd, xax
uy de.
flprl :aculeua (nonropeHa)HarrarHaynorpe6a qacrnrtr.rre6e, de u 6pe
roryqaBar y,qapeHue:6e Aeate, Ho 6i Aeaue 6i; di 6dfi dd; 6pi da uy ce
ue eidu 6pi; 6i naxuu ce 6i.
Kparrure Sopvu ua ruqHr{TeMecrouMeHHru Qopvnre Ha crroMarareJrHrrr rraroJr cbu crel orpHuarenHaqacrHua//c, ynorpe6eHaHerrocpencrBeHo npel T.sx!noryrraBar y,qapeHHe:
ue cd usuiuaai; ne ui udrcai; rrc .iu
pazpeuix; ue ciu eo eudi,t; ue i npoui,r xnieama; ue cd. npicrtu; ue zd
notrtieuu: rrc ri eto6pLttiurti.
Koraro npu no-oco6eHc:roBope,{xparxnTe eHKJI.{THKH
He crorr HerrocqacTr.rua,
pe,qcTBeHo
npeA oTpnqaTenHaTa
Te He nonyqaBaTylapeuue: fle
nodditeui ce rta .vitc,tuu zpirtnu, miimrco(Ennw [Iem,ii).
Ilpox,tumuxu
o 66,rzapcKun e3uK
$ 1 4 9 . f l p o r n u r r x u r e c e r 3 r o B a p . r r( c a r p : a a r a x q e u r u o )c y A a p e H r . { e r o
rra cJteABauIaTa
fu IIe[ocpeAoTBeHocaMocTotTenHa.qyMa:4e lema, trud
teujtmu, noi ctiurcu,y doui. llpox:twrltKrre Morar .qacroqr B Haqajrorona
u3pcqclttrero,B Haqaroro Ha caMocrorrejlllo r3xa3BaHen Aa 6.tlar orae,re_
rrrI c e]IKJr14
t'xKrr u trpoKjtr.lTHXH
o,I ylapeHIiTC ,qyMfl, c KolrTo aKueHTrroca
cRlp3arfx; uno ny npedtilcunt u1c npuite; du tre ciu
c \itt; ul., .ur)
pal rcuttu aciuro,
llpox.lru'rurun 6r,rrapcxr.a e:ux ca:
l. lilrrocpnv rrr.rreu HrKoK IBycpx.rrtl-.tn rpxcpr{qrrH lpeAJ,ro3H.fIpe,1,ro3HTc uMill nocrotllra c,ryx6a rra rpoK.iIHTtrKltt{ B noroKa Ha peqra ce cu,bp3 B a TC r , CC 1 , t r l e O T B U Tl tCx J, IM e c T o H M e l r r t x H M c l r r l r c , t o t o c r , v e l a r r n _ nr:p d r
tru (mdi; ,tattntu:lu se'tett'tix: ttud 6atxptitittume nol:'t.
a) e,{rrocpurrH}clpe;ln03H: 6as, ata, acpei, do, ta tud, ut, xptti, xz,.u,rt,t,
rrui, om, no, nod, nped, npe3, nlu, cz,c, c.ted, cpei, y,,tpet - 6eL :xe.,titrue,
ota lluprru, acpai ceritnto, do.,,titrc, tu aic, sad xi,L4umu, ut cmputtjmu,
xpui tuo<:)nn, rw 4irtmtpu, rn ritto, rrud se,virmu, on yuir,rut4e, no nimtt,
nod ue6imo, npe) rott)ma, npes npitnttt, ttpu ntitx, cbc ciLtu, cited ui,:o,
cped xdptma, ,- ntir, tpe t ntlSe;
6) lrycprvun
ltpeAno3K: aapxy, utnod, xuttto, tex:dy, omrctu, noOup,
norcpctt1,trocpei, npomus, t:noped, cnpn,vo, cpeuly atpxy nixpueu, u::nod
seuimu, rcomo nti6e,.rtexdy ripunu, ornxt.u ciaep, nodup idLn4ume, norcputi xiulumu, nocped,t.into, nponuc nti1e, cnope),viue, cnpnuo nirx, cpetqy npom trurca;
195
B) Tplicpu.rHn npeA-qo3u:zapadtt, us.uetttdy, orcoto, nouetrcdy, nopadu
zapadu mir, usuetcdy yuertitqume, oxo,to eitc, nouettcdy udc, nopudu
saxtcttiuue.
C ren,[enurl aa rlonyqar cBoe y1apeHIIe It ra ce or,(eiltr aKIIeHTHonpll
npomua, cnpflMo, oKorto,
n3roBop ca Hafr-qecTo npeano3IITe-npoKJII.ITI.IKI.I
nocped: npomue uddnma npomia ttditnra, cnpt.uo me6e - cnpiuo mi6e,
nocpid timo.
oxo,to udcuma - dxo.to ttdcama, nocped 'timo
flpe,qlo:rrre Morar Aa HMar caMocrotre.rrHo y.(apeHlre B cneA[nre cnyrtAV:
a) Koraro Bapxy r.sx ra,la norHqecKoro ylapeHHe - Hat-qecro rlprl [poHa 3HaqeHHrTaHM, 3a Aa Ce OAr{epTaeCMt,lC]nATHa AyMaTa,
TIIBOTIOCTaBtHe
rrpeA Korro ce HaMrpar: nitd::e.uitma, a rte nid teu)ma; ue cmoi e petrima,
u xpdi pcrcdmu; sitd rrdc, a tte npid uac.
6) Koraro uMar caMocrotre-'IHa ynorpe6a: npedi u c'tid npatrturcu, xi'i
e tii u rcdi npomia: cic u 6is napi aci edrit: eio u ircoiLocepudumu;
ce npdean om-di.
sbpxy, cper4y, tn^4e)rdy, nouettdy B caqeraHl.tt c KparKH
MecroHMerIrq ctuo [ony!.IaBar yrapeHrre: ar'pAare;rHH Qopvu na JrrrqHHTe
'erpx)
usueacdy rtitc - usuettcdy rtu,
uu, cpc4y mitx - cpeqi,uu,
xy rric
no,uetrcdy adc nouexdy ou.
flpu cavocroxrenlta ynorpe6a npeaJro3nre ez'px)t,usuexd) rutueucdjt,
I f(uli. nlotnil fiMar ylapeHhe Bbpxy xpliHara cpHqKa.
flpeg.rro:ure sbnpeKu, auecmo, uzattL tnxpati, rrucped, ocoeu, omau),
Ontttocttoo
, m m a m l K t sC B l p 3 a H ap e q c e K 3 r O B a p t TC a CC B O ey A a p e H l 4 e' I a X ca
He3aBI-.IcHMn
or,qyMara, npe,qKogro ctor'r'. einpexu x:e,qA uemo,
uerrrHo
ouicmo mi6e, usaiu rctaciputtemo, traxpdi ceemd, uacpDd dedpa, octsirt
r n i 6 e , o m e i d x o p u s d u n t a , o m u i c u o n p ed t o t c d t u e o m o , o m c d u p e r c d m a ,
ommdmz,rczpduu4uma.
B KtrllxorHhg 6r,.:rrapcrlr e3uK r{e e B}3MoxHo B paMK[Te Ha eaHa aKrleH'rHa,[yMa, o6pa3yBaHa or npeanor lr cr,urecrBnreJ]Ho IIMe, yAapeHl.reroAa
ce [pexa'bpn], B]pxy npoKJrrlrHxara. C"'ryvau xaro dit-teuu, ud-zauau, npt\zopu, npi-cap4e, om-ptxu n Ap. ca KpaiiHo orpaHfi.leHr r [peAcraBr.sBar
c'r,.ieraHtreor npe,qnor u ra,qexHa Qopua na c'bulecrBureilHo uve. Telu crqeraHlq o6pa3yBar e,qHacMHcJIoBallsJrocr, nutrrar ce cn.trno(npu3opu, Ha?taea, ompz'xtt) u ce yrrorpe6rnar KaTo Hapeqnq.
2. Ilpocrn ll Hr(olr c;roxHr.rc1,[o3u,Karo a, ara, a a, auu, da, u, u/tu, tto,
na, nbK, ma, 4e; 3d oa, u oa, Kumo 4e, Komo \e ,1u, Ho u, ma oa, re oa ctiu4e u uopi; nd npu,tripue, a 6op6a; icxau, aua ue udza; ez,pai, xo
no.t'tucLtirdo6pd; ceo6odd u,ru c,+tipm; axo icrcaut; mpi6ea la mpizua;
6i;psuit, za daycniur; e,td, te da cu nonpurcd3la.ue; Kamo ue ue doujx; xamo
ue nu He icxa; eupeit, no u cnipa; nuui, ma da uemiu u np
us,tuctirrutma
Ilpeglo:rre
196
H-sKou cibotHocHTeJIHItc.blo3lt, Ka.lo o,a, Hu-Hu, Humo_uumo, xe.u xeM,
Lt/Ilr uru, dalu-uLtu, nty-my, 6ulo-6tllo 3a :a3pa.x1ale, Iloc.lteAoBarerHo orpuuaHHe, B3aI.IMHO
It3KItOqBaHeU CBbp38aHeHa c6oTHOCr.ITeJIHLt
nOHrTl,I.'{
lt
IetcrBur, roryqaBar yAapesue.. d santd.se, d ce sacuie;, 6utd it. 6utd mir;
zoaoplt u,ti rte rcazacttitritttlo,. m.i,ttite, my cie,.ti,u ce cnie, xdu n,tr)ue; ui
air;, rtit tu:icm u np.
AKrtel|t'lto Hc3aB[clrMo B cBT,p3aHapeq c ylapeHre lra [.r,pBr.r,eIHocpHqeH Hjtrl MHofocp[qeH KoMnoHeHTca cJIoxHHTe
cl,lolu cixo u du,6is da,
cred Kamo, ocairt du, npedi da, ainpexu, ve, ocaitt,re, samoad ue, cituo ue.
mii ve, maxd te, ,vaxl)p ue, cixaut ue, uoxdp du, uarcdp u da.
Cr,c csoe caMocrorrclrno yrapeHxe BIB aclqKr anyni, "u Mecror.rMenrlrra-cbro3n rr r{apeq rra-ctlolu
rcoi, xaxeo, xtde, xoza, xo,trco; sauto, xoii_
n t o , K u K b 6 m o ,v u i n t o , x t d e m o , K o z a m o , 3 a u l o m o A ; ; p .
3. Orpullare,ruara .racrurla //e. yacrruara ra 6r,gelte Bpene t4e r.tqacru_
3a r3pa3 lra xe-rlaHfie, vo-r6a a 3arroBeq: ue icxu.u, ue,ytocu, trc
uara dn
(Met, ulc ,temd, u1e pa6intu.n, io iiide
)mpe, da trcueie ceo6oicima, r)u
6ide uip n np.
O r p u t l a r e , r t t a r a q a c r r u a / / e e c l o - o c o 6 e u o n o B e l e l r H cn o o r H o u e H f i e
Ha
yAapeHtrcro. Koraro qacrruara //c e npea cKa3yeMoro, qpc3 Koero
ce orprr_
ua rlllolo cr,o6ulcntre, Tr He nonyqaBa y.qapenHe:dit<,t) tte aq,rit tto
u rrii,4a
rrc ,,pia: rtc ircttuttrdu diiida; xa.:usirrn nt tte i omadpert. Aro o6ave
o.rpu_
uafrxcTo e 9acTrqHo, T.e. c qacTxl{aTa c ce v3pa3flRacaMo oTp[IlaTeJ]HO
o ' l l l o u l e l l t l c K I M ( ) 3 H a . r a B a r r o TI too r I ' T r r e ,T t I ' l M aC a M O C T O T T e I Hy O
AapeHue:
r r i u : i n t z ' p ,u 6 i p : t ; t r i s r t d c n l u n t , L t . v i - y ( c u ( u n c t 4 t t m u n o u i , : r r a n , . t t i
pudot:nt, u 6i.;txu tt.ttnputrutir; ni at, a eitc, tti acixu:,tai ttoct),
tti muxi.
tiacrrllar.a //( noJryqaBayxaperruc
r.tKoraro ce HaMr.rparpc! [peAnor Hr,rx
upe/'l ,r(pyfa qac'r'u{a: tta 6et trc6r'ta, ri no te,vima, ti xani
eic, ti 6a, ri
le, rti 6pt'.
KparrfiTe $opvll rra -tr.{Hure Mecro(Meufir, tfopvnre Ha
crroMararclrIIlt f'ttafoJl c.b,,tt
B cefanrro BpeMe H qacrltuara:a 6r,gcu1e BpcMe qe, ynor_
pe6ettr c,re;1o t'pt,tuarel]rril.racruua /re, nonyqaaar yAapeHlre
u o6parynar c
rreq caMocroqre.rcll aKueHTelruerrrbp B u3Ka3BaHero: ue
ui ,tdxafi, tte cit
.MarthKucyt, rre u1i not),tutu nuc.tti, ue c,i c.ttiti, ue cc)ciprtu
u3aooume, tre
cu t{vnlsari, ue uqt udta du ddda u np.
Karo.rrpor,rrrruxu ce ynorpe6lBar H qacrkrlnTe a6e, 6e,
<)e,6pe; tr4cd.tre
_
5a.,rto 6i l4odrrc, xaaci.tt1,6e, uo di Ka)lcu.u\i r)e; etr) 6e, rro
6i itra 6e; a6e
udxui ye, u(;i sauld ne xt)t<:eut.
IIpn yrlaolaale 3a r.r3pa3sBaHe
ta no-cllnHa excrrpecHBHocrqacrnur,rre d(,
u 6pe.n aatatua npoxJ'rHTrrrrHa
ynorpe6a no_uyvasar ylapcHIIe: di motize de,
6pi da.uy te tree du 6pe.
197
qacr or qacrrrunre, He3aBucr,rMo
or roBa, Aanlt ca eAgocflo-rolglrara
puqHrl uJrHMHorocpstlHl, nMar cBoe yAapeHI.Ie:ifi eo I4e t; ttuud uqeddide;
ua,t uqe zo udrcaue; udxa noaic.,tu: dand ycniew: uizap ue zuaew.
floryvasar croe yaapeHne H qacrrluHTe no- u uaft-, c ronro ce o6pa:ryrar
crerreHl 3a cpaBHerrxe,H qacruunTe -zode u edu- 3a o6pa3yBaHeHa HeotrpeAcJrrrreJrHnMecror{MeHr.rror BbnpocrrrerHn (rx. Q 152).
AYMI{ C ABE YAAPEHU.tr
Epofr u zpada4un Ha ydapewunma e dynama
$ 150. ts aKueHrHo orHo[reH e .qyMfire B 6r,rrapcxra e3IjK ce oQopMrr
c e r H O y A a p e r h e . B H s x o n c r y v a u o 6 a u e B o n p e a e n e H no c , r o s o o 6 p a : V e a yAaperrhe Ce [OtBrBa rrplr U3fOBOp
TenrIfi TIjIIOBCAyMI,IHapeA C OCHOBHOTO
yllapeHlle, TaKa H aBe yaapeHr.r,r,r.r3paBrreHH
KaKTorro-cra6o Aolrr,JrrrHTe-rrHo
llo ctlra Ha peanr3auur.
Koraro Asere yAapcr{Hr, c KoHTo ce H3roBapr ryMara, He ca eAHaKBo
noaqepralrx, eJIHoro ce oIIpellerr H ce orleHrBa or cjryuaren,{ Karo B T o pocTeIIeIIHo
x J ] t -Ar o n a n H r - t T e J I t l o c n p t M o o c H o B H o T oJ l l t
r , r a B r fo r o y j l a p e l f H e . T l x a l : r r t p r u e p B . [ y M H T e , i , t n o m o r c r i x o c . x f i r r e $ip,'wu, c|pseput)updmet eu rraBHoro ylapeHne rraAa Bhpxy aropara cbcTaBXa HA CJTOXaTa AyMa, KaTO IIape,qC HefO B n6pBaTA qaCT Ce llOtBrrBa
rro-cra6o tro cu'l]a BTopocrerreHHoyaapeHrre. C'r,[tecrByBar n 6r,rrapcxnr
e3r.rKKaKTO pOCTx, Ta(a n C,'rO'(Hu,qyvX, KO|TO Ce r,r3rOBaprTr.rC ABe e,U,r a K B l . r r o c n a y a a p e H H . s :r ) o d c e n t z o d i t u t e t , n , t d r r n p o z p d u u , x i ' t t m p u umdxu, iiqertmpatusd4ust, npidoip, xortqipm-.ttiucmop v np. B raKuea
cjryqaH,lIyMHTe ce onpelleJls'r KaTo JIyMH c aBe yIIapeHHr.
Cavo r pegru cnytrau nplr n3rolop ]ra cnoxnn AyMrr, c]craBerrr{ or rpu
ocrroBHH,u Ha a6penrarypx ca Bb3MoxHu rpr.r tz rIoBeqeyAaperrt-rrc pa3rHqfra rpaAarllfs - rlraBHr,rH BTopocrenerrnu. ottittuuonepneudurcytipet4 mdn,rttitexmpo4etrmpd.,ta, (tdmot1 urozpdQun, iirtmu)tmpaeuotemoeu,
wi'rm' tnt i tttuJirwetr, 6)u i6i rxa, .wini au titrttt.
I'lartr.ruero eA]roBpeMerrrrorra rJraBHo]r BTopocre[eHHo yAapeH[e B AyM a r a H e H a p y u a s a H e i i x o r o 3 B y K o B or c M H c J r o B o
e , q u H c r B oO
. c H o B H oB ; 1 y Mara cu ocraBa uraBHoro y,qapeHr.re.
xoero ocxryprBa $oneruvuara qt,rocr
H 3aBr,p[reHocr Ha.]reKcrKaJ'rHara
e.quHHr.la.
9pe: gont,rnnreJrHoro y.qaperrt,re
B npeAenuTe Ha cjroxHaTa,qyMa ce cr3,qaBacaMo fpaAaq[t Ha y.qapeHt{rTa
AOnbnHnTenHoToyAapeHne ce IIpoTKBoIIocTaBtHa rJIaBHoTo,3a Ia ce c b3Aaae u3BecTHaBbTpeuHa 3ByKoBa,pHTMuqHa r cMHcJroBapa3qreHeHocT B
c,l1HHHaraQouernrua qrJrocr Ha ,uyMara.
198
[yvure, ronro ce x3roBaprr c nBe y4apeuux n 6urrapcKr{-ae3HK,ca rBr'pge pasHoo6pa:nn. flpu ycrauoaroaHe Ha
aKrleHTHaraHM xapaKTepncrtrKacr.t
B3ar.rMo.qefrcrBar
pa3r,rHqHK
u trecro n6TH npoTHBopeqr.rBr.t
no cBo, xapaKTeD
npfiqriHn
nHHrBucrHqHH u eKcrpa;rl.tHfBrrctuqHu. Tosa ,urpyg""uu
yaau_
HOB'BAHETO
HA TOIIHI-I NPABI,NA H HOPMI.I NPH H3f OBOPA
HA ,ION5J]HI-ITEJIHOTO
y.{apeHrre H c.r,3AaBaycloBrs 3a Bapr{aHTeHH3roBop
r{ xo:re6aHns.
Hairfi.iueto ytr4 ];]tr cara Ha .qonar,rHHTe,rHoyAapeHr{e
B cnoxHara ,qyMa
ce onpeAenr npegn BcuqKo or orHolreHHero vexAy
o6uloro n tracrHoro,
T.E. OT CMI4CJIOBOTO
OTHOIIEHUE
MEXAY CNOXHATA
AYMA KATOII,JIO II HCIIOCpencTBeHoo6pa:ynarqure r ct,cTaBKH.B cvnc.floso
or"o-anr",q""""
"u"",
Ha cJroxHaTa ,{yMa MoraT aa 6r,gar paaHonpaBHr.r
t{ HepaBHonpaBHHrroMexIy cr. Ko:rxoro noBeqe cMHcr,roBaracavocrofiHocr Ha qacrhre
Ha cJloxlrara
AyMa e l]o-c]tIHo x3pa3eHa,ToJIKOBanO-roJIrMa e BeporTHoc.l.Ta
aa ce IIorBH
.qonl;rHr.rrerHo yAapeHue r o6pargo _ axo Bp.r,3xaraMex.qy r.rx
e flo_cr.r:rHa
u npeoonalaBa Hosoro o6o6lueHo 3HaqeHr{e,ornulu
n"o-6^uar.rMocrra or
IonbrHureJrHo yAapenlie: 6paxoct uemduue, cuuedr<, wo xon4ipm_ut)ic_
m o p , r <u r f i - c t a d x d p rr u t 1 a .
Toaa o6ulo rroroxeHle nplr orpopvrHe Ha aKueHTHH,
Tr{rr Ha nyMr4Te c
ABe ylapenHr B MHO|O CnyqaH e oTrrocrrTejrHo,3a[toTo orIeHKaTa
3a cMr{cJroB[Te orHolue]rvr B cJroxHara ayMa Moxe,[a
66.qe lrH.qnBu,qyanHa
n pa3_
jrzqHa. 3arosa u r3roBoprr na
cnoxrrH AyMlr npr{ enHaKBHc[HTaKTrrrrHkycJro! r y eAlrH nriUa e c IBe yAapeHHr, a y.qpyrn
c eywo: di,peocrta6iiaarre
- dz,poocrrc(tdieaue, ti,trcecoudime,t
tr,x:ecaudimetr, ujtttr)onoxttr\ttrtux _,tytr d on o x,t d t t t tttx,
Tr, ii raro croxHara AyMa e .rparrceopMarllt, Ira ofipeAeneH
THn c;roBocr,_
qeraHut, ct_tHTaKTgqlltTeorHoueHu,
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i o6yclaslr e no_
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art,,,rod)i,r,urrr,roSi6 t ap.
HaKorrroHee cauoc.toiriltl
6) c'troNnrc'l,ulecrBxrenuu,BTopr{rreJreMeHT
/.lyMa h ce cpcula caMo B paMXurc IIa c,'IoxHtI .{yMIr, Karo -?ltq4-,ufl, .!t)trt.,t,
- . u r m l \ t , t , L t ) ,l t i h u J t , l j u t u r t . l u ? u JnLc t t t o v e n t f u . , t .
s ) c " q o x H nc r , u l e c r B H T e - r I ni ia r r a 3 o B a s a l t lea o r B J r e q e H nn o H l r u g . o 6 D a - u c , - e , v ( , - t ! u a , - r r e , - o c n l , - c n 1 6 o ,t u E p . n . t t ' r \ ' l t i t t ) t t t ,
: r y B l t r r rc{ I r i l c r a t r T i H
n J t v d o t t b 6 u a ,t t t o t o t . t i t a u e , c t t t . t o o a l i t c , a o d o c z , p m i x ; , 6 l u z ' t n o u t t i t t t t . ,
y , v o : t q a x , . n o , t ? t t t tpat, x o c n t i c t t u t t c , r c p t a o n p c , t i t t u t t a , 0 t i t z o m p i i t t o c m ,
:ttculttepitt\ot nt, t p u t\ o v c ntp it it c ttto o , c,t.t,:xc6o,,ittctttort, cttuoputnpictt,
t:u.ttottl,vti t a :
r) clroxrrx cr,rlcc'nlHTell rrrJ 3a -quqa, npe;lMerr.l u Mecra, o6pa3yBallx c l,c
c y r j x t x c r - D t c . t , - d \ , - c t l , - u p , - t ! u K , - u q e H ) \ p . . t c i r( r x p a t t i t t n e . tn, t t n t ' u r t iittttc.,t,ttout:u1to,,utina.t,8ba.r(Kono\, catotantottocu,t,6rt,ttto,:ttcdi't,
nnutqcnpoiiottl,
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iott ot:.,titttttux, aoiorputtiitttttle gp.
not it.tt<
f [onr,,rrtI.lcr rro y]laperHe npu ro3r lurr c-qoxllH cr,LqecrBltreJtuncc rolrJrBa B rro-rroBlrr
o - J I L - l ] r r il l y M u , ( a r o K . r e n B o a p l u t t i t c . t , ; p , t u u n , r
xarpt u,t, c nti, tx o tt ul)'ttti nte.t.
3. C,roxrur nprrirararerrrl't c no.qqHHltre,'InoorllorxeH[e Ha cLcraBllxre
vacrl, o6pa:ytal{H ot ct,qerillrue Hi} ornocl{Te-rIHorIpl,tnafarenllo u ct,uecTBlrreruo: uoello('nlpunc?ll\ecKu (or BoeItHa crparerNt). cittcxocmonirtcnu (or cc;rcxo clonalrcrro), udtirroat:: numuneteu, ttap6duodeuoxpttntirtert, nupnt irto tt1;ocain ett, codlStto.ttedu4irtcrcu, ittmoqtto6i.t eapcrcu,
t l ) , t ) l t t i u t ! t , . 1 ! i l t ( ^ u .L . t L ] r t n l t ' ; u t ! t )t r' ut t , . t i m ( . t c t ! .
qacr e KaqecC,toxsure rpu,rafare,'IHH or c:r,uIXt r'lll, qHr'fo rroALrtrHeHa
TBelro llpujla|a reJrro, car{o B oT,qerHr.rc,'ryllaHIIpII no-roJIqMo pa3cTotH[.tc
Mex.(y yl/qapeHllTecpxllKu uMaT ,qonLJIlll{rer'1llo
yAapeHLIe:\epnrrt)Pific , 6t.,torduerreu, n.ttttttrto.i.ve
rt, ucpaettoap.+tiicrcu, wo idpo,uouono.tuc m iq c. xu,
ed7tox u tttun u,t u c m lt y e c x u.
204
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rrMe IinH npHyacTr.re H ofipe,qeJlrlq
ereMeHT Cl,lqecTBr.ITeJIrIO HMe, [pllnaraTejrHo
HMe u|rLl Hapeqie: cmortarto6emdue tt, o6pasnonoemiueu,
ua.i,,utonony,tipett, ucitesoLteitpert,,ttatuurt ocmp oimetett,
a z 6m o co di
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e cbKpareHa ocHoBa..cuHedK,
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6ocoudz, "d,j,r,pi,*, aotttonpi.,r,
t . r un t o t p i a , 6 , . t r , , t ix , u e d p e t !j . t :
6) c:roxnl rrptrnararenHH, o6pa:yralra or
cJ,roxHrrc.brrt€orBrrrer,rrilr
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pu6nuid",,, az,,,utoo6putett,
6punto.,tn6ia, at uc ntottro6t)a, au..oro,rtjpert,
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6razon adpe,t, )r<)uaom6open,
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4 C'roxHu nplljlafarerHU, qr,Itro BTopa rracr
e KaqecrBeI{orrpHJlafarejrHo
3a o3rraqaBaHeHa IIBeroBe, a tl.bpBara qacr
yroqHrBal! o vapelwe.. mi,utro_
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i mt ot e,ri t t, tj,tettou epei t t, 6,rdd opds oe,
6'tidoxi,rm,6,ttdoout),1imoa,
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11ocuJ'IaHa pearrrr3arlllr Moxe
ra ce Ii3paBHI-]c ocHoBHoro HJIITtsTopocreneH_
Horo H fnaBHoro Aa pa3MeHrr Mecrara
cu. 3aroea [pr.I Tqx c B63MoxeIr ]t
l.t3roBop: mtu rto c itc, ue it m o s e,ti rt,
c ni nc n o 6 i,t.
5. C,roxnl,r npHnarareJru.Jc
re,Ho
rMe
or2yo4*",o",0;""X::;*r"Jillill"i;ilf,XX':"W"^;:3:ii:
e e u , m p L u i c e a e u , m p r t e m d t c e u ,n p i t c m p d r r e r r ,
mpu4eimerr, udmupu_
cmpaHeH, uimupuz o diuteu, uimupuduea
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205
Cloxsrl npr.rlrarareJrHlr,
o6pa:yraun c qfic;rrlreJ]Horoeduo- xalo nt pna
qacr, ce u3roBaprr c eAHoy,qapeHue:
eduo6depeu,eduoseyueu,eduoz,tdcert,
eduocmpauuita,edtro,tuuiett,eduotdcoe, eduozodirueu,eduoiueueu.
flpulararerurre c n6pBa qacr cno- trMar Kone6rr.rB
r.r3roBop:
cmdzoditueu, cm6xu,tozpduo c, cmdnpo4iumo s, c m6xittndett, vo cmoti m eu, c mutti aoo, cmotictnett, cmoxpdmett.
6. H eonpege:rrrerHu MecrouMeHfis,
L4Hape.<r4s,,
o6pa:yeaHn c qacrr.rqrr
-zode,
edu-,
da e: idu omxtdi ctt, tdu rcii cu, ldu xozd, idu rcozdcu, idu
u1i, rcdi-eoie, rcuxai-s1tde,xdtrco-zode,xaxie da t, xdtrco ia !, xdi da 6,
xorcodia i.
7 . ( - , r o x r u . rM e x r y v e r r
H a p e q n r :, t a m - n a m ,x 6 n - m p i n , m i r c - m o u ,
-doiiit
rcott:ir-peuit,ulfi
u yp.
fiy,tru c dae z,taonu ydapenua
$ 152. tl ABerlraBrlr yraperrur ce H3roaapqrc,teArrfireKareropr{trIyMn:
L C,roNuucbulecrBrlre-rrHu,
o6pa:yuanr o'r ocHoBr..r
HaABecbrrlec'rB[TeJrff , paBllonpaBIIx no o IortetIHe rra cMr,Icb-rra
cr.rB c]r'IeTaHfleTo. nor.i,nrcrtnp o r)i ttc 6 u, s tri cilt o - u a s a t, rcu c u ) p - d o ua rci rt n,r i u - np o zlt u u rt, x o m i. t p a c n o p i t r rm , u x y w e p - : u r tc x o , ri t , , , r u ( ) i - c t a d x u p r t u 4 a , n p i r r o c- n p i a o t ,
n Ltit r)- :lct e t t, ti:x, I u c,u- t t u cu.
2. C:roNur c'br{t:crBurclrrr}r, KoHToca o6pa:yuaun or ocrroBlr Ha ABe crrlllcclBnlsJrrr[tr,or r(on ro BTopi]TaIIogcIItBa IlLpBara: ttaudutux- u1il6,uuttitc:ntlt- npcic edimet, xuttittdum-c n.vilttn, su.uicmtntr-iLtpiKmop, no.Ltou(,
rturc-unncrilt,6utittt-pacnoputtnt, t:nupututti-tttxr\,trturc,'tuMi(nuuKl t i t < n t o p , : t u , t t i c n u t u r ; - x o t t u r t d i t p t e u ep a t - . t tt t i i tp , ? e t r c p u . r - n o , r K i ) B n u t t ,
8 t t , t r ' t t t - t l t t c n t i l t t t uc, t d t t i - t t l t t t , t t i t n t a . t , t [ t t . t o , t d ; , - c n e 4 u a . t i t c u ,L r t t i i t m u l t :t ut)i1t.
3. Crroxrru cburecrBllfe,uHr, B xolro Ka'ro oIIpclleilrlq er'leMeH.I.ccr.r3loll: ] B i t c r , K p a r e l a o c H o l l a t { a l p u J l a r - a r e i r r r l { t t v e u r r l :t e t t e p i , t t y 6 e p t r u m t t p ,
dit:e,t.uomip. rcorr4ipn;tiir:tttop,
ci.tctcint, asiu.vonitottl,
npd()rcouun I n,
d , ' i ! n K ! t t t t i t t r t t t , ur t t ' I t . r t , t t t , t I t i n t .
Cl ]lBc yllapcnxr cc r3foBap.sr Ir c bKpat cHt{ cJIoxHr{ ct [tecrB tt'retllrn, o6,
p a 3 y B a I r o l c L K p a T e r r uo c H o B H H a I I p nj t a I a T e , u r r ol I c b t l l ( ] c f u u f e J r r r ( ) :
j,,trci.tt, ci.tcz,t:irn, paSxip.
c)trcip, pi6rltarc, nipnipt,
4 . C . r o x u r ' rn p x n a r a r e J r H u ,o 6 p a : y t a H n o r o c r r o B l .nr a A B e r l p L I r a f a r e n r r u ,
Korlro ca Hc3aBucHMnH parnorrpaarrlr e.1HaKr'M jtpyra. Te rraolar ;1a 6r,,qar
o6pa:rynaur:
a) C'rc c r,cl;1u
rurre:rrra rroprferra: ntpi doeo-npouteod nteteu, mpidooo
roonepantitacrt, cuttuntiprto-tuLuirrerr,.tLtnepam|pttc.t-.u1,tLtxi.re
uu
e .p d l t tto-nlto.ttttttt,teu, dlxtiotto-ettttetttttuccru, uttd_\'t'ntTtua.uto-atpifett, n,,irtrt,'-
2()6
n u m p u o m i u e u , c o 4 ud t n o _ n o t u m i u e c x u ,
euto coecxo _ucmopiuecKu,
rcotdpct-tretesdpcxu,uopd,tuo_emitett,yui6uo_az,snumdmetteu,
.ttu.ruiutuompdKmopeH,cmdxoeo_napitteu.
flpn cnoxHr.rrenp,narareJrH,, o6parynaxu
or ocHoBr.I
Ha orHocrrre,IH,
IIpr4JIafaTeJIHIt, OT KOITTOn:b
3HaqHre,Ho oror a6sa, "t#l'"1'J.-t"L',li"tiT:il:'ffi :H
H: ;::l
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zapo-p)c*u,
u" * opir,r""*o-
i))i,"oOr*u, Houcmo_
pixo-rfu,tocdrltcnu, dacmpo_zep,r
r)ucxu, uinduo_nn;^;;;;nr*r, ucmopitKo_
p e a o , t x t 4 u o u e n ,x i p u , t o _ u e m d d u e e c x u ,
s u d d p o _ u a ' s d u e c x t ru,o t t d p x o ()uut.itcmxu,meteepd(to-nduqeucxu,
np xodo_pi,zxod",t.
6) Ee: cce,{l,tHrzre;]Ha
rJracHaj 6A*uepeirt, cirt_tetirt,
miuz,x_aucox,
rtuc,z,
rc-d e_6.i,t,n e.n,t _u edp dc, n ui u _s e.,ti tr,
c it mrtu_dp d6 rtu, ru)oo _e) xmo,
.,tjtdo-unddo.
e) c rorropenue HaKopeHa:ceu-cq ivox,
edt- e<t,terr
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-.
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p _no up p i,r, x,ti nt_np orciti nt.
5. Cloxttre rIpHJral.arerItH
c rIolqltHrrre,tltaBpr,3KaMexJIy
ABere.Iac,l.t.r
cc [3fouaptT
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rrx 9.rB,Lp.qepa:rroo6pa:Ha u porxBopeql,tBa
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14
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utett,Ho 'pr{ rrajrl{y'c lta cbeArrtrrer'il
r s t a c u t an c m o c n t i t t e r r e r r ,d i c . en tn p o 4 i t t n t o a ,
n ' ol e c , c n t o i t t , t e l t ( B x . \ 1 5 0 ) .
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c HapequeTo t/o.,./lr_
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nu.77rrr"rouum, no.ty
cf mepetrctr. Koraro ylapeHrrr.I.a ca
rrerrocperrcrBerrorra JIBec bcerrrl.l
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CloxHure npI-rnarareilHn,o6pa:yeaHt c HeorrpeAenr]TeJIHo
Mecrol.rMeHr.re,
c:brrroce fi3roBap.src ,qBey.qapeHur:xiotrcozodirueu, uircotxodtDaeu,
rtir<otrcoxiceuett,tt.itxo.'txo udc oe u ap.
6. CrrqecreurelHH u rrpnnararerun, o6pa:yrann c fl.bpBaqacr c:br]lecrBITeJ]HO
HMe nrU C' br(paTeHO
rrp]lirafaTenHo
r{MeoT MexAyHapoIHaTaTepM u H o n o r l r q , K a r o z e o - . z i o y a z u i m , e d o c m d m u x a ,z d o ( ) i z u r c a ;x u x o - :
rcirtotexmitpun,rciuo,ra6opamdpun,rciuo,tiuma, xiruoxouidun; Jvema./.o:
,uemdtorepit.ttuxa,uentd,torco,u6uudm,.uemdtodruceu,
uemdtoopzutt uerr,
uemd,topdtrcet4;paiuo- : pdduouxmieeu, pdduoepizrca,pdduozoeopiune,t,
pdduom it,txu, p d duo,rro6i nretc xu, p dduo met ezpdrf eu, p dduomexrtil ecrcu,
pddtt onteteeusut)rterr:aeuo-; l)euondula, deuoxtsttc
mp)xmop, dauoursdetri zz,,tr,
deuodecitr m : asmo-: d emompaucn dm, demopeudmett, io monoitrca,
itrmoi tu't 1fi tfi11.t?tr;
a?po- )tp,'mixrmxa, )tpomexuuuecxu, dzpoyu)cmz.x,
dtponpouiwterrocm, dzpo1uo,roe uet, aepo-: deporcty6, dpoduuduuxa,
i p r t i u , t u , m u a r t , a p o c r t i t u r c a i, e p o m p u t t c n d p m e n: a c m 7 o -: a c m p o r r u e u z u t l u s ru
, cmpo()iuxa; 6uo-; 1iouexdrturca6
, ozetisa, 6 ocmdmuxa,
6 i o ( ) i s u r a ; a e t o - ; a i t o t / . t uzy p i c m , a i t o u d c m , c i t r o u o m d p e u , .a u 6 p o - ;
ai6 p o 1emittreu, ei6po n otu zdu, ei6p onpeo6pazoedet ; zo,roaxo- : zdt eauott,tucmuxa,zdr outtonti ttxq, et)iteatouematy?tu : eJleKmpo; it exmp u l, vep o dn te t e r t , i . r e x n t po np o a d dex , i t ex n p o n p i o p u , i t e r cm p o np o u i u r tertocm, iieKmpope3npeiet meteu, zoo-: sdomexuurca,sito1uotoz veu,
':dondpx,titorttttxoltdzuu,sio$ttsuoiti zux, Kocrto-. xdcuo$isuxa,
rcdc,uoxt\csroxiruul
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;
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4ittmop,
tinteot:it)6u ; muxpo- : uirpo6uo,toz ueu, uitxponempiueu, nitxpor<duepa,
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ocHoBaraHa QpeHcrara Ayua ministdre cpnuxo-
Br.j.sT
cl,cTaB Ha AyMaTa ce npoMeH' H CT,OTBeTHO
MTCTOTO
Ha yaapeHr.{eToB
ttes - .uuttucmipcmeo.
M.scroro Ha y,qapeHHeroa 6t:rrapcrnr e3l,lKce
onpeAeJr.a
ue or Qoaeru.rHur, a or vopQrevHur (c:roaoo6pa:yrare,rHux)
crpoix Ha Aynara.3aerr.rre
or pycl(H e3HKHanpHMep AyMH c HacraBKa -merr,
Ko'.ro HMar pa3HoMecrHo
yAapeHr.re(cps. yuime,ta, cinme,ta, daizamett),
n 6tlrapcxnl
e:r.r* ca c yc_
TaHoBeHoHa npe,qnocneAHaracpuqxa y.qapeHr.re,
o6o6u1eno 3a BcI.IqKt,t
cJryqaH or ro3H cloaoo6pa:yrare;reH
T r . r r r_ y u m e t , c e i m e t , d e u z d m e - r t ,
npenoOaBae,l, 3aerure or
QpeHcxu e3llK AyMX c HacraBxa -(t)eur z 6.snrapcKr.r-a
e3HKce o$opv.rr c BapHaHTHH
no orHorreHHe Ha yAapeHlrero HacraBKH
-op, -bop.
AyMHTe c HacraBKa_bop rr[v.arKpafino ygapeune, raxro ar,a
QpeucKr e3uK, aoKaro HacraBKara _op B cbcraBa
Ha :aeru a 6rrrapcKlr.a e3nK
AyMu rJe npHBrHqa yAapeHr.rero: axmadp, auamtdp,
uo dupixmop,
rcond)rcmop- Orryx u xo:re6auN.s B M.fcroro
Ha yaapeHr.rero a cnyrrar.r Karo
xounpicop - xounpectip,
azpicop _ aepecudp.
2t3
Orrtonenuqra or opHrHHaJtHoroMtcro Ha yaapeHHero B 3aerI-ITe,qyMll
ce A6Jr)KHH Ha MHoroKoHTaKTHocrrarrpu 3aeMaHeHa AyMIrre fi B3a14Mo,qefrcMoaeJrHnpn ycTaHoBtBaHeHa r{xHoTo
TBItero Ha qyxaoe3HroBr.r aKrleHTHr.r
yAapeHr.re.fo:r.au 6poi AyMH or 3ana.qHoeBponeftcKl{Te
e3l{q[ ca 3aerll B
6r:rrapcxua e3r.rKqpe3 nocpeAHHqecrBoro Ha pycKH e3IiK l.I HMar Karo xapaKTepncTuxa aKrleHTHuoco6eHocTn, ycTaHoBeHt,tB pycKI{ e3HK.AHrnuficKara AyMa mpdne 6yc c y,qapeHueBr'pxy Hatrarnara cpnqKa e npoHx(Hana
y Hac or pycKr.re3rrK orHaqa-rroc r{3roBop mpotdi6yc, mpotifi. Cr,o6pa:no
c aKueHTyBaHeroHa c;roxHure AyMH or ro3n THn, ycraHoBeH B 6bnrapcKut
e3r.r((cpB. aemo6)c), aHec ce Harar.a *tzrotop mpotefi6)c.
flo.ssara Ha BapHaHTHB yAapeHnero Ha 3aernTe ayMl,t B'I3HHKBar{ BciteacTBr,reHa ToBa, qe y,qapeHneToMoxe HopMaTHBHoaa ce fi3Be.qeH MoTr.rBHpa
or oco6euocrnre My B pa3nxqHu e3rlrln r.r3TorrHnux:Hanpnvep rar. peso,r6ep Moxe .qa ce n3roBopn raro peao,teip (or lt:roaopa a'lr Qpexcxn e:nx)
u peadtaep (or u:ronopa B HeMc(H e3nr(). B 6r,rrapcru e3vK uMnopm ce
H c HaqaJrHo
H3roBapq no Qpexcxlr obpa:eu c xpafixo yaapeHr.{e- uunopm
y l a p e H r . i er o a H r r u f i c r u o 6 p a 3 e u - i . u n o p m .
fpr,qrrre AyMn Ha -rru (-mua) ca flpeMhHa:rlr B iraruHcKn e3r{K, KbAero
ce e r.r3Bt,prx[na]r npoMrHara Ha cyQrxca z -4un, Haper, c ra3]I rrpoMflHae
Ha yAapeHHeTO OT [peArrOCJreAHaTa
Cp]rqHACTD'I]nIIA npoMrHa B MTCTOTO
Ka B rpr,uxH (/t1potcpatiu) Ha rperara cpHqKa or Kpar B JraruHcKH
e3HK rrpu To3r{ cJroBoo6pa3oBara;reHTrl[
deuoxpdqun. [xec n 6rrrapcKlr
Ire3aBucHMooT fpl,rlKrjr KJ]HJraTrrHcKlrrHM npol.r3xoa KMaT Br.rHarnyAapeHHe lra rracHara npeg cyQxxca: deuoxpd4un, 4ueutusd4un, rouytruri4tn.
a arcc urri4u tr, d un,'to u d4u n.
3. 3a pa:ror ria cLBpeMerrrraraarueHTHa cr.{creMaor cbqecrBeHo 3HaqeHxe ca abrpelrHHTe e3lrKoBlrnpntrnnlr H Ha nbpRo Mrcro r. Hap. rfopua.nHa
aHar'rofur. Arra:rors.gra s o6racrra Ha yaapeHlrero ce H3pa3rBa BBB B3arMIIOTOCBlrp3BaHeH yCAHaXBtBaHeHa pa3"qUqHI-I
aKUCHTHH
THnOBeH BAA BJIIIrlrneTo Ha eAr4Hno-npoAy(r}rBerr Ir pa3rrpocTpatleHT]rn Br,pxy.qpyf.
Ha Qopvaluara aHa-florur npu yAaperrnero ce nporBrBa B
[eficrrnero
ABC IIOCOKH:
a) Crpeuex yAapeHuero!a 3ana3HHenpoMeueHo
Mtcroro cr.rB rrporl3Bo,qHaraayMa qpe3 acouuaur{rno 6rn:ocr c y,qapeHr.iero
Ha npou3BexAaHanpuvep
nplr
H3roBop
ti.uuurc
u
tuuuirc
crpeuex'br
e yaapeuara AyMa.
Hr.{ero,qa:ana:}r cirosoo6pa3oBareJrHara
cr.r3aBHcHMocrc yAapeH}reroHa
ocuoBlara Eyv'a ziua, TaKaxaKToe u npu ziuex. Orryr n crpeMex aa ce
n3roBapqsituuuua slu. npaBuJrHoro
su,uuuud.Cl,u1ou npn ndnoe u nonda <
non; n,tddrteuxu u n.tadxituxu, ntdduuuqeu ntadniule < ntddte; cj)wuHau
cytuurtit < cyx; cmdpewxu u cmapiutrcu < cmap, HenpazlJrnr.r{TH3roBop Ha
6azperrit4axaro ,,6dzpeuu4a"u saraptu4d xaro ,,sdxapuu4d",Ha cmtrcteuit4a xaro ,,cmix,teuu4it", ua nenetlrir xaro ,,ninetttux" e pe3yrrar HareH214
(bM HenoIBrrxHo
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H,ero,ar.r3xoAHara^r"^';:o::l::;:,"i#];"IX,Ziikllii,::;.^,"
6) Crpevex yAapeHr.ero,qa
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ce yeaHaKBH
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y a a p e H H e r oH a a y M H T eo
eapdeux,cntrdmxux,"",":on:x,i;;:,7."::,Zr:::::tr
xodpit4a uo u z)pzy,ru4a,ddpula
raro
6,ticrcanu4a,
l::::::;:fy::qa,
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kapaHu4a,B r(oHToHa.cTaBKaTa
He npoMeH' MrcToTo Ha yAapeHr.reroB H3xo.qHara
ocHoBa;xaxddvua,no u uaxody a
xato eopaie, 6z,6pe;
rcdvau xaud, eicn u euci xaro 6epd,
uemd, opd.
flo aHaaora.rua c editma (or cidit
.. ,r.oJup" n 6ittenxa (or 60,1n)
Ka-ro
6e,tiuxa, a zdmsuKa no,q BJrHrHueHa
nyvx xato ,tumdtlxa Karoeamatka.
Oopva;ruara alano ls c
y.{apeHrrerou.ou"u,n"n",!;o"nTT""";:;";"":;:t""fr':"JH
il:
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n""nu o" Ml,XKI,lpolt
xouro o6pa:yrar MHoxecrB
noM'croHay.q
apeHHeqpe3.fi: Ji""fi: ;:: :ffi:H: ?ff ;.T##;;
napaAnrMr.r
(ox. $ 136). Hanp.: euxoei,
etpx'r.tei, douoei, oyxoae, exoed,
veHoee s}1. e rcoee,eipxoee, dd,voee,
dj,xoae,ixoae, \retrcae; cmd,toae,
d1ti6oae. xiwoee, c,ud'xoae
, .+tocmoaeBM. cmondse, dpo6bae, xotudee,
curxd'e, rtocmdee.
,{eicranero Ha Qopva:rHa
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yAapeHr.r
er o nu ru.r " ^r " r :? ; ilJ""#;
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KaKTo" pya*" "r"a. flog n,rtautae
HayAapeHueroHa npe$uxcarnure
cLqecrBHTe,qHH
or MbxKHpoa re ce r,r3_
roBaprr u c HatraJrHo
yAapeHxe.npddtoz, sdttoe,ddxttad
(lx. $ 146). tlpn
npeaooc't lo ce lonycKa .qBosKo
y.qapeHHenpiuod u ,p"udd B
xn[xosHr.{.,
e 3 f i Kc e n p e l o p 6 q s ao 6 a q et - r : r o s o p
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no_pa3npocrpaHeHH HaMlzpa
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f l o A s , ' r t r g H l - st ea 6 r , , r r a p c x s r e
f,ir.
H M e H a ,o 6 p a : y o a H u c L r a c r a B K_aa p
(epomdp,itpedp), ce ye.qHaKBrBar
no yaup"n". n ru"Tl.rAyMHcac
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uenndp(or rp. n6ktar).3;;;
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1t1dorar,
or MrxK'
yAapeHr.re
B.pu"urr"n"." "n $opwu:zep6_ zip6am,
l:1,-1Mar
lenonBrrxlro
';
o6a"e".''" u"' v*ou"""'u",
!'i'T{;! i ! i. "3',0: :: ^{:i' :ee Koraroe'qHocpfiq
HV AyMHc noABr.rxHo
ynaperlrle,ro Moxe ou ". noi-::-1t1pcl(Hre
cmutt-cmutim,rar(aKarroiXI:ffi;';;:::::r:::r""y;::r::X:
Iorrr Ha ntam _ ntamim, ntamoai,
Btr']ecto6i,ueato "" np"Onorrru
,rao_
sop fyuzdto, rrfi raro rofi ne
HaAvMHre'o6pa:vaaur c HacraBKa-a,to (cps. oz,redd,to,,r,:::o:::o*"
4. B orge,;ruucryrJar.r
crpeMex6T xbM cr,3naBaHe
na npo$ecr.roHarHa
repMr.rHororurcbrrlo Moxe aa nperr.r3BrrKa
xo,,re6aHH.s
" ,""roro Ha yAapeHnezl)
ro. Tosa craBa B clryqar.rre,Koraro egna o6qonpue'ra AyMa,r{3nolr3BaHa
B
npoQecuonaruac$epa. npoMeHrMrcroro Hay.qapeHr{ero
onpeAeneHa
c uen
Boennnre lpegnoqnrar r.r3AyMara Aa ce ALrOepeHrIpa H or,{e;rn B'r}HtrrHo.
yddpuux
pddap
rosop
vll. )dapuurc,
r-ll. paddp, pddapHa cmdn4un uv.
paAdpHa cmduqun; MeAnurncxsre pa6orHuqN npon3Hacrr aumu6udmurc
BM. no-pa3npocrpaHenoroaumu6uomix; MareMar[urre fi3noJr3BarKaro
repuuu t z,ri all. ieru. Karo pe.nuruo:eHTepMnHmpou4a ce nporr3Hacq
mpdu4a, a B aAMuHr.rcrpaur{rra
aKueHTyBar
dox,tadudzanicxa su. dox,lA.dxa sdnucxa.
Or no-gpyr xapaKTepca npnqrrHrre,(oHTo rrpeAn3Br.rKBar
aKqeHTHr4
BapriaHT[llB noe3rrrra. B crrxoee Ha LIs. Baros ce cpeu1ausrozop Et tzapin,
Pycun zll. Et tzdpun, Pyc n, a y Xp. CMHpHeHcxuEip,rurr, Ci6up eu. Eep,tiu, Cu6ip. floseara Ha raKnBaBapranTr.r,
KoHToce onpelen{T Karo noeTlrqecrr.rBoJrHocrr.r,
e o6yc,roreua or p[TMurrHaraopraHll3arlllrHa crl.Ixa t,t
or Heo6xoAlrvocrra Aa ce cb3AaAarnaJrHr.r
pHMr.r.
rIoernqecrure BoJrHocrr.r
qecTo ca oTpaxeHHeHa nHaneKTHI.t
yTBspXAaBaT
BlIIltHLtsHJ]H
nO-npOAyKTUBHorolr pa3roBopHoy.qapeHfie:
Ceuea ce cip4e u nauem ce zy6u ([1. fL
C-narefiroa);6ecu,td,uauema,td sv..6ec ra, uauemdta.
Axueumnu dv6temu
$ 1 5 6 . K o r a r o . q y M H $ o p M r .c{ e r . r 3 r o B a p rcr A B o r ( o y g a p e H r e , 6 e :g a
c e p a 3 r p a l r H q a B ac T
M H c J r o Bco6, 3 a a B a cTe B e 3 U K a K r [ e H T H n B a p r { a H T n r . rH
;rAy6tern.
B p a : ; u l l u l r r eB I { A o a pe e q H [ r I H
HaKHr.lxoBHllt
6r.:rrapcxlle3nx ce perucrpr,rparnoBer{eor 300 axqeurHnAy6rer[, T.e. Ayuu u Qopvll, KoHToHMar BapuaHTHo
yAapeH[e,6e: n:rosoptr r{M or roBa
ga 6r,,qecoqlra,ruo,arla;rer(Tno,
npod)ecHoHanHo
Hll $ynxquoHalHo pa3rpaHHqCH.
C napuaHruoy,napeHr.re
ce H3foBaprr rJraBHonpor,t3BoAHrr
caqecrBHTeJrrrr.rH rrpu;rarare;rHnHMeHa,rraronu rr.Hapequr.:det6d - dfu6a, don ua do,tutr),,tu,tiuxa - tiruuuxa, xapdxmeprtocm- xaparcmipnocm,n pruecmeo
nupwecmait, sdytuxu za)uxu, epdxuueu - epauite4 dp,toe op,rda,
ayoee'lu aqoeevd,pascmpdn pazcmpoi, udnpotem - uanpdtem, cmdpeurKama- cmapeuKAmdv llp. Axqeurnn gy6,rerll npK npon3BoIHfictulecTBHTeJTHU
u punararenHr4ce cpenlar Hai-qecro npa r{MeHa,o6parynaHuc
rracTaB(r.{,
KoHToHe onpeaenrTe,qHo3HaqHo
MtrcToToHa yAapeHHeTo
B npox3BoAHara gyMa: dpn.flKn op,tix, pdnx u poArc,cntimuux - cn,temuix,
ziuuux - suuttix, epixuuxa - aptxuuxd, etcitru4a er,ceu 4a, eipeynu40
- zypzy,tiqa, ozipnu4a - oztpti4a, mdpuqe - mopit4e, piuuuqe peuitt4c,
u,t'iuu4e uneuu4i, eip6oa - atp6de, tinoe
tunda, 4adxtoa - 4eextoa,
nampdnuue- xampanuita,uaxddyue uaxoduie u ap.
2t6
flpu npotr:aognnre ayMHaKueHTHure
gy6leru vorar Aa 6lAar pe3ynrar
H or BaprjaHTurrrr.r3roBopHa
Eya": ia"*up ^
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nacmitp - ndcmupcrcuu nacmitpcru,
ndpmip z rop*Ap'_ noO^"Oetr r.rnup_
mipert. Bcuuxu npor.r:oognnnpeQ"*""n'.rru.o,""
o, pi6o*o , poAOm, fiMar
ABorKoyAapeHue:uzpd6omn u ucpa1dmn, nopd1inn
u nopi1dmn, o6pii_
6oma u o6pa6dma,paspd6omeau u paspa6omean.
3naqxreles e 6polr na arqeHruure gy6lert.r
r.inpu npee[r(cHure c:brr1ec_
TBI-iTEJ]H'
IIMEHA
OT M'I,X(KI.I
nodudc,
npiaos" ,p"uar,':;;:"":
:;':,:r::,':f:"? : i::;:,' :;!:;::::
npeudc, sdnac u sandc, ddcmrn u docnin, pdpspu"
^ porpuu (rx. $ 146).
llpll Henponrno4HrrecbrrlecrBHTeJrHH
HMeHa6porr ua-arqeHrnure
4y6_
J'rerue MarrbK: d6ed _ o6il, 6pdaa _ 6paed,
aidi _ aedd, icxpa - ucxpd,
suun
saui, p)da - pydd, cmpixa
cmpexd. CpaauurerrHo rro-foJr{M e
TexHr.rrT6pofi npu cr,tUecTBHTeJIHHTe
hMeHaor cpeAeHpo1: 6uHo _ auttd,
t1a-ryo s,r1m6,ziprto, :tz,ptrit,
,rixo -,turco,nrn;*o _in"tro, o./to6o- o"4oao,
ueto - 4e,10.
AKr.leHTHl.l
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a 6r:rrapcrN.are3HKce AonycKarr.trrpr,r
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aKponon - axpondt, edueu
napax,ric,xdxmap-xexmdp,-*:,:::,?-T::fi,ii;l'::i::,:::ui::i:o
6u, $ipedne - Qepedxi, rciuxu - rctrtxtt.
Aruesrlru Bapkarrrrrce AonycKar
lr npx HqKorlrpavaruvxn
$oplrr,r:
a) npt,tqneHyBaHu$opvlr r.r
$oplrn 3a MuoxecrBerroq[cno Ha eaHocpnqHHcbu-lec-TBHTeJlHl.l
HMeHa:6yx - 6)xom u 6yxim, x,ttou_ x,tbvt
m w xttto,4?,nt,
muM muJvbmn muuim, dxo6, dtcd1oee
u r)xo6dee, zpow _ zpdurceen
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poe pdzote u pozdae, dyx - dj,xoae^
dyro,ua,,tu1 - ttlHro3eu
u u r t o a e( n x . { 1 3 6 , I 3 7 ) ;
6) npn $opnrn 3a MHoxecrBelroqncr,roHa cburecrBnTeJrHr.r
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or cpe.qeHpoA, o6pa:ynaHnc xacrat
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Lpr.toprfi
(uedei) xbdu u xodir, (ue uoza) nica
u nucr),lpicna u lpocrui, udxa u ,nxd,
efuda u z,ledd.
Br':voxHu cau cryqa., xoraro BapHaHTeH
H3roBop r.rMal.HeocHoBrr'Te
,
OopMH Ha r.rMeHara,a caMo Hrl
u s,+tuit,
xd,tocer,no,dnor,,uTf,)ii!rio'o^"^'""ur
rlopvr,:zu,ir' uosuitt
$ 157. ArqeHruxre xo:re6aas.sca Hexr6exHo .rs-trertrre
B e3rrKa_ pe3y:rrar
or pa3Brrrxero Ha axeqltrHara My cncreMa.
Te cnoltarat npoMeHr.{TeB aK_
qeHTHara cucreMa ,{a ce H3B6puar
6agHo fi nocreneHHo.
f,aHa qacT oT ayMHTe C .UBOTKO
y,qapeHr.re
orpaHI-ltraBaT
pa3flpocTpaHeHH_
ero cr.rH nocreneHHo orna.{ar or ynorpe6a.
[uec He ce npn"t'ru au uuorun_
2t1
TeHlr3roBop'brHa npotoz r.aro npo,toz,aa uou)p xato uouyp, sa o6emdeau
xaro o6emoedu,sa ueddcmuz xaro tedocm z, ua $ypitn Karo fiiputt tr Ap.
EslrxosaranpaKTrrxao6a.{eHaroxu HoBHBapHaHTr.r,
xato xidercc u xoddxc,
tdneuxau teniuna, )ueu u yudu u np.
Bapt.IaHTn
flpn no-ror.ava qacr or aKUeHTHure
,rlrnceao6rqoycraHoBeHa
cou[anHH u npoQecnoxa.rnaorpaHnqeHocra ynorpe6ara uu. flpu urxoN
BapHaHTfi
aKqeHTHH
o6aue rapaauruurr H3roBope cBT,p3aH
c rfynrqt.roualHVpa3nv.urs.OyHxqroHarxo-crHJrlrcrr.rqecxa
o6yc.nosenocr,6e: ,qace npoMeHt cMltcr,JllT Ha.qyMHTe,hMa lr3roBoptr na uz,tcecmed u ui:trecmao,
npdtfun n npoQit,t, zocnotrcuu eocnotrci, nepiod u nepudd u Ap. O6t,r(HoBeHoeAuHrlrr or re3u BaprraHTH
e o6uonpuer, a.qpyrn,rr e cac courlaJlnr.r
ynorpe6a. C6BpeMeHHara
uru npoQecnouaJrHo
orpaHHqeHa
KHuxoBHaHopMa B TaK Ba cryuan, 6e: Aa orrpeaenregHHor BapHaHTr{Te
3a HerrpaBrlJreH
gsara $yHxHJrl,H3JrHureH,
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c:so6pa:.raa
c
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uHoHarHo HaToBapelrl.rBapfiaHTa,qo MoMeHTa,KofaTo eAfiH oT Bapr{aHTaTe
ce HaJroxH HaA Apyr[r. (DyHxuxoHanHo-cTHrucrHrrecKare
pai,rHq[g MexAy
aKTIeHTHHTe
Bap[aHTK crroMarar 4a ce o6orarrr fi3pa3nltTeB]: MoxHocr[ Ha
e3r.{xa,xoraTo c Trx Moxe c},3HaTenHo,qace nocTHrHe B peqTa cTxnl{3arlllr.
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221
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223
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227
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229
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npaBonHca Ha oTAeJIHItAyMI.l.
no 3ByqHocT MofaT aa ce oTXpI.rtT
flpaeonnc:sr ua tdpaa, zos6a, us6a HanpuMep B xHrIxoBHHt e3I.rKe c[opeA
TexHug H3rOBOp,HaCTaHarCneA X3naAaHeHa epoBere ('t, s)n cla6a no:nunr (cr6. c'LApABa, roc'thsA Hcr-Laa). flpasonNcr'r ua rllarola 4zlfmn
(cr'6. q,et'r,e., -eurx) cr,[1o e QoHerNven. To:x x:roeop e ycraHoBeH noBpl3Ka Ha frafojra CbC
K' hcllo B e3HXah He e MoTHBUpaHOTeTHMO,lOrUqHaTa
c'buecrBfire;riroro 4snm (cr6. qr'tr"u). ll:ronopr,r Ha rratoJla 4z'Qmn c
acHMHJraurr Ha 3ByqHara carJacHa e oKa3an BJII.I'HI{eI{ B'bpxy fi3roBopa Ha
4z,Qna (or 4temua), Kb,uero no aHa,'rorHsroi e parurnpeH 3a [B] B He3aBI.rcr.rMarro3Hr]ur cnea H3naaaHeHa [T] npe[ coHopHara ctrjlacHa [u]. Ha axaJrofrqHo o6o6ulexne Ha u3roBopa caMo Ha e.qHaor a,rovopQure ce noJlyqatpopur, a KoHTo ca orMeHeHH npaBttJlara 3a
Bar npaBonnclro HenpaBlrJrHr.r
peAyBaHe raro ,,gpenra" rV^. dpe6, ,,rac", ,,lacta" BM. zd3, ,,fapaepon, fap,qeponu" nlz. zapdepof,,,MIrpH3" (noa BnHtHxe ua uupuzua) Bl.z.^rupuc.
Hapyruenlrero Ha peayBaHero raM, Ka,qeroro He e AonycrHMo crpyKTypHo, o(bopMr u nrxolxo gy6,rera B pa3roBopurIt 66nrapcKH e3HKc BapnaHrHo
(He3aBucnua) notnqrar:
pe,4yBaHeHa 3ByriHau 6e::nyvxa cr'rJlacHa B cI.rJIHa
eteuocan, rca'+t6a
rca6tpue, demexmue - dedeKmua, arcdtcocau
za1tpue
zau6a, ,ranna - ,tau6a, eeudysa - seHmy3a, ,'IuMoHama-,'tuuouada, cnapyxa ce cnapylua ce, cnapyJtceH- cnapyrueH, necema - ne3ema, maHme"ta
- daumeta.
ME}ITIYCJIOBHO
PEAYBAHE
HA 3BYTIHI{ I.I BE33BYqHI{
CbUIACIIII
S 165. B cBbp3aHara peq ayMxre ce crl{Bar B HenpeKacHar 3ByKoBnoroK
r ce rr3roBaprr 6e: nay:u noMex.qy ca. I4sroaopr,r Ha AyMI{Te 6es nperrcBaHe Ha apruKyJrarlH.sraru o6eauH.qga I aKUeHTHHAyMH }l TaKToBe. flplr
c BGTpeuHa nay3a, Kpar.rHenpeKBcHaTn3foBop Ha aBe ayMH, Hepa3Aer'IeHI.{
HM 3ByrOBe Ce ynO4O6 Aar CjIyXOBOX apTHKynaIII4OHHO,
HUTeV HaqarrHr4Te
[ryMOBH C6rTaKaKaKTOB C'r,CTaBa
Ha,4yMaTa Ce ynO4O6rear,qBe CbCeAHI,t
xpaiiH[Te
r{
HaqaJIHI{Te
3By.nacHfi.Ilpouennre, KoHTo Morar !a Hacranrr c
KOBeHa ABe CLCe,[Hr.r.4yMnpH CBrp3BaHerOnM C eAHOaKUeHTHO
UrJrOr,jrr{
rloHec r o B o c 'qt e r a H H e c, e o r H a c r r K b M T . H a p .M e x A y c J r o B r r a
THI{a -CaHAXH.
Hait-saxHr.rre npo6revn B Mexayc;roBHara donernxa ce orHacsr ao peAyBaHero Ha 3ByrrHHc 6e::ey,rnn cbrracHn n ,u,opeAyBaHero Ha [IyMoBr.r
crJrJracHr.i
no cryxoBo BreqarreHHe (wrcro na o6paryaane). MexqycroaHlrTe pe.[yBau]rl ce octulecrB.fiBar Ha rpaHHuara a) lrexgy aBe rrrflHo3HaqH]r
AyMx, 6) MexAy npeanor u nrnHo3HaqHa Ayva, a) vexgy axrleHryBaHaAyMa
n npuHa.qnexaulara r,reHKnnrHXa.
3a pa:.nlrxa or pe,[yBaHUrra B paMXfiTeHa orgeJrHara caMocrorrenHa JIyMa nplr MexaycJ]oBHoro pegyBaHe rro 3ByqHocr Mop(poirorHrrHoro pa3qne[eHHe oKa3Ba rro-cnJrHoB],3AeicraHe, Karo a e,uHficnyqaH pa3unprBa, a B
Apyru cnyqar crecutBa notero Ha lefrcrBne Ha peAyBaHero. flpn egrraran
rpoHerHlHt ycnoBllt peayBaHxtra no 3ByqHocr Mexay cr,r:racHnre B Mex.qycnoBHara $oueruxa HMar no-Marl(a aBToHoMHocr n He BoArr BKHarr{ao
eAr{r{n c'bruu pe3ynTaTH.
AyMn. Aro nr,p$ 166. Pe.qyraHnr Ha rpaHHuara MexAy ABe rrbnHo3HaqHr.r
BaTaayMa B eaHo cbqeTaHHe3aBaplxBa Ha 3ByqHacr,rjracHa, a cle.qBaqaTa
AyMa 3anoqBa c 6earayuHa c'brJracHa,c'LrracHHTe ce yno,qo6raar pefpecr.rBHo In peAyBaHero e MexAy 3ByqHa H 6e::ryvxa cbr;racHa: dutt e $utu fgr.nr,r rfi.nv/, zpad Corfrur [rpdr Corlufia], tcua n,,tem[xrir] n,rdr].
Axo s Haqaroro Ha BTopara AyMa crou rnacHa Hr'IHcoHopHa ctr;racHa,
xpafinara 3ByqHa cbr;racHr or npeAxoAHara ,qyMa ce pe,qyBac 6e33By..rHa:
npaa b?t'n [npdQ rru]
zpad llou frpir Jldv]
dz,,rt,zpt r<aa[ai,,rr,r prrd$]
cta6 ut,ttc [c-rdnvi;n]
6tps acauctop [6pi,c acaHc'dp]
uoe a,r6yu [nd$ ar6j'u]
tr4:roeopr,r Ha 3ByqHara car;racHa raro 6e::syvna B Te3H cryqar.{ He ce
HaJlafaoT xapar(TepaHa cneABaulnq 3ByI(H He c'boTBeTcTBa
Ha ycTaHoBeHr{Te
o6uu 3axoHoMepHocrx 3a cbqeraHr.rrra Ha ABe c'bce,qHHtrryMoBrl cr,rJracHu
B cpeAxcJroB[ero. B rarasa Qoueruvua no3HrIHr (npeg rlacna H coHopHa
235
crr.nacna) glrQepeuqua.nnurrnpH3HaK3ByrrHocr- 6e::ayunocr e B cuJrna
flo3urlul, Tara KaKToH B'bBBrrpeuHara QoHernKaHaAyMara (cpt. nadua nbmHa,coam - sanp), Pegynauero Ha 3ByqHac 6erroyvna crrracHa B Tr.r.f,
cJryrrar,r
Moxe .qace orHece xlu cnequSnvnnre u xapaKTepHrrre:a 6r:rrapcKara Mex.uycJronHa
Soneruxa peAyBaHHr.Te ce gr,rxar B Ar.rMoHa reHepaJrrr3HpaHr.rt
I.t3foBopHaKpaecJIoBHaTa
c],fJracHa
I1pHcaMocTo{TeJrHt{.,t
r.r3onrapaHn3roBop Ha AyMara ri trpl.tr.t3roBopal.r npeq nayra, roiro geficrta
o6o6rqenou H3B'bH
ycnoBHrra Karo norpaHHqeH
cfirHaJr,6e: ga e cro6pa:eH
c yaobcraoro Ha yqJreHHTenHHTe
ABHxeHr.tr.
MHoro pa:npocrpaHeHu ,uoplrnpeo6.naganaul
B pa3roBopHarapeq e u3roBopr,THa 3ByqHr.i
c'brJracHrr
npen cbf:racHuTe[a, s'] Har,aexgycjroBHo
paBHIIIqC:
c6elc lflmbp [cadx I'in
cHrr Barr.t [cn'irr ta,rl.r]
p]
nem aord [ndl sdra]
6z,psetax [6pi;: anar<]
B re:H c:ryvan carJracHure[n,n'], xonro B Apyru no3nuurrHe o3ByqaBar,
Aeficrsar acnMr.inauoHHo,TaKaKaKToH ocrana;rr{TeuyMoBH cl,fJracHH.
3 a 6 e r e x r<a. B urxou 3anaAru roBopnx o6racr{ B no3{rlur npeA colropra ctrnacfia
(paiirrre 6e'r3By,{I|{crfracBu ce peAyBar crc clorserrrrre HM 3Bysl0t: nem uuau
fndg
rtriBrl. KxnxoBnoro npor3notuelfic B TaKlrBa
cnyqaBnpenopt,{Bau3aoBopcaMo Ha6e33Dy,tr[ll,crrracHn: coeJtc^tuptlc [cldru rvirprc].
Aro nlpnara.qyMa 3aBapuBaHa 6e::ayvna c6rJracHa,a cne.[BauIara3anoqBacr,c 3ByqHa,Te ce ynogo6rrar perpecnBHoH pe.qyBaHero
6e:rsyvHa
- 3ByqHac'brJracHa
e aBToMaTlrqHo:
deeemzpynu faire.q rp]nNl
cnyuau darc,rcdIc,rj'ruax 4oxldg]
cxtn dap [cxi,6 anp]
pycoKoc 6oery[pycoxd: 6oiq]
aucoK?./tac[nllcdr udc]
Ynogo6rnauero Ha uyMoBu cbr;racHx Mexny.EBecauoctofiHu gyvu e
IIO-p'AKO I-t B MHO|O Cnyqali He3aASJIXHTeJIHO,IBIeHHe
B KHLT)KOBHI.I'
e3HK.
To e sb:voxHo caMo B orAeJrHl c;ryqaH, Koraro AyMHTe ca aKrleHTHo r.t
cMucroBo r.scHo cB'r,p3aHH
n ce u:roaap.nr 6e3 MexAycJroBHunay3r{ B aKrreHrHH n plrrMxqHx rpyn , xaro 6ope4 sa npaeda l6opds sa npirga], .Mo cetu
da atezeu [r..rdxex ga a:rd:eu:], ucxam da uynm l cxag ga uyitrr), nouottq
sa nocmpada'tume Indvoxg :a nocrpdgalure].
$ 167. MexgycroBHo peAyBaHeB paMXHre Ha aKrIeHTHaraAyva. pegynaHero MexAy 3By.{HuI.r6e33ByqHKcbrJracHu B paMKHTeHa aKrIeHTHaraAyMa,
z)o
KOTaTO
C eAHOyAapeHUeCe H3rOBaptTcaMocToflTejrrraTa(yl{a v rrpr.ruaaJre_
xauluTe u KnvT Krt, ce noaqnHrBa Ha cnenHnTenpaBl.rjra:
1, Koraro npeglorar 3aBbprxBa
Ha3ByqHaclrnacHa, a c;regBalara AyMa
3afloqBac rJracHa,coHopHac6uacHa, a raKa cbulo fi npeg [s, a'], xpafiuara
3ByqHacGrIacHa Ha npeAnora 3ana3Ba3Byt{HocTTa
cr.tH He ce peAyBac],c
cborBerHarair 6e:eryvua carJlacHa,TaKaKaKToe npn 3ByqHr{Te
carJracuu
B (par Ha n'r,JrHo3HaqHHTe
Aywu: 6es x,tn6 l6ec xl'in], no 6es ycutue l6ez
ycilr el, 6es enpa [6e: n'ipa], 6es padocm [6er pigocr]; 6es ueue
[6ez
udne); uz nz,mn[rc ni,r't], Ho u3 Huaume[ns niranre], Lt3oyume
ovirre],
[n:
u3 opamama [ua rparira]; zad xtuqama [:ar xiurrara], no zad xezo
fzag
rdro], ead eodava fsay,rogAvr], sad ue1e,tume[aag lrd6enrlre]; npe3 cmaflma ltllpec crdfiara], Ho npe3 Jlnmomo [npe: I'iroro], npes oxona
fnpez
oxdnr); nped npaza [npem tpi,rrl, uo nped uaea3uxa [npeg r,rara:iru.r], xcr)
nrmn lnar nir't], Ho uad yxomo [Hag yxdro], uad uopemo [nag N,ropiro].
B re:n cryuan - B paMKnreHa aKueHTHara,qyMa
- KpafiHr.rre
cafJracHr,r
or rrpelro3HTece.qbpxar ra(a, KaKroc6rracHHre n voprfeur.rre(npellcraB_
xure (n cr,cranaHa.qyMaranpu aonupa Ha4re uop$e:vn. Tr,fi xaro upeg,ro_
3rre Karo npoKJIHTHKn
H.qMarB peqra caMocrorrereH H3roBop,r xoftro 6nxa ce norBHJrr.r
rpafiHn 6es:ryuuH cl,r.nacHHBMecro38yqHH,Te ce cBr,p3Bar
TrcHox'r,MAyMaTa,c KO'TOCe[pOH3HaCrT,
r.IB IIO3r.rqHr
npea rJracHan co_
r{opHacbrnacua 3ana3Barnogo6HoHa rrpeAcraBKHTe
xpafinara 3ByqHact r_
,racxa.Togx rr3roBop,Ma(ap qe ce rIpenopbqBaor HopMHTeHa KHHxoBHo,ro
lpor,r3HoueHHe,
He e eArrHcTBeH
L nOCne.[OBaTeJ,IHO
yCBOeHO
Ot:ACUqXn.
orKJroHeHr{rra
or Hero ca MHoro qecrn B pa3roBopHarapev: [npec n'droro],
l6ec Nr.adr],[rc perdra], [6ec Hdvep].
flpu n:roaop u Ha eAHocpHrrHHTe
rlpe,[no3lt,l<oltro3aBr,puaarHa3ByqHa
c'r,f;racHa
ll] - nod, uad, cted, nped, cped - ce oqepraBarengeHqnx:a 6e:3ByqeHlr3roBop Ha KpafrHaracrr;racHa rro-cneqxaJrHo
rrpel rnacrra H npeA
cbrJracHnrefu, zl: nped ueue lnper vdne], rod ouume
lnor ovirel, cted
oamtpa fcner a'drr,pr].
B c.nyvaure,Kofaro npeA;ro3Hrece ynorpe6arar caMocrorrerHo, r,tMar
yAapeHnenlrrr ce orAe;nr c B,r,TpeuHunay3x npx 6agex revn Ha pe.rra or
cneABaulara
38yqHr.t
AyMa,KpafrHHTe
cl,rJracHnce H3roBap.{T
xaro 6e::eyvxu= [ndr ll nir vicara]. Tosa saxll B no-roJrrMacreneH3a HrKoHaBycpnq_
HxrrpeAro3u,Karo Hacped,nocped,cnoped,omatd, npomua,Kor.rroHail_qec_
ro Itvar co6crseHo yAapeHHe:cnoped ueue [cnopdr r.adue],omotd pexama
[orni;r pexira], cnoped auxemamd lcrtopdr anxerara], npomus pe)rcuMa
[rporir$ pexivr,].
2. flpeg,ro:ure, KoHTo3aBbptrrBatxa 6e:say.ruac.brJracHa,
xaro om, c ll ctc
rpr.rctnlr.rreycJroBnr,T.e.npen rJracHau coHopHactrnacHa u npeA
[a, r'], ce
[3roBap.flTc rpalna 6es:ryvHa cbfracHa: om zopama [og ropira], uo om
237
paMomo [or piuoro], om ue6emo [or ne6dro], om ozbHfl[or drr,n,t], orz
ympe lor jrpel, c ued lc v,dr), c ,rn6oe lc n'y6i:$l: cbc 3asucm[cr,c :irncr],
Ho c lweHue [c yvdnue].
3HaqHreJriurole6asus r.rHeycraHoBeHoct
ce ua6:rrcganarnptr x3roBopa
Ha npeArro3rrrenpeg [a] u ly'): om e"taxa n fog a,rira], c eoda u lz sogit), c
atuce u fz arxd], c aHu auue n [: nuuvi,ane], c aac u lt vi.c), c ez,smopeu
[r orcrdpr], c aucoKzrlac u [: arcdr r,riic].
IIog nruruue Ha Ar.raJreKTeH
t.r3roBopHa xpafiuure clr;racHr Ha npeAno3UTeB TaKaBanO3HUr.tr
CeCpeuIaTqecToB pa3foBopHaTa
peq I.IoTKJIoHeHrr.
Pasnpocrpaueue r{3roBopHa npelJroraon npel rnacHan coHopHau oco6eHo rrpeA[r] rr.rnarlrxaro [og]: Io4 naopero][o4 He6dro], [oa soadra], [o,[
j,rpel, [on Pdsovup].
3. IIpeg:rorlr e ll eue ce npoH3Hacrraro [$] N [stQ] npe.urrracHar.{coHopHHcr,rJracHr..t
u [r, n']:
6 oKomo [Q ordro]
a p e c m o p a t m a[ $ p e c r o p i H r a ]
e Mocxea [$ Mocrud]
s ap.uuflma [Q apr.,rnfiara]
c ,roixama [$ ldrxara]
eta eodama [ar,tf nogdra]
r oBa nplleTo H ltaIoxeHo B KHHXOBHT4'
e3HK npOLt3HO[eHIIee B IIpOTriBopeqtle c ycraHoBellr npu Apyrr.rre rrpe,qno3lrr{3roBop npn c.luloro o6r_
p r , x e H H e . B e p o a r H o B c n y q a r c e K a c a e3 a o c r , 3 H a r6 e : : r y v e n [ 3 r o B o p , [ o _
nyqeH caMo 3a npearofa 6 npel nay3a, KoraTo ce r.r3roBaprcaMocTorTeJrHo.
3arosa or cbBpeMeruta rJrerHa roqKa e [o-ToqHo aa ce roBoprl 3a npegjror
,,r/", npegarau rrpu flxcaHe Karo 6.
l4:lronopr,r ra fipelnora a raro [S] Bnure r{ Bapxy r.r3rotsopaHa rrpeAcraBKara rl- xaro [Q]: atoz f$toxl, errece [$udce) (nx. $ 163).
Heo6xo4uvo e Aa ce noAqeprae, qe }i3roBop [0], tsrs] e rro-t{ecT,llo He
e e.qHHcrBenB e3HKoBararrpaxruKa. Cperqa ce l-rn3roBop [a] uaii-vecro npeg
rracHa u crrracHa lirl: a uaarrc [t andnc], s uHcmumyma
Ia lrHcrnrj,ra], o
ndetremo [n ilAqerrero], (axro r.l6 Haae4epuemo [a Haaevdpuero], s nu1emo
Ia :rHrtdro].
flpeglorrr
3ata3Ba 3ByrrHocrra cK H npeA llyMa c Haqa;rla 3Byqua ctrracra cto6pa:Ho c rrpaB[Jrara 3a yeIHaKBrBaHe Ha ABe c6ceAHr{ c,r,r;racnl
no 3BytrHocr: o dota ls no,r.i,], a zpada fa rpagi], a sa,tama
ls 3dnara].
3aronovepHo H aBToMarurrHorrpeAnorr,T ce H3roBapfi xaro [Q] n B rro3r.tqfi,
npeA HaqanHa 6e::nyuua c.br;racHaB paMKHTeHa aKrIeHTHaraIyMa: s mpeaama [$ rperdra], e rctt4u lQ xi;uru], a ceto f$ cdrcl.
flpegrorr,r e n no3Hqlrr npe.qIyMa c Haqa-rrHa
cbrlacHa Ir] rrMa B:b3nprjer
n:rouop [nrQ]:
238
6ba ataKa [nrQ rlixr]
ena eo cxama [rrrf aoficxdra]
ez,eBapua [at$ Bdpua]
Br,:uoxlro e B TaKaBano3r4ql{rnpentorr,T,qa ce cree cbc c;renBarrlara
cbrJ]acHaH Aa ce x3foBopn a1,Jlfa3ByrrHarrpoxo.qHa
c,t,rJracHa:
aba aaHamaIrrduara]
sba suHomo Iorr)rnoro]
ete eodama Ireondra]
l'I:ronop [rbrrb] sv. [nr,Q] e Henpaeu,reH
l,rrpx6ra ga ce rl:6xrsa.
4. PegyraHeHa cl,r;racHuTeno 3ByqHocrce cpeua r{ npx cjruBaHeB eAHa
aKrIeHTHa UtJTOCTHa AyMa H eHKnfiTHKa:
sutc mu [aiur rn]
dpz,x ce [api,u cel
cta6 cu fcr,in cn]
uux eo lu y rol
6nx rn [6ir1 rx]
6ueutzo [6irex ro]
3a6encxKa.ynolo6tBaltcno3Byrjnocrcerr3Bl,puJaalKofaronocncJlHaractrracla
fia nr,pBaralyMa c 6e33Byqrra
clanacna fxf-.nut,:tac fliy rndcf, ntax ct tta6 [nni1 ri,,rr,n],
t!1rt da nuua lur'ril
Aa niual), captxeepou.ra,l [cepi,1 repoi36M], captxte,ven lctpioy
sdven]. Tr,ii raro 6e33Byqua.ra
3ajlxoe3Hrrrra
npoxollriac6rracrra lrrMa 3Byqflocr,orBerct Rr.lc
B 6lrrapcK'lr e3HK,pc^yBa ero [x] - iT] B resq cryqar cc onpeJleff Karo alloeorlro.
PEAYBAHE HA MEKII I,I TBbPtrI{ CT,UIACHI.I
xaro caMocrorre,rHuSoHo,rortvuH
$ 168. Mexr (nalaralHn) c.r,rJracHH
eA[HnrIHn 6r,lrapcxu.ae3KKca B.],3MoxHu
caMo B rro3rrult,npeA qerrprrre
3aAHoe3HqHurracuu [a, r, o, y]: etpa [z'itpa), ntxta
lnn'itr,a), cuutm
[crH'i;r], mbpnnm [rrpn'i,r], tnm l:t'yrl, ,tntnrc l yt'ax), znt fr'on],
l(ocao frdc'o]. B gpyru $oHerurHu no3rrrlxk rrpeA[pe,qHr.r
rnacHr [e, r],
npen cT,rjracHr.t
n a KpaecJroBr.reTo
MeKIlcluracHH He ce cpeuaT.
PegynaHeroMexay MeKlrx rBr,pArlcbr;racHlrce ocHoBaBaHa orpalnqeH H r r a B T r x H a r aa u c r p r 6 y u u r .
Koraro vop$eva uns ocHoBac xpafiHaMer{acbr,racHa
$oneva ce oxaxe
nprzQopvoo6pa3yBaHeroa,rNc,ronoo6pa:yBaHeroB no3r.ruurr
rrpeAfipeArra
IJIaCHatrrpel c.hfJlaclla IJIII B KpaeCJIOBHeTO,
MeKaTa c.LflacHa ce penyBa
c:lc cr,orBerHara rz rB6p.qa cbr,rracHa QoHerr.ra.B pegysanero, Koero fiMa
HacoqeHocr or rrararaJrrHaraQonelra x'lv rB r,p,qara,yqacrBar .na6ua,rnure
H
IBEOJIHHTE
CbfIACHI':
239
KOlt -
KOttnm
KOH
KOHbO
KOHE
KOHflp
KOHEH
KOHCKU
Cps. or4edunn - duuu, 4eemn- qsemeH,cedn - ceduu, cbHtm - cbH,Iua,
deq.qm- dex. du,vn - dun. duueu. duuu. duuxu.
Berapuure (sagxoe3HqHHTe)
cbrnacHlrIK, r, x] ce 3aMeHrraBroMarr.rqecKn c rraJraraJrHr.rre
HM anoooHHnpe.qnpeAHnuacun [e, H]' l4arka - .uaitxu
[vifirc'u], KHuza- KHuzu[xuir'u], 6taza - 6tazu [6,rir'u], Mbx - Mbxecm
c
[ui;x'ecr], mux, muxa - muxu lri*'u). CTulara npovrua ce H3B'bprrrBa
BeJrapHure
crrracHn H B MexaycnoBHaraSonernxa: y4evuK e [yveHirx' e],
ntbx uMa [vi'x' iva].
Pe4yaaneroMeKacrr;racHa - TBtpAacrrJracHace onpeAeJrrI.rKaro 3arBlparBaHe (.qenanaTanr.r3arlnr)
lrnx Benapx3aqr{r.
Harxqnero r eguKaHaMopQeMxn ocHoBr{,KoHToc6Ir,pxar MeKnu rBr,p3a npOTHBOIIOCTaBtHe,
CMeCBaHeH yeAAH C6rJraCHn,Cb3AaBaBA3MOXHOCT
HaKBrBaHe.OcnosHre c verlr xpafiuu carJlacnlt, xalo ntm' - (n'arxl), zem'
(semtoae), seun lzeu'it), ce nporr{BonocraBrr Ha ocHoBr.rc rB6pAr{ crrtacuu, xato dou
donbm, sud - 3udbm, 3udo6e, 3uMa, 3tLuame. EgnoepeMeHHOC TOBae Bb3MOXHOH CMeCBaHeH B3aHMHOyeIHaKBtBaHe Ha CATJIaC- HaIHqHeTOHa eTUMOJIOTHT{Ha
HUTeOT.qBa TUna OCHOBH
MeKa CbfJIaCHaB
nT,pBHr Tnn ocHoBr{ ce npeHacr B ocHoBH oT BToptrq Tnn c eTHMollofuriHa
TBapAa cbrJracHa (xou, xoun Ho 11.
npzaH, ,,ropranr", osuap, oaqapt, Ho A
rcyfap, ,,rySapn")
n o6parlro: moH, morftm u cbH, ,,crrl"T", deu ,,aeu,sr".
Orr:ronesusra npH H3roBopa fi ynorpe6ara xa ueKHTecbrJracHHca rBr,pAe rrecTH B foBopHaTa npaKTHKa u ce ArJrxaT KaKTo Ha.qHaneKTHtrBltu'{rInn,
TaKa H Ha o6ulara resAeHqHr KLM 3arB6p.qrBaHega KoHcoHaHTr.rre
B onpeAe;reHr{no3r.rqnn,croaoo6paloaareJlHH Itareropr.rHn rpalraruvnn Sopvx.
3 a 6 e, e x r a. IIo orHoEeHrre
Ha6por HaMextrecbarracHs,
n3roaopa
l' Aercrpx6yqxrra
(ynorpe6ara)IlM 6!rrapcxrre Axar€KTIi
cc pa3n{LraBar
3Haqurerfio
or t( txoBHrtre3uK.
6porr, a orrav u ynorpe6aralra MexnreclrlracHr.r
B 3anaAulreroBopfica orpalrqeuu.
Cpcutarce R y[orpe6arnaBHoqernpuMeKH
ctrlacul [l', H', K', a']. flopa11a
rota o6cror'retcTaoB peqTaHafoBopuTe.,lt
(paxua e nolqepTaltcTpeMexbT
oT 3anaallr{Te
x6MTB,Ep,q
It3aoBop
Ila ofie3r,Me(ucrrrlacHI,t,
xol,tro3analHureroBopsgen03HaBar.
CnoBo4)opMt{
Karo
oBrap&m,oaeapti,rtossm,xodtm ce u3roaaprr (aro IooqApar,oQrdpa,-rroodr,xdqar].
Ilo orrroureHre
Hau3roBopaa carrracHure
npe,q[e, l] a 6uaapc(r-rTe
c,tqecAxaneKTr
TByBar,tlBaBapraHTa t3ToqeH { 3ananeH.B t3To'tHxt BapI{aETBc{qKftcLfracHS B Ta3u
no3uflr,rrce oMe('iaBar,a B 3anaAHAA
c usuroreure na [l] I [n] no uavano re ca ro.tpgt. B
(HlrxoBlroTonpofi3xoureHfienpearMcTBoe noJIyqun3anaAHxrT,TBtparT t3roBop Ha cbrnacHxre npeA npeAHHrracH{, Ka(To 3a 3araAHNTe!
TaKax 3a ll3To.tHtlTe
AtaJIe(Tue xapaKTepHaynorpe6ara Ha Mextl clrJracHltB xpaecnoBxero[KoH', con', $lrla', $acya', ntr'].
Hxro R 3anaAHUTe,
BIrro B t 3ToqH!TeroBopIl 06aqeHece cpeulanportlBonocraBtHeHaMeKt
l.rrB'bpllr clrracHu npefl npeAHHreuacru [e. r].
240
$ 169. Pegyaauero Ha MeKuKpafiHucrrnacHx B ocrroButr KopeHnc rB'rpAr{ carJracun e xapaKTepHor qecro B KHuxoBHr{r6rnrapcru esnx. Cpeqa
ce B crelHnTe (aTeropnHAyMrr:
1. B ropena na 10 cruqecrrnreJrnl,or MrxKn por, KoHToBt3crauoBrBar
rrpu cJroBolr3MeneHrierocrapa MeKactrJracHa ltpe,q 3a.qHarnacga. Merata
cbrJracHae B qJreHyBaHaraQopva, r 3BaTergaTan 6pofinara tfopua ua cr,rqecrBureJrnrre,T.e. Henocpe,qcrBeHo
npeA Q.nexcur,Korro c6.qcpxa Ha_
qaraa 3aAHarnacwa, a rBrp4ara crrlacxa npeg r!,reKcHr,(orro He cr.q6pxa
3a,qHa
rJIacHa:
denam, deun - dex, dexeu, dnu
tem.s,3emboae,dea semn - 3em, 3emKo
KOHfln, KOHbO - t(OH, KOHe, I(OHCKU
Kpan.nm,Kpanbo - Kpane (KpancKu)
JlAKbmgm, .IAKbmt - JTAXbm,naKmu
HOKbmnm, HoKbmS _ HOKbm, Hokmu
oebHnm, oebHt, o?Hbose - octu
(ozxuutme)
nbmam,nbmn - nom (ntmuqa)
cbHtm, cbHn- ctu (ctxuwma, cbH,tu6)
4apem, uapn, 4apbo qap qape (qapcmeo)
3 a 6 e a e x x a. Ctulecrenrelloro dea uuaAoe 6poixu rfopvr: no-uoaadaa deua (c
peAyBane[H'] - [H]) x ocraprra H x3rr3na or ynorpe6a,6$ pe\yBa$e- oea oeLn.
2. B unenynannre, 3BareJrHureu 6poftnnre Qopr,.rlr
na crulecrBlrre:rHll
IrMeHaor MbxKll poA c HacraBXH-met, -ap (cpa. cr6. -,r€Ah, -aph): o6vc_
ptm, oauapro, o6a oauapn - osvap, osuapu; y\ume.\8m, yuumeln, yuumeln
- yvumenu, yvumen; dpyzapnm, dpyeapn - dpyeap, dpyzapu;
zpaduuapam,
koHtpnm, pu6apam, npenodaaame,onm,
npednasumet.Rm,
ab3numamernm,
npedcedame,tnm,aanmeJtnmH T,H.
OcHosr.rHa cbr{ecrBHTeJrHl-r
3a Jruuaor qyxl npon3xoA c xpaiua -ap crce noaqHHrBaTHa npaBunoro 3a peAyBaHe:kecapnm _ Kecap, xycap'm
ql{uo
- xycap, eHuuaptm - eHu\ap.
3. B nqxolro npuJrarareJrHr.r
:a o6ula npr.rnaA.nexHocr,
o6pa:ynaHr.r
c Hac_
TABKA -U'.
xa6s - tca6u, xa6e
Kpaa.fl, kpaabo _ Kpaau, KPaae
Ko3t
Ko3u, xote (cpn, xota)
nect - necu, nece lor nec)
oc.E - ocu, oce (cpB. oca)
pu6a - pu6u,pu6e (cps.pu6a)
4. B ropena Ha e,qHoKaqecrBeHo npLIJIarareJIHo:
cuHt, cuHbo _ cuH, cuHu
16,l'D.!fu
u tup.6Mr,
o. nr46m
241
5, B verupu crulecrBfiTeJIHH I-IMeHaor cpe.qeHpo.q, KoIrro Ba3craHoBrBar
B MrroxecTBeHo qlrcJro MeKocTTaHa KopeHoBaTac'brJracHanpe.q oKoHqaHI-reTO 34 MHO)KECTBEHO qI'CJIO .A:
Ltopn - Jvope
toln
- no/le
,103n - ,'IO3e
UAemA - U8eme
po.qc oc6. B ronrr'l 6pofi (nal 100) ctulecrrure.lrHr.tuMeHaor xeHcKr,r
qHcJro:6aua - 6auu, eola - eotu, duxa
HoBaHaMeKacrrracHa B e,{HHcrBeHo
* duuu, ned.s - nedu, zeun - 3e./u, aetepfi - eeuepu,poKnn - poKnu, porxn
- ponu, dnnn - dn,tu, ,taMn - ,1ai4ua np.
PegyaaHeHa Mexac rBbpAa cbrracna ce orrprlBa r{ B rrpor{3BoAHn
ocnoru, o6parynanu c HacraBKrrre-uun ll -xuxn, -anHt ll -u,rHttu -u.s:douaxuna
- douaxuxu, noraKuH.fl- no,'I.gKuHu,
3aHu,ualHtt- iaHuMallHu,cna,lHtlcna,,rHu,cyutu,,tHn cytuu,lHu, caupH.E coupHu, npenupHn - npenupHu7, B rotlrqectseuo orHolrreHnenai-vuoro6pofixara cJIoBHarpyna, c6cbrJracHH,ca rJraroJl[Te,KolTo o(oHqaBarB I nul(e e,EHHcAbpxaljla MeKr.r
TBeHoqr,IcnoHa-,sH s 3 ruue MHoxecrBeHor{lrcJro
Ha-rm - HtKoJrKo
rJIaroJIa
or I cnpexenne (dpenn, uetn, cunn) u no-ronr.Maqacr or traro:rnre or Il
cnpexeHne.Pelynanero Ha MeKaKopeHoBa
crrJracHac rBtpAa ce ocbluecTBrBaB CnpexeHHeToHa rJrarola npea TeMaTHqH[Te
rJracHH-e, -u tr \pe!'
oKoHsaHut,c'baT,pxauHnpeaHarJracHa:
dpeun, dpeunm - dpeuew, dpeueu, dpeui
6bp8fl,gbpe.8m- abpauu, 8t p8u, sbpoume,qbpaeme
,Iemn,,lemnm - )1emuw,nemu , Jtemu,'lememe
3 a 6 e n e x x a- B 6rnrapcxur elHK ce cpelua oue eAr.rlcryqai Ha pelyBafle Ha MeKa
cbrr'racHac rBlpJla, Ho B paMxure Ha Apyro peAyBaHeu flpn lpyr{ ycnoart. Hanp.: arpd
lB'Apal - 6epu, mano I"r'i\tol - meto, cs|ka tc'i'!|..Kf - celr"ll. PeAynauerou B Te3[ c]lygau ce
ocl.rryprBaor npeAHararnacHa Ie], npen (orro He ce pellnfi3|,lpaMeKarac,6anacHa(Bx. ti 95).
PEAyBAHE I'Al - lEl ([pErJrAC HA IIPOMEHIIIBO q)
$ 170, Pegyrauero ua ['a] c [e] e eAHoor uail-xaparrepnnre Qoxeruvnn
sBreHvs B KHnxoBHur6l:rrapcxu elnx. To ce ocbqecrBflBacaMo raM, K6H rJracHa[e] ca eruuo.nornqecxngac,qero rracHa [a] creg MeKoc r,rJracHa
neArrrrlnxa crapo6l.nrapcKara,,rroBa" rnacHa(*). B eguu clyvan pegyeaHero ce o6ycnaBr or npaBr.r.lra,
xoltro to onpeaenrr Karo aBToMarIrqHor,l
KOHTO,npItJrO'(eHr.r
KbM OT,4eJIHH
,qyMI{,MOraTAa npeACKaXaTnpaBI{tHrrTe
KHlrxoBHlrrpopun. B apyru cny{au, Kor.rroc}lqo r{Mar HopMaruBeHxapaKTep, pe,{yBaHero['a] - [e] He e no3r.lq[oHHo
o6ycroB€Hor.rocraBa HeMorrl-
242
Br.rpaHo or tponerravxo
u Mop+orornqHo
rJreAlrrqe. Tooa nporneope.rue
npu
ycTaHoBrBaHe Ha npaBHJIHltt KHr.rxoBeH H3foBop Ha cloroQopr,rtre
npann
peAyBaHeTo cJIoxHo H HenocleaoBaTelHo
npoKapaHo 3ByRoBO tBneHHe B
crBpeMeHHI{t
KHHXoBeH 6urapcrn
TpaA r\nflTa fi ycnoBuqTa,
e:xr,
o6yc:roreno
npu KouTo ca ce I.I3fpaxJlann
B rottMa
creneH or
KHLTXoBHOe3I.tKOBHTe
r..r3roBopHL r.r npaBonHcHr,r HopMlt.
3 a 6 e t e x x a. flpeArorara ce, qe cr6.,,rroaa r.racna,,,or6eargnasa c 6yroa t n
Kr.rprrkuara u 6yxBa a B rraro,! tlara, e 6rra uupoxa npeAHaajracHa,xorro ce e u3roBaprra
npr6nr3qrenHo Karo rracHa MexAy Ie] I [a], o16elr:eana B 6,rnrapcKaOonerr{qnarpaHc_
KpurrrlHrcrc aEaKae, a, a B MexAyHapolHaraHai-qecro c e. TaK6Baracex lla cr6. ,ToBa
.racfla e 3ana3e B srKou craprHHr 66,'lrapc(H rouopu: 66tu, op€ue, eot€uu (lllyr.aencro;
a€mep, cr€e, uet€r (Cuotancxo); uEce4, n€ecu'a, l:,t6:e (frovropgxu xcxo); e6peu, tred€t'a, c€ne (Koptancxo, loxHa Ar6aHut); d1m'omy, 66ezai, op6tr;o (Cotryncro).
C pa3Brrxero Ha e3u(a cr6. rracHa,,tr,. e npoMeHflrra
cBor r3rooop_B clnI,l clyrat cleg
Mexa [peAxoAHactrracHa rl e pa3utprBana cBor u3roBop B nocoKaxrM
[a] I no r.nacex
ce e r3paBHxraHan,urtloc rr (oero e npox:,rxgalo or cr6. ioryBata rnacua [a], 016encaBarra
B crapo6lJrrapcKxc 14 B Apyru cIyqaB rJracexl,r ce e crecHrBarrB nocoKa(6M rracHa
[c].
Te3r.rfiai-o6ulx HacoxfiB pa3Bor sa cr6. r,racnat HaMxpaMeor?a3eH[ no pa3n[qeHHaquH
B HapolHxre roeopt. Parnoo6pa:HeroB cr,apeMeHHqre
npr nlroeop ua t e orpa_
!Ba,,IeKTE
3ero x rpIl H3rpaxlaHeTona caBpeMesHaTa
(Hr,rxoBHa
HopMaIIo oTHouJculle
HapeayBaHeTo
['a] - [e].
flpxero
e B KHHxoBHHT e3HK nprl pe4yBaHero Ha ['a] c
c ri
[e] $opvure
Aa ce cM.rirar 3a ocHoBHH, a c [e] sa npoMeHeHH. B ocHosara Ha pegyBaHero
e npoMqHaraHa 3aAHarar.nacHa[a] B npeAHar:iacna [e] r onpege,reHutfo_
HeruqHnno3HquH.flpovrnara ce onpe'qencKaro rrperJrac.14rr,i raro nper_
Jracar ce 3ana3BacaMo B rpaHlrqnTeHa r{cropxqecl(ararJIacHat, xorro a
eAH[ncryrrau H npu !3BecrHr.rycnolus. ce npoMeH.{u ce peAyBac
[e] (cpn.
ttnmo - ),temeH,
enpa - eepu), rofi ce onpere,rr Karo rrperJlacHa ,,[poMeHJl,rBoror" 3a pa3rI{Kaor ,4pyroro ,,HenpoMeHnr.rBo
r.., roel:o erxuoloruvHo
ce rr3BexAaor cr6. ra Ir ,a u Koero He ce npernac, r [e] (cpa. nor,tnHa,
- nontrre4, ce./r.aHuH
- cer.flK_ ce/ln\ecmlo, ompnd * ompsdu. xunl
noJ,t.flHu
xnnse).
xapaxrep Ha peAyBarrero,Koero ce oc.b$ l7l. IIopagH errrMoJrorlrqHnr
IqecTBrBacaMo B IyMH, KOI'TO
CsAtpXaTnpoMeHJIHBO
' B 3ByKOBrry
Cn crcTaB,u nopaAr.rHa;rrrqlreroB e3fiKaHa Apyro HerrpoMeHluno
"e(rx. $ 175) e
xeo6xoguuo ga ce onpeAe:rrrKaro ocHoBHH
H H3xoAHr.r
Hafi-uanpegraop$e_
MI4Te,KOr,rTO
Cerr3roBaprTc r B KHttxoBHa.f,
e3[r.
l. flpoven-rrnnor ce cpeqa B KopeHoBnrecpl,tqKnHa octoanure tfopvru
OT CJIEAHXTE AYMI':
243
n'ttpkaM ce
nnc6K
ot/1
^lACmO
pndtx
c.npa
6pnz
0.anaM
Mnx
pn3bK
mPn66a
6pncm
dsxa
HadaaaM ce
p.flna
mptcbK
6xe
o.ncHo
HNJi
canH
mfl?a
6s't
6nc
,c e,4.430
HN.MAM
cSac
mtro
6,tnx
6tnctx
dado
CflHKA
36tp
o6td
ceflm
macHa
g,'t.fl3 A
3pAn
nrn6a
canmKarl
m.Ex
6p.flea
3nnd,4l
n,1.8CbK
ced.EHKa
ep9KaM
KOJINHO
nodt6Ka
cxop6nta
mtdnaa
y6nxsaM
apucbK
xpnKa,+r
npunptH
CTflN
ycnnaaM
snpa
KpAct'K
nput4n6Ka
ct't.gHa
xtn6
6nm?rp
,1t8
npo3nean'ace
cM.Ema,ll
xpflH
2Ht6
ramo
np.nK
cMflx
qatm
zo,tnM
MJIflKO
np.flnope4
cHx?
qnn
epnx
dpnuxa
dpnu
MpflHA
npacHa
cptda
4'p
ntJtpa
np.ncna
n4npKa
n.nHa
cmpnxa
cndan
B nqxou AyMltnpoMeHrnBot Hece cpeulaB ocHoBara,a B npox3BoAHara
or HeqrpaMaTnqHa(popMa:
a) n npulararerHu nMeHa:npeceH,HonpncHa,npncHo;decen, tto dncua,
dncHoi
6) n npou:nognu r:raro;ru H B rtaroJIHH Qopuu: uzmtea, Ho u3mJlnx;3a6etetrrca, Ho 3a6ent3ax; zanoeed,sanoendeau; zpet, Ho uszpneau; o6te'
xa, no o6lnrox; u3a.neKa,Ho u36/1tKoxr1 r:p.
- B ocHoBItHa MnHaJIo
cBtplrleHoH MIr2, B cnpexexuero Ha fJraroJIHTe
oT Ttx MIrHan[nplqacTHt c yAaHaJroHecBrp[eHo BpeMeH o6pa3yBaHHTe
peHxe Bapxy nocne,qHaTa
cplrqKaHa rjrarorHaTa ocHoBanpe,4Qlercnnra:
qema, vemtxEe
?rcuvemflxa, \emtr, qemflra; xcuae.fl- xlcuaflx, JKu6.n/1,
-.tensx,
sbpsn asH; eudn eudnx, eudnt, eudnn; epadn zpadnx, tenn
sbp6nx, cnpa cnpnx; npexuse.s npexrcut.sx,6oda 6odnx, Koc.n Kocflx,
nen - nflx, cen - C.flt m?'pnn- mbPnflx,
3. B npetfurcuure MopOeMIrHt-, 6cn-, c Kol-IToce o6pa3yBarlreonpeAeunxoit (cps. Hequfi), HtrKareHn u o6o6rqHTenHuMecroI.IMeHHt :f^apeql1,fl'.
kb6, HBKaKau,HflKo./rkouaxtde, unxoza HtKaK; ac.flKofi(cpn. acexu) ecnxa'
Kba, acflkakao,
acaKboe,
acflKo?a,
6ctKaK.
4. B npegcranranpe-(cr6. np*-) npnKop(uo npetucma),npxcna.
244
$ 172. Pegynauero['a] - [e] (uexa crrnacHa + [a] - rBrpAa ctrnacHa + [e]) ce octrqecrBrBa B xHI{xoBHHre3I.IKcnea ta6uangu H aJrBeoJrHI.r
ctrtacuu 16, B, M, T, A, c, 3, r.l,H, l, p] u rexnnre MeKr{ctorBercrBr,rr.
3a6enexxa.faacnara[a]aclveraHxrcnperxoaHxreBeJtapErnlularaJrHt{c,btracHr'
[x, r, x] xe yracrna B To3H Trn peAyBaHe(cpB. esyp, Ksp, ktps). yqacrvero rra carJ.racHara
[O'] B peAyBaHeroe orpaHuqeHo- caMo a eAnfi cnflafi - cpB. utxyS.ax, utrySnt - usKyljetu.
@ogetllrqnure ycJroBItt, roxro o6yc:ratrr peAyBanero, c€ otrpeAenrr or
Konro,qeficrBarcrBMecrHo(xou6r.ruupano).
ABenpaBr.rJra,
f.naura [a] crreAMera crrJracHace pe4yoa c [e]:
l. Aro cptvrara, B Korro ce HaMHpa,He e no.qyAapeHHe:
'+ticmo - uecmi
tceriso - tcetesd, crcetesdp
tpnx - epexoed
nriea - n,reoi
ca.EH c6eHi ce
t.imo - temieut4e
xottitto - xotex?, xo,tex4i
cxnz - cxezim
uszpieau - itepea
eimtp - aempoei
cunx - cuexim
unAxo .utex4i
6nc - 6ecxin
mito
met4a
2. Aro cpnvxara, B Korro ce pegyoa non yAapeHue[a] c [e], ce HaMr.rpa
B cJrenHoro$oueruvno o6rprxexne:
a) uenocpegcrneHonpeAMeKacarracHa, ne6xa (uryruraaa)crr.nacna Ix,
u, u, fi] n.ru npeA catreraHueor ctrJracHl.I,eAHaor Korro e vexa (na:rara.nua) urn ne6na:
6ntt - 6ern, Eerao
nnHa - neHa ce
nnx - nen lr,ditrl
.akou- Hetqo
u3?pnaa - ?paiiHa, u3zpen
cr'tnn- c.renYo
Hedntrco - Hedetuo
evnx zptx
Mtcmo
cHnz,
cMeuteH
zpeuKa
- .uecmn
cHe)KHa
M.4.,tko j.Lte\Ha
npnKo - npeyka
6ne - npu1exxa
6) npel cprvxa, Korro crAapxa npegNar:racua [e, n]:
6nlo - 6e"tu
t4gcmo - rtecmeH
Jrce,,rn3o- KeregeH
nltad - nleaeJl
nflx
qtn
eudnlo - audenu
o6nd - o6edu
nnHa - neHu ce
pad*
neet4
qenu
- pedxu
245
Bss scxqto{octaHamrclryqaunoAyAapeHlienpoMenJrr{Bc[o,ce 3arra3Ba,
T.e.:
l. Koraro npovexJruBoro, ce HaMrpanpeATorpla n nexe6uacbr.racHa:
6nz, 6pnz, zptrx, dpnx, dnr, spn,t, tne, HnM,nptK, ntx, cHaz, cnx, ceam, xta6,
4"Ep'r p.
2. flpe4 cpxuxa, Korro crAbpxa 3a,qHa
rracHa: ntnxo, uxcmo, pxna, o6nnKox, u3zpusaM, lndo, unprca, np.sKo,nflcvqeH,pndxocm, pxna v p.
3. B xpar xa rnarolnx Qopvx
nn!1 - ne/|U, EO nA
ctx, noc.flx - ceeue, Ho ct, nocfl
xJcueax - ztcuaeel, Ho Jtcuan
u3nnx - u3Jloru, Ho u3,4fl
Pegynanero ce oca[lecrBtBa npH cJIoBoIl3MerreHfieroIt croroo6pa:yraHero, aKo ca HalrrrqenocoqeHHTeno-rope ycJroBnr. Aro gyvara r.IMa3ByKoBIrr cu crpoex npoMeHtnBo .n, npu Ha:l q e Ha noAxorrrqH QonerrlqHt,tycJroBrrrMox€,qa ce ocaulecrBr-rIr o6parxo pegynaue [e] - ['a]: decen - dstcua,
dncuo, o6,texa - o6,lJtKox, sa6etetca - za6etagax, sa6etnseau.
$ 173. Hapeg c re3n cryqan, B Kor.rropeAyBaHero ['a] - [e] e arronarnlHo u c rcna QonerHqHa o6ycnoBeHocr, B MHoro AyMH, KoHToc6Ar,pxar npoMeHJTHBo
r, npn Hannqrrero Ha rrocoqeHrre no-rope SoxerrvHH ycroBuc peAyBaHe He ce xa6:rro,4asa.Tosa ctaga B cneAHure no-BaxHn !,Jryqau:
l. Koraro peAyBaHero ce ocbulecrBraa nla Qopvnre:a I u 2 rnue vsoxecTBeHo qHcJIo B MHHaJTO
CBl,plxeHOII M[HaJrOHecB.bp[reHoBpeMe:
mbpn.ax mbpnnx e, mbpnnxme
remtx - \emAxMe, Yemgxme
ucua.Sx - xuanxMe, tcua.axme
6.nx - 6nxue, 6nxme
u3ntx - u3nnx e, u3nnxme
14sronopr,r c ,l npeA cpHqra, Korro cr,abpxa npe.qnarJtacHaBao Qopurare
za I u 2 tu4e, e o6o6u1ex 3a Bcrrtu(H rJraroJII{ B,r,3ocHoBa Ha npeAcraBara 3a
ocraHaJruTeQopvu, ronro ce ri3roBaptr c r fJraBHono aHalofnr Ha
OopMara :a 1 :ruqe eIHHcrBeHo qucno: eudnx - eudnxue, eudnxme. Tona e egun
or MaJrKoro cJIyqaH, B KofrTo nplr orxJroHenne or peAyBaHero ce o6o6u1ala
Ir3foBop t.
2. flpox:nogxl.r AyMH c KHr.txoBeHnpoH3xoA r.reKaBH3foBop, o6pa:yaaHu
or npyrrl ayMu, B KoHTopenyBaHero ce ocrnrecrBrBa o6ycnoBeHo or
Qoue_
TI,IrrHoroo6rpr,xeuue:
6tpHa - 8epHu,Ho Heu oeepHo
n4npxa- epKu, lo 6esuepno
dn,t - lettm, so omdet, deto, cdetxa
mpn6aa - mpe6ea,u,uo ynompe6a, nompe6xocm
3p.an- 3penu, Ho 3penocm, 3pe.tocmeH,3pettocmHuK
246
ll:roeop c [e] nv. oqaKBaxutH3IOBOp C a I.IMaT npHtaraTenHH rMeHa,
o6pa3yBannc HacraBra-ex ll -x- OT CslIIECTBI,ITE'HH HMeHa C npoMeHJIHBO
, B (OpeHa:
zHnA - 2He6HA, 2He6HO
4A8m - qAemHA,4AemHO
xtnb - xte6ua, xte6no
^.t.acmo- ^4ecmHa, MecmHo
Ho ramo - .ramHa, stpa - snpHa, 6nc - 6ncxa
I,lcropnuecrara o6ycnouenocr Ha eKaBHrH3roBopB Te3Hcnyqau e B Ha_
J l q u e r o H a H t K o r a u l H an p e A H ae p o B a r n a c H a B H a c r a B K a r a( c p n . c r 6 .
cptALHA, rrrtALrra).C ycranoreu eKaBn3roBop,uo 6ea
$oueruvHa MorlrBr.rpoBKa
or ctBpeMeHHorneAnule ca u Qopr,lNrenpedna (or crp6. npt4r),
mpeexarptea), cBceAHa,Me,qHa,
qeBHa(4tBL), 6e3uenHa.
Crrqecrrlr'te.nnnre HMeHa,o6pa:yaaxn c HacraBKa_ocm, e u3Krroqelve
Ha3perrocm(cps. zpnt), aKaueHerlocm(cpz. exaneunt) u npedaxocm, aped_
HOCm, .UeCmHOCm, ItMaT txaB [3foBop:
eapa - aapHocm
pt3bK - p.n3KOCq
dnnaM - nedoda,taxocm
npunpnH - npunp.nHocm
ptO?,K - pndKocm
qJtn - 4t!'rocm
3AKOCm e H.8/1 - 3AkOCmeHA/10Cm
3axtcboHn,l - sarctdua,to cm
npouaHa Ha ylapeHnero B onpeAereHure
eoprux pegyrauero [,a] _
_ -IIpu
[e] ne ce ocrulecrBqBacaMo B cnyqaltre, Koraro caulecrB[TeJrHlrreca o6pa3yBaHr.t
oT nplrqacTltr:4tnocm _ 4atocmma,snpHocm_ aepxocmma,pad_
xocm pedxocmma, Ho 3aKocmeHnJrocm
- 3aKocmer1./tocmma,
Hedodrna_
Hocm uedodstaaocmma,npunptHocm npunprHocmma,
I4grnroqegusor pelyBaHero rrMaH npH Hrl(orrc6IIecrBHre:run,o6pasy_
BaHnc HacraBKa-cm6o, H npn npr{narareJlnn,o6paryranu c HacraBra-c(a:
3anp, Ho 36epcmqo,3aepcKa,3sepcKo; enpa, no deoeeepcmeo, Muloaepcm6o
(cps. enpa); cenm, Ho caemcr(u,clemcKo; demcxa,demcxo (or cr6.
4*r.a).
I,Iar.nroqenuq
ce ua6.nroqaaatu att BToparaKopeHoBa
cacraBKaHacJrox_
Hr.rAyMlr: MnpKo, Ho 6odor,tep,ru4eL4epHa,ene,<mpo ep, cunoMep, pa3Ho_
MepHoinnmo,./tnmHa,Ho n4Hoeo/temHa,
dutzotemxa, cmotemHa, 68pa, Ho
6tazoeepuo; 4snm, so ?op04eem;npeKopeK(cpa. cr6. ptx,u).
ll3roBop c [e] nlr. npouenlxBo r ce orKpnBaraB HoBoo6pa3yBaHr.r
ctrlecTBrnerHuc HacraB(a-ra (cr6. -rra):
omi4.nmaM - omMemKa
u3pn3ox - u3pe3ka
HAZpflAAM - HAzpeAKA
nodnt.flma.M- noduemxa
HALt.gm a.t4 - Ha i.t emk a
c.qHKg- omceHxa
247
Cr[Io r.rs HeMornBHpaHtt or crBpeMeHHorneAHrrleeraB u3roBop B napoAHn crqecrBl{TeJluu, Karo z otterrKa, cer4Ka,ttenKa, qedxa, 4enrca.
Erao nrroaop ce or(puBa rr B cbrqecrBr{TenHr{,o6pa3yBanr.rc nacraB(a
-a: nompe6a,cteda, xaueca, npocsema.
B xopexrre Ha eaHa MaJrKaqacr Ha npou3BoaHr{rJraroJlr rrpoMeHnlrooro
r npeA cpfiqKa, crArPxaqa 3aAHariracHa, crl]Io ce pe,qyBac fell ntxcxau
- pa3nllecK6a , cn/lecKoa,M,on,lecKaa ; i't.flpKa- u3Mepaa.M,npeMepEa.u,
pA3,44epaa^4,
3a eped ; ttflCmo - HATVeCnAA, u3-uecmeAM,3A.UeCmOa,tt,
nperiecm6au. He e o6ocHosaHor crBpeMeHHorneAl{Iqe eKaBr{f,TI{3roBopr.r
Ha rrpon3BoAnurraroru, raro sa6eteau, do6eteau, us6ereaM, npunensa/u,
pA3qenearv,Oml4enOA llp,
HAnpeOaAI4,
nocrleoga.lt,
3AIenAA, U3nIe36AM,
3 a 6 e r e x x a. B nixox rrarorl
or cBaputeH BHA, o6pa3yBaq[ c nacraBKa -'l-, ce
orxptoa peayaaneIe] - ['a] cnprrvo crorBerHrre rM arrarorn or aecerpureuat1, 6el qa ca
Hanllqe ooEcrnqEn yc,roeur sre (!opuxre Ha cBrpueHxre ararojrfi, xor{To lt3[cxBar raKbB
n3roaop::4emHa - tma , klex a - knaka , c em4a - cnttno , noce?Ha- loct?a , SpecHo - ep.scKa . np .|ltHure 3a roaa peayBaHer{Mar r{crop[qec(x xapaKTepn He rpr6Ba Aa ce
cBrp3Bar c x3roBopaHa npoMeHnsBoror (gx. {) I94).
flpn egua vact or nocoqeHHTe
u3KruoqeHHf,
u3roBoptr HanpoMeHJIr,rBoro
,a Karo [e] Moxe Aa ce o6rcHr.tc oco6exocrnre Ha rpaMaruqH[t It cnoBoo6pa3yBareneHcrpoex Ha ,qyMnre(cpB. 6.4t3a,Ho atei < a6,le3u,u3rtt3a,Ho
uztez 1'u3ie3u), c urroeopa Ha npoMeHJlHBoro
, B lr3xoAHfiTe
npoH3BexnM
AauIIf ocHoBr.r(uepn - sauepea,r.r)x xafi-eeve c npou3xolla r{ KHHxoBHHT
xapaKTep.flo-ro:I.sr\ta qacr or AyMnre, B KoHToce orKpfiBar oTKJIoHeHI{t
or
qepKoBHocJIaBtHc(lt
peAyBaHe,
npaBfinoTo3a
ca 3aeTHB KHr.rxoBHHf,
e3IlKoT
r.rpycKn e3lrx.B c:ryvanre, Koraro B 6r.nrapcrnx e:nx npoMeHJruBoro
, ItMa
u3roBopr, B pycru ce cpeqa [e): uncmo - pyc. Mecmo,srpa - pyc. 6epa,
46nm - pyc. 4eem. Exaz H3roBopHMar HanpnMep3aerure or pycKu e3trx
de,to (cpt. dx,r), omdet, npunes (cpB. nnx), ycnex, o6uex, npooepxa,pa3de,t,
cdetxa, cyeeepna,cpedcmaou yp.
Hrrou or :aernre lyuu, RaTo pn3* (cpt. pesxui), cnnena (pyc cnesKa),
pbKonr.ncKa.lu,o6uaua ca no6tnrapeHLr, T.e. npnBeAe[r{ca B crorBercrBl{e c
rfouernrno o6ycnoBeHurenpaBr.rna
3a pegyBaHeroHa ['a] c [e] n ca npuo6ulenn xrv 6rnrapcroro rlpolt3HoItJeHHe,
a.qp],rHca Bb3npr,rerr,r
r{ HaJIoxeHl,t
B KHr.rxoBHnr e3[nrc HenpoMeHeH
H3roBop:o6uex, ynompe6a,npocsemas, rp.
3. Marsx 6pofi gyun, 3aerrl or 3arrarHo6lnrapcKuTe ,q[aJreKTr.r,
cbrlo
uMaT n3roBop c [e] TaM, KrAeToB r{3ToqHHTe
ce
,quaJrerTu cpeqa r.r3foBop
c ,r: aex (cr6. stx'u), voeex (r,roetm, n3roqHo6rnr. vyanx),tex (uzrotuo6'rtr. tnx), ctced (cpa. cndau), cuem, rcte6, texap, ueeecma,eeda.
3anagsar eKaBorocu npoH3HorueHr,re
x lanagno6r.nrapcKHreorpa$cItt-l
HMeHac MecrHo 3HaqeHneg o6.nacrN,xr.qeroHe ce cpeula npoMeHnr.rBo
r:
248
)Ketesua (Mlrxafiaoarpaacro), Epezo60 (Bn,qnHcxo),c. Ee,to note (BtaroeBrpaAcKo),no Ea,ra Ctamuua, Opnxoeo.
3 a6er exI( a. rlo orHoureHreHa npoMetrnBoTo, I 6'urrapcxara e:lxoBa Tept,tTopr,tt
ce pa3Aent Ea ABe Hapeqx, - u3TortHofl 3alaAHo. B 3anaArroro Hapeqre npoMeHJrrBor He
ctul€cTayBa, T.e. Bl)BBc}lrtxll c.nyqari,a roHTo B xriuxoBHr{r e3rx I{Map€IyBaHe! B 3ana!flxTc
roBopx ce x3roBapr cauo fel'. uteno, dedo, oepa, uexoi, xueer s r.H.
B pa3Bnraero Ha u3ToqHo66rrapcxrr€ ,qralre(T{ r3roBoplT Ba rpoMetlJlltaoro , e ycraHoBgsno-croxHo u pa3u006pa3Ho,
xaro B 3aBrcr{MocT
oT ToDare ce Aenrr Ea ceaepor3ToqHr r loror3TorHr. B rxa'rfirerelt aperul or ceBepoE3ToqHt,lreroBoprl or llupgon go t{epao
Mope, Ha ceBep !, fia lor or CTapa rraHrHa x Cpegna ropa, a r.H. 6ar(aHcxir aoBopr, npor ce r3roBapt (aro [e] r xaro , flpx Ha.IlsqHeroEa ycnoBlnra, onr{caH[ 3a rroBr.tt
MeHJILBo
lperrac B xrrlrxoBHxr carx. B Te3H roBopr peAyBatero Ha ['a] c [e] e aBToMaruqflo tr rI03ltr{rorno o6ycroBeno: 6u - 6etu, 6e4uto, eot*tt - eorctu, 6pse - 6pezoee. B KEt{xoaHHt
e3!{l(e B,l,3np[eT i3roaop]T, xapa(Tepes 3a qacT oT ceBepot3ToqHaTeroaopfl.
B e.qnaqacr or torot3TorrHltTeroBopHnpoMeHn{Bor ce nrrooapr xaro [6], HanptrMepB
MHoro poAoncxfi roropu:. d€do, 6€ao, 6€x: rrtr caMo xaro r - B H3ToytopyncKa r{ ianaAropyncxn roBopfi: 6.an 6e,iu, eonr - eo!1e u, 6tx - 6ewe, etpeeue, uedeta z np.
B Apyaa qacr or rcrox3TortHfiTeroaops (Tpaxrr, ConyHcI(o, Pauoxro, fo((cAelreacxo,
Crpcxo) pa3BtrTxeroxa cr6. t e cr,o4alo yclorxr ra parrroo6pa3tl{peAyBaHar:noA ylapeHxe H npcA cprera, clAlpxarqa 3aAsarracHa - ['a], noA yAapeHxeH npeA cpuq{a, clAbpxaqa npeA a .nacHa - [e], [oero or cBor crpasa Moxc !a ce peryBa c lul utru l'al: 6at
6€tu - 6etito> 6uttino - 6't,tiao.
fpalruqara MexAy l{3To!Htre tl 3ana,[Hnre roBopH, xorro ce orpelcnr rjraBIro oa Harr.tqucro I{JrrtorclcrBueTo Ha npoMeHrgaor B aoaoptTe (a.c. oT exaBflt flIl{ tKaB!t tt3roBop
HanpoMeHntlaor), 3ano,rsaot Hrxonoa, MrHaBanpe3nneaeHc|(o,BpaqaHcKo,Eorersrpa.qcxo, Erurneluucxo, BlpBfi Ha lor xrM rlupaon, flarrarrcplule, na3aplxtlt(, foqeAenqea x
crrra Ao ConyH.
BrusHfiero HapoAHHrAHaJTeKT
H JrHncaraxa rcHa $onernvHa o6ocnosaHocr Ha nperJracacr3.qaBarycnoBr{e:a xore6ann.t I pa3roBopHarapeq rr
Br3MoxHocr 3a o6o6uaBane B lIBe HacoKH- caMo flKaBHJrttcaMo eKaBtr3roBop B cnyqauTe,rG.u,ero
rpr6Ba 'qace ocaulecrBxpelyBaHero:6n,t- 6ntu,
zoltn.M- zont*tu, 3ptrt - spnlu, xtn6
xtn6ua nln 6etu - 6et, zorei.tu ?o.neM,3penocm zpet, xte6ua x,le6.
$ 174. B MarKo Ha 6pofi cayvan pegyBaHero['a] - [e] o$opvr gy6lerx
B ttnuxoBHufle:nx. flpu qacr or rrx Bapr.laHTHtttr
t{3foBopce o6ycnaBr or
npoMrHara Ha ycJIoBIrtra,ueo6xonxvu 3a npeflraca:
difia, so det6d
o6id, tro 66ed
eHi3do, Eo zHe3dd
cmptxa, Ho cmpexa
uicmo, no uecmd
no6Ac^lo,so nooecud
uanpixo - HdnpeKo
flpra e4narnu QoHernvnu ycnoBHr BapHaHrHH.f,T
H3roBop Ha rrpoMeHJllBoro r xapaKTepH3Hpa3anaAHoH H3ToqHonpor.t3HouJeHr{e
ua c.noroSoputTe: Heaflcma, He6ecmd, npudpnusa uu ce - npudpeuea
u ce, *ttptto - 6ep-
249
Ho, npscna - npecna, sadpaueau - sadpeuoau (n npousoogulrre HecBbprneHu uraroJlt or cbr{ur KopeH c Apyrn npeAcraBKr.r,xato nodpnueau _
nodpeueau) unx - uex, xadxo,tnxua - uadxoteuua, Bnpa - Bepa, Heenxxa
- Heeexxa,
Bapxanrnlrxr H3roBop Ha omcaHKa- omceHka,pr3Ka - paKa, Estzpad
Eetzpad ce aonycKanopaAr ruHpoxopa3npocrpaHeHr{tHMABorKn3roBop.
PEAYBAHE IAI - tEI
$ 175. PegyraHeroo6xraula r:racHa[a] B no3nrl]rrcJregHe6nnrectr:rac_
Hn [x, q, ut] n crr:racuara [i], xomo B no3nrlur npeA npe.qHararlacna
[e]
u3qe3Ba.3a pa:rnxa or peryBanero Ha npoMeHJrr.rBo
r (['a] - [e]) penynauero [a] - [e] ce nsrrpurBa c;reAcbrnacHr, KoHToHe yqacrBar B nporlrBo_ MeKOCT,
rocTaB.sHeTo
no npu3HaKaTBbpAOCT
u Ce nOIqIlHtBa Ha apyf]t
npaBIrta.
fuacxa [a] cren MeKactrJracHa]t cne.qcbf nacH]ITe[x, q, ur], xor.rroa
crapo6l.nrapcrt e:nx ca 6n.nu MexHctrnacHn, ce 3ana3BaTB KHHxoBHn,
e3lx 6e3 npoMeHH:.amo- tma, utanKa- utanKu,uanKap; cmpen+ _ cmper,t.n/,tu,
3an6naai4- 3aaau, 3anaume/l,oprsK - opnnqu. Ol eruvorornqua
rrelna roqKa B Te3Hcryqalr ce foBoplt 3a ,,HenpoMeHJrnno
"e,.,roero ta pa:_
JrHKa
or npoMeHJrnBo"a
llMa Apyr npoH3xoA_ or crapo66nrapcxara fioryta_
HarJracHa[fia] (cr6. m) n no-prAxo or d: monza(rora" a)- moneu,aua (wna\
- t.tru, tpeu (upe,nt), vez.rd (reru44u), neuat (neraat),
nxaw llry.art),
ncmpe6 Q*rp'xr h,), npunmen (npxrrrens), xa6a (xaea) - tra6u, tarua
- xxnse, ompnd (pa,g't) _ ompndu.
(yArxA) - uatau, KHu3(xtxast)
3 a 6 e l e x r a. B rolrua rpyna r3TorrHfiAfiareKTHnpoMeHj[{Boroh rrenpoMeHrltBo,
ce npernactr no eABH'l c t,ulu Ha!fi _CMecBaHeroHaerltMo.,toatqHo
pa3r{ql|l{ raacnu (cr6.
'[ r r{ o'uo
OoHern.tHur pa3Boi Ha roBoprre e c!3aano ycnoBfle 3a H3paBHrBaHe{a ABere
peAyBarrur['a] - [e] u [a] - [c] (creA Mexa crr,rracuall [x, ,r, u]) B eAHa(Bur[oucruurrx
no3rrtlul,t
I,|noAql,tutBa|lero
tM Ha enHt H c!uIl npaBNrIax 3akoHoMepHocTfi.
B ceBepor3Toqrxr€ roBopu EanpDMepncexoa [ia] x ['a] npeAcpnqxa,caAtpxa npeAHarnacataI,tB no3rut ,|
lt3B6HyAapoHneroce nperract B Ie]: crri Ko - ceHKuHo morea _ noeau, 6pae (cr6. sptn)
6peaooe, no t4 oaqap - oerepu, wapKa - wepxu, dauadxaaa - dauadxetu.
xu,rada _
xit,tidu, ,reixux u ap.
noA BrHtHIreHa poAIt{t HM AHancKTB peqra Ha rHTersreHqrrra or h3.r.oquHTe
(pa[ula
cc cpeular npernaceHl,|
rloplru, xaro ,,veco6 ux'. (uo tac), ,,owpoeametet-, Ho rop, ,,tce_
nocmua", Ho Jranro, ,,uexalua", no latau, ,,ledtp,', ,,ue^tnuoH,, l,t ,l-H. Ilpeanacar Ha gen_
poMeBrnBo, B [e] e lra,lemua npoMrna s He e flprer a KHrlxoBtxr elur. Ilpaeoronopno u
npaBonxcrroa KHrxoBHur e3rx ca y3axoHeHgcaMo oTAe.[Hxcnyqal c Ta(l,a x3foaop flot
Brl,lrHueHa rlrorrro6tlrapcxoro rM rpou3Houlest,te
(Bx. no-[ony).
$ 176. Pegyaanero[a] - [e] creg ue6nx cBrJracHH
u [fi] e orpaxuueno r
KHllxoBHuqe:ux. Ha6:lonana ce B cJrelHHTe
cJrvtlafi:
250
l. B oxonqautqra ra Qopuure aa MuHaJIo
HecBaprlreHo
BpeMeHarJraroJru
or I I II cnpexenne,uufiro ropen salr,purra ua ne6HaclrJracHaLttn rnacHa:
M6,|UA, M6r'r4AX - Mb,lUeX
zpewa, zpewax - zpewex
lLe)rca, Iexax - rexex
a,leKa, eleYax - g,levex
cmofl, cmo.Ex - cmoex
38y\a, 36y\AX - 36yqex
meka, meyax - meuex
dz,pxa, dtprcax - dtpxex
neKa,nevax - neuex
6on ce, 6onx ce - 6oex ce
B re:n cryuau peAyBaHerooQopr.aa
Qary:rrarlBHn KoHKypnparqce BaplraHTHB KHnxoBHutegsx 6eg pa3tx(lt B 3HarreHr,rero
Ira $opr,aure.
Pegyaauero ce ocb[IecrBrBa QaxylrarnrHo u npeg cy$nrc -l BrB $opMUTe Ha MHHaJTUTeHeoBtplxeHr-l ,qerTenHH npIlqacTHr oT catlll,ITe fjraroJllt:
Mb.|YAJ'I- MbJ'lUeJl,tleJrCAr'I- )Iexer|, 36yYAn - 38yUen, CyUAn - Clwen, CmOnJl
- cmoe,lYclonnrra, Heo6xoAxMrr, 3a Aa ce oca IecrBH BapHaHTHoropeAyBaHe B
To3Ii run rJroroJIHHQopun,:anncrr
He caMo or xapaKTepa Ha ctrJlacHara
npe.q oroHqaHuero -a.t, Ho u or ynapennero, Koero rprbBa la na6a 3a!1.tJtxHTeJrHo Bl,pxy peAyBaqara ce rJracHa. Cpt.: ut,tudx, ut ,tudx, uo cav.o
ntduex, zpduex, cltex.
Oopr..rnre3a MHHaJroHecBbpneHo BpeMe c Bapr{aHTHopeAyBaHetal - [e]
I.tMarpa3JrHqeHAnaneKTeHnpor.t3xog:dt pttex. cmoen, orpa3ABar Hafi-o6u1o
npoLI3Ho[JeHHeroua Qopvure B 3anaAHHTe.ufia:reKTu,a dbp),cax, cmonr B H3TOqHI,ITC.
2. B sacranrara -au ll -tul, -er4 3a o6pa3yBaHe
Ha cerarxHr.r
Aerre;rHr.l
npuqacrr.rror rJraroJruor I u II cnpexeune. Peqyaanero[a] - [e] n HacraoKaTae B 3aBr-rcHMocT
oT MrcToToHa yaapeHteTocnprMo npuqacTHaTa
HacTaBKa- noA yAapeune-du.t,- iut, x3B6HylapeHxero cawo -eul:
zopnl4 - napeu,l
uemit4 nyuteuq
cnnuq- 6 eq
cmoflt4 - neeul
8bp8tl4
Oneu,l
cnst4 - ocet4
Koraro uactasxara e noA yAap€HHeu ce npu6atr K6M (opeH, KofiTo3aBl,ptrrBaHa ue6ua cr,r:racnauns rnacHa, pelyBaHero oQopvr rapuanrHn
tfoplrn, xonro eAHaKBo
ce AonycKar xaro KopeKTHH
H HopMartBHr,r
B KHnXOBHI-l'
E3HK:
xebp4a - xa6p\a14, xsbpraqu - xabp\et4, xEbpqeulu
cmo.a - cmont4, cmott4u - cmoeul, cmoet4u
meKa - meuary, me4a14u me\er4, meveulu
251
le tc a - 11etc aw - /1e3tcew
zpewa - zpeutaul - ?peuet4
6on ce - 6onu4 ce - 6oetq ce
2b,t4a - ?b,l\au - ?bluew
3a6enex(a.CeraursorolerrerHonpqqacrr.reea63craHoBelroauooo6tlrapcxrr
(Hr.rxoBee3x( noApycKoe3uxoBoB,ql.rrsre.
flp{ Br3npreMa[eHa (DopMlTe
fJlacHaraB
-u14ce e noABenacnopeaI,l3roBopa
Hac"faBKa'fa
rracTapaTarToBaanacHar 3aToBaB HeyaapeHan03trlxr rMa Barraruulroeop-er4.C t3(lrrcqeHe Hanpfi.tacrHrre
r[opvr.r,
o6paryeauu
or rjraroM,Lor III cnpexe8re: etedau ztedat4, cmpels$ - cmpei.sr4.
3. OceeH B nocoqeHnre cryqan npernac [a] - [e] B KfinxoBHHr e3rrK ce
sa r:roqHo6r,ltapcKrt
orKprrBa H B orAeJrHHAyMH noA BJTHTHHe
r.rMrrperJraceHH3roBop:
nu, dap*tond - cyxoetc6uua, euc6a, ex6u,
ngds - xotoesda'1, etda,t, esda
neuat6a - nevelfl
tpdoed
Pegyaanero AonycKa H cJreAHr{reAy6nerHr,( $opvu a KHH)KoBHnre3xr(:
ae uan - ae,tuea,pa3aeHuan - pa36eH4e.fl,3aKon4at - 3aKonven, pa3Konuafl
- pa3Konuet, ranHe -,,raeHe, 6ante - 6aete, 6onx - 6oex.
PEAYBAHE IOI - IEI
$ 177, Ocuonara Ha peayBaueroe npernactr Ha rracHa [o] s r.naura [e]
cne,[ MeKHx naJraraJrrr3upaHr.r
cbrJracHn.Pegysaxe'roce cpeqa H B Apyru
cjraBrHcKr.r
e3rrqHt-'e HacneAeHo
oT no-cTapocrcTorHr,rea e3fiKa.
B crrpeuenuur 6rlrapcru e3 x peAyBaHe'ro
e orpaHuqeHoH HerrpoAyr(rnano. Cpeqa ce caMo 868 Q.lexcurra x n cyQaxcu. T6ft Itaro ctorHourerrHrra Mex,{y pe,UyBaIqHTe
ce rJracHHB no-K6cHr.lt3ByKoBpa3BoftHa e3rKa
ca HapyneHri,or penyBaHeroce cpe[Iar rrpn rbxAecroeHn SoHernvHuno3r1qnt-r
MHoro H3KrroqeHur.B c.nyvanre,npu KoHToce cpeqa, peAyBaHero
ce no,{t{r.rHrBa
sa cJreaHoronpaBr.rJro:
rnacna [o] ce pe4yaa c [e]
a) cneA MeKacbrnacHa;
6) cleg narararH3HpaHH(ue6Hu ctrlacHN;
a) c:reg cr,r,racnara [q];
r) cren cTuerauuero [rur] (ul).
Pegyaauero ce H3B6prxBaHenocJre,qoBareJrHo
B cJreAHUTe
oKoHqaHlrrla
HACTABKII:
$ 178.IIpr $opvoo6pa:ynaHero:
l. B oronqaHnero 3a MHoxecrBeHo iltcJlo Ha caurecrBHTeJIHHnMeHa or
M'bxKIr pol1 -ode - -eae, npu6asnto KBM eAHocpxqHx ocr{oBr{ c Kpaen 3aBbpl:tex -ai, -ei, -ofi; 6poi - 6poeee, eoi - aoeae, zuoi
zuoeee, zxoit - t noeae,
252
Kei - Kee6e, rafi -,'tae6e, poi - poe6e, coi - coese, cmpoi - cmpoese, 'lafi
- 4AeAe.
flpu ro:u rlrn e,qHocpu!tHHcrurecrBnreilHH ItMeHa peAyBaHero o$opr'aa
Ay6rerHH rpopuu ra MHox€crBeHo qficro npn cJleannre c'buiecrBI{TeJIHtt:
6eit-6efioeeu6eeee
zueit - sue oee v 3i4eeae
rc.,teti- xle oee v x,reeae
xpafi
1A
Kpaitoee v kpaeqe
-nAUOAeUnQeae
' i1 - ttiose
v nese
Pegyaauero He ce ocrqecrBrBa B oroHqaHl.Iero 3a MHoxecrBeHo qHcJIo
-o6e ctlnennataTaJlHl, n ne6nu cbfJracHn: 3em - 3embo6e, o?6H - ozHboae,
n,lAU - n,lAqOAe,
MOpJt - MOpJtCOge,CmAJTC- CmA)rCOge,HO)tC HO)JCOAe,
eq - Meqoae, Kr'tnv - Krtoqoee, tuuut - ututuoae, zpow - zpouose; dyut dywoee.
B nrron sana,uno6rrrapcxn roBopr{ pe,[yBaHe[o] - [e] g oKoHqaHltero 3a
qrt:lto -O6e Ce Ha6nlOAaBaH B Te3h Cnyqafl - c,leA He6Ha n
MHOXeCTBeHO
K,'rnueae, HoJtc - ttoltceqe, dulcd - dwe deee, zpow
Me(a clufJlacHa:: Mrorr
- ?pouoee, Kow - Koue,e, Kou - Koveae. Tesn
{oprr.rn 3a MHoxecTBeHo
qncno c nperJraceuo [o] c.nea IltyrlrKaBacr,rJracHaB o(oHqaHuero He ca rrpnCTI-I B I(HUXOEHI-I'
E3NK.
2. B oronqaHxero 3a cpeaeH poa Ha HrKonKo cblr(ecrBnrenHll rlMeHacJreA
Mexa cbrJracHa ce,lo - no,,te, nepo ope. Halfiquero Ha ernMoJrofrrqHa
KpafiHaMexa cbrracHa B ocHoBara JIuqI BrB rfopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo q{cro'. no,,t.fl[nor'i] - none, Mopt [vop'd] - Mope,4sem8 luner'df - 4aeme,
epozd.a[rpoag'a] - zpfide, rcsn lloz'itl - tose. C'tt:\o H B oKoHqaHLIeroHa
clruecrBuTeJrHHTe fiMeHa tu4e, ni4e, 3e./te,c.ttbH4e,B KoI.{ToKpaiHara cbr,racna [q] npea oKoHqaHHero e 3arBaprrna. Cpn. tuqa, nfi4a, c,rt x4a.
Karo nperraceuo cJreAnaJraranHacrr:racna rpx6Ba aa ce pa3rJrexla uc-e 3a eauHcTBeHoqI{cno Ha c'b[lecTBurenHx r,rMeTOpltqecKI-l
H oKoHtIaHI{eTO
Haor cpeAeH poA, o6pa3yBaHu c H acraaru -u(e), -u(e), -ury@): tcumue (cpv.
optxue - opbtcun [opi;xrfia], cberacue, xapeuue, donumun fxuruitil,
aepue; xodene, nucaHe; 4umatut4e, y\unut4e, c6opuqe, Kpauqe, ozHut4e.
PegyraHero He ce ocbtrlecrBqBa, Koraro oroHqauuero ce npn6aBr KtM
ocHoBa Ha vexa n He6na crrJracHa: ,luuuo, ctenuo, ayiuo, uuto, ,Q,axuo,
ceupvo. Crulo u s rcpad,tao, cupbKnbo,
3. B,lr Qopr,lu 3a cpeAeH poA Ha Mecror.{Mennc.CreA xpafiua nalara,rua
cbfracHa [fi] u ne6na cbrJracHa oKoHqaHHrTa ce H3roBaprT B KHnxoBHr.rt
e3lrr caMo nperJraceHlr - T.e. oKoHqaHHeTo3a cpeAeH poA -o IrMa BapxaHT
-e: Mofi - ,uoe (< [vdfie] c pe,[yBaHe lir] - a npen npegua r tacua), meoi -
253
maoe, caou - c6oe, Haw - xawe (cpz. ueeoeo),aou - 6aute: xoi _ rcoe,
koemo, HuKoti- Huree, HtKoii - H.sKoe,
scnko, - scflkoe, qui _ sue, yuemo.
lI:roaop Ha Mecro[MeHHur[opvn raro ,,vofio, rnofio, nanro, raruo, vtfio,,
e AHaJreKTeH.
4. B:ln tpopva 3a cpeAeHpoA Ha npHnarareJrHrr
HMeHa3a npEHaAJrexHocr
cJreAMeKnr, [aJlaraJrrr3ltpaHu
c LrnacHH.Mexata crtlacsa B Kpa{ Ha ocnoBara Jrr.iqu
rtn Qopvara 3a xeHcKHpoa npea oxoHqaHr.rero-d:
Kpaau, Kpagfl. - Kpaee
pu6u,pu6n - pu6e
necu,necfr nece
KO3A, KO3fl - r<O3e
)'tucu4a, r,tucuuu- ltucuYe
zbcKa, zbwu
ebute
6ux,6uuu- 6u'te
ocu, ocJt - oce
C:rulo N g Ky\e, cspaue, ab,4qe,naue, nmuqe,pale, npdeue.
PegynaueroAorrycKaBapHaHTr.r
caMo BT,BQopvure oeye - oaso,6otco
6olcue, paue - pato, 6uewe - 6uauo.
Penynanero He ce ocr,ulecrBrBanocneAoBaTe,rno.
H:xrxt.reHr.t;1
ca Harrpnvep Qopurr.rre
3a cpe,qeH
poA or ,qpyrHnpl{Jrarare
rrHlr,Karocurrbo,caetco,
6et oxo ctco,nouo, aeulo, 2opet4o, pu Jtco.
Pe4yaaHeHMaH BbBrfopvnre 3a cpeAeHpoA Ha Hrxon(o npnrararenla.
B63npHeTH nO KHI-I)I(OB9H
IIT'T OT DVCKH e3nK:
auctuu, aucuta, aucule
HU3|UU, HU3UIA - HU3We
utadutu, utadwa - uladwe
caemeiwu, caemeiuta - ceemefiwe
Oopvara 3a cpeleH poA or npr{nararentolo 6uew e 6ueue u 6uauo.
Oxon.{aHuero3a cpeAegpol Ha cerauHr.trelerrenHl, nptlqacru, B KHr4_
xoBHur e3HKe -o. ctedeauq- cnedsar4o,oqaKsat4- oro*uir4o, npeoLtada_
- sbnHyedulo,cmpadat4o,eoeopet4o.Teea4 - npeo6tada6aulo,sbrrHysat4
:n Qopvn npeo6laganar I4 ce Hanarar B ctBpeMeHHarae3I,Il{oBa
rrpaKTr.{Ka,
Tb.stKaKTox apyrnre $opr,alr:a cpe,qeH
po,qHa[pnJrarareJrHn
rlMeHa:?oaett_
do, uyxdo, ct u1o,o6t4o. Hapeg c re:x SopMrl,yrBapAeHHB rpaKTu(ara, ce
cpeuaT I,leaHHtqHHcryqau, IIo npoH3xoacerarxHfi.qerTeIHHnpHqacTrrr,Ha
-ule, Karo 6tdeuqe,uacmonuqe.Tezu
Sopvu sa cpe.qeHpoa ce ynorpe6anar
Karo caulecrBlf re;rxu (cy6craHrnunpauo) _ Hacmo+t4emov 6bdeu4emoHa
uapoda 3a pa3nr.rKaor Qopvure 3a cpeAeHpon Ha nprracrr_rrra c oKoHqa_
uue -o (6tdeqo nbmy6aHe,Hacmo.nt4omonpaeumetcmeo). Oopurasa cpegeu
poa 6z,deqe o6aqe ce ynorpe6raa H Karo npr{JrararerHo(cpB. 6tdet4e ejene).
<Dopunre3a cpeAeHpoA c oxoHqaHHe
-e xaro no-apxaHqHl,r
noH{Kora ce
npe1noqxrar B peq, rr3A,LpxaHa
r ,,no-aucor,,ctnl.
254
$ 179. IIpu clonoo6pasyeauero:
1. B nactatxara -ocm - -ecm: padocm, Ho cae)tcecm,6odpocm, uo zopecm, noDrocm, so do6,tecm,6,tusocm,uo 6otecm, Kpomocm,Ho mexrcecm.
2. B nacrasrara -oma - -ema: Hut4ema,Ho ltoutoma,eotoma, er,ryxoma,
nycmoma, ruc moma, uecmoma,
3. B Hacrasrara -oa - -ee za o1pasyBaHeHa rrpnJrararenuu uv.eua: 6pam,
6pamoe,Ho s ei, 3Mees;maHq,maH4oa,Ho ./tu4e,tu4ee; 6auauoe,uo mnmnnee, 6ecroe, Ho opaHxea, po3os, Ho Kose6,ao.rea(or eota).
Pelyoaxero He ce oc6ulecrBtBanocJreAoBareJuro
cle'q ne6nn cbrJracHr.t:
sepeutos loxpa lepeutee, Ho ^4qputoo,kpytuos, eJtcol. C.nyvanre c pegyBaHeB HacraBKaraca no-qecro cJreAcbrJracHafu)..utaxuea,KoKuues,Kupeuea, Ho uuuos, syfivoe,
Bnurnnero Ha aI,IaJIeKTnre,
B Kolrro cburo HqMaeanHcrBoH rroc;lelroBaTeJTHOCT
npr{ OCAUIeCTBTBaHe
HanperJraca,}I ycTaHoBUJIOTO
CeB pa3BOtpa3_
uoo6pasuenplr l{3roBopaHa npfinafarenHr.rreca npxqfiHa,qace ycraHoBtr
B KHHXoBHr,rr
e3IiKHtKoJrKo,qy6nerHr.r
$opwu..uadeuuoo u xtadeuvee, utJrcoa v Mblcea,
c./tbHyoa H crltH\ea.
Pegyrauero ce peaJrH3r.Ipa
trocnenoBarenHo
B HacraBKaranpu o6paayeaHe Ha npntaraTeJrHl.toT caulecTBr,rTejrHH
LrMeHaOTMb)I(r(HpOA,3aB'bprxBauIl.l
Ha -i, u or crulecrBuretHu HMeHaor xeHcKr{poA Ha -n..cralei
cJ,raaeez,
xrei - xleee, zue|
sueee, apxuepeii apxupeee, ypauui
ypa ue6, xeJluec,Karuea, vo 6att - 6aioe; axa4un - aKa4ue6,3u4un- 3vuea, paKuJtpaKue6.
Ctyuau c nperracena H HerrparJraceHa
rJracHaB HacraBKa
la ce orKpuBar
cl,ulo Ir cJleil MeKacarjlacHa: 4ap, 4apnm - 4ape8, xpan, Kpannm _ Kpa1e6,
so 6amtoe noxpait 6amee,3embo6,nem/,rboa.
4. B Hacrasxara-oeeH- e6eH,.
pedoeeu,uo n/td4eae , dyxoeeu,Ho dyrueeeu. flpeo6taAaBar B KHrrxoBHr.tr
e3r.rK
cryrraxre c HenprnaceHo[o] a [e]:
,,rbJtcoaeH,
rcuuucoaeu
(noxpafi ocrap. xnucreaex),eattoeeu, dttedoaeu, mt
Jtco aeL ?pu )tcoaeH, Kbt4oaeH.
5. B uacrasrara -oa - -ea 3a o6pa3yBaHe
xa $avn,ruu HMeHa[r [pe3rrMeHa:
(or
Llaauoe,Ho nee6
lleio\
Paixoe, so lleuvea (or llenuo\
,[uuumpoe, uo Mu,tee (or Mu,rtoJ
Ban4apoa, no Kotee (or Komo)
Cnytaure c npertaceHa HacraBKa-ea rra Qar,.rn;ruuregMeHaH rrpe3IrMena a 6rltapcxnx esnr ca lfiroro6poit1u: Eracree, fewea, Ih,peee (or ntpsu), fa*es, Hsaxuee, Kouee, Muutee, fleutee, Ile4ee, uo Koteo n Rotaoa,
Cmaxea n Cmaxtoe.
255
O6pa:ynanure or co6crBenn HMeHaHa -io, -to, -\o, -t4o orHocr{Ternrr
nprrJraraTenHr,3a JrrrqHanpr.rHaAJIexHocT
ca c HenpernaceHaHacTaBKa-o8,
Jft.rncaraHa peAyBaHee rosH c.nyvafinoMara.qace pa3rpaHr{qar,
rrpr.rrexaTenHr{TenpfinarareJrHu or crorBerHltre Saurunn nrr.reua,o6pa:yoanx or
caqrqlrreclrqecrBxTeJrHu,Ho c HacraBKa-es: neHuo - ITeuuoaauoixa, uo
Cmaneu lleuuee; Muwoeo narlmo, Ho Muwee; fauao - fauaoo (cps. 6afi?aHboaumenocmtnxu), uo fauee; Kottto - Kotaoau xuueu, no Kolee; Ileio
- fleioeo, Ho nee6; flewo - Ileutoe, uo llewee; Etaxo - Etaxoao - EtaJKes,TaKaxaKTouuqoa, 6pamoa,eyiuoe.
B'r3uoxuoc'ru're HapeAyBaHeroB rorn c.ly.raft ce u3nor3Bar raM, K.rlero
e Br3MoxHo, 4ntfepeuqupano(cpa. or nawa - cav.ollauoa): rfopvnre na
-oa o6lrxHoseHoca rplrrexaretHfl npHnarareJlHlt,
a tlopruure Ha-ea BuHa l
$alrn:rnr.r nveua.
6. B Hacraarara -oaum - -eoum: pe\oeum, dtrcdoaum, etocotum, Ho
Kpanesum (noxpair xp at aoeunt).
7. B xacragxara -oeu - -eau Ha 3aer[ or pycKn e3vK nptralare.l.tv: no./tKosu, 4semo6u,6ezoau,wo 6oeeu,cmpoeau,ozHeau,36eHe6u,nonelu, 6ore6U IOT AOlIn1,
8 .B cr,e,qnHureruaravoprfeva -o- - -e-, c qH{To noMorrlce o6pa3yBar
cnoxHH crulecTBriTeJIHl,u nprrJrafaTeJIHl.r
HMeHa,pe.qyBaHeTo
ce ocl'ulecTBrBa,Koraro ntpBara ocHoBa3aBbptrrBa
Ha MeKaxrfi He6Hactr:Iacua:
npocm-o- dyu ue. wo oet- e- dywue
cae,n,r-o-oK,Ho cuH-e-oK(ot cun, cuut o), cuHe6ny3
Cpr,a. crqo pycoxoc, zposdo6ep,eodouep, teere3onbmeH,KaweHoabz)leH,pbKonuc, cna6onn6e4,pt'xodelue, udotonoxlouuux, uupoln6e4, to
zeun - seuedene4,3euempeceHue,eeuedetue, :euedelcxu; euaen (cr6.
8.r't.Ah)- sbz.nexonau,
etztedo6ua, .4bNa - rbxeKrlacullusbM,,ttrtcecaudemen; ome4 (0't'L4b) om4ey6ue4;dyutezy6e4,dyweeade4;ozbH,o?blfltn ozlteyepaeH,ozxeduutat4;ttcuzrrecnoco6eu
(x 3hb), ctp4e - cop4epasdupdmeneH,no cttxuo6pan,
PEAYBAHf, [T, El - a
$ 180. Pegynaxero e 3acrbneHotlrxpoKoB KHr{xoBHHr6,urapcru ear-rr.
To orpa:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::aaa
npoMeHHTe,HacraHarH crc crapo6r,lrapcKHTe rJIacHHb, 'L. B
pe.qyBaHero
yqacrBar caMornacHn [r] n [e], BMtKHarnB crqeraHur or crrtacHH cneAH3na4areua c:ra6xre epoBeB KpaecJroBHa
n03l{rll-rr.B pa:luvuu
vopQororlruun Kareropuu rJracHure[r] [e] npea coHopHHcr,r.nacuu[p, l,
u, n], npe4 cbr;racHrrre[q] u [g] r.rB eA HHtrHr.t
cnyqau npe.qrnacna [r] (>
peAyBar
ce
c o. Pe4yranero ce ocbrlecrB.f,Ba
r cy$Nxcxu cpuvxu.
tr]
tq])
256
B xopeuulr cpuqKr ro e orpaHfiqeHo caMo B HrKoJrKo Eyllllv.'.deH - dHu, nec
- nce, dbnbz - dt,tzu, ocew - ocrtu, cedej4 - cedMu.
B :naqureren 6pofi or cryqauTe peAyBaHero e rfoneruvxo o6ycroreno
npaBfira:
x Moxe aa ce oflpeaerH Hafi-o6uo oT cJTeJIHHTe
1. Pegyraqnre ce rJracHu [r] u [e] ce cpeuar s KpaiHa cpuqKa Ha ayMa
- rrpeA cbfnacHa Hnr.rnpea cyohl(c, xofiTo 3anoqBacrc c'LrJracHaHJrHc6I1,pxa pe,qyBaurace r:racna [r, e]:
6empoee, eempo6um - 8Ambp, a.flmbpeH,6tmbpHa
mu?pu4a, muzpoaa - muztp, muzbpcKu
necHullka - neceH
2. fnacsu [r] u [e] ce peAyBar c u npeA vopQeua (oxonuannr nlu cyQuxcu), xorro 3arroqBac rJracHaH Korro He cb,{x,pxa rnacHa, Korro or cBot
crpaHa Aa ce pe,4yBac o:
atmbp - aempeu, aempeHa
meu6z,p - me6poe
MT,pmba- .ubpmau, Mbpmsuno, n4bpmaewKu
do6rp - do6pu, do6pe, do6puua, do6podeme,'t
mb,Me - mbMvu4a, mb.u u, mbMttu a
flpannloro 3a peAyBaHeHa [a, e] c o He ce rJpflnara Br,B BcnrrKr,r
Bb3MoxHH cJryqaH.Mnoro6pofinlrre rr3KJrroqeHHr
or npaBrrnoro onpe,qen{T peAyBaHero rro-cKopo (aro xapaxrepHa rsyxoaa oco6exocr r{ orrHKa Ha onpeAeneHH Kareropr.rHAyMH l.r MopQeMn.
Pe4ynaxero oOopMr rIpH Qopvoo6pa:yraHero u c,rosoo6pa3yBaHero
a,rovoptfr.r Ha KopeHHun cyQuxcxn r'.aop$euuc pa3JrHqHa3ByKoBapeanr43a-
-eull-u-,-e4ll-4-,bkl-K-,-enll-nr\ux de lldtF,cedeullcedu-,
PE,(VBAHE [b] - o
cnyqaH:
$ l8l. PenyBaHeroce Ha6:rrcgaraB cJreAHr.rre
1. Btn tfopvure Ha cbulecrBHTeJrHr.l
uMeHac BM'bKHara
epoBacrflracHa
B Kpas Ha,qyMararrpeAcarJracHure[p,,'r, u, u] u a e.qr{HHr{Hn
cnyqatt npeA
rxyMoBr.r
c:bfIacHH:
a) B saera c'bulecrBuTelrHu
c xpaiHa c'r,uracHa
a ocHoaarafpl, xaro ap6umz,p,6axataet'p, do6z,p,aenrp, rcadacmtp,xadtp, xatu6t p, rcedz'p,xeumaatp,
,raabp, numasbp, numbp, Maa6p, .udzucmbp,ueztp, odtp, oteaudtp, opxdt'osbp, opKecmbp,neduamtp, ncuxuambp,pezucmbp, ceuecmbp, cKunmbp,cneKmbp, muzbp,Qu,tmtp,4eumtp, tqu,turtdz,p,
uambp, ruedtoetp,utuft p.
PegynaHeroce ocaulecrBrBarr,t Sopvnre 3a MHoxecrBeHoqficno npe.q
-o, 6es o6aue
oKoHqaH[e-u-, -o6e H B 3BareJrHr{Te
$opvu npeg oKoHqaHr.re
17, rD.srru
i.6rD,6s.,
ct.4bxcflF
257
r.nacna[l] Aa ce peAyBac s B onpegenexaraQopManpeAqJreHHara
uoprfeva
-a ll -rm u e 6poiHara QopManpeg or(oHqanne-c:
meambp- meampu, Ho meambpbm,dea meamtpa
xadtp - xadpu, uo xadtptm, daa xadtpa
MUHUCmbp - MUHUCmpU, HO MUHUCmbpbm, MUHUCmpe
ncuxuambp- ncuxuampu,Ho ncuxuambpbm,ncuxuampe
Crurecrglrrernnre r.rMeHa embp,numbp H npoH3BoAH[Te
or ttx de4u,Iumbp,xeKmo,lumbp,Kuno embp,caHmun'tembp
u T.H.,KoraToce H3IloJr3BaT
Karo MepKHB cbqeraHl{ec qfictnTenHn,a He Karo KoHKperHH
o6eKTr,r,
HMar
tpopvu aa 6pofiuo vxoxecrB€Ho qucno, B Kor.rropeayBaHeroc6rqo ce oc.l,IIIECTB'BA:
embp,Membpbm- daa itempa
caHmurvembp,
caHmuuembpbm- daa caxmuuempa
.rumbp,rumbpbm . dea ,tumpa
flog arurnue na re:n Sopvu Hanocne.q'bK
ce pa3npocrpaH{aarn 6pofiHll
Qopvu, xaro dea ceuecmpa, mpu duonmpa,napa empa, duauempa.
I,I:xlroqesne or pelyBaHero uua s drceuntp - dxeuntpu, z za6tp ea6tpu. B 3aerll rypcKn AyMr.r,xaro nxbp - txbpu, Kaxbp kaxbpu,)cambp
xambpu, Kambp - Kambpu,cambp camopu, 6axtp - 6arctpu, uadtp
uadtpu, xactp - xacbpu, rracua [r,] He e BMT,KHara
r.{3aroaa He yrracrBaB
peAyBaHeTo.
6) B :aeru cr'ulecrBtlreJrHfi
c xpafiuo fnl: aucau6ut, 6uaoxu,t,duputrca6t',t, X:eSUt, Ke26,'1,llolloKlr,'t, t4OmO4UKbn, CneKmlk6!1,4UKbn,4okbl'\,
Vex?,rl.
Pe.qyoauetoce peann3r.rpa
ar,r $opunre 3a MHoxecrBeHoqxcJro:
atrcan6o,t,aucau6uttm, axcau6ula - aucau6,tu
vexbrl, vexblbm
- yexJlu
Jteibr,t, J{eibr1bm, daa ltettta
J(e3,'Iu
a) B crulecreureJrul, r{MeHa,o6pa:yaaHu c Henpo.qyKTnBHnrecyQnrul
-bp, -bt, -bLr, -bH: auxbp, slmbp (cps. een), caercop,6txttt, eonz,tt(cpa, eonun), tcezt't (cpu. xezeau), nemopacbl, ompacbn, .^,tucbr,r,
nbKbn, bz?,/t,Koct u (cps. xoca), ct6lastu, Ka3bH,lenpun3al. Pegyraxero ce ocbrqecrBrBa
ern $opvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qncJro rr B :aare.nnara $opva:
aflmbp, 6.flmbpbm sempoae, aempe
euxbp, 6uxt pbm
auxpu,6uxpe
ompacb,1, ompact nbm - ompac,4u
KOCbr+t,
Kocbl,tbm - KocMu
ct1tastu, cb6,,td3b ma - ct6tasuu
Pegyranero ce orKprrBa npea ctrJracHa [v] u e saeroro ca IecrBI.ITeJrHo
pumbM - pum,Mu,
258
r) B vxoro6poiHr{Te carlecrBllrerHlr HMeHa or M6)KKr.{
po.Ec HacraBKa
-ustn. BuerHara rJracHa [r] n nacrarxara c€ pe.qyBac s B onpeleneHara
Qopua u rra Qopvara :a o6nrnoseso n 6pofiuo MHoxecrBeHo qr.rc;ro:
apxauibu - apxau3Mbm, apxauiMu, doa apxautua
pe allu 3 b.lt1- p ean u3M bm
c o4ua,lu 3 bM - c o 4u a,'ru3M bm
opzattu3?,M- op?aHu3Mbm, op?aHu3,vu, dea opzauutua.
Onpegenexnre QopMr,rHa cbr.rlecrBrrreJlHureuMeHaHMar B pa3roBopHara
petr BapHaHTH6e: pegynane f'sl - z'. coqua,tu3bL1 coquanu3Mbm, pea,'tu3bu
- peartulMbm. Tenaenqurra B c;ryqar e H3foBopr,T ua
Qopvure .qa ce yeaHaKBr.r
c r.r3roBopaHa onpe.qe;IeHHTe
Ha
ocraHaJrHTe
c bu{ecrBHTeJlHIa,
QopMr.r
KaTOpumbM - pumb bm, tce3b./t- lce3brbm, Membp - Mem?,p6m,KoI.tToHe
ca I.l3KJIK)qeHHe
OT npaBHJTOTO
4) B orge.nHu c:ryvau I xpafixa xopeHoBacplrt{KanpeA rtlIyMoBactrJracHa:
HOKbm,HOKbmAm- HOKnU
nQKbm,/1aKimnm ,ldxmu
Pegyrauero ce cpeua l-rB qerr.rpn cBuIecrBHTerHH, o6pa:yraun cr,c cyQnxc -ax:
ianbK - 3h,u(tt (u n,tt4u)
MOMbK - ,U0.M4U, ttO,vKO
nopadtx - nopndrcu(u nopndt1u)
n o m o M b K- n o m o M 4 u
3 a 6 e r c x K a , C t , u 1 e c r B T e n t i H T c , o 6 p a 3 y B a f i u c H a c r a B K I , t- b K , - l . b K , H e y g a c r s a r B
p c J t y R a f r c r o [ ' r , ' l - o : d a u t x - d a n t 4 u , r ) o 6 u m t ' x - d o 6 u m t 4 u , K a ^ 4 6 K- K a j 4 b t r u , n t c b r {
nrc64u, nem6K nembUu, n,tah6K
nnai46r(u, da 63jl6t< da 63t64u,,<on4ejr,k - Konler64u.
e) B :aare;rnn QopnanHa.rtn.rri{co6craexn HMeHac BMerHarfrl: Ilemtp
Ilempe, fiutrumz,p fiu,uumpe, Atexcaudtp - Atexcaudpe, Co$orcz,ttCotfoxte.
2. B Henpogyxrnrunre cy$uxcu - hn, -bp 3a o6pasyraHena npHrarareJrnr.r
lrvesa. flacsara [l] r ocnonHara$opMa ce pe,qynac z B onpeAeneHara
Qopva :a vr,xxr.l pog n nr,r Sopwure 3axeHcKH,cpeAeHpon H MHoxecrBeHo
qHCJIO:
6eett
6ee,tunm, 6ee"ta, 6ezto, 6eetu
Kpbzbn Kpbznunm, Kp7,2tla,Kpbzno, Kpbznu
do6z'p - do6punm, do6pa, do6po, do6pu
xumbp
xumpu'm, xumpa, xumpo, xumpu
Pegynauero e xapaKTepHo 3a cnegHxTe npnnararenHH: a) c xpafixo [n]:
6ezz,'t, eaxz,'t,31,,1,Kpbzbn, uaez',t, xoaodoubr, Hoaou3lfl3b.t, o6tl, nodtt,
uedopacz,tt, caembn, ceMnb.4,c yzbl, monb.4;6) c xpafino [pl: 6ucmtp, 6o,
259
dz,p, eedop, do6ry, edtp, xunz'p, uodt'p, uorcop, ut'dt p, ocmbp, nl'cmbp, xum?,p, xpa,bp, 4edbp.
B penyaanero yqacrBar H 6e3cyQuKcHnre npu:rararelrHu dttte - dttrzunm, dutea, dutzo, dz'tzu u 3b,r - yluflm, 3na, 3rto, 3nu.
3. B cyQnxc -bB 3a o6pa3yraHe Ha nprrarareJrHr.r lr Mecror{Mervs:. actr
KdKbe, edHaKbs, utnxba, Kdkbo, .Mbpmba,HeedHaKbt, HuKaKb+,unxaxta. PeAyBaHero ce oca lecrBrBa r onpegereuara $opMa 3a M6xKu poA lr ar,s sopMr{Te 3a xeHcKr.r,cpeAeH poa H MHoxecTBeHo qHcJro:
acflKaKba - ac.aKaKauflm,acnKaKaa, acnKaKao, gcnKaKau
edxarceu.nm,ed axea, edxaxeo, eduaxeu
edHaxta
.Mz,pmbs- Mbpmsu.nm, Mbpmoa, bpmeo, Mbpmau
Pegyeanero He ce cperua B maKba, Cpa, marcaaa, maKoaa, maKuaa.
4. B crerrrnre cyQlrxcu sa o6pa:yaane Ha npnnararerHH r-rMeHa:-.,K 6tttst t<,zadtx, ztadtx, zoptrc, zptMbK, zbstK, dz,pztx, ucattrc, neap?,K,ncelebK, 36bttbK,3oPt K, Koat'K,Kpam?'K,KpenbK,KpexbK,KpombK,J'to6bK,Ma.qbK,
,uep3bK, tru3bK, HucbK, nuabk, nnumbK, po6bk, poxux, pndtrc, pnztx, ctadtrc,
meJtcbK,mbHbK,nptx; -uutx - 6eduuvz'x, 6teduuut'x, 6,,tu:tuutx, 6ozumuuarc,
do6puuz,x, dt,tzuvz,x, edtuuz,x, Jtcb,lmuvz'K,3ereHu\n'R,./reKutbK,
?o,,IeMLrrbK,
MULU!?,K,U,tgdU'rtX, ntbtruvbK, ucurrbK, oauqbK, caMutrbK,cla6uut x, cmaruttt,K, mexutlbK. xumpu.n K, xy6aeuutx.
fracHara [r] ce penyaa c u B onpere;reHara rpopna 3a Mr'xKH poll r.{B'r,B
q[cJro:
$opvnre 3a xeHcxn, cpereH poA H MHoxecrBeHo
Kpom?,K Kpomkuflm, Kpomxa, KpomKo, KpomKu
capbK - xapKuam, lcapKa, Jteapko, Jtepku
,UU'IUubK - I'lU,'lU\KUnm,MUr'IU\KQ,Murttl\Ko, MUIUUKU
cQMU4bK- CA.MUHKUnm,
CAn|U\KA,CAMUvKO,CAMUUKU
5. B unna:rnaerreJrnnnpnqacrrr npegcy$urc -z s'r,nQopunre:a xeuAlttKjlq, 6/1.flK/'lo, 6]'IeK./lU,
CKH, Cpe.qeH pOA IIl MHOXeCTBeHO qUCJIO'. a'ltttt '1
OOIUI)JI- OOUI'II, U3'1n3b'1 U3,1tl3'14, t'lOZb,'l -MO2,14, nQcbtl - nACrlA, neKb.4 peKna, c.sKbn - cnK,la, nteKb,,t - meKna, mpecbn
mpec,la.
neK,,tu, peKz,n
6. B npelcralxxre
cb- - c- Li ab- - e-: cz,6ydn, Ho c,'tolca, ct6epa,
ct6-
patrue, Ho c6opuqe, c6opuurc,c6opex,ez'eeda,eteetelau, eto6pasa cu, auopbtca, abnrtamfl,no ezpadn,arotca, aKona.fl,6Kope n.
PE[VBAHE [El - a
B crreAHrre
$ 182. Perynauero [e] - z ce cperuanpn Qopvoo6pa3yBaHero
cnyqau:
1. B Henpo,qyrrHBHnt
cyQuttc-el, c Koiro ca o6pa:yaann ctruecrBl{rerHr.ror MtxKli pog. Pegyrauero e nlr Qopuara 3a MnoxecrBeHoq{cro pe,[
260
oxoHqaHr{e-u n B 3garenHaraQopua npeA oKoHqaHHe
_o: 6rrel (norpafi
6arct,l) - 6z,rctu, eumet , eum,xu, ko3ert xo3,ru, eb3e,16h?tu, KomeJ,t_
KOmrlu,Kb teJl - kbJrrtu, Open, Op-tlL,Opnbo,OCe/, OCLU,
nemeJt_ nemlu,
nem)lbo, Ho Kymel _ xymetu, cepede,zn catpdet _ cepedetu,
cez,pde,tu,cmy_
6e,t - cmy6etu. Cpa. crulo llaeet, Ilaate,'llaattoa.
Ctulecrsnre;ruo-ro 6bse,1,Koraro ce ynorpe6rra c qfic;]r.lreJrno
r(aro
MtpKa 3a l,r,Jrxnga, uua 6pofina
Qoplra c pelyBa*e [e] _ o.. daa a63ra, Ho
nnKor,tKo
erzeta. Or 3aeroro ctrtecrBHTe:rno
Saxe,r (.earcta)Qopunre :a
MHoxecrBeHoqucto ca eaxelu u $ax,ru,
2. B nenpogyrruunutu rua"uu*u -e ; o6eH_ o6Hu,necel _
necHlt.
Or c:rulecreurelHoro paeH ce o6pa:yrar
$opun :a MHoxecrBeHoqxc_
no pe3Ho6e14pe3eHu,or KoneH xyneu _ KonHu,Ho
ll
dea xoneus3. B npogyxrnrHara HacraBKa-eq za o6pazytaHeHa
cburecrBgTerH1
HMeHaor M'xK, poA. PegynaHeroe B oc'oBara np€.{oKoHqaHnero
3a MHO_
xecrBeHo qrcro -u: 6ope4, 6ope-4om,6opeqa, 6op4u,
meope4 _ msoptlu,
adoee4- adoa7u,trpe6e4 - xpe6qu, st6i4 _ zt6r.1u,
n"u"4 _ ,"u4u, Kpaderl
- xpadqu, n,tyee4 nnyr4u,
nfi,ce4 _ nbtctlu, Moneq , uoLt4u,xyfuaeetq
ry6ae4u, cmpe.te4 - cmpen4u, npurubne4 _ npuwt /ttlu.
Pe4ynarrero ce orKpHBaH B 3Bare;rHr.rre
{ropr,anua cbtlr_lccrBnTe;IHr{Te
ometl u cmape4 npea oxoHqaHHe
_e: om\e, cmaDye.
Koraro Hacrasxara-e4 ce n pu6asr *"* npo*rua*guuJara
ocHoBa,Korro
3aDr,purBa
Ha rJracHa,[e] ce pe,qyoac [i4l: 6oet1_ 6oii4u. B .raxuaa
c:ryvan
tftopvlrreMorar aa ce pa3rnexnar xaro pe3yrrar Ha
_ aBToMa_
aBepe,qyBaHH,
TtltlHo,penyBaHe[ii] - o npeq.npeArr[ rnacHr.iu cjre.qBa[to
pegyaane [e] _ z:
6pon f6poir.sl> 6pofi + e4 > 6poeq_ 6poirqu,*uro
"r.rru.no"u ffi] ce s.b:craaoBrBaorHoBo npel cbrJracHa:Ilepcut
lnepcuiru+ euJ > n"pri"4,
,"p_
cui_t1u;dee4, dei4u, aapodee4 uapodeti4u,esponee4'_
elponei1u.
Koraro Hacraarara -e4 ce npn6arx *u, o"rou", *on"o
,uu"p_"u" uo
c\'{eraHwsor cbrJracHH,
qHCJTO
QOpvure :a MHOXeCTBeHO
OTc.burecrBHTen_
Hr.rTe
MoraT 4a ce oopa:ynar no IBa Ha-qfiHa:
a) 6es pelysaHe [el _ o v cypeAyBaHe[e] - o n "o."u"*u"i c6c 3arra3BaHe
$urca; 6) c eAHoBpeMeHHo
fia
BMerHarararlacua [r,] npeA cbrracHr..rre p, r] a
ocHoBara:
[,r,
nodut _ nodte7 noolrequ,nodb,luu
rtdtp
xtipe4 _ xtdpe4u, Kbdbp4u
_ bpmeequ,,tbpmbs4u
,tbpmba , .I,t6pm8eq
_
xumbp xumpe4 XUmpe\u,xumbp4u
4. B Hsro.nro6e:cyrfururn ocaonn..den, deunm, dea
deua _ duu: ceden
- cednunm, ceduu, oceu ocwu.am,nec _ nce, ncema.
5. B npoayrruaun.r cy$xxc -errza o6pazyzaleHanpxrararerHn.
fracaa
- _
[e] or cySr,rxcace peAyBac o B onpeAeJrenara
3a
poA
MaxKu
eglrHcQopMa
261
TBeHo quc;ro n oT,oQopvure 3a xeHcxrr, cpe,qeHpoA H MHoxecrBeHo qlrcJro:
6aeen - 6aauunm, 6aaua, 6aeuo, 6aauu; 6o'tex, 6otna, zradeH - zradua,
zopeH
zopHa, cu.teH
cu,4Ha, yi4eH - yuna, xtadeu - xtadua, 4eueu B pa3utnpeunre cy$nxclr
4enua. f tacuara [e] or cy$xxca ce peAyBa c o
-a,1eH,-apeH, -uBeH, -o3e , -oHeH, -UUeH:AKmyA.re - AKmyaJxHu,
aepapeH
a?papHa, KoonepamuSeH - KoonepqmuaHo, nykco3etr , /,tyKCo3Hunm,KOHCmumyuuoHeH - KoHcmumy4uoHxa, ced,+ropeu- ceduopxa.
Koraro Hacragrara -eH ce npn6anr K6M ocHoBa, Kotro 3aBapruBa Ha
fnacHa, peAyBaHeToce ocrrlecTprBa no-cJroxHo (tx. $ 190): 3HOeH- 3troi_
Hd, cmoeH -cma Ha, daoeu, daoiua, zuoeu - zuoina, napmueH - napmufiHA, CmpOeH- CmpOUHs,EO UAeH- \AeHA, VAeHU.
Pegyranero He ce octulecrBrBa, Koraro cyrfuxc -ex ce npn6ara xru ocHOBLi,KOr,rTO
3aBbpUIBaTHa rpyna cbfJracHl.r,BTopaTa oT KorTo e coHopHa
uslu fsl: eutttett - abrlHeHu.flm,aulHeHa, ab./lHeHo,Bb,,ureHu,.
3bpHeHu- 3tpHeHunm, 3bpHeHa, Mo/lumaeH - MollumaeHu, o6t4ecmeeu , o6t4ecmeeua,
MOCmpeH )VOCmpeH2ltm,fpynnre cbfjracHH B lt3xolHaTa ocHoBa MoraT Aa
6tgar roryveHu Ii B pe3ynrar Ha penyBaHero [r] - o. B rosu c.ny.rali.qeilcTBa npaBunoro or nBe peAyBau1r ce r-nacHltB ocHoBara npn npn6anlue ua
$lexcurra B peAyBalrero Aa yrracrBa caMo eAaara or BMerHarHTe rracHfl
( a x .$ 1 8 0 ) :
r,ltucbll , Mucl1eH, ,tucneHa
atmbp - nempeH, aempeHa
nbKb,,t
nbKlletI, nbK.tetn
PegyaaHero ua r;racHa [e] s cy$urc -e He ce ua6lrogara n npr4 npr4naraTeJrHH,B OCHOBaTa
Ha KOT4TO
HrMa ycnoBr.rr 3a cTpyrrBaHeHa Tpy.qHonpo_
1ll3rroclrMuctrreraHHr or clrracHH: 6upeu - 6upetru, cmoudHeH, cmoMaHetut, netrcH - reHeua, E gwa qacr or re3n nprinarareJrHl..t,
xoltro He pegyrar [e]
c z a cyrfuxca, o3HaqaBar BerrlecrBeH npol3xoA: KonpuHeH , KanpwreHa,
naMapuHeH - nqMapu e a, Ka.4e
KAIeHA, roe - noeHa, metrcKue _ meueKueha, xupmueH - xapmueHu.
llpu.ruHara 3a pa3rr.rt{Horo noBe.qeHneHa HacraBKara -et tpx6za ya ce
rr,pcn n ueiHu.r trpoll3xog. Or ucropuvecxa ureAxa roqKa llHeurHara HacTaBKa -e,t e HacnelHlrK Ha nBe pa3nrlynH crapo6urapcrn
HacraBxr,r_6H,b r.r
-en'x. IlpularareJrH[Te, r(ouTo ca o6pa:yaaHl c rrtpBara HacraBKa,
r.rMar
[3rcHeH h a [e], xoiro n cla6a no:uqn.r ce peAyBa c a. flpnLrarare.nnure,
o6pa3yBaHu c HacraBKa -€H'L, 3ana3Bar r,racna [e] or HacraBxara rpl.r cJroBoH3MeHeHrierou c:roroo6pa:yaanero.
B pe:ylrar ua rpbcrocBaHHr Mex,qy ,qBararr.rnanpnrarar€nHlr c pa3nHr{H H n o n p o u 3 x o l H a c r a B K H- T e 3 H ,n x o n r o [ e ] c e p e A y B ac s , A T e 3 H ,B K o n r o
He ce penyBar c ot ce cr3gaBar ,qy6,reruu Qopvu, Karo a cypeHa 14a)typHa,
262
, KosyHauHa,
6emoueua- 6emonxa,xepeuudeua- xepeuudua,Ko3yHaveHq
KOHCepgeHS- KOHCep6HA,KOpA.4eHA- KOpATHA,KOTAHeHA- kovaHHa, KyKypy3eHa - KyKyPy3Ha, K1'nuut4eHa - Kbn\ut4Ha, ./tuKbopeHa - nuKbopHa, oqemeHa - o4emHa, naruKy.4eHa - nauKyrHa, n4oseHa - n,iovHa, npoeupeua -
- ntueuuuua,
npofupua,nuteHuveHa
pu6exa- pu6xa,canfiupeua- caneup- cbnHa,Seuepeua $exepxa,qupo3eHa
- vupo3Ha,
Ha,cbHeHa
n6utueua
n6atqua.
PEAyBAHE la, El - o nPI{ CJIOBdEPA3yBAHETO
peAyBaHeroce cperua B npon3Bexnaul
$ 183. IIpt c.noaoo6pasynanero
ocHoBHc BMerHaratracHa [r,, e] npu npu6arrHe HaHacraBKu,KoHTo3anoqBaT C tJtacHa:
-aa: ?ba?,K- ?baKd6, poxbK, poxxae, 6otex - 6o,tuaa, dpe6et
dpe6uae,
?HyceH- ?HycHae.
-ax: Membp - MempaJK, ap6umbp
ap6umpax, Kuno ema,p - Ku,,to.i4em_
pax-ax: ea6z,p- ea6pat<,ceden - ceduax, oce - ocMaK.
-sleH: neambp - meampaleH, cneKmbp cneKmpaneH,
4evmbp
4eHmpaneu, ouaMem6p - ouaMempaneH.
-aHue: KoHe4 - oKOHiAHUe.
-sp: uexbn - Yexnap,
-arm: Kocb.M KocMam.
-e; Kome,l - xom/Ie, open - opne, Ko3al - KO3/1e.
-ea: nauorct,t - dauoxtea.
-eH: HAnpu,3bH - enpufl3 eH, mb tK _ u3mbHqeH,neme/l _
nemlett. Kome,,l
- KOm.neH,
,lUClrtI - rtUC./teH,HO neceH - neCeHeH,neCeHHA.
-ecmao: m6oPe4 - maopvecmao.
-eq: xpa6z,p - xpa6pe4, utdtp
uudpe4, Mbpmbs - M;pmeell, nodt,t - nod_
ne4, xumt p - xumpell, anmbp - aempe4.
-a: ceoeJv - ceoMu, oceM - ocL411.
-hro: Mbpmba - ntbpmguno, ozbH - ozHul'to,sgmbp _ sempuno,
ocmbp _ ocmpUno, nbcmbp - nbcmpu./to,CAemb/l, CAemUnOImbiieH _ m?,M UIO.
-UHA: xumbp - xumpuHat mbi4eH- m?,i,tHulrA,
IeCeH - !IejHUUA,eedtp _ Aed_
puua, do6op - do6puua,3bt1 - 3/,ruHa,Kpexbk - Kpexqurn, nntm?,k -n,IumvuHa, monbJ't' monluHa.
-u4a; mu?bp - muzpu4a, oe?,H o?Hutld, Jvbpmbe_ bpm6u4a,
cedeu ced_
,tuqa, oceM - ocuuqa, forteu - 6o,txu4a.
-uut x; do6tp - do6puuzx, dbnbz - dbteuebK, xum?,p - xumpuy?,K.
-oa: open - opnos, muzbp - muepoe, za6tp za6poe, u za6opoa,
uecbH _ vecuoe, xadtp
xadpoe.
zo1
-06am: -oaum: Kpbzbn - Kpb?noaam, obJrbz- npoobnzoedm, bzb/l - b?'1oaam,
uydeH - qydHoaam, a.flmbp -aempoaum, auxbp - auxpogum.
-otZxa: xeueu - ueuuofixa.
-opet: cedeu4 - ceduopeu, oce.M - ocuopeH.
-opKa: cede - ced opKa, oce.i't - oct'topKa.
-ocm: KpombK - Kpomocm. ?nadbK - ?,radKocm.
-oma: do6tp - do6poma, ntcmbp -nbcmpoma, monbl
montoma, 6edeu 6edxoma, ,teceH ,,recHoma,nb,,reH nb,,r oma.
-onrua: 6edeH - feduomun, metcbK - meleKomun, meceH - mecHomun.
-y,lt a: mbHbt( - mbHky.nna.
PelynaHero e 3acrr,neHo uHpoKo H npn o6pa3yBaHe Ha rlraro;rr.r or c'r,TUecTBHTeJIHU
H npUJIafaTeJIHHC BMeTHaTHfJIaCHHB KpaecnOBneTO:
a) c nacrarra -et (-ee)'. 6tedeu - 6,teduen, etadex - oztaduen, yuerr noyMHet, 6eceu - 6ecuen, KbceH - 3aKbcHent
6) c rracranra -r (-u)'. nceu - o6ncHn, ),MeH - noyMvefl, )rezb.r - satceaut,
Kocb^t - oxocun, do6tp - odo6px, atmbp - npoaemp.s, Kpbzbn - oKpbz,Ifl,
monb.l - montn, edz'p - yedpz, ocmbp - ocmpfi u rp.;
a) c Hacraara -uua (-uu-u): 6eso6paset - 6ezo6pasuuua, sarce - santu\a, Kanpu3eH - Kanpusuu\a, uepse - Heparuua, tn6esen - tn6estuya
l{ Ap. ;
r) c uacranxa: -u,+t'.6tnctx - 6,ttrcKaii, aptctK-spncKaM, kpncbK-KpncKAM, trr'tucbK - n,,lucKaM, n,,IncbK - n.tncKa.u, m,lacbK
m,ldcKd,lt, mpncbt mp.ftcKa .
Pelyrauero ce orKpHBa B MHoro cJryqafiB rrapBara qacr Ha clloxHl.r AyMlr
npeg creArrHHTeJrHHTe
rracHr.l -oll-e: oztx - oetteduutat4, xpozz',t Kpt z/tonux, eltp
edposopuecm, sut
3./rocmopHuK,+flmbp - aemponoKa3amel,
nbJleH- nbnHonPaeeH,d?,Ju'z- dt"tzouoc, tecett - lecuodOcmbneu, cHelce
- cnelctto6nt, oce.+t- ocuoKracHuK, flceH flcHoyepaeu u MII. ,qp.
Pegynauero rracHa - o o6xBar.uacaMo rJracHr.rre[t] u [e]. B eAlrnuqsu
c:ryvalr o6ave ce xa6.nrogana cbt{oro no xapaxrep pe,qyBaHenpn rJracultre
- edna, edto, ednuutx; 6odu.,r - 6odtu, ueduux - MeH4u
[u] n [o]: edurr
uape4 c Qopva 6e3 peAyBaHe- uednu4u.
Caruo n egHn c:ryr.air ncano - ncahuu Irac:l.a [o] cepegynaco. Oopvara
3a MHoxecrBeHo qrcro nc&,trvu 6'r Morna Aa ce lriBe,qer.ror Qopva 3a e,qI{HcrBeHo qHcJIo ncaJLv, K'b6ero HtMa BMaKHara uacga. B KHHxoBHI{{ e3l.tK
cbulecrByBa H BapuaHrHa rlopva 6e: peAyBaHe- nca,,totru.
PEAyBAHE [bP, T,Jrl- [P1,,JrT,l
or Qoxernvnoro o6xplxeHue B pa3naqHr.rre
rpaS f 84. B 3aBr.rct.rMocr
MarrrqHuQopvn Ha eAHa,qyMaHnH npl{ c,roeoo6pa:yeanerorlacna [r,] n
264
cpeAHcJroBr,reTo
Moxe aa npoMeHu no3rirllnTa cr.{cflprMo c'r,rJracHnTeLpl n
ce onpeAenr (aro Merare3aHJrnnpeMtraHe,a r:racHara
[-r]. Ta:u npoM.sHa
n
cr,veranne
cr,c
cr,rJracHxTe
1". Ocnora na pe[r,]
[p, -n]raro ,,no,qBlrxHo
e
rrpoMrHara
B
Mrcroro
Ha
rnaclrart
a
cr,veraltne
c rrJraBHure,
AyBaHero
[r,]
3a Aa ce n:6erue crpyneaHe Ha noBeqe clrracHu B Tpy.qnonpon3Hocr.tMl4
fpynu.
B epnu cnytau pe4yBarero rrMa 3aKoHoMepeH
xapar(Tep.OoHeruqnrlre
npuqIrH,rouTo ro npe.qu3BuKBaT,
ocHoBaHr.te
To aa ce pa3fJrexaaKaTo
aaBaT
gpyra
aBToMarrqHox Qoxerxvno o6yc.noreuo.Or
crpaHa,vuoro6pofiunre
r.{3KJrroqeHrrr
ro onpeAeJlrrKaro xapaKTepHa
oco6exocr h csoicreo canloHa
orrpeAereH6pofi gyvlr. flpu c:roron:veueHnero peAyBaHero[rp] - [pr,] ce
cpeula MHoropr1xo, a ['ln] - [nr] - xnro reqnr,x. llpu c.noeoo6pasynaxero
peAyBaHeroe flo-qecro, Ho 6e3Aa e o6u1olr npogyrrnrHo n 6e: ga o6xaaula
3aKOHOMepHO H nOCTOTHHOBCnriKU CnyqaI-I.
Pe4yoanero [r,p, r,-n]- [pt, ll]
e BaxHaxapaKTepnaQoHernvuaoco6e-
HOCTHa KHHXOBHXT e3IrK CnptMo HefOBHTe AHaJTeKTHtr C[prMO Apyr
RtHCKL e3LIUI-1.
Te CJra-
AyMH H B xpainr.r cpnvxl.r Ha uuor-ocpuvHn (6ercy$ f 85. B e,qHocpxrrHr.r
ce
cpeular
c;regHure cnyqarl:
AyMr
OuKcHrl)
L Cavo cr,qeraHur [pr, lr,] B MaJnx 6poI gyvr.r, KoHTo 3aB.bpruBarHa
ARe rxyMoBx ctulacHlr: Kpbcm, npbcm, mr,rbcnt,mp6cm, qespbcm. IIo:IrqHqTa Ha rtacHara [r,] cnprvo [p, l] s ocHoalrre na re3r{ c bulecrB}ITeJrrrHce
:ana:ea 6e::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::[poMrHa
BbB BcHtrxH cnysau', Kpbcm Kpbcm uK, Kpbcmosuule,
npbcnt - npbcmu, uanpbcmuuK, m)lbcm m,lbcmuHa, veapbcrn - Yeapbcma.
2. B egxocpuvxn AyMlt, KoHTo3aBapuBar Ha eArracarJlacHa, Mrsroro Ha
rracHa ['l] cnprvo [p] a [,r] e rpyaxo Aa ce otrpeAe:ra c npaBr.lJroB 3aBlic]rMocr or o6rpr,x(eHnero t-ly.qo6c.rBoro Ha H3foBopa, rr,fi xaro ce cpeqar H
.qBere Bb3MoxHocrlr - 30 cnyqat c [pr,, ,rr] n I 9 c.nyvat c fr,p, r,.n]:
a) clulecrB[TerHn r{MeHaor MT,xKr.rpon: 6ptu, 6ttrj, eptx, z,tt,t, zpt 6,
zp?,x,?pz,,u,Kpr,e,ntbx, np1'cm, npb!, cmpbK, mpbrr, mpbc, xpbm; nbnK, .bptt,
dz,te, xz,tttt, c.ttopu, cnttt6, cbpn, mbpz, xbnM;
6) c'lulecrrure-nHu uMeHa or xeHcKl pon. spt s, z,tz,u,eptd, xtouf f stz,u,
Kpbs, nbm, cxpt6, cmpta, Lrrbpm, \emsbpm:
n) npn.narare,rHu: (ocmpo)aptx, (day)eptx, npbs; sbpl, dz,pm, uct tm,
metpi, t4z'p6;
r),qpyru: dpbnc,,v,1bK, cKpbtl, Krtb6,x,tttq, dpt'x-dpt x, (u a)d,rttt<.
B 6pu
6tpz, xptm
Kbpm, r4pbK - ulbpK v.e.c"toro ua rlacHara [r]
cnpruo [p] e cao6oaHo n otfopvr .qy6rerHr.r$opMr.r.
S 186. B MHorocprruHr.rreAyMr,r,Kor{To cbgtpxar cbrreraHfie Ha rJ]acHa
[r] c rranulrre c6r;racrru, Mtcroro Ha rracHara ce oflpeAen.s or 6por Ha
265
cbfJracHuTe, KoltTo cneABaT cren cbqeTaHr{eTo:npe,q enHa cafJracHa ce tr3roaap.a [rp, l.n]. a npe.u.[Be H noBeqe ctrflacHll - [pr. lt]:
3bpHo - 3pb 4e
KbpeaE - xpb6HuK
abpxoae - apbutHuK
nbrHn - n,lbHKa
Kbrled4 - k/4b6HA
dz,,teoee - dnbicHuK
flocoqenure xov6uuaropnn oco6enocru B cpeAucJroBuero
Ha MaorocpHqHHAyMr.roQopv.rr r KHHxoBHHT
e3r{KMerare3HcHorope.qyBaHe
lbp, rr]
- [p'r,m].
Pe,qyraueroce cpenla KaKToB rpaMarr.rqHnre
.qy0opMH Ha eAHocpurrHt,t
(epult - zbpun vu r r o6pa:yraHnTe or rrx c HacraBKnnpoH3BoAHH
ez,puetr), TaKa'r B KopeHu,KoHToHece cpeuar B eqnocpnvnu6ercyQraxcnr
ryuu: etp6a - Bpt 6uu4a, lbpJra - eptzxa, dtpao - dpz,euurc,xut6o - x,tz,6- ?nbmKaH np.
4e, qnbxsa- eurue6uux, 2?,,4ma!'t
3 a 6 e n c x ( a. npaBnlto_ro3a pcayBale ua [r,] o xurlxoorrr e3ur( : B!3npflero or
ceBcpolr3'r'orrI|rre
6anrapc|(u roBopr. Tbi Karo pa3Br'rfieroxa crapo6r,ral.cxxre cpnqKorycno))e[Ho,eJIHoBpeBopHx(coHarrr) [p, 4] n 6rnrapcrure rHarexrr He cc e H3BlplrrBa]ro
Nte||HO npt ea a(Bl1ycroBHt, a e[IHoTo clcTot fie B ataJleKTtTcno oTHo[Ie Ie Ha xHl,lxonrru,c [r,p, ra] lr [pb, ll], orberr:oarru ! crapo6urapcKuTe naMernnrlr r(aro ap, Lp,
rA, h , e Aocra rrlcrpo. CpB. c!pn, cp!n, cpn, cepn, copn, B6nK,Bnax, Byx, 86r(,BJrK,
BoJ||(.
B r3To, rrrc r B rrrl(o}l3anaAHr.r
roBopr qpe3HapacrBalre
fia epoaur npfi3ByKcpxrt(oTouoprure Ip,,r] ce npeap!uar B cpr'{xu Ip'1,,rr], n xoxro raacrara [t] nprAo6rBa noAEuxeH
xapaKTeptrtt 3ana3Ba cnpoMe eSo cBotTano3fiuBt cnprMo c,brJlacgtTe- uJll,lcaMo crea,
rrr.i caMo npe! c'r,fjracrrrc Ip, ,r]: zr,p6,zop6ae.zop6xox.uotxua (IIalarrcpcxo, CMonrrtc(o, Kocrypcxo); zpd6, ?pbbao,6,rb?ape, 16\a (nfipAonc(o, Co0lrficr(o,KrccreuAt.rrcxo).
fonrMo e pa3noo6pa3re'roB r3Torrrfirc Ahane(ru r npu H3roBopaHa c6qeraHflrra n
oTAetnt eAttocptttHu\yvtt: ap6x - Btpx, d6,16?- d6nbz,c6pn - ..p6n, 6icm - tn6(: 1,kbpb
- Kpbtj).
B firKox 3anaJlHxr.rH3Toqrr roBopr n Arrecce cperuar cprq(orBopHH ct,uacrrt Ip, r]
rr3roBaprHuc neK cpoa npn3Byx:6p3o, apio, ?pn, enma (TereBeflcKo,flnpgoncro, Tpr,rrcko, Mrxafi,loBrpa/lcr@,6oreBrpa,[cKou rp.).
Xapa(Tepl|or caMocrorreJrI|opa3srrre o 6tlrapcxrre Ararcxrfl HMacpuq(orBopfloro
Ir] -. 3aMecrrruxIorf: soik, ao,1ia,nonHo.cor3a (Bpo!]onc{x roBopUt B I(pafiflHtor03analI|u, |(aro nprrencxrr, oxpxAc(xc)i 3aMecrtn( [y] (o6yclooeu or npeAxoAHarana6xanlra
cr,rnacrra):ayk, sytM, ny , u6yka (Ktocretv\urcro, flerpu,r(o, Canroxoocxo).
ycJroBr,rr
npu Qopvoo6paryBauero
$ 187. IIpn npoMrHaHa OoHerHqHHre
n npH o6pa:yrauero Ha HoBuAyMr{or eAHHH c'r,rqropeH qpe3 npra6araue
MrcTo?o Ha rJIacHaTacnptMo nJIaBII[Tece npoMeHr cnopeA
Ha HacTaBKr.r
trocoqeHoronpaBuno.Pegynaxeroo6aqece r.r3BT,prxBa
3aKoHoMepHo
B Malrxo Ha 6pofi cJryqanB cpaBHeHr.re
cac cryqaHTe,Kr,qeroro e Ba3MoxHo,Ho
| | e c r a B aB a n p e K nH a r l t q f i e r oH aH e o O x o , q l - t Myr rcen o B l r r .
Pegyeauero [rp] - [pr] np]r cJroBor.r3MeHenuero
ce Ha6rroAaBaB cre,qHHTe CJtyqaIt:
266
I . rIplr o6pa:ynaHeHaonpeAeneHu
3a MHoxecrBeHoquc$opvn x rfopr',rr.r
JIOHa CJteAHIITeC6IqeCTBHTeJIHIiUMeHa OT MLXKI-I po.q:
apbx - abpxbm, abpxoge
zpt6 - zz,p6z,m,erp6oae
zpbK - ?bpKbm, ?bpqu
zpb,t4 - zbpM?,m, 2bpMOse (v zpt Mose)
flo-qecrs npn eAHocpuqHnre cr lecrBHTerun ca clyvaure 6e3 Merare3a:
Kpbz - Kpbzose, cmp?,K cmpbKoae, 6,tt'S - 6,tt'Qoae, nrrbx - nJ4bxo6e,z.tb4
- 2,'tbrto6e,mPbc - 3eMempbcu, np?,\
npbyoee, npby?,m, mpbH - tnpbHu,
npz,m npbmoae, np6mu. B re3r.l cry.{ax geficrta cu.nxo reHAeHuHrra Aa ce
[:6qrsa Merare:ara qpe3 yeaHaKBrBaHeHa H3foBopa c lr3roBopa Ha ocHoBuara Qopva.
flpourua B no3urlurra Ha [t] cnprvo [p] r no:nqxr npeA ABe carjracHu
r.rMaH BblB tfropr'anre canodptrc4u, atacmodptctc4u (cpz. cauodt plce4).
Qopua zptutlu (cps. zt'pue) e nonyqeHa or AnaJrexrHoro etpue4 @16.
rpsns4s).
2. flpu o6paayaaHe Ha OopMrl 3a MHoxecrBeHo qncJ,roHa clegHnre 6e:cy$urcHu clulecrBHTerHH HMeHaor xeHcKl poA:
6pba,apbamd ebp6u
zpt d, zptdma - ztpdu
cmpb6,cmp6ama cmbpau
Kpt'6, Kpbama - KbPeu
cxpt 6, cxpt6ma - ctrcp6u
3. flplr o6paeyraue Ha oflpeleneHu$opvl u r[opr*.ra
3a xeHc(x, cpeAerr
poA H MHOXeCTBeHO qECJTOOT CJIeIHUTe rrpHJIaI aTeJIHII:
6pts (u 6tpz) - 6t psunm, 6tpsa, 6tpzo, 6opsu
(ocmpo) spt x ocmpoabpxufl , ocmposbpxa
(dey)zpr6 - dayztp6un, deyztpba.
npba
n?rpaunn, nI,paa, nbpgo, nt pau
4. B cnpexenuero Ha rJraroJrure peAyBaHero ce orKprrBa npn o6pa:ysane
Ha cBrpareHa $opva :a noBeJrrrre,qHoHaKJroHeHneor rJraroJra dtpzca opbnc, Ho opb)tcme.
$ 188. IIpu cloroo6paryaauero, raxa xaxro u npx $opvoo6pasytaHero,
peAyBaHeToce r{3B5plxBa CaMOB OnpeAeneHrrKopeHH,KoHToc6Al,pXaT C6qeraHr.iero. Yc:rosusra 3a Merare3a
ftp, r,r] - [pr, :rt] ce ca3AaBar nper
lBe c'brJracHH,(oraro KaM ocHoBara, Korro cr,!'bpxa cbqeraHgero rae o6exr
Ha peAyBaHero, ce npu6ae.n HacraBKa,Kotro 3anoqBacac cbrJracHa,a sa [pt,
,rr] - [rp, r.n], roraro KbM ocHoBara ce npn6arr HacraB(a, Korro 3anoqBa
HA TJ]ACHA:
267
6tpz - 6upzau, 6apsuxa - 6pt'tcxo
Epbe - 8bpB9, Haabpan, Haabpgev gpbaqulp
6PbX - AbpXOseH,sbpxAp - spbwHuK
atp6a .- atp6atax, etp6uqa - Bpz'6uuqa
6bpmfl - 6pbmHa, apbmaa,u
6bpJt{:a ap7'3K4, aPb3aa.M, apb3aav
abpHa sPbt4aJit,omabpua, noabpHa, omapbulaM
zpt6 - zt'p6aa, zz,p6uua, zup6ut1a, zpt6uax
?bptrd pa3??,ptn, oqetprn, pa3zpr,qa , npezp?,qaM, 3azbpHd, npezT'pto,
3A?pbula.M
zpt d - ztpdecm
?r,tblt
zbr1ta,
?,IbqKa
,lpbM
?bp.Mele, zbp.Mt, 2p|,.uaatt, ?pb.unua, ?pb.Momeau4d, zplJMHu, ?pbrtoomqod, zpb oznace
?bptte ?pbnuop
Zb'ImA.M -
AlbnlKA,
axTrmHA, ?llbmAur+l
?phK - zbpKuttt, I-z'ptqun,nozupua, zr,p\ee e
dz,pao - dpz,eqe, dpteuux, dtpaap
dt'ptx'u - dpt rcrca, noddz'pxatt
6ox - odtz,6uamurta
dz,,,t
dt'ttz - dtttcruux
dt ttz't
dt't:tt<:uua, d'tolcxa
)tcz'Inl
Jrl:"IbmnU, StCb'Imet, ttbrlmbK
3?,ptt0- 3P1,Htle,3bpttett, 3bpttecm
KbpkuM - KpbKtta
KbPn,
KpbnKa, KbpneHe
Kpbm - Kbpmu4a, Kbptnu\ltHa
ta,t6n- Kb,l60, Kb;Iaa\
Kp?,6 kbpada, Kl,psoau4a, Kbpsn, ao o6esxz'pe:t
Kbnqa,M Knbllua
MbpouAt .Llpbo a
Mpbceu - .Mbpc.a,.MpbcnuK
.M'1bK
ntb.l'tA,
M/l bKl lA, MbiI \AilUA,
-MiIbKgQtl,
o6t pua - o(tpt qau
ntpdt - nptdrut, sanz,pdneau, nptdua
npbe - ,t6p\omuHa, n7,p9a
np7,a n?'paaK,nbpBettcmao
nb,,lHn- n,4b Ka, nb,lHume.4
n/lbm - nb!,rmeHuK
cbpot ce - cpbou.H
cz,p6au
cpt 6ua, cpu6aa,n
268
3 A,Ub,I VA6AM
cKpto - cKpboeH, cKbpon
cmpba - Hacmbpan, ttacm?,paeHue
cbp6uH cpb6cKu,cpb6KuHn
mpbcm -.u3mbpct, cmpbcKaa , cmbpcfl, mpbckoM, mpbcaaM
mbpKaM - mpbKHQ
mbPnfl - mp|,nKa
mpbH - mbp OKon
x,lbm a Haxbrlmtur4
XBtrpsa - XapbKHa,xabpKaaM, u3xabpKabtl
xb/lua.M - x,'lbltHa
4PbK - tlbpKaM, qpbKHa, qpbK0o.|l
l4pbK I I r\TpK - tqbpKerr
$ 189. Orxlorrenlrtra or rrpaBnnoro 3a Merare3tlcnoro peryBaHe ca B ABe
nocorn:
a) rpynn [pl, nr] npe4 e,qHacr,rracHa arvr.[r,p, rl]: mpbHuK, mpbHoc./tlt6KU, tu'lbxj 6e, ?pbM OZ"l dCe t t, Mpl,COmUt,
6) rpynn [r,p, u] npeg gae cr,rJractrn lna. [pr,, ,rr,]: noabpxttocm, ymsz,pxdaenu, cb,,I3rua.
IIpNulruHre :a uuoro6poiiaure orr(torleHr.tr or npaBHJroro taMar pa3nr{qeri xapar{Tep. B egur c.nyvax re Morar Aa ce o6qcnqr c
Qonernvuara no3Hrluq, a 8 ApyfH cryqat c aHarornq v BntrsHus rra pycr(H H qepxoBHocnaBtHCKn.
IIo-xapaxrepnu r3KrroqelrHr ce ua6,rrc.qagarB cJre,qHr{Te
cryqH:
L llplr o6pa:ynaHe Ha nporl3Bo.qr{ttAyMK c HacraBKr.r,Konro c,b!]pxar
r.nacrrr[r,, e], pcgynaulu ce c o:
EpbxeH, 6pbxua 6bpxoae
zptder4zpu)rra
zr,pdecm
dln'tceH, dLtt'lctta
dut lrca
KpbaeH,Kpba a - Kbpqa8
cxpz'6eu,cxpt,6rn
cxtp6n
16utuett
n6utquu
Mbpmbn - .i,tbpmaa
2. flog r.nrruue Ha pycxH r{ qep(oBHocJ'raBrHcKuB KHlrxoBHrrr e3uK ca
B'b3rrpueru ,[yM]r, Kor.rroHe ce tro,I1qurrBar Ha npasr,roro.B no6r,lrapexure
rJracHr.rIe, o] cron r"nacQopMH Ha Mrcroro Ha pycKo-{epKoBHocr't.rBaHcKHTe
na fu] noaz'pxttocm (pyc. noaepxuocmt), yctpdeu (pyc. ycepdui),yct
pdue,
ymabpJrcdenue, nomatput:deuue, ocxt,p6,teuue, omsbpcmue (u omaepcmue).
3. B rlaroln
or HecBbpueH aug, o6pa:ynaxu c HacraBKa -sav or npeQurcrru ocuoau, n Koltro r:racHara [r,] ce u:rorapr npeA nnaBHara crrJ'racHa:
6opsau - za6rpsau, us6t'psau, paz6tpsau ce, npu6osea*t, pasztpdn ce
269
pa3ebpdsat ce; st'pJKa - sanbpJteaaM,u3nbp)rcatuv;cmbpJrd 3acmbpz'
doctp6aau (uo nocpz,6eauor
adM, Hacmbpmsan, ocmtpzeaa; ctp6au
- o62'pcaaM,
Hazbp6tr- tno6t'pwa
nocpt6ua); cz,pdnce pascupdeau ce,
ztp6enu, doxz'pnn doxtpneau. .utpda-u 3aMbPdsaM.
rJ]aroJrncr'IrIo 3ana3or HecBT'pttIeHIITe
Orrtraro.:rsute cr'LqecrBHTeJIHH
ocm?'p?aatrc,
u3nbpsraaHe,
cbulacHa:
npea
coHopHaTa
BaTMrcToTo Ha [b]
HacmbpeaaHe.
pascapdeatte,doctp6eaue,
u3mbpcsaHe,u36bp3saHe,
PEAYBAHEIftI - O
- o ce ocbulecrBtBa B ABe no3]Ilr[u I{ B cneAHI'ITe
$ 190, Pe.qyaaxero ffi]
cryrraH:
l. Cruacxara
[i] n rpaecloauero HJIIrB no3HL(HtnpeA 3aAHarracHa ce
peryBa c 6 npeA npe,qHarracHa Ha Mo$peMHara rpaH[Ira Mexay ocHoBa I.I
HJrHMexay ocHoBa It cnoBoo6pa3yBareleu cyQnxc:
oKoHr.raHr,re
a) B fJaro,.lHl ocHoBI,t:
neetu, nee
netm [niiz'm]
nen [niit],
cmouu, cmou, cmoe)K
cmon fcmoidJ, cmonm fcmoiim]
'+'luetu
MUfl ttlutlm, Mutlr
ceew, ceum6a
cet, ceflm, cenu [ceida]
cmpoutu, cmpoe)Je, cmpoeH
cmpon, cmpotm
6) r rveuuu ocHonu:
craaefi, craae.am [c teeiii'm] - craaeu
?epou, ?epouqetL
eepoi, ?eponm, zepon [zepdiy]
ndrmuu, nurmuelt
ndpmutr. napmuiu
6t)it. 60i4u - 6It.'4
a) n uecrolrveHxH ocHoBIr:
0u, ^4oume, Moe
uoir, 'trotm [ndiz,n]
maoi, maonm maou, maoe
caoi, csoitcKu, caotrm caou, c80e
2. CrrracHara [fi] ce pe,qyaa c 6 cnen cr,rJIacHa,Karo npeAl,lroBa t traPegyrauero ce H3Bt'pIxBa B cpe,qficJloBl.IeronpH aepHBauut c
naraJrLt3Ltpa.
npe,qcraBxr or HTKoJIKoocHoBH c HaqarHH cBtIeraHI'Iflt, r<t[ita, ityl:
npedacmue [nped'dcmue],
nodntcdau [nod'drcdau],
nu, nderu
> [us'du]
pa3nJtcda^4ce, u3fltr or [us+iau]
nd pasndoca.u [pas'addcau], usttdocau [us'adbcau]
Aatr ce, .flaeH u3n6,reHue [us'aa,tiuue], u3n6.neal4ce [us'aeneau ce],
o6naneau [o6'ae'daau]
npedneneau [nped'ae'iaau],
o6ncusteau
pd3.nclleH [pas'acuiu],
u3tcHflaav [ut'acu'daau],
flceH
210
[o 6' a cx' dea.u], pa 3.ncHumeneH [p az' acximetexJ, pa3nc H.E[p as' a c u' iJ
flpocm - pa3npeu [paz 'apiuJ, pa3np86a.M[pas 'ap'daau]
nsda - pasnzdan fpas'jtsdaxJ,paznsdaan [paz'yedea,u]
Ocren a cpeAr.rcJroBnero
penyBaHeroce ocbrlecrBtBa Qary:rrarunuo n
Ha MexaycJroBHopaBHrrue,B rpaHHqnTeHa eAHaaKqeHTHa
AyMa Mex.qy
npeAnor u ocHoBac HaqaJrHH
ctqeraHrrr n lital u rc [fiy], o c:roxnr.rgyvlr r.r
rro-prAKo MexAy ABe caMocro.srerHu nyllu. c,zadxo om neodu [clarno
or'drogn], fnaa'd,v.araluad n.Mama,om actume fo:r'i.clurel, nod flxopyda
[ n o . q ' A x o p y . q a ]K; a ^ . t e p a H K eI xpa v e p ' ] u r e p ] ; 6 u c o Kn s o p [ a n c o r ' i n o p ] ,
Mlad bHaK Iv,rran'yudr].
Pegynanerolitl - a n nrpenx clyvafi (cmpon-cmpoutu)ce orpa:raa npaBonlrcHo;B ocraHaJlrre cJryqat ce npoMeHr caMo 3ByKoBaracrofisocr sa
6yroara n u n: lita, fiyl - ['a, 'y]
PEAyBAHE
[C] - s
$ 191. Ilpn-noxeHuero Ha roBa pe,qyBaHee orpaHfiqeHo. Ha6.nrogata ce
Ha rpaHHuaTa MexAy r.rMeHHHocHoBH, KOrlTO3a8,r,pUBaTHa npoxo.qHr{ I-l
nperpaAHo-npoxoAHn ailBeonHu lr se6un cr,rracgH H HacraBKara - crcu za o6pa3yBaHe Ha oTHocuTeJrHHnpHJrafaTeJrHr.r:
Pycun * -cxu
Eypzac + -cxu
Bumouta 'l -crcu
pyccKu > pycKu
6ypzaccrcu> 6ypeacxu
aumoulcKu> 6umoutKu
Pegyaaneroce no,qtrr.tHrBa
HacJreIHoronpaBt-tno:
crrlacnata Soneua Ic]
-cKu ce A3nycKaHnu ce peayBac u, KoraTo npe,qHe{ cTol,r
oT HacTaBKaTa
Ipyra cr,cKaBafinr{ rrlyrrrKaBa
clrJracHaH c.r,qeraHurra[cr, urr]: flapuut naputtcxu,Kaexas KaaKa3Ku,
Aimoc - a mocxu, xoepanucm _ xo$pu)ttucmKu, Qautucm
Sauucmxu, Eyxypeuq - 6yrcypet4rcu,uepsertoKpbcm(e4) - \epaeHoKptcmKu.
Hapeg c peAyBaHero[c] - a npeg HacraBxara-cKt B rl3xoaHaranMeHHa
ocHoBace peAyBar:[r - [x] - Pastoz pa3no)tcKu,flpazo.- npacrcrcu,
Botza
qex - qeuKH; [x- [q] sonteKu; [x - [ur] - Brrax- BrraurKu,
tql - trulIlasapdttcurc nasapdtruu.txu, n aK toHautKu,aofiHuK- eoiuuutxu; Kocmeue4- Kocmeueuxu,edoeu4a- adoauutxu,JIoeeq- ,toaewxu (tto IIemouu
nemoutxu).
271
IICTOPI,ITIECKNPE,IYBAHI,Iq
PEAYBAHE
HA T,'IACHI{ B KOPEHA
$ 192. Crulnocrra Ha peAyBaHero aHec ce c'bcroll BsB Bl,3MoxHocrra
fJIacHa B KOpeHOBaraMOpQeMaIa ce 3aMeHI.Ic apyfa fnacHa JII{,{a li3naane, Kofaro or ayMara ce o6pa3yBar rpaMarHqHlt tpoplru u.lx apyfa,qyMa.
Tara uanpnlrep B ,qyMara meKa moK, o6paryeaun or e,qI'IH!I c't,ul KopeII,
ce pe,qyBar urlacHl{re Ie] - [o], B KopeHa Ha cnoBoQopMl.tre nepa - npux u3nupaM rMa pe[yBaHe [e] - [o] - [lr], a r zottt - c?aH pe.qyBaHe[o] - [a].
Pe.qyaanero ua rnacHIl B 3ByxoBHflc bcraB tla e,qHaH c't'ura KopeHoBaMop$eva e e.[Ha or Hail-crapuTe Qoneruunn npoMeHHs e:Nra. To e cgoficreeHo
Ha Bcrrqxu cJraBtrlcKHe:lruu. flrpsouaqa;lHo peAyBaHero e 6u,ro Qonernvuo
o6yc.loreno. 14:stpuna,ro ce e no onpere,qettHaqllH, KoHToce Haplttla
K o p e H a H a A y M a r a c a c e 3 a M e H t J I lB
t 3al.tMHo
c r c rr e H y B a H e, rliiraroB
f r a c n l r o r n o - r r n c l < ar n o - c , r a 6 a c r e n e H c f J I a c H xo r , , f l o - c H J I H a "H , , n o - B l l (a6rayr) u
c o r a " c r e n e r r . I l p o v r H a r a e H 3 B e c r H ao l l I l eu K a r o o r r J I a c
peAyBaur[Te
ce
rJIacHI.t
crexapaKTepa
tla
n
r.
B
:asNcl.tvocr
or
a n o rf o rr
peAyBaIlHTe
ce rJIacHHca 6nrn c
rrerryBaHero e 6uro xaqecrseHo, Koraro
pa3nxqlra apr Kynaurrr (cpr, sepn - ct-6op, 'r"eKx - B'Lc-'roK't), H KoruqecTBeHo, xofaTo ca ce pe,uyBajllr abJIrt{ [l xpaTKH rJIacHI' IC eAHa n Cl'Ula
aprriKynartHr. Creneuynauero Ha rnacHtt e 6n,ro xaparrepHo He caMo 3a KopeHoBr{TevopQevr. To ce e ocr,urecrBcBallo l't B oKoHtIaHHt,r-ra cy$urcu.
C r e v e u u e H a r p e M e r o c r e n e H y B a H e r oc r a B a v o p $ o H o n o r u v u o p e A y B a H e
H 3anoqBa ga QyHrqnouupa B orgeJIHnre e3llun Karo Br'TpeuHa $lercnr
(aora.nua uHrfxrcaqur) nplr cnoBoH3MeHerIfleroH cnoBoo6pa3yBaHero. floH B pe3yJITaTHa I{3paBH'{KI,CHOpeAyBaHeTOHa rJracHHB XOpeHaBT,3HI,IKBa
BAHE H AHAIOfHg
B CMECEIII-l OCHOBH.
PegyraHero Ha rJractnt B KopeHa Ha eAlra H ctula lropQeua HtMa qroHeTHqeH XapaKTep, 3aIIIOTOHe e O6yCtOBeHOOr sOuetU'rUara no3Hulrt Il oT
ApyrHTe tfonernunu eJIeMeHTItB AyMara. To e He:asHcuMa cnoHTaHHarlpor.,lgHa.c'sornorueHHeTo Ha rracHHTe B KopeHa,qHecce cB6p3BanpeAI.IBcIrqKo
u uaBHo c'bc 3HaqeHuero Ha KopeHoBara Iuoptlema r c Hefisas rpaMaruqeH
CMHC,I,JL
272
Pe:y:rratlrre or craporo pelyBaHeHarJlacxrlB KopeHaHanyMure r{3nbrBar rcHo npu o6pa:yoaxe Har:rarolrrjn uvena n npn o6pa3yBaHe
HaHecBbptIJeHU
ftafojrH oT cBapu.teHli
B cnenHHTecnyqau.
$ 193. IIpx r:raroJlnH uMeHa,o6pasynaunor eaHHn ctq xopeu. Cr,orHOUeHH.gTa
Ha (OpeHOBHTe
rJracHHB Te3n CJIyqaH
nafi-qecro ca cJIe.qHI{Te:
r.nacHH[e, n] xapaxrepnaHparH3xoleHrJraroJr,a r.nacna[o] - 6e:cyrfurcuo
orrJraroJrHocEuIecrBHTeJrHo
,t npox3Bo,qeH
(BTopr.r,{eH)
rJraroJII4Jrr{
c6qecTBI{TEJIHO HME.
a) Pesyaaue[e] - [o]:
6epa - c6op, uz6op, ua6op, om6op
aHeca - gqoc
depa - pazdop
- c./to)rca
/Ie2ra - no/,to?,/'to),tee
HA4e 0 - OKOHVAUe, 3AKO
mema
nt10m
Heca, npuHeca - npuHoc, nputrcule ue - Hoc,
nozpe6a - zpo6
pexa, o6pexu
npopoK, cpoK, o6pox - uapo,ru
cnelfl
cmo/,t
nleKd - moK, u3moK, npumoK, nomoK, omoK moqd
6) Pegynaxe In] - [o]:
6un - 6ot1
atn, no6ull 6oi, nosoii
zttut - ettoi
3a?HolI
KPUfl CbKpOAUUIe
/tefl ,'toi
nefl - nectnnoe4
nun - eodonoi
not - noblo
pult-po8-poB.8
a) Pegynaue z (ropeHoaa r,.rop$eua 6e: r,racna) - [o]:
a3pa ce - 63oP
u36pa - u38op
3Qnpa 3anop omnoP
pa, y^.tpa - Mop.8
npocmpa
npocmop
B peguqa cnyqan npu cloroo6pa:yaanero penyBaHr.rrraHa r:racHlr B Kopenoru vopQevu ca MHorocreneHHu r.rIl3rpaxgar cJroxHll ri MHoroqJreHHH
peAyBaHlfr: [t -e-af (etpmn - spemeHo - spam, apamd, o6pam, noepam);
(aspa ce - ezop, uadzop
o-[o-ul
uadsupaeau, ywpa - Mop - yr4upaM,
l& Drero
ar op.6ur.6.
rDoimr.
273
npocmpa - npocmop - npocmupa,u);fl,-e-ul (xtnua kremsa - npoKnuua,u); o-le-a-ol (nouua - uaueua- Hdva/Io- nouuH- 3aKoH,6epa, 6apau
ct 6op 6pax, uslreKa - 6rlaK,u3&luqaiq, yupa - cMbpm,ymupau uop);
[u-'t-y) (duuau - drx - dyxau).
fh,poonavarno rcHrrre crorHotleH[r r{ npnHrlr]flHnpu penyBaHnrraHa
fjracHr.rB KopeHaHa ayMr.ic pa3Bor na e3HKarrocTerreHHo
ce HapyuaBaTr.l
3ar6MntBar or Haclr,nHrnTeno-Kt cHr{fipoqectr.B 6r,,rrapcrur e3r.tK
auec
ce cperqar uueua, o6pa:yaaHnor rJraroJrHr.{
ocHoBnc bc 3arra3eHa
HecrerreHyBHarJracHa,xaro npo6ue - npo6ueau, donup - donupa.M,noKpus noKpuaaM (Ho noKpoa),3asusKd- 3a6usaM,yHec ueca (uo Hoca),eecto soda
u .qp. Cperuar ce c'btrloraKa H r;rarotn, o6pa:yaaur or rrMeHHnocHoBnc
KopeHoBar nacnalof: tteca npuHoc- uoctt eeda - aotcd aod$ yupa .uop Mopfl v, flp.
$ 194. IIpn o6paryrane Ha HecBbpueHtl rJraroJrr or cBapruefi BrrA.
Pe4ynaHeroua rracHHB KopeHaHarJraro.rru
ce cpeua npHo6pa:yaaueHaHecBbplxeH[I,l fJIafoJII{ c HacTaBXa -d-r,
n no-p'IlKo
c HacTaBKI.t -aali,
-tr-M oT u3_
xoAHI.I
cBlpueHtr r;raroJrnor I n II cnpexeune,Cly.ranre ryr ca cJrenHr.tre:
a) PegynaHe[e-n]. f,racuara [e] s xopeuaua r,raro,ruor I n II cnpexexue
xapaKTepr3r{pa
r.rrarorHaocHoBaor cBr,pueHBtlA,a rlracrraIr-r] nponrxogHIITe OT Het |JIaTOIHI-j OCHOBHOT HeCBbpUeH BI-{A:
- U3nr1UmA , 3AntltlmqM, npennUuAM, pA3n.IUmAM
u3ceKa, omceKu
u3cu\ar.t, omcu\a,M,
acuyaM, npecu4an4
npoqenla - npouumdtr, pa3\umdM,
uoYumaM
uin/lemA
poz6epu, rru6epa,cr6epa pas1upau, at paM, ct 6upu,u
u3Memd - u3.uuma , c,t4uma.t|,npbvuma , noMumhtl
odepa - odupau, patdupau, ctdupu.u
u3meKa- u3mu\a,u, npomuqQtl
Hanpeda,utnpeda nanpudau, utnpLrdau,donpudau
onepa - onupau, u3nupa , donupa,q
3umpecu - 3ampucu.+l
0cMen oc.MuaaM
3acnet ce 3uc)4uaa.\tce, npuc.vusa.u ce, ttadc.uuaau ce
B u s r o r r n a r o J r H x o c H o B He I H o B p e M e H H oc p e A y B a H e r oH a K o p e H o B a r a
rJracHace ocr,qecrBrBa B ocHoBara u pe/'IyBaHe[x-v] lr pegyeane Ha nanaTaJIHaC TBlpAa Cr,f.IaCHa:
doetexa, u3aneKa - doeluyau, u3aruyat, 3aa,,Iuqa , npueluHa.Ll
u3peKa, HapeKa u3Pu\a , tnpuua.v
oneKa onuyaM, cnu4at{, u3nuqa.\,t
cu6texa - ct6luuau, o6ruua,v
tta"Mep9 HaMupa,tr
274
omnemt
- omnumaM,
cMe,ln
cMu,laM
nocme,ltl
nocmuJlaM.
dotuma*t
(do,temnaau),
npunumaMr
u3,,rumaM
3acmuJla,M
3 a 6 e r e x ( a. Or cBtpueHLi rJlaroru or l cnpexeHnec Kope -eM- Hecstpulett Ito
BrJllrJrarojllt ce o6pa3yBar 6e: npovrtta Ha KopeHoBaratracP.a..63et!a - 63eAnaM,c e! a cHava , npue a npueva.u. Aopvtr Ka'ro np u,\ld,r!,cHurta
Ma-rpa3roBopel xaparTep.
6) Pegynaue [o-a]. f tacua [o] a xopeua Ha r;raroJlr or II cnpexenue
xapaKTepll3uparrarolrHa ocHoBa or cB6prrleHBH.q,a rJracHa[a] npolr:aogH a o c H o B ao T H e c B l p u e H B l , J r
3Amgopn - 3AmgAp.flM,pa3meqpfltt, omeapflM
u3?op.n - u3eapnM, npe?apnM, 3a?apfl.u, doeapnrl
o6uxortst - o6urca,lnu, sao6uxatnu, xao6uxatnu
UAKJ'IOII'|,
CN1OH N
HAK.|AHfl M, CK,IAH.NM, NDE K,'IA Hfl M CC
0mpo6Jt ompaattr.l
yno6t
ynag'M,3a,1agt.Ll
pa3nopn
pa3napflM
o m? oaopt, pa 3?oIo pI - 0 m?onaputt, pd3 <.oaapJLrt
ttoc:t - dotncnu
noqmopfl - noamQPrM
uamon-rt-, namantM, pq3manJUI
ct,6op:t
cu6uptr.u
u3?0gopt, npo?Oaopt
u3?Oaup,.tt4,
npo?oeapnM, dozoeaptu
3Apontr - 3apug,.u, u3paan , pa3paaJtM, ompastM
o1yctoan
o6yctuenu, ycrast
ce
cKo4a cKaltuM,npecKayuM
cKr70rtl - cKnuHl.Ll
(t,tazoc,,taouv
6t ai:ocloen
mbpKorn - mbpKarflM (u mtprcatnaa,u)
Pegytauero ce orKpuBa H B rJrarora or I cnpexenne no.Ltozne- nowa?a
H a p e a c p e A y B a H e r o[ H ] - o ( a x . $ 2 0 6 ) .
B rrsxor r;raroJrHr.rocrroBH pelyBaHero Ha KopeHoBara r:racHa ce c,rrrrr,T_
crBa c KoHcoHaHTHHTe
peAyBaHxr [a-xa] Qtazodn , Haza cdau, noea)rc_
daM, podt
patrcdau, y?odfl y?a)Nrda.u);[r-x] Qrutotra - Helu?aM, cjta,
?4,M, pa3nOllOJKa - pl3no.laa0.\t) ototeA
C,I!?A.M| A/IAZA.M.,
8?,S,XaZAU,lO_
rla?av, 3ana?an4,ne/ra?a.u, oftazau u gp.).
Or lgrou rraroJru or cB,bpuel BH! e B.b3MoxHoga ce o6pa:yaar rrec_
B,lprrreHr.l
no Br.lgfraro;Iu clc n 6e: pe4yaaHe Ha KopeHoBara rracHa.. cKroH..t
- cK,ratutM u ctt,toutu, eto6n
zto6nu. fipyrn f J]aroJII-tcr,c 3aIIa3eHr.r
3By_
KOBt-rC' hOTBeTCTBll_q
MeXAy CBbprxeHaTaI, HecBLp[IeHaTa OCHOBaUMaT B
KHlrxoBHrr e3r.iKorpaHuqeHa ynorpe6a: npo6oda npofadau? (duat.), paz_
275
nopn - pa3napnu, y.Mopt ce - y,uapn ce, 3aKo'Ifl - 3aKtutEM (gua.n.). Te:r
rJraroJrr.{
or HecBbprrleHBI.IAIrMar no-HoBIt aapHaHTIr,o6pa:yrann c HacraB-AAM,
-AqAU, 6eZ peAyBaHeHa (opeHoBara rJIacHa:
KV
nopn, pa3nopfl - pa3nzpnM H pa3nopsa (ue pasnapaau)
pa3monn - pa3manfln4 v pa3monflaaM
yMopfl - y apflM r'ry'r'toptaaM
npozosopt - npo?oeaPn.M H npo?o6opsaM
do eop.a - do zapnn u doz opneau
tnzop4a - Ha?apuqM v Ha2opudaail
r) Pegynaue z-[u]. Pegyeauero ce cpeqa npt,t rJIaroJIHor I cnpe)KeHle
Itvnca'ta Ha fJracHa (o) xaparrepx:npa rnaronHfi ocHoBI,IoT cBbplxeH BI'IL
npon3Bo.EHaor Het ocnoBa Ha fJIaroJI or HecBbpueH BI'I,q,
a r:racna [r]
o6pa:yaaH g HacraBKa -a-u, Pegysalero ce na6:rro,qaeanpt{ cJIe.qH[TernafoJlll:
apat, u36po - u3aupa,u, 3aaupaM, ysupdn't, 6b38upaM
Bpaz, 6bapa 3AOupaM, 6t aupaM, ttaaupa'u, nposupalr| Ce, Caupa'M ce
om.Mupa.M,npuMupaM
y.Mpa yLtupa,u, 3aA.tupQ.+t,
np0cmpa - npocmupaht
onpa, cnpa, 3anpa onupa$, cnupai4, ab3nupa , 3anuparv, ttanupa ,
nodnupau
c?,3upaM, a3upa ce, npe3upa'u, npo3upuM
cb3pu, a3po ce, npe3pa
r) Pegynane [e]-['a] (c npeaxoaHa nataratra c6r;Iacna). PegynaHero ce
cpeua Mex.qy cBl,prrIeHn uaronH or I cnpexenne, o6pa3yBaHn c HacraBl(a
-,t- x KopeHoBarnacHa [e], ]r HecBspueHt{ rjrafoJrH, o6pa3yBaHHc HacraBI(a
-a-,u. Hapea c peayBaHero Ha xopeHoBara rJIacHa B ocnoBtme Ha rrarolltre
ce pe.qyBar rBBpaa carrracHa c Mexa u ln)- z (nx. $ 168).
6tecxa - 6,tncxau
6npeztta - anpnzaM
npome?Ha - npomflza,rl
nocez a - nocflzaM
6pecHa -apacHa
c.sdau
CMemHA- C'UE0AM
K,IeK A - K,lnKAM
,1e2HU- ,14?AM
cme?Ha - cmfl?aM
mpecrta - tnpncKaM
6peKHA
6pnKA,M
cedta
MemHa - $nmo,+l
C n ce a:ronaprr cBrpltleHnrerJraror,uno6nzua,dalxa, 6atua ce, adtun,
us6neua,dnua ce, 3snHa,MflpHqce.
re ce B(JlloqBaB peayBaHero['a] - [e], Koero ce
3 a 6 e n e x ( a. ToBa pe,qyBaHe
(ax. $ 170)ra
npeuac
r.r3BbpuBa
no npaBfiaara ,,ltoerr"
276
g) Peayrane ['a] (c npe,axoquarrarraraJrHa
ctr;racra) - [u]. pe4ynanero
ce cpeu{ar npeQnxcul.rrJraroJrn,o6paeyaauuor KopeH-.r.n3_trte3-..
a,1n3a - 6J1u3aL't
u 3r,t.a3a -. u 3./tu3arl
Ab3J1fl3A - Ab3rlU3AM
HAArlfl3A
-
HA8.4U3AM
e) Ocrer rocogeHrrre pe1yBaHtfl, xoxro o6xralqar 3axoHoMepHo r{ pe_
.qoBHo no-roJIeMH rpynH rjraroJrH, B eAl.tHr.{rrHu
cIyqaI-I ce cpeulaT o[Ie lr
cneAHHTeorpaHuqeHr,rBoKarHn peAyBaHH, npu o6pa:yaane Ha HecB6prrleHr.r
f JlaroJllt oT cBbpuleHr.r:
[o-y]:
[aJ -o:
[2,-eJ:
[t-u]:
o- [tt]:
[i|-aJ:
cmopn, npecmopn ce - cmpysa^l(or
npecmpyea,v ce
ydapn - ydpnn
npoxttxa - npoKnesahl
6tda - 1ueatvt
zacnn
3acnuaanl
doida , doxacrdau u doxotedan
no_crapo cmopyeau),
B ionacnu, HecBbpueH R !. or doHeca, e 3ana3eH orrnac Ha
crapara
HecBr,prrreHaocH oza dortocu c nperlac
[o] s [a) (cps. y,toen _ ynasrul. f nac_
uara [e] or nr,pr[qHur rJraroreH xopeH Hec- 6u rpq6sa,,ro
aa ce pegyna c []r]
(cpB. rr.ran. dorteca - dorncnu), KaKTorBwema _ u3.ttumat.
Pe.qyBaHeroHa rJracHHB KopeHanpn o6pa:yaaHe Ha HecBrprrJeHH
rlraroJlr.tol cB,r,puleHHHe e crBpeMeHeH
QouertveH :axoH. Mnoro6pofiHure c,ry_
ttau, KaTo yvopfl
y.A,toprsaj4, npozoaop.s _ npo?oaapsalr, H(lMoKpn _ tM_
MoKpfl.t4,pasxodn
palxolcdau, roxa3Bar, qe peAyBauero He ce ocr'
lecrBtBa rIocJIeaoBaTeJIHO
BAB BCHqKLI
CnyqaH.
PEAyBAHEtn, I, xl _ Iq, x, ul
e e,qHa
or xapaKrepHr.rre
$ 195,Pegyaanero
npoMeHH
B 3ByKoBara
clrcre-
va Ha 6tlrapcrtir
e3ut<Karo craBrHcKr.t.Octtqectnraa ce o.r 3aMgHara Ha
3aAxoe3r.tqHure(ae;rapHu) cauracHrl
[r, r, x] n l<pa, Ha r(opeH HJrr_t
ocsoBa B
re6xH (uryrrrxaet) [v, x, nr] npeg npe,qHrirnacHn
n]
u-nu
r,racna
[e,
[a],:a_
MecrHr.rKna crapo6r,lrapcrara rroBa r.nacna (*). OcHosa ua peAyBaHero
e
QoHeruvnnrr :axou, geicroa:r oDIe B rrpacJraBrHc(Hn l{3BecreH Karo nGpBa
rraJlara;Ili3arlut Ha 3a,[Hoe3lrqHfiTe cbrlracHr.r. flpotra.rnara
ce Hapl{qa r a _
Jr a T a Jr rr 3 a II fi r, TbH XaTOTBbpAr.ITe3a.qHoe3HqHr.r
cGfJracHHca ce npoMeHrillr B MeKu B onpeAeneHn
flo cr,ulecroo o6ave
SoHeru,nru no3I.rIIHr.r.
npoMrHara e 6uta acuuutaqnoHHa _ npeAHHTernacHr.r, npeA
KoHTo ce e
oc6ulecTBrBajra rraJraTaJrH3aUI.trTa,
ca u3MecTBaJIHyt|lleHeHueTo Ha BeJIap_
277
i
HHTe KlbMcpeaHara qacr Ha e3uKa, xttu ne6qero, T.e. Te ca rn oHe6xxsaJlu
sJrH nararaJrH3llpa.nu. c teveune Ha BpeMero carJIacHIrTe [v" x" u'], noryqeHs qpe3 naJIaraJII{3aIIHt,ca 3ary6vrtr MeKocrra cH flopagu npon:xoga
cn o6aqe re u aHec ce onpeAer.f,TH xapaKTepu3npar Karo naJIaralIIt3HpaHII
U OMEKqEHH.
Pegyrauero e xaparrepHo H rIpoAyKTHBHoB cnpexeHllero Ha rJIaroJIlire
peAyBaHero ce
H rrpu cnoBoo6pa3yBaHero. IIpt ulteuxoro cJIoBoI.I3MeHeHI{e
cpeua no-pt.qKo I{ e HenpoayKTHBHo.
$ 196, flpu tfopvoo6paayraHero peAyBaHero ce cpeula B cJIeaHHTecJlyqau:
l. B ssareruli QopvN ua HMeHaor MIxKH poA [peA oKoHrlaHt{e-e: [x-v]
eofiuux - soiHuue, vooeK \oae\e, aHaK - Plraqe, 3aulumlluK - 3al4umlluve; [r-x] - 6oz - 6oxe, dpyeap dpyxe (or cr6. 4poyru), cbnpyz - cbn'
nacmyx- ndcmlHocopolce, xep4o? - xep4oxce: Ix-u]
pyzce, tocopoz
nantpuapue.
ue, nampuapx
3gareruHre rlopun xa HtKolt [MeHa or MLxKx po.uQopManHo tl 3ByKoBo
cbBnaAar cll,c c'LorBerHltre yMatI{TenHI{ c'bllecrBl{TeJlHll uel,ja soi ur eoiruu'1e (:nar.) - eoinuue (yval.). Teugexr{[t B TaK[Ba cnyqan e 3Bare,luure $opvu aa ce o6pa3yBar c oKoHqaHI{e-o, 3a Ea ce pa3rpaunqar or yMak)HAK K)HAKO'tO A3dl4tm UK - 3AUIUWUUKO,
UleCTBHTer'lHI-t'.
JII{T9IHI{T9 Cb'b
le, eoittux -- aoiinuKo, ao{tuttve, udeo,'to? udeolozo, MoHax MolLaxo, 'Mornpx - Motapxo, ?eo"to? ceo"to?0.
-za, xorro o6palyear3Barenllxq)opM[
3 a 6 e ,qc x x a. Huettataor xexcxupor lta -ri(1,
-e, fre npoMeHtrcLr,ract[ITeIx, r'] or tlacraoxarat xopclta.Padxa- Paclrt
c o(o[llqaHnc
Iledka Hedke, Etata - Etaze (trc Ei@ce), O'r?d On?c
2. B c's6nparernure Qopvtl Ha ABe cbulecrBtrenHu trpea HacraB(a -4:
?pbK - zbp9A
K U?A KllU:NCA,
3. Br,a Qopr'.rure3a MHoxecrBeHo qncro Ha.(8e cbI{ecrBHTeJI}llI or cpeAeH po,q [peA oKo]IqaHI.Ie-u. oKO - o4u, yxo yutu.
4. B cnpexeHxero Ha HtKoJIKo rJIaroJIa or I cnpexenlre c rcpaiiHaxopeHOBarJIaCHa[X, r], raro areKa, i4o2a, o6texa, neru, peKu, ceKa, meKa, mbKa
I-lnpou3BoaHHTeoT TSX.
a) Br,B Bcltqxrl Qopvr.r :a cerau.tHoapeue 6er $opvure
TBeHOqtrcro n 3 :rnue MHoxecrBeHo ltllc;Io:
6,teKg, IeKam - &Ie\etu, n.|e\e, a/IegeM, &leueme
3a I Jllue eAflHc-
mb\ew, mbqe, mb\eM, mb4eme
,UO tea, Motce, MorceM, Mo)rceme
f l o a s a r o r n r H a O o p M f i r e z a 2 u 3 n u t \ e e a l ' r H c r B e H qo u c . n on 1 u 2 n \ e
qeCTOB pa3roBopHara peq ce cpeuar lr s I rt.lqe eAHltqr,rCJ.IO
MHOXeCTBeHO
crBeHo qucjlo lr 3:ruue MHoxecrBeHo qncno oopMH c H3paBHeHHKopeHHI'I
anoMopQ'a, T.e. c pegyBalie: neva, neuam, Mo)tcd, Mox)am, a'4eua, atre\am.
m 7 1 K Am. b k A m
MO4A,MO?Am
278
6) Brr Qoprvrlrre3a MHHaJroHecBbprxeHo BpeMe..neka, nevsx, neqerue,
neuaxn4e,neuarme, nevaxa; meko _ meyax, me\ex,. o6rerca, o6re,rax, r,roea
- ,totcex, peKa - pevexlv)evax, pe\e.ue.
n) Br,t $oprraure za 2 n 3 nuge eluHcrBeHo ql.rcJroHa MltHano cBt prxeHo
BpeMe rrpeA o(I{oHqaHHe-e: neKox , neye, Ho neKoxwe, neKoxme;
alflKox,
arle4e, Ho a.InKb/t; c.nxox ce\e, Eo Molcax _ MoJrca, mb{ux - mbKa.
,
r) Blr $oprraure Ha cerarlHo AetrerHo nprivacrrre, MuHaJroHecBbpuIeHo
flpuqacTHe, MITHaJIO
CTpaAaTer,IHO
npHqacTlie x IeenpHqacTurTa: neKa _ ne_
taqllnete4,
neua,tllneue,t, neqeixu, neyeH, ceKs - ce\at4, ceva,4, ce\ett,
ce'leuKu; 6,teKa - sneual4, arle\a,l, arleqeH, HapeKa _ Hapeueu, o1terca _
o6Jte\eHa) Br,n Sopvure Ha noBenlrre:rHo HaKJIoHeHI{e:neKa _ ne\u, ne\eme,.
alleKa - arleuu, 6Jteveme;ceKa - ceuL ceueme; o6tetca _ o6,teyu _ of,teueme:
peKa - peuu, peveme.
5. B cnpexeuuero lla rJraro.nt or I cnpexexue, KoHTo,lMar tsMuHaJro
BDeMe
npe1 rJracHa -a Her,araralra3rpaun [x, r], KoHTo ce peAyBar c
x]
a
cerau_
[.r,
Hara ocHoBa npe.q reMarr.rqHa r rac*a _e (e Lrrqe eAr,tHcrBeHo.{acro -aJ).
a) B 7 ocuorHn rlraro:ra c peAyBane
[x-uf: 1ayrcax _ 6ayua, 6ayueut,
dtarcax - dz,eua, ntaxax, (o)ntaxaH, nllaKatt - ntta\a, lvryKax
Mflyva, cty_
t(ax - c y\a, cyKax - cy\a, mbnKax, mbnq7.
6) B rpn ocHoBHHrraroJra c pegyaane
[r-x]:
rlb?ax _ )'tb ca, )Ib%ceu
cmpu?ax _ cmPuted, cmpuJreu
cmbpzax
cmbptea, cmbplcew
$ 197. l lpr cloaoo6pa:ynaHero peayBaHero ce cpeqa B cJr€.{HnrecJryqaH:
l. B cr,rqecrnnreJlHHTe HMeHa,o6paoyaann clc cJreAHHTeHacraBKr.{:
-4; Oyc - oyua
-azs: tonaK - bHaqa?a, xaidyx - xaitdyuaza
-trK: opex - opewak
-oH ar,r,tx Bt,t,tau,6oz
Eotc(lrr
-6a (cm6. -r,,E^): dpyzap - dpyx1a,
ctyea - c,rycr6a
-da (cm6. -r,pra): apaz - apatrda
-e: 6y'txa - 6y,tue, 6aipax - 6aipaue,
eo xux - eoituue, 6blrK _ ebr,tve,
deloiKa - deeoitue, zaex - tai\e, ejuK _ e3uqe, sHyK _ 6Hyve, kannaK
- KAJlnAye,ko64e? _ Koa\etce, yxo,
yue
-ev4e: oKo - oqett4e, 6oz - 6oxeu4e,
yxo yueH4e, 6b,rK_ 6b./tyeH4e
-ecmeo (cm6, -Lcrao). 5o2 - 6otcecmeo, pHak _
DHauecma(), ,toHax
o_
ttataecmgo, opyzap _ dpyxecmqo, ntHo?o _ *utosrcecmao, \uHo6HuK uuHoattuuecmao,pa6omuux _ pa6om uyecmao, cotsK _ celaqecmao
279
-e4 km6. -bqa):
voaer( - vose.re4, e3uK - esu4e4, cHnz - cHerce4, npax npaweq, ,IyK nyveq, n/'t0rt6k - n/IaMbueq, Kaua aK - Kawt aue4.
-ua: ceKa - cevuao, cyx - cyutuso, neKa - neruao
-ue (cm6. -Hi€, -bi€/: 6pnz - xpai6pexue, peKa - nopevue, nexdypewte,
oKo - Metcoyo4ue, Hoza - nooHoxue, HapeKa - Hdpeuue.
-uno: Kpbz - t(pbjtcblo, cmpax - cmpauuno
-uta: mux - mutauHd, utupoK - utupoquHa, aucoK - aucovutla, dut6orc -
dut6ouuua
B ocHoBl.r
Ha cGu{ecr3 a 6 e r e x k a, Crrracnxre [x, r, x] ce 3ana3BarHenpoMeHeHr
BrlTersx npeA BacraBxa -r!r, Tbfi (aro rnacHa [r] B Hacranrara uABaor cr6. ctacna u. 6oe
- 6oeuna, zptx - zt pxuilt,
o+a, - ovaxurt, nolrtr - nortr<uaa. faacnara u e npevartarta
xoraro
3axoH]T
3a nlpaara na.rrararr3aunr Be'{e Hc e AeficrBan.
B rracHa [x],
-uxa: dpyz - dpyxuaa, DHaK - nHaeuHa
-ux-I(a: cHnz - cHe)tcuHKa
-uqa: ab,,lK- 6brtuu4a, zopbK - 2op4u4a
-u4a \yMar.): peKa - peuuva, pbKa - p?tqu4a, ceMKa - ce,+ruu4a,zpaouHKa
- zpadwnu4u, ,rryxa yauqa, c.qrxa - ceHuuqa, rn.rra - np,,rsu4a,
6otxa - 6o,ttuqa, dtcxa - dtctuqa, KHuza - KnuJrcu4a
-uqe: MnnKo - i4neuu4e, Ho M,IeK4e,nuK - ,|uquqe
-uule: mbpz mbPstcuule
-uap lyBen.)" pbKa - pb\uu4e, KpaK - Kpavut4e
-xa? (cr6. -6KA): 6etee - 6etexxa, zptx
epeuxa
-xa (axll-nx + -Ka > -a\Ka): 6eduax - 1edunvxa, 6ece tK - eecetsyxa, de6enarc - de6etauka, du6aK - duaavrca, npocmak - npocmauxa, cta6arc
- cra6aqxa
-x4 (yMan.): dpexa - dpeurca, monza - motnrKa, 6rlyK - 6ttyuKa, nbmeka nbmeuKa, Qafpura - Qa6puyKa, MotnuKa - MomuqKa, K uza -xHuJtcKa,
aepuza - eepu)tcKg, c tx - c.MetuKa
-Ka (-uKa + -Ka > -urKa)): hlacux - KracuvKa, ame,vamux - Mamen'ramu\xa, Qusux - Quzuuxa,, xuttuK - xu.vuuKa, uedux - uedutxa, ,,tyHamuK
- nyHamLlvK0
-,le: Kltuza - K uJtc,le
-xux: dpyzap - ctdpycruux, dyx - odyutttux, epnx - zpeu uK
-yza: 6,4eKa- aneuyza
-naunf fanux: Pal,toz - pasnoxauuu, Kazaulax - ka3aHlbya uH
2. B npu,rarare:run, o6pa:yraxlr or ocHoBH, 3aBrpuBarrlr Ha Betapul.r
cI,rJlacHu, cbc cJIeaHHTeHacTaBKH:
-eu (cr6. -to.n'L,):
M/ttKo - MreqeH, pbKa - pbqeH, .ubKa - MbteH, cpoK - cpotteH, nopoK - nopoveH, 4o6ek - \o6eqeH, peKd - pe4eH, cHaea - cHeJrceH,
6paz - rcpaifpexeu,
6ttuzo - 6tatceH, KHuza - KHuJtceu,epJtx - epewe ,
cmpax
cmparuet, npax - npaueH, et,sdyx - endyuteH, ct'ttrx - cMeLueH
280
Crulo u npeg pa3rxr.rpeHa
HacraBKa-e6-ex: teve6ert,y'te6eu.
3a6enex(a-IlpoataolulrecbruecrBHTerl[ixMefla,o6pa3yBaHxornp[rararetrrnu
c l{acranKa -ettll+t-, :anatrat nanararrt3rlpaxara abttacua. Krruttcet - KHuJttalp, )teleu teq uk, tvlevxoctn.
-EcR-)'. yveHuK - yveHuyecKu, spa? - lpaffiecKu, pa6omrtux pa6omttuuecxu,
.IroHax - ,uoHautecKu, Pastoz - pos,tolcKu, npaKmuKa
- trpaKmuuecKu
-ecK (cr6.
-ecn : monKa - monuecm, cflHKa - ceH\ecm, Kpak - Kpavecm, nbnKa - n?)nvecm, vepynKa - qepynqecm, c/uo Ka - o,rt)Hqecm, Ho nyxecm, Mbxecm.
-u: ab,lK - ab,tuu
3a6enexl(a.CbrnacHara[x] or ocHoBarn
a p c l H a c r a a K-ac x t ,c c p e A y B ac r c c . rrr. l a c H a
qpe3
xorTo
c
nonylteHa
xoM6uraropna
npoMrHa
lra [l] or pegyoatero [r(-.r]: ,le,!
[!tr],
leuxu, uo t( taK - MtnuKu o'f wlag -bcKu > to atuku qpe3JllrctMutaugt Ha [q] npcl c,brracffifra[(] (cpB. yh.l"o> tu,to\, qoitlux - aoti|uwtiu o.r aoi u,|ecxu.3a pellyBaltero[c]-u
B HacraBKaraBx. { I9l .
mpbnKa - ntpbn\us, 6oxryr , 6ox,tyuua, omc TbnKe omcnlbnvua, nbnKa - nbnvua
-un: uutixa
ariyutt, Ho KaKa - KrlKtut, cHaxa - ctraxu
-us: zopz,K
zopuus,
3 a 6 e n c x ( a. flplrcxarelrrure npfiranarenHx,o6pa3yaa H c rracraBKa-rrrlor c.l,rt'lccraxrclrrfrfrrMcla 3a rrua Ha -xa, -ca, -xa or xerrcKx po,rl,Hc peAyBar [x, r, x] c [s, x, u]:
Padxa - Podxun, Mopuixa - Mapuixux, 6ta,-'a 6'ta:nrr, On?a Oi?uH, CuiKd Cuixun,
cguxa - cSaxux.
-un:6e.nez
6elecrum
-rua: n:tcbK - neceunus, cmpax cmpauuul (u cmpaxtua). c trx trucMeuttue, zadyx - sadywtua, npax
npaut/lus, cnonyKa - cnoJl))tlJlua, otto 6eto.tlruq, yctyza
ycrlyJttLrua, uo tts6yxtua
-tx: dt,tot
dltcrctrc, d,ttlrxa, i,ttltcxo, aucoK - auco\bK, aucoyKa, totcbK
- ltucu\bK, ttuclt\Ka, vepHooK yep oo\bK, \epHooyKa, taupoK , Llttt_
P0vbK, utupovxa
3. llpu o6pa:yaaHe Ha r;raro"ltt Hai-.recro or ocltoBlr ua uMeHa, Kor.rro
3aBr,p[Bar ra [x, r, x]:
a) flpu r:rarolu or I cnpexeHne npe! HacraBKa -et (2 sruqe-eetu).. zty,r
- o?nlruet, cmpar - docmpauee ue.
-uu):
6) flpu rrarolu or II cnpexeuxe npeJ( rracraBKa-all-a (2 Mrrar\e
r,teya,
[ x - u J : s u a r s n a y a , K u m K e K u \ a , , v b K a M b v a ,p b K a - a p b y a , t e K
?paK - zpaua, tyx - noditytu, cKoK - cKoua, abrK - oabJltto, ^4paK -.
noMpaYa, uoeex - auoeeta u dp.
xptz - o6xpbJtto, r(p6tca, 6etez - 1etettca, tceza - uatcexa,
dz,ttt t
[z-lc]:
- ydttxa,
6taz - 6,tactca, Ho?o notca, mbza - mb ca, mpeaoza mDeqo ca, dute - dutlta
281
- epeua, npax - npaua, nepdax - nepdauru,
[x-ru]: z,,ryx 3aenywa, zptlx
mrp6yx
uzmtp6yua, ymexa - ymeua, mpoxa - mpoua, yxo
aHyrua,
n.tax - n.ratus, dpexa - npedpewa ce, Ko)Kyx - nodxozcyuta ce.
s) flpu r.naro.nu, o6pa:ynauu c HacraBKa -aca : yporu -ypoqacaM, nbnKa nbn\acaM, 6ttxa - 1ututaca,u.
4. flpn o6pa:ynaHe Ha BropHqHo HecBr,prxeHrrrJraroJrr{c uacranra -.l,ullatt. Peslyzaueto [x-u] ce can]TcrBa or pegyBaaero ]ra KopeHoBara rnacHa:
neKa - u3nuuaM, mexa - u3mu\aM, ceKa - nocu\aM, u3cuudM, &leKa - u3&ruanM, noa.ru\aM, Ha6ru\Lt4, peKa Hapu\aM, o6puuau, u3puvbv.
PelyeaHero ce orKpl-rBax lrpH Bu.{oBnre ABoitxw (npo)moaa - npomaKaru,
3arotla
3aroKaa^4, 3ar,IoKaM,c.ioxa
c/1deau, B re3n cryqau HenaJlaraJrn3UpaHaTacbfJracHa e 3ana3eHaB lrecBr,p[reHaTaocHoBa B no3r,ruHsrrpeA
HacTaBKa -oM.
5. IIpr ;rnpocHrerHoro Mecror.rMeHue:Koit, KaK qui.
6. B y:uarnreruH HapeqHr, o6pa:yraHlr or npnJrarareJtnv',aucoK 6ucovKo, .ftK- nttKo, ,M 0?0 j,ItoJtcKo, ob/tb? - o,'tb3lcKo.
PEAyBAHE Ir{, r, Xl - UL 3, Cl
p e . q y B a H e r[ o
$ 1 9 8 .X p o r o n o r n q e c K H
r, r, x] - [q,:, c] ce oQopvr xaro
tporrerlrveu3axoHa lpeBHocrra rro-xr,cHoor peAyBaHerorraBerapHr{Te
cr,rr,
x]
racuu [x,
c ne6Hure[r, x u-r],r. e. cneAntpBara na,raraln:aqu.r.3arosa
npoMrflaTaHa BeJrapHHTe
cbfJracHHB ajrBeoAeHTajrHH
B ricTopr{qecKaTa
rpaM a T H KC
a eO n p e . q e nKr a T oB T o p a n a J I a T a J t u 3 a r \ u s
flpu rropara narara;rH3aurrrflpoMrHara Ha BerapHHTec'br;racHrd
ce e
d3BtprxBanacrulo [peA npe,qHlt'racHltn npeq cr6. t, Ho or Apyr npo].r3xoA
or rrpacJraBrHcKu
crveraHnr-4u$r or'ru *oj, *el. [Ipeq re:u rnacHt,tBeJrapHHTeclr;racHu ca ce npon3Hacr:tn:[x] I [q], [r] nrpaouavanHoB [s] l-lcneg
rona n [:] x [x] n [c].
PegyaaneroHa BenapHHTe
carJracHlrB anBeo.[eHTannI{
c'brnacHuA}recce
ocr,u.IecrBrBa
npu Qopuoo6pa:yBaHeron cloaoo6pa:ysalrero n nai-pa:noo6parlro o6rpr,xertne n ce xapaKTeps3Hpa
c r.r3BecrHa
npo.qyKTr{BHocr
He3aBI{CI,IMOOT HSKOL OfpaHrrqeHtq.
I
I
I
I
I
cnyqar:
$ 199. Pe:ynrarH or roBa pelyBaHegHec ce cpeular B cJreAHr{Te
l. Br,n rfopnu 3a MHoxecrBeHo qnc;ro Ha clu1ecrBnTernt,l or Mbxr(H po,q,
rrrlnTo ocHoBH 3aB'bplrBar Ha [K, f, x]
npea oKoHqaHHe-u'. toHaK - ntrurlu,
nor,to? - nor,to3u, KoSlcyx - Koleycu.
C nafi-rorq\.ra npoAyKTrrBHocr e peAyBaHero IK-u]:
a) n ocnoau Ha HenpoH3Bo.qHH
u 6e3cyQn(crin cr,urecrBure;rHv'. 6tlyK - A'3K,1U4U,npuneK - npunequ,
8Hy4U,pAK p4tlu, CMOK C,UO4U,Ab3K.4UK
uaaut( Haauqu, KoH,K KoHflllu, e3uk e3ut(u, nuKHuK - nuKltuqu t4 Ep.
282
6) npn npouarogHlr c'bulecrBurenHH, o6pa3yBaHHc HacraBKHTe-aK, -uK,
-,'tn6OIUU4U, ?peUHUK 2peUHU4U,
-HUk, -4UK, -bK, -r' U,K,-OX. ,ttXt6OBUttX
doxocuurc - douocuutqu, dox,tadvux - doxtaduutqu, turttMbK- nnaMb4u, poxamnuK paxamttz,qu, ztaduux
e,lddHu4u, )Kb,'tmbK- lcutmuqu, 6elmz,x
- 6etmtqu, npu3rnK - npusxa4u, uydax
tyda4u, deofiuurc - deoiittu4tt,
dettox daut4u, neuox
Me\ollu, crenoK cneno4u;
r) r gre clulecrBr{Te;rH}r or M6xKu poA c oKoHqaHHe-a'. etadurca - etadu4u, nampuKa - nampu4u.
Pegyuanero He ce H3BapuBa, Kofaro ocltoBure Ha cbuecrB[TeJlHr4Te
rrMeHa3aBbpuBar Ha,qBe uryMoBl-tcbrJIacHH, KpafiHara or KoHTo e [x]: aatrycK - sunycKu, omnycK - omnycKu, o1ucrc - o6ucxtt, ofetucx - o6elucxtt.
I4srrroqeHns or peAyBaHero ItMa s npl,r cbrIecrBHTeJIHH nMeHa, KoHTo
3aB pnrBar rra couopHa H ruyMoBa clr,racHa lx): xeneux - KeneH4u, nz,,tKBr,n4u,o\epx - o\ep4u, no\epK noyepqu, mypltu (or mypK) KoHK - Knu4u,
rn $parrc - $pauxu, fioiepeepx
(toiepaeprcu.
llpu eAHocpnuulr crruecrBrTeJrHH HMelra or MlxKr.t poA, KoHTo o3HaqaBar HarlsoHarHocru, peayBaHero [x-v] cr,uro He e rocJrenoBarenHo flpoBe?hptlu, tro mpax - mparcu, dax
darcu, Qpaux - rfpartxu. B
EeHo: ?hpK
pellyBalrero yqacrBar 6es HgrrroqeHxe c'r,uJecrBlrreJrHHTe
t,tMeHa,Kor.tro3aBrpuInBaTHa -nKll-aK. KasgK Ka3u4u, tloMat - noMa4u, pyc dK - pycltullu,
mop.taK - mopnallxt, c.loaaK - c/xoaa\u, npycaK npycaqu, noutK, no.|'tlu.
BapraHrn ce cperlalnp
o\ept -otlepKuH ouep4u,,ttottnx tntarcu (or
rrorxra), ./nor,Itr4u,wy6pax - wy6paxu, tq)6puqlt, Ho cay.o ypoKu (vHoxecrleno vnclo). Oopruure 6e: pelyaaHe Morar Aa 6r,gar n:negeHn or $opvnTe ia xeHcxr po\ )'rmaKa, wylpuxa.
BapnaHrt B MHoxecrBeHo qHcJIo I{Mar It 3aernTe ct,Il1ecrBnre;Inll I.{MeHa
6orweeurc
6o'tuleeu4u, 6o,uueeuxu, e urcauK rue tueauKu, MeHuesu4u,
LrycmaK - Mycmu4u, MycmaKu (pa3r . u nwat.), nopndtx
nopndrctt u nopttdt tlu.
gxtfepeHr{r{pa
B cryvar Karo caJ'loyKu ca oytlu pe,nyrauelo
cMl,IcJloBo
u lpaMaruqecKH tlopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qr{cJroHa cGUIecrBsreirHo.to caMoyK - caMo),tlu or tpopvara 3a MHoxecrBeHo qxcro Ha npnrarareJrHoro
catvoyK. cu,voytctt xydocrcuu4u (cp. teyx
ueyxu).
Maxap r,t flo-orpaHsqeHo, pegyBaHero [r-:] ctulo e [ponyrrr.tBrro BaB
rfopuure 3a MHoxecrBeHo ulrc,ro, o6pa:yaanu or Herrpou3BoaHH14rrpon3BoAHr.rcru1ecrBrlrelrHn or M'bxrrl poA c xpaiiuo frl: epaz - apasu (apx.),
3AJ10?- 3A,403U,nO.tO? nO.103U,nOo,'IO?- nOo,tO3U,?eon}z- ?eo103lt, ()u,,totoe - ()u,to,ro3u, a mpononoz aHmponono3u, 6yt\oe - 6y,tdotu.
Ee::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::pegyraHe
B MHoxecrBeHo qHcJro ca caqecrBr{TeJrHHTe 6ax4uz - 6autlu?u, 3uz3ae, usaepz, ducazu.
Oopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qucl'o 6pu3u u 6ozu ot epaz u 6oz yuec ce
3aMeHqr or rro-HoBHTeQopuu apazoee,6oeoee.
283
B pegynauero yqacrBar r.rcr,ulecrBrlrenHfiHMeHac xpafrno cbqeraHne
fprl: ersmope - 6b3mop3u, dpauamype - dpauamyptu, xupypz - xupyp3u,
Mema,rypz- Mematyp3u, napmopz - napmop3u, lo xo6ypz - rco6ypzu,xa6c61tpz xa6c6ypeu.
He y.racraar B peAyBaHerocbulecrBnTe;IHl.tre
HMerra,qHHToocHoBI{3aBtprrrBar na lnrf: daxcuttz daucuxzu,.tvumuHe MumuHzu,nyduuz , nyduHeu,cMoKuHz- cMoKuH?u,no3yHz-,lo3yH?u, nynuHz- nynwtzu, cmepnutrz - cmep.)tuHeu,
cyut!? - cyuHzu,dufimoue - dul)mouzu.
Pegyranero ne ce cpeutarr,a $opMrl 3a MHoxecraeHoqt-rc.ro,
o6paaynant
oT e,4r{ocpHrlH[
cl,ulecTBHTerHrrt
Kol.IToo3HaqaBaT
]rapo.qHocTH:
eez - ZezU,
,
tfpuz {tpuzu, 6e,tzu,xo aapt? eaptr3u,neuexez ne\eHe3u.
Bapuanrn n'ln SopMHTe3a MHoxecrBeHoquclroce cp€nlar npH cJreAHHTe
cbuIecTBIrTeJIHl-l:
a 4y2 - aH4y?u u aH4y3u
Ha6ez- q6ezuutm6esu
npo6ee-npo6eeu u npo6etu
ne\eHe2 neYeHe2uu ne\eHe3h
Pelyrauero [x-c] e orpauuveHoB Ma;r(oaa 6po[ cnyvaNu e HenpoAyr(TltBtro: a/lfiauax aP,Ma acu, ea yr
e6 ycu, Koleyx - Koztcycu,Memox ,Memocu,.tlotrux Mouacu, cupo ax - cupo,Macu,cmo ux cmoMacu,mbp_
(tyr - mrp6ycu.
He ce cpeulapegyaauenpn o6pa:ynauena Sopvr.r:a MHoxecrBeHoqtlcJro
or cr,Ul]lecrBr{TerHvTe
opex, vcnex, npuc.Mex,ulpnx, x:e ux, npodyx, mpun_
mux, tfetax, sacyx, npudtx, rut.,ttx,us6yx, okmoux.
B xpar na ocHoBlrnpe,qoxoHr{alrero -L e Db3MoxHocaMo cbrreraHHe
,ro[px], a roero cr,rracHara [x] or cr,verauNeroyqacrBa B pe.qyBaHero:
uopx - l4otrapcu, eK3apx ek3apcu, nampuapx - nampuapcu, ticpapx - iiepapcu.
Ctulecrnurelxlr c KpafiHoKopeHoao[x], o:navaoarqnHaqt{oHaJIHocrH,
KaTOClrX,11e:(,
KA3AX,He yqaCTBaT
B peAyBaHeTO:
cuxu, texu, yexu, Ku3axu.
I4:r.nroqeHxe:s./tux- atacu, Ky4osnax- Ky4os.nacu.
Bapllartrnu Sopvu n MHoxecrBeHoquc:to r.{MacaMo cblqecrBHTerrroro
ctL't.tu- cur'tncun chlftxu.
Kpafiuu ctrlacnu [x, r, x] B ocnoBHHanpr.rJraf
areJ'IHH
lrMerrace 3arra3Bar
HeInpoMeHeHr{
npe,EoxoHqaHHero
3a MHoxecrBeHoqlrcro -u.,etadarc- ztad- Oz,nzu,cyx - cyxu, kyx - Kyxu.
Ku, Ob,,rbz
r{scJroHaIBe c.brqecTBHTeJIHr.r
2. Brn tfoprl,rure3a MHoxecTBeHo
OTXeltcKr.rpoA: p?,Ka- p?'4e(cr6. p,s,qt ), xoza - HNe Ho3* ).
Br,n Qopvnre ra vHoxecrBeHo qHcJroHacE lecrBHTeJrHr.r
HMeHaor x(eHcKa
-a: (or c.r6.'U) ce
pog rtpafin}rcr,r:racuu[x, r, x] or ocuorara npeAoKoHqaHHe
284
3ana3BaTHenpoMeHeHLt:peKa - peKu, cmbnKa - cmbnKu, mofl?a
motztt,
noo,lo?a - noo,no?u, Myxa - .Myxu.
Jlnncara rJa peAyBaHe aro Sopvnre 3a r{HoxecrBeHo tu,rclroHa cbrqecrBnTeJrHlroT x(eHcttl.rpoA c:b3AaBaBT,3MoxHocTaa ce pa3rpaHr.rtlaTnpu oMoxnunx Qopvlr Karo cbnpy3u (or crnpyz) u cbnpyeu (or ctnpyza).
3. B r<o:rerrlreHlr cbulecrBuTe;rHl.t c Hac'raBta -u -a u [poH3BoEHIr or rrx
crulecrBrrrerHr.r c HacraBKa-cmao, o6pa:ynauu or napeqtaen Mecror,rMeHr..tr:
MHO?O - lttHO3UHA HO3UHCmAO
MAIKO
MA/|qUHA
.Uq.lnllllrcmAo
utKo/,tKo eKo,l\uHa
KO,lKO
4. B crap[
KO'|4UHO
naAexHH Qopvlr
:a ge.nre,reH H MecreH rraAex. uairrca - uai4e
ctt, 6oz - 6ose (apx.) Cpr. u crueraxtero no.[ro3u6oz - ct c crapa Qopva
r{HCJ'IO IOMO3U.
3a noBeJ'IHTeJIHO
HaKJIOHeHI-te
eII-IHCTBeHO
5. B u-sxoJxo npoH3Bo,qHHrJlaro;ra r cr,[lecrBnTe;IHlt c Kllt-txoBeHnpoII3 XO]1:
peKa - noput(an, nopu4aaaM,
nooau? - nooBu3aad,+tce
optt4at{ue, ompu4auue
3 a 6 c,r c x x a. B rtr(ox or npxMcpsrepcllysalrc'ro
x3Mec[r-u], [r-r] e pctyr'l.ra1.or
'IBarrc8a apT Xy,lauttTa fia Rctapl lTe no/l anhr!flc |la ltaMMpaulr]Tc
cc llpc^ rtcnap .r.c
c bt",tac l.t Itle/ll,| c-]ap061'rrapcKufJlacH]ilt, 6, a {irr \rcKa coltoplta c t,fnacrrl: c/raptli
c nape4 (o1 c'r6. c'rAphq[,), xI,.,'u|A - K ' t (or Katr,fi5L).
npoMcuitr-ac rilcralara lta o6uloctasntrcxnnogBl lcit-xl,clo cncA BToparanararanrr3arlrt ,l 3a1-orace onpclcne xaro rpela nanar nri3arlfic(Bx. I I95).
PEAyBAHE IC,3l - IIII, Xl
arBeo.{eH$ 200. Pegynaueroe pe3ynrar or rrpoMrlraraHa npoxoAtrr{Te
rarHn cl,r-racHlr[c,:] n [ru, x] no,qr,rnrute ua fiora (j). Hac,re.qeuu
lr rana3eHHKaro pe3ynrar oT AetcrBHero Ha ra3H npoMrHaca cjreAHr.rre
ocHoBHr.{
c J r y q a uB c ' b B p e M e H H K
HItI l x o B e H6 r , , r r a p c x te t l r r .
l B c e r a u g u r e o c H o B HH a r n a r o J r rol r I u I I c n p e x e H r e .O r n r , p n o n a rraJrHH
( p o p M u* n n c - j x , n n c - j e r p ( l l ) > c r 6 . n H c a ' I . H ,n l r u r x ; * , r a : - j x ,
^ra-j-je+ (u) (> cr6. MA3a'r.H,,$axx), *ra-a-jx, ^H-i-jx,,pt3-j,a (>cr6.
p'!3A'r'n,pexx'), *noB'Lrc-jN, xcxoyc-jx Karo KpaeHpe3yJrraror npoMrHara na [cI,:fi] a [ur, x], HacraHa.laoqe a crapo6rlfapcxn e3HK,r.rvarfopvu
nulaa, Malca, )xuJtca,
pe,{a, noautua,u3KyuLa.
PegynaHero:ru.rrr,Koraro Qopvr.rre3a cerarrrHoBpeMece cpannxr c $opM Te 3a MHHarocBapureHoBpeMeHJrr.i
c Apyrx cpoAHu.qyMn,o6pa3yBaHr.r
285
C HenpOMeHeHf aIBeOAeHTaJIHI{ Ct,fJIaCHI'I: rUA3u/1KA - l4AOT Cl,UlUt'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''KOpeH
3u,'to- Mazra, nucaHue- nuuta, n4upuc- Mupuwa, 6tpcatxa - 6z,prua.
Karo n:xogun QopMHnpH pe,qyBaHero
B rJraro;rHorocJroBoH3MeHeHue
ce
nprreMarrpopulrre 3a MrrHa;rocBrprxeHoBpeMer{ o6parynaunre or MuHarara ocHoBarJraroJrHn
rpopvlr, r KoHToKopeHoBara
cr,rnacHae errrMoJrorHqecKr{nbpBrrqHaH HenpoMeHeHa.
Pegynaneroce Ha6nloAaBa
npu cJre,qHHTe
ocHoBHr.i
rJrafoJIr.{:
a) or I crrpexeulre:
6tpwa, uupucax - ,+luputua,
[c-ruJ : 6pucax - 6putua (auat.); 6t pcar
(o)nacax - (o)nawa, nucax, nuctut,nucaH nurua,cpecan,cpecax,cpecatt ^ cpel4a,yuducax, yidutua, yidypducau yidypduun
[s-zc]: 6etnsax, 6e,tasat, 6e,tnzau - 6enelca, 6/1u3ax 6,tutrca, etpsux
abplca, Ka3a,t - Ka)jca, KaKa u30(
KaKdttutea, ),tu3ax t'tuJta, Mo3ax
rtarJtcu,ttu3ax-. trulca, p;t3d,t pelcd, xapu3ax - xapu)rea, \ecQx
Lteula.
6) B rr.aro,rro rlraroJra or
cnpexeHNe: lracar
cuttuta (cpz. w cttu3lca.u), 6,ruzrt - (do)6.tulcu, usxycerr u3Kywa, aucn - (no)eurua.
PegyraHero rnqn
Koraro ce cpaBHrr HecB,t'ptrreHr.r
r;rafoJrrr, o6pa:ynaIllI or cr,orRerHl-tre uM cB LptlleItH c HacraBKa -eau'. o6tusaa'yt - o6,tulttu,
tratru3al.u uauulca, uapr3aaM - apeSKa, 3a.va3nu - 3a,uaJrd, 3anucnurv
3AnUruq,PA3nUC6AM- pA3nUUlA.
Ilpov.rnara rra carracHrre [c, :] npe,1[i] ue ce orrpHna B.r,B BcllqKll cnyqau, KbAero e Bb3MoxHo !a ce oqaKaa. Cpa. luct'x
ctttttuu, 6,tustt do6,lU)t(O, lto KSAC KnOCfl,tec - 3OtteCfl,KbC CKbCfl,KpUCUA Kpdcfl, pyc
u3pyt.n.
IIo aHa.roru.r rra ocraHa-rtnTetlopvu :a cera[rno BpeMe pelyBaHero e orcrpaHeHo Ilrnpx rnaroJlH Karo tlocu (cr6. Houlx) uocuut, ao3tr (cr6. soxx),
oo:]uut, u.tK)'clt,yuLt3tr,ompa3t u ,rp. flo aHarof r{r ca o6pa:ynaHu r.rgy6,rerHnre AHec tlopwu l:r.ycl
uiKyLua, u3suct - u3auwa, npu u3fl-npulu)K:u,
.
y u:vca.
luu3n
2 . B r : r a r o , r s o r H e c B b p n e r r n r . a , o 6 p a r y s a H n o r c B b p u r e H nc H a c r a B r a
-taau (-acuu\'.
u36UClt
U3AUUTAAAM
npuHu3t - npu u caadM
uso6pasn - uso6patraaau
yHu3n- yHuleaaatt
u3KycJt-- u3KywaaaM
ompa3n - ompa)taqaM
Hape,q c rna no-crapu rJraroJrHHrf opvn or HecB.bpueHBr.rA,BB3craHoBeHu n 6r,,rrapcxH.r e3[r( rro KHHXoBeHn6T or tlepronHoc;raBrHcKu i,rpycrtr, c
npoMeHeHHcr,fracHr,r [c, s] r [u, x] .qHecce ynorpe6xrar no-qecro B HoBo-
286
6l:rrapcxr.r.arpopuu 6e: pe,qyBaHe:u3Kycnsdw,u3eucflaaM,nputtu3raaw,
yuu3naaM, uzo6pasteau, ompa3nsaM,
,{y6,rernlr $opvu uuar u o6pa:yaaHnreor rH, f Jrafo,rr.r
orrJraroJrHH
cb-
IlecTBItTeJlHH:U3KyCtAAHe- u3KyuasaHe, u3auc.fl6aHe_ u36U\UAeAHe.
nDu_
HU3ltAAtrc npuHuJtcaaoHe,yHu3.ssdHe wlurcaadHe.
3. B orr.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::rarolun
c6urecrBHTeJtHl ua -uue, o6pazyeaHr., or r,Taronrr or ll
cltrpexeHlre) B1'3rrprreTx B c\,BpeMeEHys r(Hr.rxoBeHe3fiK no KHHXOBeH
n,r,ToT
rrepKoBHocnaBrHcKH
H pycr(H e3AK: U3KyCUx_ U3KyUta,u3KyweHue, Hocn _.
npuHotaeHue, :)tcepmaonpuuowettue, ato6pazt _ ez,o6patreuue, yHulea _.
yuuJtceHue,npu?nacfl _ npueJlaweHue,ompa3, - ompaJrceHUe,
nosuuta _ no_
autueHue, ab3pa3fl _ ab3patceHue, om oweHue (cpa. omuacnu.).
4. B orgenxu ,{yvN r.r$opvx: KucHa , Kurua, nuca _ nalua,
6tps, 6opzo
- 1puacrco, 6z,ptre (or cr6.
spt-aje, cpaaHr.trenHacreneH or 6pn), eisu,
ab)re, lucoKo
cauute (czttlo r-l B 3aern or pycKn e3vK aucut, tu3ru _ crapw
sa
cpaBHr{TeJrHa
crene' or np(Jrararex'rre
dropvr.r
altcoK, ,u3b.l. Ko3a K(r)tctt,Har' - Hdut, auc 6aw.
PEAYBAHEIU - tIJ
$ 2 0 1 , P e g y r a H e r o c e c p e u a r J r a B r r on p n c , r o r o o 6 p a : y a a r e r o r c G B c e M
ptAKo nplt $opvoo6pa:ynaHero B rro3rlln]r, cxo.qH[
c Te3H, ts Kor.rToce peAyBar BeJrapHr.r
cbrracHl, c He6su. l,lcropnvecrN peAyBaHero e rto;lyqeHo
or
rro-crapo [r,pBoHaqarHo Ir], roero ce e trpoMenlr;ro tro_paHo
B Iv] no nrpsa
naJ'lara"ln3aurr u n [q] no rpera rararajr 3auur, HacraHa,qa
to-KTcHo.,peKu
pette .- nopu4ouue; ,lut( - r,nttte tu\e.
B c'r,apevenuu.r KHKxoBerre3trx peAyBaHero ce orKpnBa
H ce o6ocrroBaaa
He oT croxHI,rTe frpoMeHI_t,
HaCTaHaJrll
Ha npacIaBrHcKa ocHotsaB M[HanoTo
x oT T.[xItaTa xpoHoJ]ofKt. a oT Bb3MOXHOCTT{Te Ce
,IIa CL[OCl.aaqTcIHXpOItHo oopMH r.rAyMH, o6pa3yBaHx or eIHH Koperr, n,rlI
or rrpoMcHr,rreB eAHa ]r
cr,qa cyQurcHa vop$eva.
I. IIpu Qopvoo6pa3yBaHero peAyBaHero ce cpeula r
:aarelrrnre rpopvrl
Ha rprz ct uIecrBHTeJrH[ HMeHa or M.bxxrl pog, o6pa:yaaHr.r
c HacraBra _e4,
npeA oKoHqaHrie -e. ome4 - omYe, cmape4 _ cmapue,
msopel( - msopLte
( o c r a p .) .
3 a 6 c:r e x r a. 3narc,rrrara
tlopva cddpee8 clapeMelturl6r,rrapcrl errx ce x36rrBa
nopaAU
oMortrMxtc yMatrrcJt oToc,I,lUec-fRi-rcrtrc
c apqe.flpegnotrltatrr:narcrtrfi
(boD-
V l f A I f C CC a C t n . r p ? \ u . m ' o l 4 t l u .
2. Ilpu c.noaoo6pa3yBaHero
peAyBaHeroce Ha6,rroqaaa
[pn [pou3Botrrr
cbulecrBlrTenHu,
o6pa:yaanu:
287
l
Ha -uqa. zpaHu4a- epauuuap,6aa) C nacraara -dp or crulecrBnTe;rHr{
uutla 6auuuap,aodeuuqa eodeuuuap,Me.r u4a - MerHultap,MumHu4aA4UmHU\Op, mbMHU4A - mbl'lHu\Ap,
?OCmUnHUtlA - ?OCmUlHU4Ap, nmU4A -
nmalap. Clulo u or ocHoBHc xpafiHaclr,racHa [q] npe,qHacrasra-ap'.osqu
- os\ap, n 4e - nrtuap,
klsrttotenun: xatla Ka4ap, xapyya - Kapy4ap.
6) C ywanntenua HacraBxa-€ or cbrr1ecrBuTeiHy
Ha -uqa'.,lucu4a - nu-,+toMuYe,
cuYe,cecmpu4a cecmpuqe,.MoJvu4a
nmu4a - nmuue,KyKy6u4a
- KyKysuve,zypzynu4a- ?yp?ynuue,racmosu4a - Jlacmoluqe,ape6u4atpe6uve, KoutHu4a- KoutHuYe.
B) C HacraBKa-ecm6o o"t cl,uecrBHT€JIHI.r
Ha -eq: ome4 - ome4ecn6o,
,vl,tadeeq Mradelqecmqo, meope4 m6opqecm6o,Jtcpeq- )tcpe\ecmBo,
<Kuma,leIl c Kumo,lqecmao.
r) C uacrarra -uro or npon3BexAauruocHoBuc KpaftHoluf:. eeue4- eenru,,t0 .
Ha-e4 v -u4a: Mece4- Mece\utru,
4) C xacraara -urrc or cr,u1ecrBureJrrtr
qupesurla 4apeau\u a, ntbpmne4- Mbpntguttua, nucu4a )lucu\utro,Kbpm u l ( a K ? > p m u 4 u l t a , K o H eK4o H v u t r a .
c) C yva-nnrelHa HacraBKa-l?{d or npoH3BexAa[rH
ocHoBl.{
c xpaita ctrnacua [u]: de4u - detu4a, 6y4a 61tuu4a.
x) C yva:rrre;lna HacraBKa-Kd or ctrrlecrBnreJ'rHn
Ha -u4a (c't6, rr\A +
uxa > -zvra) adoau4u- edoauyxa,eo)etuqa eodeuustta,t(apy4a- Kan)qKU, )lbJt{:U4U jlb)tCUyKA, nACIIOAUIIA -,lACtnOAUtlKA, nmu4d - nmUUKA, nUtlulll - nUtlU\KA, CmpQllll4o
CmpdltuuKA, YACWU4A - YUCWUTIKA,y/luqa yxuvKa, ?nUAU4A ?./IAAU\KO, CAeUIU4A CAeUIUqKA.
:) C nacrarra -u4e or cluecrBr.rre;rHH Ha -4e'. xu4e rxuuuqe,3pbtrqe
3pb \u\e, fli4e - fli,tu4e, cbp4e cbpqu4e, c/tb 4e - c/tb ulr4e.
3. flpn nponrro,qHn npunararenHr, o6pa:ysaHu:
a) C uacranxa -oe\l-ee or ocHoBH Ha ctrqecrBnTe;rHn Ha -eq, -uqa, -4e:
c./tbttlle ox?,H\ea,epa6e4 - apa6uoe, rctadexetg rcradeuqoe, ome4, omuoa
l l o m u e e , s e o u e 4 s e o u u o e l l 3 a ? , H y e av, e p u u 1 a q e p H u v e a ,n i 4 e - n i t e a .
6) C nacrarxa -eH or ctuJecrBxTe:rHn Ha -u4a, -e4, -qa, -qe: zpauuxld
?patflt\ert, ceduuqa - ceduuueu, teu4a
tcu,tex, npe6u4a - npefuveu, zay6u4a - eay6uuett, Kpacmalu4a
Kpacmaluue , zpbuomesu4a - zpbvomeorrueH; ,Mece4 - /ueceyetL aetrc4 aeHeueH,xoueq - 6esxotte4eH, y,rulla y,luveH,
B) C HacraBKa -ecKu or clrrlecrBure;rHr.t ua -eq (e4 + ecK > -eqecKu).
msopeq - msopvecxu, 6ope4 6opuecxu, cmapell - cmap\ecrcu, cmpadateq
-. cmpadatuecrcu, cKltmarey
ckumar\ecKu, etadete1 - arade$tecrcu, do6poaone4
do6poeotuecxu, ome4 omqecKu.
288
r) C nacranxa-a (cr6. -un) or ocHoBIrHac.buIecrBHTenHH
or xeHcrr{ poA
c xpailua KopeHoBacrrJracHa[u): oeqa o6qu, nmu4a - nmuuu, ltucu4a ttucuuu,npe6u4a - ape6uuu, ndcmoluqa - tcmoauvu, Kamepu4a- Kamepuuu, Kbpmuqa- Kbpmu4u.
A) C HacraBKa-trH or c r,ulecrBllreJrHxr.rMeHa
ua -u4a..I:leauoeuqa - I,Ieaxoeuuu, Audpeu4a - Audpeiuux, Huxotu4a Hur<o,tvuu,KyKysuqa- KyKyeuuurt,Eozopodu4a - 6oeopoduuuH,4apu1a - qapuuuH,Kamepuqa- Kamepu\uH, Kbpmuqa KbpmuquH.
4. llpu o6paaynaHeHa rJraroJruc HacraBKa-,e c.neg [v] - -q \-uut) or
npofi3BoAHlt
ocHoBHc xpaixa cr,rlacna lu]: epauu4a zpaHuud,o?paHuqa,
ue eq noHeMva,pyJubHe4' nopyribH\a, Kpusynuqa- Kpusynuua,cnbH4e
o c n h H u ac, b p q e H a c b p q ao, 6 e t c t p u a .
PEAyBAHE lCK,3r - ill Xnl
e crapara rrpoMrHanoa BnHrHHeHa
S 202. B ocHoBaraHa pe.qyBaHero
fiora () ua BenapHurecbr;racHr{[x, r], npegurecrBaHH
or npoxoAHualrBeoct
rracHl
B
c'bqeraHHr
or
se6glr
AeHTaJIHx
H MeKHa;rBeo,qenralHn:
cx7 >
[ttlr'], :zj [xs'].
Pe4ynaHeroce cperqapr,qKoH rnaBHoB fJraro;rHr{ocHoBr4:
l. B ocHogl.lHaHrxoJrKoocHoBHH
uaroJra or I u ll cnpexenxe B cera[rHo
BpeMeKaro pe3yJrraror nanaraJrHoroB;rr.rrHlie
Ha [fi] r,rpxy xpafiunre ron_
coHaHTHH
cbqeranlir or KopeHa:iALcK-J,t cn > cr6. Ahllt't.x ca > nbt4rt,
*rlo3p-j,x > z,tocrcdt.B cnpexeunero Ha rnaroJlapeAyBaHeTo
c€ orKpHBa
n r , r Q o p v n r e 3 a c e r a u l H oB p e M ec n p r M o H e n p o M e H e H r ,cr rbet ; r a c n u B , b B
tlopuure, o6pasyoaHnor MliHaJrara
ocHoBa:
dpucrcax dpa4t
nocKai4
,,lbcKax
)vtl.qcKa.M
tbl4n
nucKax - nuul:t
xpycKQx - xpyu4fl
noufl
M/lnu4a
dpucxax - dpuqn
zr03eux - etotcdn
-flcuo u:pa:eHa B (HuxoBHt4r e3lrx e reHqeHuurra roBa peAyBaHe Aa ce
orcrpaHrBa, xaro ce oOpa:yrar rJraroJru or III cnpexenxe or aopncrHara
ocHoBa dparyn - dpackan4, etotcdn - ztto3zh+t, xpyt4fl - xpycqav, Mrlnr4a
- M,,rtcKaM, nuu6t - nucKav - HnH qpe3 o6pa:yraxe Ha
Qopva 3a MuHaJro
cBlpueHo npeve 6e: pe4yBaHe:
etotcdux ll z,roxdax, dpauqux,not4ux, nneulux.
19. |-trs.tn.
tr 6rD.6Mr.
o. ibosarrt
289
flpr o6pa:yrane Ha BTopHqHoHecBbp reHn rJraroJrHn6pBoHaqarHHTeHenanaTanu3'jpaHv cbqeTaHl{t cbulo ce Bb3cTaHoBtBaT: o?,,to32aaM- oz,'toJndn, odpacxeau - odpau1n, nonocKla -nonouln,Ho 3anut4fl > 3anut4flaau.
2, Pezy t.raru or rrpoMrHara Ha cbqeraHulra ce orKplrBar rr B orAeJrHH
IAyMrr:nur4Jtlr, nut4flnKa or cr6. nnurpuAh or nRcK'LAb; Jp1rryat (cps. xpycrcau), eoryenu1a - aocbK > cr6. socrt, necKq - ,teulaK (t.rexjar-).
PEAYBAHE IT, AI - UIIT, XNI
nper$ 203. Pelyaanero e pe3y:rrar or npoMrHaraHa aJrBeoAeHTaJrHlrTe
paaHr.r
csrJracH, [r, g] a cr,veraHnqor He6HaH callara aJ'rBeoAeHTaJrHa
c'brJracHanoA BnHtHveHa fiora (): lrirl > "t [ur], [afi] > [xg]. flpor',rlnara,
Korro ce e rl3BT,pruuna
oue r crapo6r,,rrapcKrl,e eqHaor uafi-saxHnTeorrurr.r Ha 6r,rrapcKlrr e3nKB cpaBHeHr.re
c Apyrlrre cnaB.nltcKr,r
e3rur,t.
3 a 6 c,r c x x d. npactatrfic(hre crqerau{r *tj, *dj ca ce pa3BnJrH
no pa3rfirreurraqnn
B or^cnrrrrre cnaRrlrc( e3rLl,l.B pyc(n, y(pattHc(u lt 6elopycxu ct r{eraHutrafiMar 3aMecrrfuun [.r] h [>x](caeua <' svetja, etta <* nedja), s vcru. - [c, rl (svece,meze), B tror. [c, dzf (swieca, miedza), r c,roreu. - [6,.1] (cveca, mela), o cr,p6o-xr,po.- (i, . ) (cnujcha,
Mc.a) x T.tL
B c'lrpeveuuur 6rrrapcrn e3HKpe3y;rrarr.rreor roBa peAyaaHece orKprIBaTB CneArfl4Te
CryqaH:
-r-,^,(c:rea[ur, xl] - a,u):
l B uecar,pruenuuarorn, o6pa:yraHHc r{acraBt<a
a) or r,raro-nnor II cnpexenae lr
lntrl'.cemn ce cet4a ce, npaml
npauld,M,n,lamJt n,'tdula,u,
pa3Knamfl- pa3Knat4d.tt,
u3ndmtr- u3nuula ,
r{qcum,
dcuulaM,ycemn yceL4aM:
llt xtt): audn autrdau, cr1ydt - ct 6yrcdau, cnoxodst cnoxocriau,
pr.tdsr putrduu, utaadn usaateduu, rrupedt - uapettdau, pazxodtt,
pazxotx:dau, uzepadt - uzzpaxdau, ofudtt o6undau, npe1podfl npe6potrdau, npoxydn npoxylcduu, o6adn ce - o6axdau ce, usntdn - usnttcdau, za6pain - sa6paxdau, ontodn on,tottdau, nodctadt
nodctatedau, oxtadn ox,tate da,v,
6) or urxo:rro r-rraro;raor I n III cnpexeHrie:o6oda - o6orcdau, xa6ote dau, rtaxtada - rrcxtatedau, doaeda doeeucdau,noztedua noztex:dau,
pasztedau -' pazztetcdau, 3a3uduu sasutcdau, usnu - ustdeut usnttdav, zr?'muq (no)zltqau c peqyaaHe[H] - o.
l. fnaroru or Hecabp[leltBl.tA(a'ro xlaup , o6pau4auca notyuenu o't'
3a6c:rexxa
u
xaaua o6opua. Crqcranncro {rur] o necor,pureuurerlaro,qr e or ropeuooara rlacua fr.l,
n:tnar.lfilJajra
npel HacraBXara -/i- B rraro,ra or cqLpt]tetr BAI\'.r6aHa (cr6. XaATt|.n ir8dld)
c peAyBaHcLHI- @,o6s6pm a (cpas. otpnn) o6zpua.
3 a 6 e , r e x x a 2 . Y c , ' r o s u s : an p o M r H ax a [ r , A ] B [ r ! r ] r [ x q ] u u a n n t o t f o p v a r e r a
I n{qe eAt-lHcrBeHo'ttcro}i 3 lrt{qe MHoxccrBeHoLlficro cerauHo BpeMella rnaron! or II
cnpcxeH rie [lrpel oxoHgaHue -r: /lrarr, [nnar'i], n,ramam fntar't rl, cttyw! lci1y t','"f, cMy-
290
mrm fcMy'r'\"r), sud,r [sl1'l], dod, [BdA'6]. Cpn. clc crapo6.l,rrapcxure$opuu :a I lrqe
qrcro n^cql't, c.{{yl|l't, afixA,r, BoxAx, nonyqesx or n^AT_j.fi,
eAr.rHcrBeHo
6HA_j.i c
npovrra ra [ri, gi] a [rrrr, xA]. B HoBo6rnrapcxlre Sopva c!.racuure [r, n] o I alqe ca
Br,3craHoBeHH
no arJarofrrt na tloplure:a ocralaJrI{Tetkrra B cefaulHoBpeMe,B Koxro He
c nua,ro {rorreuruu ycloBr.re3a npoMgua:c ytnwu, c,qymu,c ymu - cuyma, aoduu, eodu,
aooume - aooJl.
2. B uecnr,pneulrr:rarolu, o6paryBaHHor cBt,ptrreHll
r,rarolr or II cnpe_
xeHlrec HacraBxa-neau (cteg [urr] u [x.q] -aeau), a'sznpwerr{
no KHrrxoBeH
nbr or qepKoBHocraBrHcKH
H pycKHe3HK:- [r - urr]: ouym, _ cMyulaaaw,
nocaemn nocael4a6aM,3a14Umn- 3ll4uulasa , cbKpamfl_ cbKpaula\a$,
u3apamt - u3apau1aaai4,
noxumn - noxut4asuv, ocaemfl_ ocaeu,(aaau,
no_
cemn nocet4a6aM,3anpemt , 3anpe4aeaw.,[,q- xg]: npuuyda npuHy]r_
daeau, no6edn - nobexdaaau, uazpadn xazpatcdaeau, npeoynpeonnpedynpercdaaan,y6edn y6exdaeau, nomez,pdn nometptcdaeau,sa6tyin
sa6tytrcdaeau, uactada - uactatrdaaau, oceo\odn, ocao6otrcda_
aau, ymaz,pdn ymatpxdaeau.
L'bqecrByBa reHAeHrIHr B cr,BpeMeHHr.ir6r,:rrapcrn e:nr ctr,racHr_rre
Ir,
ql a ulxolt or HecBapneHrrre ocHoBrl.qa ocraBar HerrpoMeHeHHnpeA Hac_
TaBKa-taaM. Tona ct:.qana Bb3MoxHocr B e3HKaAa ce c.r,3AaBarH ynorpe_
6rnar lapale:rnx H3roBopHr.tBapnaHTr..t
6e: cvllc,rosu pa3nfl{H{ noMexay
HM XaTOab3MymtrEon4 ab3Myula6a.Lr,abn/IotnflaaM 6bnnbt4a6ar\L 3Anpe_
mlaaM - 3anpel4aaaM, 3at4umflaarv - 3auluula6a , ocaemr6a,+t _ ocseu,p_
BAM, npeKpomtraaM - npeKpaulasa.M,npocaem.flaalt _ npocaer4aaaM, pa3s_
pumnaa,u
pu3BpaulaEaM, otrymnaaM _ c.LtyL4asaJ4,CbKpamnsa _ cbKpa_
ulaaaM.
Br,:lvoxxlr ca t-rHecB.bp eHr..t
r;raroJrH, o6parynaHr.rnapan€nHo or cBl,p_
[lneHHfJIafoJ]H c ABe I-rMnepq)eKT[BHfi
_]thtri -raau, Karo fipfi fna_
HacraBKr_t
rolrre, o6pa:ynaHu c HacraBxa -flaq , pelyRaHero He ce oc.bulecrBrBa:
pasn"todst -, pazntotn:iau
noocnadt
pazntodneau
nodc,tuJKdau
npo4edt - npo4exdau
nodctadneau
- npo4edneau
3. B noseqe or 150 oruaro,rHn ct uJecrBr.rrer,r
HH Ha -rtue, o6pa:ynauH or
cBr,puIeHr,trJlarorH or II cnpexeuue, Bb3Ilplrerrl n noro6t,rrapcr[.,{ KHtrxo_
Ber e3r.fKno xHrrxoBeH rrar or qepKoBHoc.jraBrHcKn
u pycxu: pottcdeuue (or
cr6. po6jenxje), npocaeuleHue npocaemn, c.uyt4elue - cMyma, npeKpa_
qe ue \ocrap.), nocel4eHue, nocaeuleHue, npedynpexdeuue, uactatedertue, y6etcdeuue, uecmouaxotcdexue, npo6yxdearc - npo6ydn.
4. B gne $opvl 3a rroBeruTerHo HaKr'roHeHHe:
ncr or nu, nderu ti au)K: o"r
oudn c uznycnara rpaiiHa c:brJracHa[a] or ctverauuero
[x4]. E:rlrtrura npu
H3roBopa Ha cbrJracHara, Korro B Apyrrr no.qo6nu c-qyrrauc1,ulo e Haruue _
291
I
I
dtctcd [l1ru], 6olcd lBon], zpozd [rpocl, a reou Qopl.ru e ]I npaBonllcHo
y3aKoneHa.
5. Pelyraxero ce orKpHBau B orAe:rHr{gyv,u: rcadeu - ttcatcda, xtm ru4a, uydn - Hy)rda, npeda - npercda, HecpemeH- cpet4a, eo)umen, sodfl
eolcd, n,tam nnaul, csemt - ceet4,zoeedo- zosetcdu, zpad - epaxdauutt,podn pox6a (ct c:ary6a na [g] npea [61),zocnoduu- pyc. eocno)tca.
IlpacraBrHc(ure c6qsraHsr tkt, tgt noA Bjrfitttfiella [) crulo ca cc
3 a6 e r exI(a.
pa3alrlt B cr,reraurr [urr, xn]:
*pekti > neu'rr, n€K,n (> nexa) neul (cr6. neu.Ir)
*rekti > p€ur'|'l|, p€r.i > pe(a
+mogti >,ttour'|'r, naora > Moaa- Moul (cr6.,{rouTL)
*noktb > Hour (cr6. l|orll'rf,).
catleragl{{TaIrl.Ir,x.q] ca
B crepeuexunr 6r.nrapcru e3HXcJreaoBareJrHo
KaKToHa *tj, dj+, raxa H Ha fkt, f,gt u *sk, * zg.
no npoH3xoaHacre,qHHuu
PEAYBAHE ICT - IIITI
- u
[rxr] ce cpeqa orpaHrqeao H rJraBHoB r:ra$ 204. PegylaHero [cr]
r], [g
roJrHH ocHoBlr B cnyqarl, nogo6xr Ha re3u. B Kor.rroce peayBar [r - xgl. Pegyaauero e rronyqeHo or npoMrHara Ha c'bqeraHrlero
nog
enlr[cr]
',:P.seHa fiora B t4.
1 . B ocHoglr Ha HecB'r,prrleHrl
r;raroJrH rrpeA HacraBKara -naan (cteA 4
-aaau)'. eocm, ?ocmux eot4daa (cr,uo u B o6pa3yBaHr{Teor HecB'bpueH
npol4asaM, npoulaaaHe; nouecrnaroJr ?oula6aHe, eoulaexa); npocmux
Kpbcm,
Kpbcmux
KpbulaaaM,
Kpbl4QeaHe,Kpbqagmux
noMetqaaaM ce,
KO; MbCm, OmMbCmUX OmrVbt4A6stt,HO6e3 peAyBaHe:OnpOCmfl,OnpOCmUX
-. onpocm8aaM, a2ocmux - a2ocmtaaM.
Pegynauero [cr] - r4 rr,a Soprulnre ra I .nuqe cera[rHo BpeMe Ha rJraronfi
or II cnpexeuue npeA oKoHqaHnero -, B cryqau Karo zocmfl, u3aecmn, not
mtr, npocmu, omubcmfl, nperbcmn (cpa. cr6. OopMr.rpoui.la, noru'rx ca,
npourrN n r.H. ) e orMeHeHo no aHarorlrr Ha ocraHa,rure Sopvu ua cerauno
BpeMe. ?ocmuut, ?ocmu, zocmu,M- zocmn v np.
flpu or,qernu rJraroJrlr peayBaHero aorrycKa H BapHaHTHn$opvn, xaro
omMl,ulaaaM, omMbulaaaHe rloKpak omMbcmuSaM, omMbcmflagHe; ?ocmJI6A,M -
?Ot4AAd-M.
2. B orr:rarolnu cr,ulecrBnTe:rHn
Ha -Hue:npocmux- npauqeuue(or u6.
+npocrjenjje), zocm - y?ocmux - y?ouleHue;Mncmo, nouecmn - noMeuleKpbcm Kpbcmux Kpt uleHue.
tlue, omMbcmux- OmMbuleHue;
292
PEAYBAHE [8, N, B, MI - [EJI, [JI, BJI, MJII
$ 205. Jla6nanuure c r,rJracHr,
[6, n, r, v] yqacrBar B ncroprrqecKr.i
peay_
BaHI'rrc fpynx or cbrracHr.r,Kol.rroce cbcrotr or la6naruara
cbfjracHa Ir
[r]: [6r, n.r, r.t, u_rr].
Pe4yranero e cBGp3aHo
c npoMrHara ga ,ra6na.nHnre
cbrnacHrrnpea na_
JraraJrHara
cbrracua [fi], roxro e 40EenaAo norBara HaMexar.rHHa
cbfJracHa
[.ir'] nopagu HeB]3MoxHocrnr,JrHoaa ce oc6rrlecrBr,r
yno.qo6rBaHero
Ha ra6uatl:,tmrecartacHn c fiorata: pa:sfirfisr uexgy la6na:rnara
ctr:racHa H
f i o r a ( j ) : n y x [ : r ' ] c e e c J r q Jcr
[ ] n n o _ x r , c n oB p a 3 B o , e 3 a r B b p . [ r J r :
np€c'rxxn1eNj e > npec m?,nneHue.
flpovanara e r.r3BecrHa
Karo e n e H T e 3 a urr4B MG K B a H e, a Ha_
Jr..rqrrero
Ha cbrtacHa [l] a rarana rro3uur{.tr
Karo,,e u e H T e r t-rrr H o 1,,.
B 6l,lrapcxure AraJreKTH
eneHTerlrrtHoro[l] tsna.qua.nopaHo - n,bpBoB
HaYaJIoroHaAyMara,a no-Kl,cHoH B cpel c;roBl{ero.B navatroro gyvara
ua
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,
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npedcmaetertue, noedpaan _ nosdpaotertue, aen
[u - ar]: npedcmaen
ce
narlettue, cbnpomuas ce _ cbnpomuar,re ue, ynpusq _ ynpaste_
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u3zomoe_
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cbcma\lJrSLL
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[r..r - v:r]: u3y n - u3y neHue, cmpeAlfl ce, cmpeJ+teJr cmpewneHue, yse_
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,
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no3BoJrrBacb3AaBaHeTo
Ha gyo'ernu $opuu: zeuexonau (pyc, zeu,texon), no
seu.,terconeH,
3e^em_
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Pe4yaauero ce orKpuBa n B HtKolt punarare;.IHr.{Ha _elr_
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[6
293
PE,IIVBAHE [HI - Z
$ 206, Pegyeaxero ce cpeqa nplr obpa3yBaHe Ha HecBLpIxeHI.IrraroJlll
-H- OT OCHOBaTa
Ce peAyBa
oT tJrarolH c HacTaBKa-H-: rJIafoJIHHtT CyQI.IKC
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6ntua ce 6nreau ce, 6,turcua 6tuxeau, euxua
c o npen HacraB(ara
auKaat, ?,|bmHa - zb,'ImaM,zo6ua - so6eau, 3anbHa - 3anbaau, KunHg KUneAM, K''I\AHA- K/'tb68A ,Ie?HA - Ifl?Ar4, MUZHA-.MUZBA|t, nOZledUA
noztecrcdau, npoetedua - npo?nexdaM (c peaynaue [a - axl;, nombtn nombaa,M, clupHa - cgupsa^'t, ceoHa - cndau, crlo?Ha cntozaaM, mp;zHa
mpbz6aM, YyKH1 UyKAAM.
f .:raro:rure or HecB'bp[eH Rur, Ha -Ha xaro 6pt'cua, .tenHa, KucHa, punM,
Mpl,3tla, MbKHs CAUIOyqacTBaT B pe,{yBaHeTO:wenHA - 3AWeneAM,Mpb3Hd
3a.Mptfisau, 6pz,cua ce - sa6ptcaau ce. [Ioxpait (za)pueau ce or puHa ce
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Koraro cruacuara [x] xe e rJraroJreHcyQnrc, rr He orna,qa nph [ptl6aB.sHe Ha cyfttKc -Ba-n4: 3u a - 3u aa,u, cmeHa - (la)cmeueau, trz'tLu (d o) :ttcuxa, d o tr t ua a n.
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c pa3jlHqHr,rHacTaBKH,cloTBeTHO Cr,Clt 6e: peAyBaHe [H] - u:
trcnbrlHt tnnb,,Iaa l ranuunu
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pazdpasnn - pasdpazoau ]l patdpatuau ll pasdpatuneau
u3npa3Hn- u3npa3aaMll usnpattnu
PEAYBAHEIT, Al - s
$ 207. Pegyaanero ce Ha6.lroaasa B cneaHnTe cJryqax:
L B l2 ocHosHH r;raro;ra or I pa:peg Ha I cnpexenne, vnftro xoperr ranpe,q HacraBKara -r 3a o6pa3yBarre Ha Mr.rHanocB'spsrpuna xa [r] u [a]
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- \er, Mems, ,qemox ,+4er,nnema, nremox - n,4et.
fll - o: vema, \emox
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r,'racHa [G], Korro ce peayBa c z nra Qopvrre 3a xeHc(H, cpereH poa n
{VCJ]O:pAC' t>pacbn - pacna, pdcno, pACnU.
MHOXeCTBeHO
-6o,t, (do)eeda, doeedox -doeel dau, dadox- dat, x,tada,
[p,] o: 6oda,6odox
nnudox rcaal xpada, xpadox -xpat, nu-ndox, ttr, npeda, npedox npet.
2. flpu o6pa:yraHe Ha HecBbpneHu cborBercrBHr or rtaronure omuda,
6tda
flpea HacraBKara -sar:
omuda - omuea.u
6u)a - 6uaau
294
IIHTOHAIIH,g
$ 208. I,Inronaqt.Irra e cbBKynHocr or 3ByKoBtl xapaKTepficrnKrr, Korrro
ce Ba3npHeMaTKaTOBHCOqHHa,
CUra fi npoal'JlxHTeJrHOCT
Ha TOHanD nDO_
H3HacrHe Ha ryvure B,t3xa3BaHero. Axycruvecxa,"
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Qoxernrara Ha AyMara He ce 3aHnMaBac KonKperHoro c,bA6p)KaHueHa Aa_
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Mex(Ay rrx, rara n Soneruxara Ha H3(a3BaHeroHe pa3rnex.qa KoHKperHoro
c6AGpxaHr.teHa u3Ka3BaHero,Ho B3eManoa BHt,tMaHr{e
rfpa:nre Karo HeroBH
cacraBKr u rpaHlluure Mex,qy rrx. I4utouaquonnata cncreMa Ha e3HKa
ce
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EJIEMEHTII
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3a,qa noraxev, qe craBa,qyMa 3a caorHoclrrenHg npl{3Hatl}r
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Bp6x - onpeAeneHo ronoBo !:.r,orHouteH[e
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$oxo.norxveH npri3Har B T. Irap.
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e gpyra xapaKTept.rcTI.tl(a
Ha ToHOBHTeBHCOtIltHr,r.
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c lpyra
r.racrra. Ygapexnero e QouoloruveH nprl3HaKI na 6t.lrapcxara gyr,aa(cpn.
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Hacrne vexgy $pa3oBl.rAyMr.i.fprvrocrra
e nprxo cB,Lp3aHac yaapeH;ero.
- rpeMero 3a E3roBaplue na r.rracxa(nonrxora
5.luxnna
na ctr.nacua).
.{r:rxunara e Soro:rortveu npE3HaKB MHoro e3nrlr, no He s 6rrrapcxN.
295
6. Tevr - pa3Jrl.IqHaracKopocr Ha npox3HacfHe Ha Irqnoro H3peqeHlre
no cKopocr MexAy qacrn Ha I.I3peqeHMro. Tevnl,r e
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Ha qrJrocTHara oQopvexocr Ha ,4yMaTa.
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npH3HaIl[, rtnt,ro6Haprrqar ,,cyrepcerMeHTHn" upll:HaqIr HJIIInpo3o,qHqHLt
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ce pa3AenrT Ha ABe no,4rpynH B 3aBucl.lMocToT cTeneHTa Ha cBlp3aHocT c
qe rtn Qpa:oaara
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cMI.rcJropa3JIHq[TeJIHa
BaHeTOHa CeMaHTnKaTaHa,qyMaTa B HI{TOe,qHHe3HK.
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rpl,MKocr, yAl,,qxaBaHe.
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orHoueHr4eHa roBope rur, aoxaro nlpaBTe c;lyxar 3a oQopMtHeHa eAHa
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296
OPA3OBO YAAPEHI,IE, IIOHflTI,IE 3A OPA3A
$ 210. Opa:ono yAapeHrrece Hapuqano-cu;rHoroyAapeHr.re
o egna {pa_
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ce 4erfHHHpa
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c
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oco6euo
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M'CTO
HA OPA3OBOTO
Y,ITAPEHI{E
$ 2ll. Mrcroro Ha Spa:ororo yAapeHHe a Ha [3pa3rBaHara c Hero pe_
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$axropu, (oraro He Bnrlrrr B}pxy
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lm 3alr,lxureluure
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Ha ceMaHTrrKaTaHa
AaAeHxt urnafor. Hanp. Buepa cpeuqxax llsaI{ na ynHUaTa_
Opa3oBara,qyMa
Heau e uzrcxuara, 3auroro e 3a,[r,r,Ix[TerHo norcHeHl-,teHa l,,tarora.
B xgxou
297
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rroaJrofaT Ha ri3peqeHrreTo e 3aaarxr.rTereH fi 3aToBa cGrrlo
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2. Axo noqcHeu[ero He e 3aAbJrxrreJ]Ho tto JIercuKaJrHo-ceMaHTHqHr.t
np qnHrr, Ho e npeAcraBeHo or c r,urecrB l.rrel Ho (r.nn cJloBocbqeraHl{e c
onopHa qacr crrqecrrrrelro),
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ca qreHyBaHHTefiMeHa, a ceMaHTr{rtHoo[peaeneHr.rca r,rMeHau HapeqHr, npH Kor.tToHe Moxe.qa ce rBH qjreH, Hanp.:
6ar4a nu, euepa, npedu dea dxu.
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fJrarot:bT cT,ulo ce npe,qcTaBtc r{HToHaLlHoHHo
H3T6KBaHe,KaKTOU HefOBI-tTe
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3. Hgxor.r ayMu BnHarr nonyqaBar rro-cllnHo yaapeHr{e. Hr np.: Ioi uan
gyr.,il,rB eAHr{3HaqeHltt ca BHHarr{y.qapeH,r,a B Apyrn orrrle y rtx.,(pyru
BHHaTHHeylapeHfi. Hanp.: Begnr,x My Ka3ax roBa - T.e. caMo eAHH nar;
Beduz,lc #,lzJr'
Ka3ax roBa
r.. HeonpeleJreHo xora; Tpn1ea da e ra'v. r.e.
voxe 6n; Tpnbna 1a e rav - ueo6xogwuo e; Tpn6aa da 6erue mau - Tpr6aaute da e mau.
4. flo-cn,rNoro u3Tb(BaHe npH AaAeHa,[yMa HnH rr.ropQevaMoxe Aa 3anucu ol vopQo.norHqHr, flpfiquHr.r.Hanpuvep qacrnqHTe 3a cpaBHr{TeJrHa
x
npeB!3xoAHa cteneu o6sxnoteHo ca no-cHJlHoyAaperrt-r:To e no-do6tp ont
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yrracrBa cr'ro3 ,,orxorroro", Qopvara :a creneH He nonyqaBa peMarnqHocr:
Toi noae\e o6uqa KuHomo, omKonKomo rneambpa, Toi noeeue cooopu, omKorKotno ueme. llpeytoxuoro
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npeA rrpeAJrorace ynorpe6u c'r,tozu: Tn e no-do6pa u om He?o.
5. l4Hrouaqronxoro H3Ta(BaHe Moxe ,qa r.rMacHHTaKTfiqHanpuvllna, B
raKrn clytaii o6lrxHoseHo ce roBopr..t3a cr.rHTaKTHqHa
H ceMaHTHqHapor.{
Ha urIToIlauI-|tTa.
O6uo saero, 3anoBeAHnrex orpurlaretHHTe Qopvn s H3pcyeHHero, KaKT o n M e c r o H M e H n n r e B r n p o c r T e l x n Q o p v N c e o r J t l r q a a a r c . r o B a ,. r € T e
nplBnHqar rJraBHoro yAapeHue Ha r.r3peqeHneroa,spxy ce6e clr, Ho nopaAl
er'arla:a y.qapexreTo Moxe Aa ce .sBHs npH Apyra AyMa.
a) Crr,racyraHoro onpele;reHHe KbM crulecrBHTeJrHoro e no-cl-rnHoynapeHo or caMoro caulecrBxTeJrHo: 6n,t xox.Ilo-cn;rso l3TT,KHaro € li Hapeqnoro ofipeleJ]eHlre (t<:bM
Apyro HaperrHe,uanp.: uuozo do6pe.
298
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324
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Ta:n cnequQnxa Ha npaBonHcHara cHcreMa e HerrocpeAcrBjHo cB.bp3aHa
He caMo cbc 3ByKoBara,Ho r..tc rpaMarnqHara cncreMa Ha e3h(a. Ero:auo
He e B63MoxHo,qa ce ctcraBr rpaMarr.I(a Ha entlH e3r.tx,6e: Aa ce vcraHoBrr
npe.qfi BcxqKo HrKa('LB npaBonr.icHa To3r.re3HI(.
$ 242. Bpt:rara H crorBercrBuero Mex.qy 3ByKoBan rpadruvna cr.rcreua,
Mexly npaBofoBop x npaBonHc ce xpenH He Ha cTaTHqHO,a Ha lrrHaMnqHo
paBHoBecne.3syrorara cHcreMa Ha e3HKaHenpeKtcHaro ce pa3BuBattl3Me_
nr. Ilpaaonucuara (rpaQNvuara) cucreMa, xolro rpa6aa ga rHacl ycroii.rr.t_
Bocr H ycraHoBeHocr B nltcMeHoro o6ulynaHe, ce crpeMn KbM crarnr{Hocr,
rrocTogHcTBo3a cpaBHHTenHOno_a6J'Ibrnepfioa, 3a.qa He BHaC' CMyrrIeH]r,
B rrr..rcMeHara
npa(TnKa c qecrH cMeHHHa ocHoBara Ha rrncMeHoro o6ulynaHe. 3arosa no Haqaro [paBonr{cHara crcreMa e KoHcepBarHBHa,rr o6urno_
BeHo r.r3ocraBaxaro rpaQn.rHa $opva or HarrpeArratx, Bet{e B pa3BflTuero
clr e:ux. Tri xaro npaBonlrct r He rpr6ra na ce orKbcBa or e3HKa,roero 6n
aoBeto B ra3BecTHH
Cnyqalr Io HenpeoAoJIHMonpOTHBOpeqHe
MexAy e3xK t
npaBonucHa cHcreMa, npu6.rrra ce !o npaBonr.rcHonpeycrpoficrBo. flpaao_
rrr4cHoro lpeycrpoicrno
o6aqe e ue,recr,o6pa:to cavo (oraro ce nopo,qlt
nponacr Mex.qy QoHororNvno u vopQotroJroruqHo H3MeHeHllcB e3r.rKa,or_
pa3eHo qpe3 HecaorBercrBarrlr.rMy no xayecrBo rparfuvnn:naqu. Tora necboTBeTcTBr4e
nopax.qa pelHua Tpy,qHocTfi,eaHa oT KoHTOe HcB.b3MOXHOCT_
ra ga 6rge cL3Aa.qeHanpaBonr.rcHacHcreMa, Korro Aa 6tge ctporo loruvec_
Kr.rr43Ir,pxaHa, BrjHarrj nocj]enoBaTejrHa,HacorreHaenHar(BoH KbM t,lCTOpH_
qecKara npaBr.rnHocr,r, Kr'M caBpeMeunara npaKTr,rKa,
Tosa ce orHacs cavo
go oco6enocrt, xapaKTepr.r3r.rpauH
KHrrxoBHoe3rrKoBara
crcreMaJ a He r{ ,uo
oco6eHocru, cneqlrQu.rHn 3a .[Ha;rexrHl H3roBopHl.torK;roHeHr.r,I,rHec,ror_
BercrBu.s cnprMo ycraHoBeHara KHuxoBHa cr{creMa. Tegll rpyauocrtl ca xa_
330
paKTepHr,3a BcnrIKHnpaBonHcHHCHCTeMIi,B TOBaqHcJlo n
3a HarxH, npaBo_
nuc. Hanlnso 3anoBolrnreJrHoro pa3perrreHneHa BcHr{KltnpaBorrucHlt
Blln_
pocH e rpynHa, noqru Heocr,qecrBHMa 3aAaqa.flpaeonucHara
cncreMa no3_
HaBa caMo r.r3MeHeHrjr,u3Br,pttlBaHnno cb3HaTeJIeHnbT, t.IB
TOBaOTHOlxeHHe Ce OTJIITqaBa
OT e3HKOBaTaCI{CTeMa,H3MeHeHII{TaB KOtrTOCTaBaTIIO
crllxneH, Hecb3HarereH HaqHH, 3aroBa He Morar
Aa 6.bAar HanpaBJrrBaHr.{.
Ho rrfi raro npaBonHclr fi e3rrrbr o6pa:yrar egnHcrBo, 3arrloro
npoMeHr.rre
s e:ura rp.n6na paHo lrrH KbcHo Aa ce orpa3rr B npaBonfica,
roii lroxe ga
6rne Hanpae.nltau u cr,o6pasxeaH c e3HKoBoro parnnrne. flocoveHoro
HanpaBneHrree B ocHoBaTa Ha npaBonrrcHaTaTeoplr' H noJ
rTHKa.
$ 243. llpu pa3perxaBaHero na npo6levt,
cB,r,p3aHHc H€ctorBercrBrn
MexAy e3HKoBaH npaBonxcHa c[creMa, y{acrBar cr,o6paxeulta
or pa3nrlqeH xapaKTep IIHCMeHae3HKOBaTpaarrr.l[r,
cTeneH Ha pa3BrrTneHa e3rrKo_
BaTa L [paBonncHaTa TeopHr, crcTorHl.Ie Ha xHr.txoBHH.f,
e3[K H Ha yCTHaTa
KHnxoBHoe3nKoBanparruKa. B pa:tnrlrero Ha 6r,.lrapcxltl
rrpaBonHc oco_
6ena pol.a ca nfpanu nucMeHara rpan[rlr4n r.rct,crorH'ero
Ha KfinxoBH',
e3r.rKB MoMeHTa, Koraro ce H3rpax,qa npaBonrcHara My
cl.rcreMa. Ko,txoro
H CBAp3aHHna ca e3r.tKoBaTa
cHcTeMa H npaBonr.rcGTnoMexay cH, Te HMaT
oTHOCsTeJrHa
CaMOCTO'TeJrHocT,
KO.f,TO
Ce OTKpHBaHanpr.rMepa6B BL3MO){(HOCTTa3a He3aBr.tcHMo
pa3BHTtreHa e3[Ka crrprMo cccTo{H[eTO Ha n[cMe_
Iiara QopMa' or eAHa crpaHa, H' or Apyra
B HanpaBnqBauraraH ycraHoBgBarlaTa ponr Ha npaBonHcHr.rTeHopMr.l,KorrTo ce npeBp.brqaT
H B e3HKOBH
HopMr.rB e.qI-lH
paHeHcraAyi or rr3rpaxAaHero Ha onpe.qeneHKHHxoBerr
e3r.rx.
Or rpeta crpaHa, npaBonltcHrire HopMH B pe3ynrar or
BJrHrHHeroHa cnjrHa
TpaAI4LtIroHHa
nHcMeHa $opva vorar .qa llMaT cHJrHo3aAapxau]a pon.,{
npH
ycraHoBtBaHe Ha crorBercrBIle MexAy cr,crotHHe
Ha e3[(oBara clicreMa I-.I
xapaKTep Ha orpa3.f,Baurararo rpa$nvHa cr.rcreMa.flocoqenure
oco6esocrlr
ca I-lfpanH cbr].lecTBeHaponr npl-| H3rpaxAaHe Ha npaBorrrrcHara
cncTeMa Ha
crBpeMeHHlr 6t,rrapcrr xHHxoBeH e3r.lKor Haqa;roro
lra l9 8., Koraro 3anoqBa r{HTeH3HBHo
H3rpax.qaHexa Hoao6l,rrapcxH, KHfixoaeH e3HK,
Ao npaB o n r c H a r a p e Q o p M ao r 1 9 4 5 r .
PA3BOR HA BT,JITAPCKUq IIPABOIINC
$ 244, flopa4u oco6ennre HcropHqecKH u o64ecrneno_ryJ,rrypHr.rycJroBrrt no BpeMe Ha Br,spaxgaHero, KoraTo ce noJIafaT
ocHoBHTeHa ccBpeMeH_
uuat. 6r,lrapcxu KHHxoBeH e3rrKH ce H3rpaxAa B
ocHoBHr.rnHHHu Karo 06_
[IoHarlrroHaJrHanpaKTnt<a,nbpBoHaqanHoroil e xsrpageu
B cBorra rrrrcMeHa
eopMa qpe3 ruxxornara geiHocr Ha t<ynrypHnre gefiqu npe3 Mr{HaJrH,BeK.
Ero-:aqo
xapaKTepHr.r3a oQopMrHero My ca npelrrMHo
rrpaBorrurcHrrre
npo6revru tlpe3 MuHanoro crorerHe, a He ycraHoB{BaHero
Ha cAriHeHr.r3ro-
3 3l
BOp BI)3 OCHOBa
Ha npaKTuKaTaB ro8opHTe, 3atefHajrH B OCHOBaTa
Ha AHeUHr.r.tull KHr,rxoBen e:Nx. B ro3r{ Hat{aJreHeran nopa.Etl Jrr{nca Ha urJtocrua
KHlr)KoBHarrprreMcrBeHocr vexgy crapo6r,,rrapcKr.rIr nooo6slrapcrn e:lrr
x nopa.qn KaqecrBeHa npoMtHa ua uoao6urrapcKara rpaMarltqHa crrcreMa
no orHoueHtte Ha crapobrrrapcKara He e 6 jro s'bgr,4oxHoaa ce rocraBrr
MaKCI-IMaJIHII
LI3UCKBaHHq
3a CI,CTOtHI-IeTO
Ha npaBOfOBOpanopaAH foJI_trMoTo AlaaJ]eKTHo
pa:gpo6.nenxe na 6r,:rrapcxara e314KoBa
repr.rropHc. HaroNrl_
TerHocrra or ycKopeHo r.t3rpaxgaHe Ha o6rq KHHxoBeHe3r.rK3a MHoro Kbc
I|cTopr{qecKItnepnoA He e rro3BoJtnJra
npaKTllqecI(uAa ce oc,I'u.lecTBI,I
eAHHHa
o6rqouaquoxa.nua e3HKoBanpaKTHKas o6racrra Ha ycrHoro o6rqyaane, ro_
eTo aa noctyxu KaTo ecTecTBeHaocHoBa 3a r,r3rpaxAaHeBbpxy HefoBr.{Te
npr.tHrlanr.i
Ha rrpaBonHcHaracucreMa. Ero :aqo npaBnJrHorr.bpBoHaqaJlroe
6r.uo npeqeHeHo, tte Kr,M eAuHeHH3foBop Moxe Aa ce npeMuHe c rroMorqra
Ha noBceMecTHoBr,3npHeTHr.rnpxraf aHH npaBonHcHr.{
HopMr.t,T.e. npaBonr{_
clT Aa cJlyxn KaTOpefyJraTop 3a ycTaHoBrBaHeHa ear.rHHaI-I3foBopHa Hop_
va. [Ipe: To3H nepltoA npaBorrucHara cHcreMa ce lt3rpaxAa rpe.{HMHo c or_
JreA KbM npaBoroBopHo ycTaHoBrBaHeHa KHI'XOBHIu e3rrK,a He K'r,MycTa_
HoBrBaHe ta cneqr.rQuvnll oco6eHocrn lra nlrcMoro. flpaaorrucHo.npanoroa o p H r 4 T en p o b l e u u H a K H K x < o B H HHTr { e 3 H K o c r a B a r n p e o 6 , r a , 4 a a a u 1 :ra
A'bJrroBpeMe, a B H'KOU C,I>ulecTaeHr
noroxeHHq ca xapaKTepHr..t
rr 3a AHeut_
rIHt HH KHI-txoBeHe3HK. B ctulHocr rloqrn BcltrlKl_tnpaBorlltcHH
AtlcKycl{u
Aocera ca 6naalu npegu:rlrxaHn or xole6aHnr u neycroivusocr n o6uloHa_
uxoHanHnt KHlrxoBeH fi3roBop.AKo ce lpocneA[ HcropHqra Ha rrpaBorr[c_
ulrre 6op6n H npo6,revt, ule ce BHAH,qe re ca cBbp3aur.{,[r,pBo, c ycraHoBtBaHe ocHoBaTaHa KHl.txoRHoe3HXOBaTa
CITCTeMa
l-',BTOpO,KaTOIIOCJ]eAHIIa
or roBa - c e[Htr t4cartlH Blnpocu or caMoro c r,3Aaeanexa nono6r.nrapcxna
Krrr,rxoBeHe3Hr(rrpe3 M[Ha,qoTo cTo]'reTue,Ta r.{Ao aHec, [pql(o cB,r,p3aHr{
c
H 3 f O B O pqaK a H e , r J I a f o J I H r . { O K O H q a H v . f l , l J r € H H I _ t
rf o p v H.
6r,p:oro rlt,rcMeHo
(r npaaonucuo)
$ 245. Cpanuure,rNo
n3rpaxAaHe
Ha
tI08cl6r,rrapcKHr (HHxoBeH e3KX e !o forrMa crerleH yJIecHeHoor ct JIHoro
BJtHsHveHa crapo6'r,rrapcxara r(ynrypHa H KHxxoBHa rpaAar{hr, Ha qepKoB_
HocJIaBrHcKllH pycKr.tr.r3ToyHHuu.Kr,v rosa ce Hacr,rarBaT
lr gpyrlr r.l:gefic_
TBH', KaTO TIOJIHTT-rgeCKr-r,
cTo[aHcKH, B pe3ynTaT oT KoeTo npaBonHcHaTa
cr{cTeMa ce r.r3rpax.{a B cJroxHaTa cr4Tyat\ut Ha BaTpelxHoe3rrKoB[ H B6HtrJ_
Hoe3lrKoBl.r
Qaxropr.r. Morqnoro BJllrqHHexa crapo6r:rrapcKat.a rpaAr,rUH,l,r
lra HefrHoro no-Kr,cHo npoAaJIxeHHe Karo qepKoBHocnaBrHcKarpaAxrlfi, no_
paxnar ecrecrBeH crpeMex KaM crra3BaHexa nefinnte nparonHcHr{ npr.rHIltl_
nu npa o$opvrue Ha uono6tlrapcl<lr.s KHHxoBeHesux. Trfi raro crBpeMeH_
nr.ar 6r,lrapcru KHuxoBeH e3HKe rr3rpaAeHBbpxy ocHoBara Ha )KHBaraHapoIHa peq, npeTspnrna B rlpoA6nxeHr{e Ha BeKoBeTep.,r3KaKaqecTBeHanpo-
332
MqHa,np raraHero Ha crapo6l,rrapcKara HJrHqepKoBrrocJraBrHcKara
rpa_
$nra rlu:a B n3BecrHuno;toxeHllr B oco6eno ocrpo nporrlBopeqnec oco_
benocrure xa uono6r,:rrapcKarae3lrxoBacr{creMaH c xapaxrepa Ha HaJro_
x(eHaraqpe3 KHr.txoBHara
rrpaKTHKa
nper Br:paxgauero u r.l:6pauannoc_
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3A KHHXOBHH.g E3HK AUAJIEKTHA OCHOBA HA CbBDEMCH.
ur.ra6r,.nrapcxurHr.txoBeH
e3ux.Tora l-ruenuonporr.lBopeqt.re
Mexny e3uKoBa
cucreMa H npnnaraHu rpa$nvux cpencrBaKaro ocHoBaHa r(HIrxoBeH
npa_
BorrnccL3AaBacroxHara t-tnporsBopeqHBaHcropn, ua cr,rpeureuHnl6,r,r_
rapcKI.,KHT.|XOBeH
npaBonuc.
$ 2 4 6 . C : r e g r . t 3 r H 3 a H e rHoa , , p u 6 u n l 6 y x n a p . .o r I I . E e p o n ( 1 S 2 4 )A o
1945 r., xoraro ce H3Btprxn nocJre,qHara
rrpaBonxcHa
pe$opva, c,r,craBar
na 6yxsenara Hll crcreMa ce e cMeH.sJr.qeBer
nbrr,r,Karo ce xapaKTepr.r3npa
c roBa, qe HJrnce yBennqaB
a, Hnv ce HaMaJ.rrBa
6porr ua 6yrarre. flpoc,reAeH B xpoHororrlqeHpe.q,roii ce gauxl no cJteAH!tlt
uaquu: 27, 26, 40, 37,
32, 33, 26, 29, 30. llpwunnara 3a ra3r{ HepaBHoMepHocr
ce AaJrxr{r.rJrfi
Ha
H3HcKBaHero,4a
ce cna3BaroqHo crapo6r,,rrapcxara(n vepxoeHoclaBrHcKa_
Ta) Tpa,[t-rUl,lr,
nnu Ha yMepeHoro lr lacrr,nsaHer ulnr sa c.rp€Mexa
.qa ce
cBeaeTr ao MHrrrrMyM,
a B Hsl(OltcryrraK lI,IIa ce cI(LcaperJrr.rTenHo
c Her.
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aHJttroToB'L3np[eMaHeHa llpaaon'IcH'lTe npoMeHLtKaTOe3KKOBLt
npoMeH[ e
nonpetltrJlo 3a Jllnro ra ce rocrHrre Ma(cI{MaJIHonpr6,ruxaraue rra
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rrpaBo_
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Aa
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KHKxoBeH e:nr. 3arosa
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ce cfipeM caMo Ha rrpaBolnc]rrire pe$opnru cleg oQuqralro.r.o
l1.bpxaBHo
y c r a H o B r B a H eH a o 6 q n p a a o r u c c , , y n r r n a r r e : a s c e o 6 u l o n p a r o n u c a u u e , ,
Ha T, !{aarrven, H3aa,[eHo npe: 1899 r., qe tsrrr.rM, qe cJreA Haclbrrr{r,rara
r3Becrrra cra6Hln:aqnl B pe3ynrar or ny6,rxxyaaHero ua VnrrsaHero,
ca
H3B'bpmeHHorre rpn npaBorucrru perfopvn, cr,o6paxeHnrra
3a (or.rro He
BuHar[ ca 6nrr es]rxosl. flporpecuaHara lpaBon[cHa pedropua
ua Cr.
Ovapvelcxr.t or l92l r. e fiocnelBaHa or KoHcepBarnB[rarape(lopva
ua Ar.
L{anxos or 1923 r,, :a na 6r,ge orHoBo 3aMerreHaor rrporpecHBxara pe$opr..ra
npe: I 945 r. Br,a np r,:xa c roBa ce o[pe.qer,r,noJ,roxHTe]THara
H orDr.ruarerHara cou[aJrHa Qyuxqnr Ha npaBonHca. lpyro.rve fiorneAHaro,
aKo flpaBo_
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nO OTHOIIIetIlleHa IroJI[{THqecKaTa
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c o6ulure HayqHu H
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333
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flopagu roaa B r.tcroplttra Ha
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npaBorrxc,ca nMaJrHHepoJtgu4efino-nonuruvecKHH HayqHo-Mnpor:regnu
MaJrKa
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B'T,3f JIEIH
V'f E\EHI/U.
cHcreMaHaaareHe3lrr ce r.r:rpaxgao6ur$ 247. Trfi xaro npaBonHcHara
HoBeHoBr,pxy ocHoBaraua rpaQuvHa(a:6yvua) cucreMa, ocHoBHoH3ncxnauenpu oQopvrHero HanpaBorrt-rca
e reqHoro H cr,pa3MepHo
caorHorr]eur.re
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r{ r{3noJI3BaHero:a
or6err3BaHero H chcreMa or rparluvuH :aaqa (6yrsr.r).C.loruourenuerouexgy
noJlox€Hr{rHa ncexv npasonuc.OoQouevu u 6yrcn x:rpaxnar ocHoBHr.rre
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rroKpHBaT
eAHac apyra, KoeTonpeArr3Bn(Ba
HrKor.{HerrocJreAoBaTeJrHocTr.t,
a raKa cbulo lplr6xrnaueto Ao r.r3BecrHr.r
KoMnpoMncr.r
n yc,rotnocrt. CrtpeMeHHara6bnrapcKa 3ByKoBacucreMa crA.bpxa 45 $oueun, a a:6yxara
Hr.ice cr,crou or 30 6yxseHn:Haxa. lo,T.rr,{oropa3Jrntrne
Mex.qyABerecr{cTeMHce nrJrxr.lHaroBa, qe nopaxn cpaBHnrerHoroJreMHr6pofi ua na,rara,r_
lrlrTecT,rJracrrH
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Ha BceKnTBbpAcrrJraceH3ByKHMa
cborBereri MeK)He e HMaro Bt 3MoxHocr, a H nparT[qecxu 6n 6n.nogeocrrrlecrBHMo,aKo perrrHM,qa
npeHe6perxev3arpyAHeHr.rrra
npr.r3ayqaBaHero
n yrorpe6ara, ga ce cr,3Aa,qe
cneunaneHrpaSnvev:Har ra BceKr{naJraraJreH
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pa3peueHHe,Koero B peAr.rqa
cnyrra[ HMaAocra ycnoBeuxapaKTep.Tara uanpnuep
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ce o3HaqaBa
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Byxnnre fl A n o6a\e Hv,ar A Epyrw rpaSuvulr crofisocrn. Te osHaqasar
cr,qeraHuera[fa] l [iiy] H ycnoBHoMexocr Ha cbr;racH]rrenpeg rnacHa[r]
B rraro:rHHTe
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a cr,ulo raKa H r.lracHara[r,] c-neaMeKacarracHa rrpu ttbrHara r,rKparKara
vlenua rlopwa Ha crruecrBuTe;rH[Teor M,r,xKr..r
pop,(n6urca, npdeuxa, zop n , ? o p f l m , K o u t m , K o H n= [ f i d 6 t : r x a ] , [ f t y p a d v r a ] , I r o p , i , ] , [ r o p ' i ; r ] ,
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or6erqssar pa3:rr.lqHr.r
no 3ByKoBacroiinocr $ono.noruvHlru vopQononofuqHl{ tBneHl-t.g ce Ab.rlxH Ha tcHo pa3rpaHuqeHlrTe IIo3LIU} {, Ilpl.t KOr.rToce
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[a]
334
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$ 248, flpaaonucHrlre B.bnpoc{ 863HHKBaro6nxHoseHo Karo noclrerkua
or pa3Brrrnero Ha e3\tra. Bcnxa npatonucxa cncreva o6aqe 11Ma.[BecrDaHh
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r u3rcnrBallero Ha 3ByKoBara clicreMa. Taxa e craga:ro flpt cr,3.qatsaHero
Ha cra_
po6r,lrapcrara a:6yra N rra crapo6r,,rrapcKara rrrrcMeHocr.
Ilo rarro 6e or6e,rs:aHo a $ 242, crorncrcrBuero MexAy 3ByKoBe
H 6yK_
BH! MeXAy H3fOBOpX npaBonxc ce KpenH Ha.qtlHaMr.rqHo
paBHoBecr{e,fipx
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ce H3noJI3BaT,OCTaBaTCITUJHTe
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336
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AHaJTeKTHa
Ha
* npaaonncnuar Banpoc craHa H npaBoroBopeH HJIr no-ToqHo nDaBonHcHo_
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ra ce na3u
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TaKa H npa_
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lo 1945 r. HMaue ynorpebara na 6yrBr.rre,8, * H Ha KpaecroBHrrre epoBe.
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ua e.qHa I{ cr,rrla AyMa r{JrH Ha
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339
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rpaonqHH 3Haulr, cbulo L yMeHne TGHKOna Ce pa3nuorpoMHo KOJIITqeCTBO
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Ha yCTHaTapeq s cSoTBerHs Ha npoH3Hocr{Mr{Te:nyrore 6yrrexn 3HalIH, Kollro ga ce ynorpe6xaar npaBHJIHo.
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KOeTO B peAHUa cnyqalt rqe loBeae ,[o noJIoxeHHeTo eAHH H C'bnII.l AyMI'I'
HanrrcaHHor pa3rlrqHl nHua, oTtuqaBaulfi ce no npoH3HoueHlie' Aa ce oxaxar pa3rr.rrrHna nlrcMeHara cx $opva. Toraaa nparonuctr u1e eary6lr cocH KOMyH[KaTHBHa$ynXqnr ]r ue ce npeB'bpHeB I'IHAI' IBI'IAyatHa
ur.iaJrHaTa
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c'bcTorHgeTo Ha npaBoroBopa cJIyxI.I KaTo perynaTop Ha KHHxoBHI{Ten3fOB O p H HH O p M n .
$ 253. Brnpexlr nocne,qoBarerHoro npHJIaraHe Ha MopQoJrornqHll.fl
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MeHaTa rrpaKTIrKa.TaKHBa
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Ha npaBonrrca Mex,{y H3xo.qHHTerJlaroJIHHQOpVl.tl.t orroBapqu[Te Ha r.sx
npou:oo,qxu tfoplrn.
340
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qenecro6pa:uo Aa ce BHecar xeo6xoguunre npoMeHH, 3a
aa ce nocrl.Irne
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3arona, xorat:o ce r(a3Ba,qe trpaBonHcHaracHcreva rpr6aa ga ce crpeMr{
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HMaTCe IIpe,qBr.rnn cryqau
KATO IIOCOTIEHI'TC.
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or
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Qopvure 3a MHoxecrBeHo qlrcno Ha HrKot{ cr'nlecrBuTerwu, Ha p. eonnu
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341
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342
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343
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ca HanpnMep ynorpe6ara Ha f-rraBHH6yran, c.nrroro 9r pa3AenHoro nficaHe
Ha AyMure, nyHKTyaux.gran ynorpe6ara Ha npenHHarenHHTe3HaIIH,npeHacrHeTo Ha qacTH oT ,4yMI.tH ap
Hsxon or or6e,r.rtaHrte npaBonHcHHoco6eHocrx, Kor.tronocoqBaMe (aro cnequQnvur 3a nHcMeHara peq, cburo ca cB6p3aHHc xnBara, roBopr.{Ma
peq, Ho 3a pa3nrrKaoT cnyqaHTe, pa3fneAaHHno-fope, H3noI3BaHLtTe3Haqlt
cnyxar.[o rortMa crerreH Karo 3aMecrHlrrll Ha peAuqa oco6enocru xa ycTHara peq r.r3aroBa qecro ca aocra yc:roBHr. Te He ce orHactr,qo cMHcJroBaTa cTpaHa Ha eIHHr.ruHTeHa peqTa H He ca cBSp3aHRc npaBoroBopa, a ce
a3rroJr3Bar,3a.qa noAnoMarar rcHoro r.{npaBKnHoro paS6HpaHeHa HarrncaHOTO.
344
CbA:L'PXAHI4E
3
flpearoeop
5
Yson
flpegver ua <pouernrara
$ l-5
f l p a a o r o r o p H a H o p M a $6 . . . . . .
BapI4aHrH
Hopva ranpon3nocrrreJrHlr
$7 . . . . .
I4:roaopnu (nponsHocrre:rur) cu.noae $ 8-10
ErcnepuuexrarHfi MeroArlorr Qouernrara $ l l
O o s e r u q n a r p a H c r p l r n u x t$ 1 2 . . .
fracHn
K . n a c n Q u x a q nHr a r n a c H n r e$ l 3 - 1 6
I-.nacwnno1 yaapeHt,te
IIpe.qur r,racxr
fracxa [n] $ 17
f , r a c H a[ e ] $ l 8
rJracHu
3agHn xe:ra6na:rHU
f , r a c n a[ a ] $ l 9
fracxa [t] S 20
3a.qxula6ua.nHr r;racHH
f n a c r a[ o ] $ 2 1 . . .
I-nacHa[y] $ 22 . .
f ,racun 6er yrapeHr{e
Pe4yxqrr $ 23-24 .
Crenel sa pe,qyr(urrrra5 25-26 .
HeyaapeHar:racna [a] S 27-30
Hey,uaperlar:racHa[r,] $ 3l-32
Heygapeuauacua [o] $ 33 34
HeyAapeHar:racxa [y] $ 35
HeyAapenar.nacxa[e] $ 36
I{eyaapeHarracua [u] $ 37
.
. . 5
. . 9
.
.
.
.
ll
13
15
18
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
2 1
2 1
2 6
2 6
2 6
2 1
2 9
2 9
3 0
3l
.
.
.
.
.
Crrlac ulr
K:racnQnraqnr Ha c brr'racHHTe
flpunqnnu ua r:racHQuraqnara$ 38
KracuQuxaqur no Mscro xa yvrexexne $ 39
.)l
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
33
3 5
35
3 7
3 8
4 2
4 5
4 8
5 0
5 2
.
.
.
.
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
345
I
K.nacuSnxaquxno Haq[H Ha yqreHeHne$ 40
Illyrroou clrJracHlr- 3ByqHfiu 6e::nyvnx $ 4l . . . .
CoHopxu ctr;racnx $ 42 . .
flalararxu (uexu) crrlacuu $ 43-45 .
fla.naralnu cbrrracHritu], tfl $ 46 . . . .
Ilatar anuza1ut Ha carnacHl{Te npe,q
npeAHurernacxu [e] ll [x] $ 47
AprurylaquouHo H axycrrqHo onlrcaHHeHa cr,fnacHHTe
flperpagun c r,rJracHH
Cr,r.lacHu[n, 6] g a8
fla:rara.lgucarrracuu[n',6']$ 49 . . . . . . . .
Ctrracus [r, g] $ 50
I l a n a r a , ' rcHt rnr r a c H[ [r ' , t ' ] $ 5 l . . . . . . . .
Cr,r:racxn[r',r']$ 52 . . . .
A . r o $ o n [nx ' , r ' ] $ 5 3 . . . .
f l a r a r a l u ct l r r a c H [l r ' , r ' ] $ 5 4 . . . . . . . .
flpoxogHlr crrJracHH
C:,r,racHn[0. al $ 5 5
f l a - n a r a l xc nb r r r a c Ht Q
u ' , s ' l$ 5 6 . . . . . . . .
Cruacnn [c, :] g 57
I l a l a r a l n cu l r r r a c H[ cH' , : ' ] $ 5 8 . . . . . . . .
C:lrlacxn [ru, x] $ 59
Cr,r,racsa[x] $ 60 .
AroQou [x'] g 6l
fla.nara.nsacrrrracHa [x'] $ 62
flperpa.uuo-npoxoAHH
carracHH
C r , r : : a c u n [ u , , u : ]$ 6 3 . . . .
I l a l a r a l s a c a r r a c H a[ q ' ] $ 6 4
C r r r a c u H [ q , a x ] $6 5 . . . .
Couopun crrJracHl-r
Haga,rullcr,rJracHH
[u, H] $ 66
f l a r a r a . n u n c a r r a c H H [ v ' , s ' $] 6 7 . . . . . . . .
fIraeHH crrracHN [p, r] $ 68 . . . .
Cr,r,racxatpl $ 69 .
Ila,rara.nnac.brrracHatp'] $20 .
Ctr.nacsa ["'r]$ 7l .
AnoQoH ["r'] g 72
fla;laralna cr,rracna [,r'] $ 73
I"rrafis[i] $ 74 . .
346
.
.
.
.
.
5
5
6
6
6
6
9
0
1
4
. 6 5
. 6 6
. 6 6
. o o
. 6 8
. 7 0
. 7I
. 7 2
. 74
. 75
. 7 7
. 7 7
. 7 9
. 8 0
. 8 2
. 8 3
. 8 6
. 8 7
. 8 8
. 88
. 8 8
. 9 0
. 9l
. 9 3
. 9 3
. 9 6
. 9 7
. 9 7
. 9 9
100
t0l
t02
102
105
105
107
107
108
Ooueuna clrcreMa Ha KHuxoBHItt 6:r.nrapcru e3I.Ilt
O6rqa xapaxrepr.rcrura$ 75
Cucreua Ha rJlacI{HTeQoueuu
. .
Bpofi na rrlacHure Qoxer',rn$ 76
au npu3HauHHa rJIacHnreQoHelun
,[,rQepeHuna,r
Heyrpa.rHsaqrr Ha nporHBonocraBtHerono npH3HaKa
orBopeHocr-3arBopeHocr(rovnaxrnocr-au$y:xocr) $ 7 8 .
.
Cncreva Ha carJIacHI{Te
Qouevn
.
. .
Bpofi ua cbrJracHnTe
$ouer''rH$ 79
.
80
.
,[uQepenuxarnHnPH3HaqL$
.
Jloxarsu npn3Hallt $ 8l . .
.
.
82-89
nplr3Haqn
Mogaruu
$
.
.
9
0
.
.
.
.
C r , o r u o c u r e . n n(nr o p e . n a r n r n un) p u 3 H a l l t$t
.
r e : : l y v H o c r$ 9 l . . . . .
K o p e r a u n xn o 3 B y q H o c 6
no
trporllnocraBtHe
flo:uqnu Ha Qouevuo
.
3ByqHocr 6e:eayvHocr $ 92 .
fIo:'rulrq Ha HeyrpanH3aqlrtHa rtporxBonocraBtHero
.
no oeyuHocr-6e33ByqHocr
$ 93 . .
.
94
Kope.raqx.rno MeKocr-rBrplocr $
fIosfiuHu Ha (toxevno nporHBonocraBtHe
ro Mexocr retpaocr $ 95
flo:ltqnl Ha Heyrpars3aul.ltHa nporl'IBorIocraBtHero
no Mexocr rBtpaocr S 96 . . .
Oouerva[fi]$98...
BapxaHrtrna [il] $ 99
Ha ynorpe6a ua [fi] $ 100
IIo:lrur.rr.t
V1soeriHcbrJlacHn$ l0l . .
Cr,qeraeuocr LI3ByKoBllnpoMeHH
.Il,ucrpu6yulrrII crrreraeMocr Ha rJlacHure$ 102 . . . . .
. .
. .
..
..
..
. .
..
. .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 0 9
1 1 2
ll2
113
113
ll5
ll8
1 1 8
. . . 1 2 0
. . . 120
. . . 1 2 2
f.nauru s crr.reraHne c rJIacHH$ 103 . ,
llpoverllI Ha rracHHTe B cbqeraHue cac cl,rracHu $ 104 106
IlpoveHu Ha TJIacIIHTeB cbqeraHue c rjIacHH
.
BvrxsaHe Ha [fi] (fioraqna) $ 107
t25
r27
t27
128
t29
t 3t
t3t
132
135
139
139
140
141
142
t42
llanagane Ha rJIacHH(e:rnrr.rr)S 108 . .
Hecplruroreopxn rraoru (xoHconaHrlr:aunr)$ 109
e onelrN
, I | r c r p r 6 y u u r u c a q e r a e M o c rH a c l r J I a c H H TQ
110
.
.
rJIacHl,
B
c
caqeraHae
Cr,r;racug
$
c rracHH.
flpoveulr Ha carracHure B c't,qeraHHe
. . . . _ 1 4 5
A r o l ' a o A a q n$sl l l . .
. . . . . . 1 4 6
Cr,r.nacuuB cl,qeraHneclc cl,r,qacHl$ 112 . .
347
C:sqeranN.ror ABerB6pAlt csfracHrl B Haqa;roro
HaAyMara$113..
. t47
Cr,qerannq or rBt pAI-tI,IMexHcr,fJIacHI-{B Harlaroro
HaAyMara$114..
. 149
C r q e r a n l r .ogr . q B ec l f J r a c H xB ( p a . fH, ag y v a r a $ l l 5 . . . . .
. l5l
CrqeraHuq or rpH cbrnacHu B Haqanoron Kpat
HaAyMara$l16..
. t54
CrqeraHr.r.E
or cr,rJracHH
B cpe.qxcnoBHe
( u u r e p r o r a , r H an o s n q u . a$) l l 7 . .
. 155
flpoveun Ha cbrJracHHTe
B cr,qeraHHecbc cbr;racBrr$ I l8 . . . r57
Ynogo6rnaHeno:oyvnocr-6el3ByqHo1
c r1$9 . . . . . . . . 1 5 8
MexgycrorHo ynogo6.esane$ 120 . .
. 158
Vnogo6reane rro Mrcro Ha apurxy,raqrlrra $ l2l
. 160
Pa:no4o6aaaxe(Incnvn.naqnr) $ 122 . .
. 16l
Hana.qaxeHa c6r,racHH(elu:tr) S 123 . .
. 162
Bvlxtaue Ha r:racHr.{
lt cr,r:racHx(eneHre:a) $ t24 . . . . . 1 6 3
Cpnvxa
.
AprHxynaqnonxo-axycrHqHuxapaxreptacrr.rKr.{
Ha cpnvrara $ 125
Crpyrrypa ua 6r,:rrapcxaracpnvxa $ 126 . . .
.
f l p o v e H n B 3 B y K o B Hcrt c r a a H a c p H q x a r a$ 1 2 7 . .
.
f p a u n q r H a c p u q x a r a( c p u v x o g e . n e u x $e )1 2 8 .
.
165
t65
t66
168
168
VaapeHue
Crusocr Ha yAapeHr.rero
$ 129 . .
(DoHerllHa xapaKTepHcrrrKa
Ha 6l,rrapcroro
y a a p e l r n e{ 1 3 0 1 3 3
O y H r q u Hx a y A a p e r r r e r o$ 1 3 4 .
Mqcro rra y.qapexxeroB lyMara $ 135 . ,
fIoAsHxHo yAapeHHenpu tfopvoo6pa:yBaHero
C r u l e c r n r r e , r u Hu r r a e H$a 1 3 6 - 1 3 9
Ilpnlarare;rxN rvena $ 140
9Nc.rrrrelsu uveHa $ l4r
Mecroljvenrlq $ 142 . .
f,rarorr $ 143 144
flogerxHo yAapeHrenpu c.noaoo6parysanero$ 145-146 . . . .
^(yvr.r6e: y1apeHHe
Arqeurua AyMa $ 147
Enxlutuxu n 6r-nrapcrxr e:ax $ 148
flpox.nurnrr a 6r,lrapcxur e:xx $ 149
[yr.au c gne yAape]rHt
B p o l i r . r p a g a u u rH ay l a p e H n r r aB l y M a r a $ 1 5 0 . . . . . . .
t73
176
t78
t80
180
185
186
186
187
188
192
t92
193
195
198
198
348
. rll
. t1l
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
, [ y u u c r r a r n o u B T o p o c r e n e H Hyoa a p e H u e$ 1 5 1 . . .
,(yMu c.ure rraBHn yAapeHur$ 152 .
V g a p e u uH
e ac l x p a r e H u rcen o x H uA y M H$ 1 5 3 . . . . . .
u
rfopvlr
c ,qBorKoylapenue
[ywr.r
lt xole6anne
Ilpuvrull 3a u3MeHeHI{e
H a y a a p e H l r e r o$ 1 5 4 - 1 5 7
Arueurxz ay6lrerx $ 156-157
P e a y r a u eu a S o x e v u
A.noQouuou $ouelrxo peayBaHe$ 158 . .
3 e y x o s l rn p o M e H n$ 1 5 9 .
160. . . .
3syxosn:axosuQ
p
r 1 6I . .
T n n o n e$ o n e v n H e a y B a H a Q
<DoneruqHo
o6yc:roseHnpeAyBaHI.rs
H a 3 B y q H rx, r6 e : : n y u H r c b r . l r a c H$n 1 6 2 - 1 6 4 . . .
Pegysarre
u 6e::ayvulr
MexgycronHo peayBaHeHa 3ByqHI.r
c r , r - r a c HSr 1 6 5 - 1 6 7
Ha MeKlrH TBapar.r
cr,rJracHr$ 168- 169
Pe,qyaaHe
r) $ 170 174
Pe,qynauet'al - te] (flper,rac Ha npoMeHrrr.lBo
1
7
5
1
7
6
P e 4 y r a u e[ a ] [ e ] S
P e l y a a a e[ o ] - [ e ] | 1 7 1 - 1 7 9
P e . u . y a a r[ e
t. el - o $ 180 .
Peayoaw
[ rel - o $ l 8 l . . .
P e , l y e a u lee l - , $ 1 8 2 . . .
P e . q y a a Hl re, e ) - a n p r .cr , r o n d 6 p a : y a a n e$r o1 8 3 . . . ,
Pe2lyaaue[tp, r,r] - [pr, .nt] $ I 84 - I 89
P e q y a a r r e f -f "i ]$ 1 9 0 . . .
.
P e 4 y s a l e[ c l - " $ l s l
14cropruecx r pcayBaHHt
PegynaHe
H ar J r a c H H
B x o p e H a$ 1 9 2 1 9 4
r
,
x
]
P e s y n a n e[ r ,
[v, x, ut] $ 195-197
P e . q y r a H[ex , r , x ]
[u, :, c] $ 198 199
Pesyrane [c, :] - [ur, x] $ 200
P e 4 y u a r[eu - . , 1 $ 2 0 1 . . .
Pe,4yaaue[cr, :r - uL xA] $ 202 . . .
Pesyrane [r, l] - [ur, xs] g 203
P e a y a a n e[ c r - L r r ] $ 2 0 4 .
P e g y n a n e [ 6 , n , n , v-] [ 6 r , n , r , n , r , v , r$] 2 0 5 . . . . , . .
.
Peayaauelsl-"$206
P e . u y n a H[ re. a l - o $ 2 0 7 . .
l 4 l r o u a u u sS 2 0 8 . .
EreveHrH Ha r.rHroHaurr.sra
$ 209 . .
203
206
210
2t1
2tl
216
2t9
2t9
221
224
224
230
230
235
239
242
250
252
256
251
260
263
264
210
2 1|
212
212
211
282
285
281
289
290
292
293
294
294
295
295
349
Opa:oao y,qapeHr.re,
noHrrue:a Qpa:a $ 210 . .
M.scro Ha Qpa:onoro y,uapeHne 2Il_214
S
IrlnrouaquouHlrKoHTypr,S 215_217
Kourypu Ha $pa:onara r.i3T.r,KHarocr
l. EgHoSpa:onurr3peqeHu,S Zlg 224
2. MuoroQpa:orli E3per{eHruS 225_229
KoHrypu na elrtlaruvnara H3T6KHarocr 230. . .
, . .
$
l . M o g a . n n o - e v o u [ o H axnoHHr T
. ry p H2 3 1 . . . . . . .
$
2. Moga.nnaynorpe6a Ha HeMoaanHr.t
xonrypn $ 232
_
Tpaucxpnnqnr H u3roBop Ha qyx.qr.rre"o6"rg"un ,rr"Ha
r 6r,lrapcxul e3HK
T p a n c r p r . r n ru. rr p. rasH c n r . r r e p a u2 un l . . . . . . . . . . . .
$
IIparr.la3aTpaHcKpI,null'HaqyX.qnxrr,reuas234..
r paHcJrr{repaqur
Ha qyxAl rvena g 235_23g
TpaHc:rurepaqn.rHa 6rlrapcxn nMeHac narr.rHnqa
_
$ 239 . .
DlnrapcI(u KHHXOBeH
npaBorIuc
I l n c v o x H 3 r o B o pf.l p a n o n n cr n p a B o r o B o p
.
i240-243...
Pa:sofi ua 6rlrapcrt.a lpaBonr{c 244 Z4g
S
Ilpaaon u cHl.rtrplrHrIHn ll
@oHerrrqeH
nphHurn S 249 250
I4cropnvecrn npr.lHurrr$ 251 . .
Mop(to.lorrveu (ernvo.nornveu) nplrHqrn 252
254 .
S
O r s o u r e H t eM e x l y n p a B o n u cx f i p a B o r o B o p 2 5 5 _ 2 5 g
6
350
291
297
302
304
304
307
310
312
313
315
315
3t7
3t9
326
328
328
331
336
336
338
339
342
f P A M A T H K AH A C L B P E M E H H I , I ' I
BbJIfAPCK14KHH){(OBEHE3HK B ]'PT,lTOMA
TOM ]
*o:'JI*o
TpeTou3ltaUte
Xyloxurx
Ha xopxrlara Bece-'Il.rri
flaBroB
flpeilneqarra noAroroB(a E'f .,r'lt4PA"
143lasa,,AEAf AP nABJlHlllHIlf"
EOO!, Corlrr
neqar .,nOII14nP14HT"EAA. Bpaua
r. 1)
I S B N 9 5 4 - 5 8 4 - 2 3 5 -( 0