europan union – african union civil society human rights seminar

Transcription

europan union – african union civil society human rights seminar
EUROPEAN UNION – AFRICAN UNION CIVIL SOCIETY HUMAN RIGHTS SEMINAR
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
DRAFT JOINT REPORT
by
Sara Guillet and Fikremarkos Merso, seminar moderators
The EU-AU Civil Society Seminar on Human Rights was funded by the European Commission.
The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily represent
the views of the European Commission
Table of Content
Background............................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 4
Day 1: Legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and Europe ....................................... 6
Panel 1 NGO laws and the role of CSOs in implementing human rights instruments .......... 6
Day 2: The fight against torture.............................................................................................. 9
Panel 2 The Monitoring of Conditions of Detention presentation of the
situation in Europe and Africa ............................................................................................... 9
Panel 3: The Robben Island Guidelines, OPCAT and the EU Guidelines on Torture......... 10
Panel 4 Ways Forward: The Role of CSOs in the EU-AU partnership,
future dialogues, methods of cooperation ............................................................................ 11
Annexes ................................................................................................................................... 12
Annex 1: Recommendations ................................................................................................ 13
Annex 2: Agenda.................................................................................................................. 17
Annex 3: List of attendance ................................................................................................. 19
Annex 4: Panelists’ contributions ........................................................................................ 21
The Role of Civil Society in Implementing International, Regional and National
Commitments in the Area of Human Rights, Yazini April, Africa Institute for South
Africa .............................................................................................................................. 22
The Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Grégoire Théry........ 28
The fight Against Torture in Africa: EU Guidelines and AU Instruments –
Kenya Case Study, Priscilla Nyokabi Kanyua ................................................................ 37
Amnesty International EU – Office, Natacha Kazatchkine ............................................ 45
Instruments de lutte contre la torture en Afrique et en Europe: Les lignes directrices de
Robben Island, Jean Baptiste Niyizurugero.................................................................... 49
Les perspectives proposées pour le dialogue UE-AU sur les droits de l’homme, Paul
NSAPU, Secrétaire général de la Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de
l’Homme (FIDH) ............................................................................................................ 55
Annex 5 Written communications from participants ........................................................... 56
La situation juridique des OSC au Zimbabwe, Nokuthula Moyo................................... 57
The Legal Situation of CSOs in Zimbabwe, Nokuthula Moyo ...................................... 61
Contribution du Forum Algérien pour la Citoyenneté et la Modernité .......................... 64
Contribution by The Algerian Forum for Citizenship and Modernity............................ 70
EU–AU relations: What role for civil society?, Carmen Silvestre,
Open Society Institute, Brussels ..................................................................................... 74
Relations UE-UA : quel rôle joue la société civile? Carmen Silvestre,
Open Society Institute, Bruxelles ................................................................................... 79
Annex 6 List of documents submitted to participants.......................................................... 85
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
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Background
The European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU) held their second Human Rights
Dialogue in Addis Abeba on 27 October 2008. At that meeting, the parties confirmed their
agreement to organise a dialogue between African and European civil society on human rights
in the framework of the EU-AU Human Rights Dialogue. The aim of the civil society
dialogue is to contribute to the EU-AU human rights dialogue through open discussions
which will help to enrich the official dialogue. The civil society dialogue will provide an
opportunity for discussion between European and African civil society representatives,
academics and government officials on human rights issues and on how to enhance the
promotion and protection of human rights.
The first EU-AU civil society seminar on human rights was held on 16-17 April 2009 in
Brussels. The event was organised by the European Commission in coordination with the
African Union. It was funded by the European Commission, under the European Instrument
for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) instrument,.
The seminar brought together 54 participants, including 43 Civil Society Organisations
(CSOs), 21 of them drawn from Europe and 22 from Africa. Two governmental officials, five
representatives of EU institutions and four representatives of AU institutions attended the
seminar as observers (see Annex 3: List of Attendance).
The seminar has addressed the following topics (see Annex 2: Agenda):
- The legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and Europe: NGO laws and the role of civil
society in implementing human rights instruments;
- The fight against torture in Africa and EU based on African and EU human rights
instruments and institutions; and
- The Role of CSOs in the EU-AU partnership: the way forward.
Within the ambit of the above issues, the objectives of the seminar were to:
- open up the official human rights dialogue to the European and African CSOs, and create a
space for constructive discussion;
- encourage CSOs in both Africa and Europe to feed the agenda of the official dialogue and
receive in turn information on the dialogue; and
- encourage the effective implementation of shared human rights commitments both in Africa
and Europe.
All participants received all the available materials on a USB stick (see Annex 6 : List of
documents submitted to participants). Different documents were also distributed in a printed
version in the course of the seminar. Some CSOs distributed country and thematic reports
which were all made available to the participants. Simultaneous interpretation of the
discussions was provided in English and French.
This report sums up the most important points covered in the seminar and the issues that were
raised during the discussions. It also includes the recommendations that were adopted by the
participants at the end of the seminar (see Annex 1: Recommendations). These
recommendations are also available on the website of the Africa-EU partnership: http://africa-eupartnership.org/blog/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/090511_joint_press_release_version_finale.pdf
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Introduction
Opening remarks
The seminar has begun with messages of greetings from the EU and AU Commissions.
Representing the European Commission, Charles-Michel Geurts, Deputy Head of the Human
Rights and Democratisation Unit at the DG External Relations welcomed the participants and
described the importance of the seminar. He noted that the topics of this seminar had been
identified by the EU and the AU which will also be the same issues that were going to be
addressed in the official dialogue to be held three days later in Brussels. He expressed his
hope that the discussions would come up with specific recommendations and would feed into
the official dialogue. He also welcomed the participation, as observers, of EU and AU
institutions representatives.
In his greetings representing the AU Commission, Salah Hammad, DPA, AU Commission
noted that since the establishment of the AU the role of CSOs has been enhanced and African
CSOs have continued to positively contribute to the AU summit as well as to the different
organs of the AU. He further stated that in the spirit of its commitment to become people
centred organization, AU has been working hard to mainstream CSOs in its works on the
basis of partnership and to that end it has established the Economic, Social and Cultural
Council (ECOSOCC) as a CSO parliament derived from an elective process to involve CSOs
in the decision making process of the organization. In the context of the AU-EU partnership,
Mr. Hammad stated that the expectation from the CSOs is not only in the implementation of
the partnership but also a constructive engagement on issues that will push the partnership
forward. He remarked that the expectation is that the seminar will come up with clear
recommendations that will enhance the promotion and protection of human rights in both
Africa and Europe and that the AU Commission is ready to welcome the recommendations
that will be presented to the official dialogue. Mr. Hammad concluded his greetings by
expressing his best wishes for the success of the seminar.
Presentation of the participants of the Seminar
The moderators of the seminar, Sara Guillet and Fikremarkos Merso introduced the
participants.
On the European side, participants were representatives of CSOs which are the most
important interlocutors of the European Commission on human rights issues. They belong to
the following networks: the Human Rights and Democracy Network (HRD), the European
Peace Building Liaison Office (EPLO) the European NGO Confederation for Relief and
Development (CONCORD), the European Network of Political Foundations (ENoP). The
designation of these CSOs was therefore made in an ad hoc manner for this seminar. It was
not directly related to the Civil Society Steering Group (CSSG) which is another informal
group, ensuring European civil society participation in the JAES. Neither was it related to the
EU ECOSOC. Several participants came from Africa, representing international foundations
or international NGOs who have offices or branches in African countries.
On the African side, the moderator, Fikremarkos Merso, after having made a brief remark by
way of introducing the African CSOs participating in the seminar, invited Mr. Joseph
Chilengi, from the African Internally Displaced Persons, Zambia, to make a brief presentation
of the African participants. Mr. Chilengi stated that the AU has attempted to engage African
CSOs in the AU-EU Strategy even before the adoption of the Strategy itself. Accordingly,
consultations were made in 2007 in Accra, Ghana with a view to solicit inputs to the strategy.
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He noted that in the Accra meeting a Steering Committee was established but was not
effective. Following the adoption of the Strategy, AU-CSO consultation was held in March
2008 in Bamako, Mali with a view to develop a strategy for the CSOs engagement in the
implementation of the Strategy. In a follow-up meeting in Nairobi, Kenya in March 2009,
African CSOs have agreed that the ECOSOCC would lead the process of the partnership in
consultation with the CSO community of the continent. Mr. Chilengi further stated that at the
Nairobi Meeting, African CSOs have reconstituted the Steering Committee and have elected
representatives which will guide the process under the leadership of the ECOSOCC.
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Day 1: Legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and Europe
Panel 1 NGO laws and the role of CSOs in implementing human rights
instruments
On behalf of the Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, G. Théry
addressed the situation of human rights defenders in Europe and in Africa (see Annex 4). The
position of the European Union is paradoxical, he explained. On the one hand, the EU has a
policy which is clearly supportive of human rights defenders, with specific policy tools such
as the Guidelines on human rights defenders or the European Instrument for Democracy and
Human Rights (EIDHR). On the other hand, the Observatory has collected many cases of
breaches of freedom of association in Europe, both by public and private actors. Such
breaches include judicial harassment, increased control, legislative restrictions. Migrants’
rights defenders have been particularly targeted in the recent years, as illustrated by several
cases collected and field missions undertaken in France, Italy, Belgium, Finland, Austria,
Cyprus, Spain, Greece, United Kingdom. The fight against terrorism has led to increased
restrictions against freedom of association. On the African side also, the situation is not any
different. The African Commission on Human and People’s Rights has increased its work for
the protection of human rights defenders but several countries in across the continent have
continued to adopt restrictive legislation or to impose administrative restrictions to human
rights associations.
In her presentation entitled “The Role of Civil Society in Implementing International,
Regional and National Commitments in the Area of Human Rights”, Ms. April Yazini from
the African Institute of South Africa, started by describing the crucial role of CSOs in
Africa in promoting and protecting human rights (see Annex 4). She has also described the
efforts exerted by the AU to address the human rights challenges of Africa such as poverty,
poor governance, impunity, violence and discrimination against women. Ms. April said that
engagement of CSOs in the Africa-EU Strategy is a critically important move to promote the
implementation of international, regional and national human rights instruments. Ms. April
further stated that there are currently pessimist and optimist views on the role of CSOs in
Africa in promoting and protecting human rights. In particular she raised the issues of aid
conditionality by Western donors and China’s policy of non-interference and nonconditionality in aid and trade packages and their potential to promote corruption, conflict,
human rights abuse and erosion of democracy in Africa. In outlining the way forward, Ms.
April emphasised that CSOs in Africa could play a crucially important role in the promotion
and protection of human rights in Africa provided they address their current short comings
and an enabling environment has been created that allows and promotes their participation in
decision making. To that end, she said, African Member states should create an environment
for CSOs to operate freely without risking reprisals, threats or attacks and ensure their
participation in governance issues. She also said that in order for the African CSOs to play an
important role in the promotion and protection of human rights, human rights education is
critical and they need to equip themselves with the necessary skill and expertise in human
rights education. In that light, the cooperation between African and EU CSOs in improving
human rights training is essential. Finally, she stated that the recognition of the role of CSOs
in the Africa-EU Strategy is commendable and a human rights dialogue between CSOs should
continue with a view to enhance their role in the promotion and protection of human rights in
both continents.
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Deliberations
In the ensuing discussion following the two presentations, participants raised and deliberated
on several issues. They have emphasised the important role of CSOs both in Africa and
Europe in implementing human rights instruments but noted that without an enabling
environment CSOs will not be able to play their important role. Participants have noted that
some African countries have adopted restrictive NGO laws which may negatively affect their
role in the implementation of human rights instruments. They also expressed their concern
that there is a move to adopt similar restrictive laws in other African countries. They agreed
that this issue should be addressed in the AU-EU political dialogue. It has also been noted that
the problem should not been seen only as one of the legal framework. Even if there are
appropriate laws allowing CSOs to operate freely and with little restrictions, CSOs may still
face challenges at the institutional level and that the issue should be considered in a holistic
approach addressing not only the legal framework but also the policy and institutional issues
affecting the smooth operation of CSOs.
Participants have also noted that while the role of CSOs in implementing human rights
instruments is important, not all CSOs in Africa have a adopted a strategy to play their role
and emphasised on the need for experience sharing between the African and European CSOs
in terms of adopting appropriate strategies for their engagement with concerned actors
including governments.
Participants have also raised the issue of double standards as one factor negatively affecting
the role of CSOs especially in Africa. It has been stated, in that light, that the EU has not been
consistent in its requirements and engagements with different African countries which
encouraged some governments to give less attention to the implementation of human rights
and to the role of CSOs.
It has also been stated that though freedom of association is a recognised right under
international human rights law, the legal framework itself suffers from ambiguity by stating
that the right should be exercised within “the limits prescribed by law.” Participants have
pointed out the need to articulate the limits of the right with more specific terms so that it will
not be used to unduly restrict the role of CSOs in implementing human rights instruments.
Participants also noted that although the primary responsibility to implement human rights
instruments rests on the concerned governments, CSOs may still play an important role by
making the governments accountable to their failure in meeting their obligations arising from
human rights instruments. But to play this role CSOs should be allowed to operate freely.
A discussion was also held focusing on the relation between CSOs and governments. In that
light, it has been noted that CSOs need to work in partnership with governments as long as the
environment allows them to do so. Creating a good working relation is considered to be an
important strategy to enhance the role of CSOs in the implementation of human rights without
compromising on their independence. It has also been noted that governments have a
legitimate right to regulate CSOs with a view to ensure accountability and transparency in
their operation but this should not go to the extent of controlling or restricting the operations
of the CSOs. A point was made at the discussion that CSOs should revisit their way of
operation and ensure transparency and accountability to earn public confidence.
A participant from Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network has presented a study on
the impact of anti-terrorism legislation on the right to freedom of association in some African
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and European countries. The study highlighted the shared need of fighting terrorism. It has
been stated that the study does not question the legitimate right of governments to fight
against terrorism but capitalizes on the human rights challenges in the fight against terrorism
in some African and European countries. The study noted that mistakes have been made both
in Africa and Europe in implementing anti-terrorism legislation. It also forwarded some
recommendations in the form of indicators that may help in addressing the challenges of
implementing the right. A copy of the study was distributed to all participants in English and
French.
Following the presentation, the floor was opened for discussion and a number of issues were
raised and discussed. It has been suggested that security is a very sensitive issue for African
and European governments and thus should be treated with the necessary political sensitivity.
It was also noted that despite its sensitivity, the necessary care should be taken not to allow
law enforcement officials to violate human rights in general and the right to freedom of
association in particular. The issue of migration was another point discussed in the context of
anti-terrorism legislation. It was noted in that light that migrants have frequently been targeted
in the fight against terrorism and it is a common phenomenon to see the human rights of
migrants being violated. Participants noted that this has created a significant challenge for
human rights defenders.
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Day 2: The fight against torture
Panel 2 The Monitoring of Conditions of Detention presentation of the situation in
Europe and Africa
The first panellist, Priscilla NYOKABI, from the Kenyan section of the International
Commission of Jurists, focussed on the EU Guidelines on torture and their application in
Africa, as well as on the African Union instruments on the fight against torture. She also
explored the linkages of poverty and torture. Finally, she recommended the adoption of a
stronger legal framework and norms in Africa on the fight against torture, including through
the adoption of the Robben Island Guidelines as a treaty. While acknowledging some progress
in the fight against torture, taking the example of Kenya, she highlighted the gaps between the
international instruments and the domestic legislation, between the official denunciation of
torture and practice. (see Annex 4).
The second panellist was Natacha KAZATCHKINE, from Amnesty International, who
addressed her organisation’s concerns about torture in the EU – notably in the context of the
fight against terrorism and policing in Europe, highlighting examples from recent reports by
Amnesty International, including on police ill-treatment in EU member states, on illegal
transfer of prisoners to secret places of detention, on bilateral agreement breaching of the
obligation of non-refoulement. She insisted on the need to ensure that torture complaints can
be lodged and examined seriously; she expressed concern over the lack of independence of
certain mechanisms that are supposed to investigate on abuses by law enforcement officials.
She called for a greater coherence between external and internal EU policies on torture. She
concluded her presentation by highlighting the gaps between the EU Member States
commitments and their implementation (see Annex 4).
Deliberations
The discussion following the two presentations focussed on the monitoring of conditions of
detention. Participants acknowledged this was a central issue since the risk of torture was
particularly acute during detention. Monitoring requires access to places of detention, to
information, and to the detainees as well as those in charge of the detention. A comparative
analysis was made between the European and African mechanisms to combat torture and their
respective means of action. Whereas the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture
(CPT) can do ad hoc visits, the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention of
the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights cannot do the same unless it has been
invited by the governments.
Participants also highlighted the importance of the Optional Protocol to the Convention
Against Torture (OPCAT), which sets forth a two-fold monitoring system with, at the
international level, a Sub-Committee for the Prevention of Torture and, at the national level,
the establishment of an independent national preventive mechanisms. Most of the African and
European countries have not ratified it yet and participants have called upon its ratification.
The lack of definition of torture as a crime in domestic legislation, decreases in the protection
of physical integrity in the context of the fight against terrorism, the issue of the rehabilitation
of torture victims, the fight against impunity, the need to train law enforcement officials, the
European Commission funding policy on torture, were amongst the numerous issues
discussed.
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Panel 3: The Robben Island Guidelines, OPCAT and the EU Guidelines on
Torture
M. Jean-Baptiste NIYIZURUGERO from the Association for the Prevention of Torture
(APT) presented the Robben Island Guidelines (RIG). First, he explained the history of this
instrument, which was elaborated by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
(ACHPR) and the APT in 2002 and endorsed by the African Union in 2003. These Guidelines
are based on international human rights standards enshrined in legally binding human rights
instruments. A follow-up committee – known as RIG Committee – was set up to promote the
implementation of the Guidelines but it lacks the necessary resources to operate adequately.
Potentially, the Guidelines are an important prevention and protection tool, but more
involvement is required to make this tool as efficient as it should be. The representative of the
APT concluded his presentation by proposing a series of recommendations (see Annex 4).
On behalf of the Public Affairs Committee in Malawi, the second panellist, Mr. Robert
Pihri, stated that the Robben Island Guidelines are based on the existing human rights treaties
and they provide a comprehensive guideline which cover not only criminalization of but also
preventive measures as well as the special needs of victims and went on describing the main
provisions dealing with each of the elements. He also noted that the Guidelines require
African countries to ratify all the relevant human rights treaties related to torture.
While the Robben Island Guidelines provide a comprehensive legal framework to deal with
torture, Mr. Robert Pihri argued that the challenge lies in their translation into domestic
legislation and their enforcement. And according to him this emanates partly from the fact
that the Guidelines are not a binding treaty.
Deliberations
Following the presentations, the floor was opened for discussions and participants have raised
a number of issues. It has been stated that there is a general lack of knowledge about the
Robben Island Guidelines even in the NGO community in Africa. Promoting their
enforcement would not be possible without understanding them and it has been suggested that
continuous and sustained awareness raising activities should be initiated both by African
governments, the AU and African CSOs.
It was agreed that building the capacity of the law enforcement organs could play a very
important role in the fights against torture. It was also suggested that in order to facilitate the
enforcement of the Guidelines at the domestic level, the AU needs to the initiative of making
the Guidelines a binding treaty. Participants have also agreed that in order to facilitate the
enforcement of the Guidelines, there is the need to strengthen the existing human rights
mechanisms is Africa. In particular, they call for the empowerment of the African
mechanisms, particularly the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and Conditions of Detention in
Africa and the follow-up Committee on the Implementation of the Robben Island Guidelines
(RIG Committee), to adequately address the issue of torture in Africa.
It was also noted that impunity is one of the causes for the increased incidence of torture and
participants have called upon governments to make sure that those responsible for torture are
prosecuted and punished.
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Panel 4 Ways Forward: : The Role of CSOs in the EU-AU partnership, future
dialogues, methods of cooperation
Ms. Saïda AGREBI, from the Association Tunisienne des Mères, presented the ECOSOCC
accreditation procedure and its role in promoting the participation of civil society in the work
of the African Union as well as in the EU-UA partnership.
On behalf of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH), its Secretary general
Mr. Paul NSAPU proposed a series of recommendations on the EU-UA dialogue, including
recommendations aimed at improving CSOs input into the EU-UA dialogue on human rights,
in particular through the setting up of a follow-up Committee. FIDH recommendations can be
found on its website, on http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/Dialogue_UE_-_UA_-_final.pdf.
Deliberations
These presentations were followed by a debate on the input of NGOs in the EU-UA
partnership. Several questions were raised, among which: How to ensure that the participants
in the UE-UA CSO seminar reflect the diversity of CSOs from the two regions? How to
increase the role of CSOs in identifying the main topics of the forthcoming EU-UA civil
society seminars? How to develop communication tools to promote the EU-UA CSO
partnership (website)?
Participants agreed on the need to set up a follow-up Committee composed of CSOs from the
two sides, in order to ensure continuity from one EU-AU CSO seminar to the other and to
increase CSO input in the preparation of these seminars. Whereas African participants
considered that the ECOSOCC was a competent organ to establish the agenda and be the
main interlocutor from the African side, some others suggested the need to include nonECOSOCC CSOs to ensure that the diversity of CSOs is maintained.
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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Annexes
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Annex 1: Recommendations
RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE FIRST AFRICA-EUROPAN UNION CIVIL SOCIETY
HUMAN RIGHTS SEMINAR
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
I. Introduction
1. The 1st African and European Union (EU) Civil Society Human Rights Seminar has been
held in Brussels on 16 and 17 of April 2009. About 50 Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)
from Africa and EU have attended the seminar.
2. The seminar was held in the spirit of the Africa-EU Partnership which has pledged to
“further promote the development of a vibrant and independent civil society and of a
systematic dialogue between it and public authorities at all levels.” Participants have
acknowledged the important role placed on CSOs in the Africa-EU Partnership and have
expressed their commitment to work towards the realization of this grand agenda.
3. In the two-day long seminar, participants have discussed the following issues:
- The legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and Europe: NGO laws and the role of civil
society in implementing human rights instruments;
- The fight against torture in Africa and EU based on African and EU human rights
instruments and institutions; and
- The Role of CSOs in the EU-AU partnership: the way forward.
4. Having deliberated on the issues thoroughly over two days, participants identified the
following areas on which they have agreed on common recommendations they would like to
forward to the official Africa-EU dialogue on human rights to be held in Brussels on April 20,
2009.
5. The participants have also agreed on the need for a follow-up mechanism for the seminar
and have suggested for establishment of a team of six members to be chosen by the African
CSOs (three members) and by the EU CSOs (three members).
II. Legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and EU: NGO laws and the role of civil
society in implementing human rights instruments
6. Participants recalled that the main responsibility to protect and promote human rights rests
on the concerned States and the major role of civil society in the field of human rights is to
hold governments accountable for their human rights commitments and to encourage and
monitor the implementation of human rights.
7. It is recognised that in order for the CSOs to perform their role effectively, there should be
a favourable legal framework that respects and promotes freedom of association as enshrined
in the international and regional human rights instruments. Participants noted that respect for
freedom of association is a crucial indicator of the respect for the rule of law. They noted that
there are challenges in Africa and the EU in respecting the freedom of association and have
called upon African and EU member states to take the following measures with a view to
creating favourable conditions for the smooth functioning of CSOs:
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A) Ratification of international and regional instruments
8. Participants have noted that there are international and regional human rights instruments
that guarantee freedom of association and create enabling environment for CSOs to promote
human rights in Africa and the EU. They have also acknowledged that not all of the African
and EU Member states have ratified these human rights instruments and therefore called upon
African and EU Member states to ratify all relevant international instruments to comply with
their obligations under these human rights instruments including the Declaration on the
protection of human rights defenders, adopted by consensus by the UN General Assembly in
1998.
9. Participants have also called upon African and EU member states to discharge their
obligations of providing periodic reports to the relevant regional and international bodies.
B) Domestication of international instruments
10. Participants have also noted that not all countries in Africa and EU have fully
domesticated the international treaties they have ratified and as a result their implementation
remains much to be desired.
11. Participants call on African and EU States to translate their international commitments to
respect freedom of association into their domestic legislations.
12. They have also noted that NGOs laws should aim at promoting transparency and
accountability and not result in restricting the activities of CSOs in general and human rights
defenders in particular. In this respect, participants recommend that such laws should
establish a simplified system of registration through notification to the concerned authorities,
and allow CSOs receive funds without difficulties.
13. Participants have recognised positive developments in creating favourable legal and
administrative frameworks in several countries in Africa and EU. However, they also noted
that, in both regions, even where domestic legislation complies with international human
rights instruments, there are gaps between these laws and their implementation. They
recommend that African and EU Member States develop consistent policies and abolish
practices resulting in the restrictions of freedom of association, such as administrative
harassment.
14. States of emergency have resulted in severe restrictions on the right to freedom of
association and other rights and freedoms instrumental for effective implementation of the
freedom of association. Participants have recommended that African and EU member states
should ensure that conditions for the declaration of states of emergency have complied with
regional and international human rights instruments.
15. Participants recognised the legitimacy of fighting terrorism. However, they raised the
concern of anti-terrorism legislations which in Europe and in Africa have resulted in gross
human rights violations. In that light, they have called upon African and EU member states to
ensure that antiterrorism legislations:
- do not result in restrictions of freedom of association and control of the operation of CSOs,
- guarantee blacklisted CSOs the right to be heard and entitled to legal remedy,
- guarantee that attempts to restrict funding of blacklisted organisations do not unduly affect
CSOs.
16. Participants have recommended the creation of a joint EU-AU body to monitor the
implementation of anti-terrorist legislations and their consequences on the freedom of
association.
C) Legal remedy
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17. Participants recommend that legal frameworks for CSOs in Africa and EU member states
ensure that CSOs faced with restrictions to their work have a legal remedy. In that light they
have noted that legal remedy will not be effective in the absence of an independent judicial
organ and called upon African and EU member states to guarantee the independence of the
judiciary and the right to a fair trial as enshrined in the Universal Declaration on Human
Rights and other international and regional human rights instruments.
D) Interaction between civil society and governments
18. Participants have called upon African and EU member states to encourage the
collaboration between civil society and governments at the national level and ensure that civil
society is involved in the development of NGO laws.
III. The fight against torture: the Monitoring of Conditions of Detention, presentation of
the situation in Europe and Africa
19. Participants have emphasised that the fight against torture or other forms of cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in any circumstances is a priority that requires
a continued political will by African and EU member states and call up on the states to make
this issue their priority agenda.
A) Ratification of international and regional instruments
20. Participants noted that many States in Africa and the EU have not ratified the relevant
human rights instruments in the area in particular, the International Convention Against
Torture and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment and its Optional Protocol (OPCAT)
and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. They call for the ratification of these
instruments by all African and European countries as appropriate. They also call on States to
lift any reservations they have made to these instruments.
21. Participants have acknowledged that the Resolution on Guidelines and Measures for the
Prohibition and Prevention of Torture, Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment in Africa (the Robben Island Guidelines) provide a comprehensive framework for
the prohibition, prevention and punishment of torture and call up on the AU to make the
Guidelines a binding instrument and ensure their implementations in the existing regional
human rights mechanisms. They also call for encouraging the implementation of the EU
Guidelines on torture.
B) Implementation
22. Participants call on African and EU states to fully implement all their legal obligations in
respect of the absolute prohibition of torture. They, in particular, call upon the states to ensure
that their legislation prohibits and criminalises torture in all its forms, as defined in article 1 of
the International Convention Against Torture. They also call upon the inclusion of the
definition of torture in their legislation, in compliance with this article.
23. Participants call on African and EU member states to adopt comprehensive laws and
effective mechanisms addressing all aspects of torture including prevention, protection of
victims, reparation, rehabilitation of victims and the issue of impunity.
24. Participants have also noted that convictions have been made based on confessions which
are in several occasions obtained through torture and call upon African and EU states to
clearly prohibit convictions based only on confessions.
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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15
Participants have raised their concerns in areas with an increased incidence of torture, such as
the fight against terrorism, or the fight against illegal immigration and they call upon African
and EU member states to mainstream human rights in their efforts to address these issues.
They also call upon African and EU member states to ensure that the principle of non
refoulement to countries where torture is practice is fully respected.
25. They call on African and EU member states to encourage increased coherence between
their internal and external approaches to the fight against torture and ill-treatment.
C) Vulnerable people
26. Participants call upon African and EU member states to give a special attention to
vulnerable groups, who are particularly exposed to torture, including women and children,
who are particularly affected by torturous customary laws and practices.
D) Implementation mechanisms of the fight against torture
27. Participants call on African and EU Member states to go beyond their obligation to
prohibit torture and undertake proactive policies, in cooperation with CSOs.
28. In particular, participants call upon the states to cooperate with relevant human rights
mechanisms, including: submitting of periodic reports to the Committee Against Torture, the
Committee on the Rights of the Child; extending invitations to the UN Special Rapporteurs
and to the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) Special Rapporteur
on Prisons and Conditions of Detention in Africa to visit places of detentions so that they can
conduct in situ investigations. Furthermore, they call for regular consultations between
existing UN, African and EU mechanisms.
29. They recommend that the fight against torture be systematically addressed in the
framework of the political dialogue held under article 8 of the Cotonou Agreement.
30. Participants stressed the positive impact of the work of the European Committee for the
Prevention of Torture (CPT) and its ad hoc visits to places of detention. They call for the
empowerment of the African mechanisms, particularly the Special Rapporteur on Prisons and
Conditions of Detention in Africa and the follow-up Committee on the Implementation of the
Robben Island Guidelines (RIG Committee), to adequately address the issue of torture in
Africa. To this end, they call for the extension of the mandate of the RIG Committee, by the
ACHPR, to become an effective Committee for the Prevention of Torture.
31. In general participants call upon African and EU member states to strengthen their efforts
in the fight against torture by taking several measures at the national level particularly
targeting:
- prevention and prohibition of torture, including by setting up national preventive
mechanism, as provided for by the OPCAT, by allowing for any independent investigations
conducted to places of detention, by developing capacity building activities for law
enforcement officials and by ensuring that those responsible for acts of torture are prosecuted
and punished;
- reparation, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, satisfaction, guarantee of nonrepetition for direct and indirect victims.
17 April 2009, Brussels, Belgium
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
16
Annex 2: Agenda
EUROPEAN UNION – AFRICAN UNION CIVIL SOCIETY HUMAN RIGHTS SEMINAR
on
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR CIVIL SOCIETY IN AFRICA AND EUROPE
and
THE FIGHT AGAINST TORTURE
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
16 April
09.00 – 09.30
Arrival of participants and registration
09.30 – 10.30
Greeting by the European and African Commissions
10.30 – 11.15
•
Charles-Michel Geurts, Deputy Head of Unit, Human Rights and
Democratisation, DG External Relation, European Commission
•
Salah Hammad, DPA, UA
•
Presentation of the participants and of the objectives of the conference, Sara
Guillet and Fikremarkos Merso, moderators
Panel 1 : Legal frameworks for civil society in Africa and Europe : NGO laws and the role
of civil society in implementing human rights instruments
•
European CSO speaker : Grégoire Théry, Observatory for the Protection of
Human Rights Defenders
•
African CSO speaker : Yazini April, Africa Institute for South Africa
11.15 – 11.35
Coffee break
11.35 – 13.00
Panel 1 : free discussion
13.00 – 14.30
Lunch
14.30 – 15.30
Panel 1 : Continuation of discussions
15.30 – 15.45
The impact of anti-terrorist legislation on freedom of association and civil society laws
•
Khémaïs Chammari, EMHRN
15.45 – 17.00
Panel 1: Continuation of discussions
17.00
Recommendations to the official dialogue
17.30
End
Dinner
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
17
17 April
09.30 – 11.15
Panel 2 : The fight against torture : the Monitoring of Conditions of Detention
presentation of the situation in Europe and Africa
•
African CSO speaker : Priscilla Nyokabi, International Commission of Jurists
(Kenya)
•
European CSO speaker : Natacha Kazatchkine, Amnesty International
11.15 – 11.35
Coffee break
11.35 – 12.30
Panel 2 : free discussion
12.30 – 13.00
Presentation of the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR),
Emma Achilli, DG External Relation, European Commission
13.00 – 14.30
Lunch
14.30 – 16.00
Panel 3 : EU and AU instruments : the Robben Island Guidelines, OPCAT and the EU
Guidelines on Torture
•
European CSO speaker : Jean-Baptiste Niyizurugero, Africa Programme Officer,
Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT)
•
African CSO speaker : Robert Phiri, M. Public Affairs Committee (Malawi)
16.00
Recommendations to the official dialogue
16.30 – 17.00
Ways forward : role of CSOs in the EU-Africa Partnership, future dialogues, methods of
cooperation
17.30
•
African CSO speaker : Joseph Chilengi, Africa Internally Displaced Persons
(Zambia) / Saïda Agrebi, Association Tunisienne des Mères (Tunisia)
•
European CSO speaker : Paul NSAPU, Secretary General of the International
Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
End of discussions
Cocktail
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
18
Annex 3: List of attendance
EUROPAN UNION – AFRICAN UNION CIVIL SOCIETY HUMAN RIGHTS SEMINAR
on
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS FOR CIVIL SOCIETY IN AFRICA AND EUROPE
and
THE FIGHT AGAINST TORTURE
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
FINAL LIST OF ATTENDANCE
1- PARTICIPANTS
Civil Societies Organisations from the European Union
The Human Rights and Democracy Network (HRDN)
1. CHAMMARI Khemaïs, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)
2. DE RADIGUES Laetitia, International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims (IRCT)
3. DROMZEE Emilie, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN)
4. EVENSON Elisabeth, Human Rights Watch (HRW)
5. KAZATCHKINE Natacha, Amnesty International
6. KUTUTWA Noel, Amnesty International
7. LEMMETYINEN Sofia, Christian Solidarity Worldwide
8. MASCIA Luisa, Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC)
9. NIYIZURUGERO Jean-Baptiste Association for the Prevention of Torture (APT)
10. NSAPU Paul, International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
11. ROCCA Andrea, Frontline
12. SILVESTRE Carmen, Open Society Institute (OSI)
13. GEEL Florent, International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
14. SVENSSON-McCARTHY Anna-Lena, World Organisation Against Torture (OMCT)
15. THÉRY Grégoire, International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH)
European Peacebuilding Liaison Office (EPLO)
16. BISCALDI Chiara
17. GIARMANA Virginie, Saferworld
18. SCANLON Helen, International Center for Transitional Justice, South Africa
European Network of Political Foundations (ENoP)
19. MAAS-ALBERT Kirsten, Heinrich Böll Stiftung
20. ERIKSSON Ulrika, KIC, Sweden
21. MOYO Nokuthula, Legal Resource Foundation, Zimbabwe
Civil Societies Organisations from Africa
1. AGREBI Saïda, Association Tunisienne des Mères, Tunisia
2. APRIL Yazini, Africa Institute for South Africa, South Africa, Pretoria
3. AWITY Kofi, Africa Human Rights Project, Mali
4. BUKURU Denis, Burundi Civil Society, Burundi
5. CHILENGI Joseph, Africa Internally Displaced Persons, Zambia
6. FORSTER Hannah, Executive Director, ACDHRS, Gambia
7. Haidi Aly Mohamed Eltaieb Aly Khalil Haidi, Arab Organization for Human Rights, Egypt
8. HASSAN Kamil Ibrahim, Neema Foundation, Sudan
9. IMAM Yahya, Wole Human Rights Studies Program, Nigeria
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
19
10. MAHMOUD Mohammed Gamal, The Peace-Makers Organization, Sudan
11. METWALLY Nagwat, Egyptian Red Crescent, Egypt
12. MOHAMED-MEZIANI Mouloud, Forum Algérien pour la Citoyenneté et la Modernité
(FACM), Algeria
13. M’HANGO Stanley, Foundation for Democratic Process, Zambia
14. NASAKA MAKUNDA Vivian, Gender, Human Rights and HIV Programme, Kenya.
15. NKWAIN Francis, Pan-African Lawyers Union, Cameroon
16. NTSHALINTSHALI Tesse, Swaziland Youth Movement, Swaziland
17. NYOKABI Priscilla, International Commission of Jurists, Kenya
18. OTHIENO Stephen, Pan-African Movement, Uganda
19. PHIRI Robert, Public Affairs Committee, Malawi
20. SIGUDHLA Alfred, M. Southern African Youth Movement, South Africa
21. TUNGWARARA Ozias, Open Society Initiative for South Africa
22. UWIMANA Chantal, West Africa Human Rights Program, Senegal
2- OBSERVERS
Observers from EU Member States
1. KAMINEK Jan, Czech Republic, Presidency of the Council of the EU
2. COUTHINHO Maria, Portugal, Co-Chair of African Implementation Team on Governance
and Human Rights
Observers from EU Institutions
1. GEURTS Charles-Michel, ACHILLI Emma DG Relex, European Commission
2. PASCUAL PEREZ Alfonso/LE RUE Sophie, DG DEV, European Commission
3. LOECKX Sandrine, REMY-GRANGER Dominique, DG Aidco
4. LEINONEN Kati, Office of the Personal Representative for HR Council of EU Office
5. KISS Zsuzsanna/HALLDORF Helena Human Rights Unit, European Parliament
Observers from African Institutions
1. H.E. Mahamat Saleh Annadif, African Union Permanent Representative to the EU
2. WUYI Omitoogun, CIDO
3. Presiding Officer, ECOSOCC
4. HAMMAD Salah, DPA.
3- STAFF
1.
2.
3.
4.
ROUSSELLE Renée, Administrator
GUILLET Sara, Moderator
MERSO Fikremarkos, Moderator
Interpreters
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
20
Annex 4: Panelists’ contributions
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
21
The Role of Civil Society in Implementing International, Regional and
National Commitments in the Area of Human Rights, Yazini April, Africa
Institute for South Africa
A. Introduction
The growing voice of the civil society for global equity and for the prosperity of the citizens
of the world reached its climax during the recent decades. Today the pressure on governments
and international organisations coming from the civil society is at its highest stage. There is a
political convergence today more than ever before that the fight against poverty in all its
forms and manifestations should continue in the earnest, including the promotion of human
rights and good governance. Consequently, challenges such as poverty, the global food crisis,
and human rights are no more considered a national problem but viewed as international
problems. The other convergence is on the role of the civil society which is now recognised
as critical in promoting good governance, and human rights. Over the years, the role of the
civil society in Africa has demonstrated its significance in promoting good governance and
human rights particularly if African Renaissance is to be recognized on the continent.
Human rights in the context of this paper is an expansive rubric that enmeshes the civil and
political rights, economic social and cultural rights as well as solidarity rights codified in
international and regional instruments. It also incorporates concepts of rule of law, including
independent judiciaries and the broader governance issues such as the democratization agenda
and the struggle for accountability and transparency in government.1 Currently, most grave
and complex human rights challenges facing the world today are found in Africa. Poverty,
discrimination and exclusion are reinforced in many countries by poor governance, corruption
and ethnic divisions. Impunity is pervasive, and violence and discrimination against women,
especially in conflict and post-conflict settings, persist. While violent conflict emanating from
the Cold War crept into late 2008 in several countries in Africa, notably Somalia, Sudan, and
eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, several African States have continued to evolve
from post-conflict status towards stability and development.2
The African Union (AU) has played a positive contribution towards limiting low intensity
conflict currently impacting the continent. This positive contribution is demonstrated through
its commitment in promoting effective human rights as demonstrated through its various
initiatives. The AU is an intergovernmental organization consisting of 53 African states.
Established on July 9, 2002, the AU was formed as a successor to the Organization of African
Unity (OAU).3 Among the objectives of the AU’s leading institutions are to accelerate the
political and socio-economic integration of the continent; to promote and defend African
common positions on issues of interests to the continent and its peoples; to achieve peace and
security in Africa; and to promote democratic institutions, good governance and human
rights.4
In response to the continuing human rights challenges that currently have a negative impact
on the continents economic growth and development, the AU has adopted a number of
important documents establishing norms at continental level, to supplement those already in
force when it was created. These include the African Convention on Preventing and
Combating Corruption (2003) and the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and
Governance (2007). The AU also adopted critical organs such as the Economic, Social and
Cultural Council (ECOSOCC). ECOSOCC is an advisory organ of the African Union
consisting of a variety of civil society groups from member states; these include professional
1
Korir Sing’Oei. Challenges Facing the Human Rights Movement in Africa. Presentation at St John/Benedicts University. November 3,
2008
2
United Nations Human Rights. Regional Human Rights Context. OHCHR Human Rights Program for Africa 2008-2009. Office of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights. www.ohchr.org
3
www.africa-union.org. Documents, treaties, Constitutive Act etc
44
Ibid
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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22
groups, non-governmental organization, social groups, community based organizations,
workers, traditional, religious and cultural groups.
ECOSOCC was established under the provisions of article 5 and 22 of the Constitutive Act of
the African Union. ECOSOCC gives civil society in the continent an opportunity to interact
with all organs of the AU and influence policy decisions and chart Africa’s future together
with the heads of states and governments.5 More significantly, the AU has also entered into
global arrangements with institutions such as the European Union (EU) on an AU-EU Human
Rights Dialogue. The dialogue is in pursuance of the decision of the 6th EU-Africa
Ministerial Troika Meeting to hold expert human rights dialogues that was confirmed at the
subsequent 7th meeting in Congo, Brazzaville. The dialogue is focused on issues related to
human rights, democratic principles, and the rule of law in both Europe and Africa.
This paper argues that the current consensus mechanisms aimed at enhancing the participation
of civil society in global development policy design and implementation by the AU and
European EU is crucial and timely. Therefore, ways and means should be sought to establish
such a mechanism in all sectors and issues of the human rights global development agenda as
urgently as possible.6 Given the significance of this AU-EU civil society collaboration, this
document will attempt to define the parameters that civil societies in Africa and its partners
should consider when implementing international, regional, and national commitments in the
area of human rights.
B. Challenges facing Civil Society Implementation of Human Rights in Africa
The greatest challenge civil societies in Africa face regarding human rights is their ability to
claim legitimacy, demonstrate their ability and value addition to the continent by bringing in
implementable solutions and alternatives to Africa’s challenges of disease, the lethal impact
of AIDS on food security and livelihoods, poverty, conflict, authoritarian tendencies etc.
Consequently, civic organizations have to prove that their capacity to deliver not only to their
local constituencies, but various stakeholders that include the donor communities,
governments etc. There are various literatures written on the complexities surrounding the
role of 21st century civil societies in Africa. Out of this literature emerge the triumphalist and
pessimist schools of thought.
Some of the pessimists argue that the civil societies and the human rights agenda in Africa
remain extremely elitist. According to Chidi Odinkalu throughout history, the protection of
human rights has been “won by struggle, and struggle requires mobilization. The process of
mobilization validates the movement connecting it with the needs of the people and earning
their commitment.” However, he argues, the current prevailing perception in Africa is that
NGOs and by extension leadership in human rights movements are but vehicles for self
advancement, and a means of capturing political power.7 Consequently, Odinkalu finds that
the raison d’être of the human rights movement in Africa is to fulfill donor contracts rather
than serve the aspirations of their constituencies.8
The other challenge relevant for civil societies that pessimists point to relates to donor
conditionality and the China equation. China is efficiently building roads, railways, harbors
and petrochemical installations in Africa. At a meeting of the African Development Bank in
Shanghai 2007, China promised to provide about $20 billion in infrastructure and trade
financing to Africa over the next three years. Furthermore, China pledged to double
development assistance to Africa by 2009. In Angola for example, which currently exports 25
percent of its oil production to China, Beijing has secured a major stake in future oil
5
AFRODAD and Oxfam. Towards a People Driven African Union: Current Challenges and New Opportunities. www.afrimap.org. January
2007
6
Delelelgn, Mussie. The Third United Nations Conference on the least Developed Countries and the Role of Civil Society in Implementing
the Outcome of the Conference. Presented at the World Civil Society Forum. Geneva: July 14-19, 2002
7
Sing Oei Korir. Indigenous People in Africa: A Quest Yet Unmet in Africa’s Long Road to Human Rights: Reflections on the 20th
Anniversary of the African Commission and Peoples Rights. Hakima Abbas Edition, Fahamu/Oxford: London 2007
8
Ibid
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
23
production with a $2 billion package of loans and aid that includes funds for Chinese
companies to build railroads, schools, roads, hospitals, bridges, and offices; lay a fiber-optic
network; and train Angolan telecommunications workers. Pessimists therefore, question
whether China foreign policy in Africa can derail the process of democratization. Article 3 of
the Constitutive Act of the African Union makes it clear that member states are to play a
largely facilitating role in building what the Preamble refers to as “our common vision of a
united and strong” Africa.9 Critics argue that China’s non-interference and no-conditionality
aid and trade packages has the potential to promote corruption, conflict, human rights abuse,
and deconsolidated democracy.10
The China question on the other hand, also raises the challenges related to Western donor
assistance to African civil societies. The fact is that unlike China which has no
conditionalities, Western aid has always been tied to conditions which have at times proven
detrimental to some African countries. During the Cold War, years, good governance and
democracy were not foremost amongst the concerns of Western aid givers. Instead, there was
one key conditionality that decided whether a developing country would be the beneficiary of
the aid and co-operation of the Western world. Western Aid was tied to anti-communism.
With the disappearance of the Cold War, and the emergence of African fragile states which
were direct results of the Cold War, emphasis on good governance, human rights and
democratization became the new mantra of Western governments.
Optimists therefore, argue that China is providing a good alternative to the Western monopoly
of aid. This need for an alternative has come about due to China’s service delivery impact
over the past few years in compared to West which has doled a lot of questionable and
sometimes detrimental aid over the past 40 years. There is no question as to whether Africans
recognize a need for democracy and good governance as this has already been established
earlier in the paper through efforts implemented by the AU. Instead, optimists argue the
China aid model raises questions as to whether the previous and current mechanisms of
Western donor money will have a positive impact on the complex processes of
democratization, or whether democracy is so difficult that money should be spent through
autonomy of the African civil societies that have proven the ability to ensure progress in areas
such as health and education. Needless to say, the current relationship between civil societies
in the West and Africa demonstrates a need to establish effective agreements on how Western
donors and civil societies, and African civil societies can positively contribute to governance
on the continent.
Besides addressing the impact of China alternatives on aid and governance, Optimists also
applaud the initiatives of the AU as they maintain that indeed there is a critical space for civil
societies along with African leaders to work hard together and to convince the people of the
continent that the lives and safety of their fellow Africans are sacrosanct and that there can be
no substitute for the fruits of peace. Historically, in many African countries the relationship
between Government and civic organizations has been characterized by conflict and counteraccusations. This history of distrust cannot be revamped over night. However, optimists
maintain several African governments have come to rely on civil societies, and it is now just a
matter of devising smart Richard Joseph’s partnership plan between to two groups.
Finally, optimists also applaud initiatives such the AU-EU Human rights dialogue and
maintain that the problem with the current civil societies working on human rights is their
lack of human rights education which can be addressed. They assert that human rights groups
in both regions together also need to engage and educate themselves about local, national and
sub-regional instruments. Given the aforementioned challenges and concerns raised amongst
others by the two schools of thought this document proposes that the role of civil societies
9
African Union Constitutive Act. www.au.org
Firoze and Manji. China in Africa. Fahamu, London, 2007
10
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
24
should focus on human rights education, and areas such as monitoring and accountability not
just amongst governments but also amongst civil society entities.
The Role of Civil Societies from a Local and National perspective in Africa
A vibrant civil society that scrutinizes, criticizes and stimulates public debate on human rights
problems is indispensable for the protection of human rights. Civil societies and individual
human rights defenders in Africa are essential in contributing to the development of human
rights and objectives of African Renaissance espoused by the AU. Needles to say, the
involvement of CSO’s in African Union endeavors is a positive move because it remains an
ongoing strategy of involving ordinary citizens in decision and policy-making processes of
issues that concern their daily lives. However, in order for the role of civil societies to
become more strategic and fulfill their role as human rights guardians, African member states
need to create an environment where civil societies can operate freely without risking
reprisals, threats or attacks. In other words, besides participation at the AU platform, member
states should invite CSO’s to some of their local and national planning sessions.
The importance of inviting representatives from civil society in a broad sense to national and
local planning processes lays the foundation for broader participation. Civil society has a role
to play during the implementation and evaluation phases as well. By using national and local
action plans or strategies in their advocacy and awareness raising activities they can put
pressure on the government and the authorities to move forward and carry out the activities to
which they have committed themselves. Civil society representatives are also valuable
partners for those entrusted to evaluate plans and strategies. Furthermore, NGOs may
cooperate with public authorities in implementing certain activities in human rights action
plans even if the overall responsibility for implementing the plans remains with the
government.
Civil societies should also possess expertise on and human rights education, which is why a
dialogue between the government, local authorities and civil society should be central to all
human rights strategies. In order to promote expertise in human rights, this document
proposes the following: create methods for systematic human rights implementation and
monitoring that can help develop strategies or action plans targeting specific problems such as
gender inequalities, racism and discrimination, or trafficking in human beings, child labor,
etc. National action plans for human rights should be viewed as part of a continuous,
participatory and transparent process.
a) Human Rights Education Amongst Civil Societies
Human rights education is a catalyst to achieve real and sustainable change in a country and,
therefore, an essential part of any human rights strategy or action plan. It includes all forms of
education and ensures that individuals have an understanding of their human rights and those
of others, thereby promoting critical thinking and mutual respect. It connects human rights
standards with people’s real-life experiences, empowering them to identify and demand their
human rights in their daily lives. For a thorough understanding, teaching has to focus not only
on what is being taught, but also on how it is being taught. It is important that teaching
methods convey human rights values by encouraging participation and critical thinking and
promote a learning environment free from discrimination and intolerance.
Effective mainstreaming and implementation of the rights-based approach requires competent
civil societies to identify and address human rights issues. Particular attention should
therefore be paid to students in higher education, who in their future work will have influence
over the human rights of others. In addition, working civil society professionals need regular
training to update their knowledge. The training needs to be tailored to each specific situation.
Civil society efforts should be directed at the general public to enhance their awareness of
their rights, and thus empower them to make use of and safeguard their rights, are equally
important in creating a culture where human rights are recognized and respected. Language is
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
Brussels, 16-17 April 2009
25
a central issue here. Baseline studies and national action plans should also be used as vehicles
for creating greater awareness of human rights. Strategies for their dissemination should be
considered early on in the planning process.
However, it is also critical that human rights education is channeled through proper
collaboration and interpretation by both Africa and the European Union. Adhering to certain
standards of human right rights practices and education has increasingly become a condition
for developing countries that want aid from Western donors. The fact is, the determination of
donor aid related to political consideration including civil society dole outs has not
disappeared with the Cold War. Which begs the question, how different is the current EUAU civil society relationship in regards to aid assistance, and the historical Cold War
mentality? Moreover, does a partnership of respect and understanding exist between the two
regions, or are African civil societies supposed to promote good governance practices under
conditionalities promoting particular interests?
ADDENDUM
The Significance of the AU-EU Civil Society Relationship
In February 2009, An Van Goey at CONCORD produced an excellent document which serves
as an evaluation of EC aid delivery through CSOs. This document selected five for this
addendum that could be considered for future application
Support CSOs to focus accountability primarily towards the people they work with and
for, rather than towards donors.
While this should be a central part of any development project, it is not always prioritised.
One observer has remarked that “tight [donor] specifications reduce the process of
development to the process of meeting a project’s pre-defined goals, whether they are useful
to people or not.”11 Flexibility to modify activities and even objectives to changing needs and
circumstances during project implementation particularly in Africa, should allow CSOs to
respond to the communities they work with and for, adapt to shifting external factors, and
focus on reducing poverty and improving the lives of beneficiaries, rather than fulfilling
potentially obsolete ‘pre-defined goals’.
Involve African CSOs in EC programming processes, both geographic and thematic,
and in in-country policy dialogue.
Southern partners and beneficiaries are the experts in what they need for their development.
Therefore, integrating with Southern CSO’s The EU civil societies should invest in good
quality dialogue that respects the diversity of views within local civil society in African
communities.
Support African CSOs’ own initiatives to enhance joint responsibility and mutual
accountability of all development actors.
CSOs recently launched their own international process on CSO Development effectiveness,
and there is an urgent need for its recognition and the creation of an enabling environment for
this process to flourish. This is also closely linked to the aforementioned support for capacity
development and sustainability of CSO actors and the promotion of multi-actor partnerships
and mutual learning. The EC and European CSOs share a common goal: reducing poverty and
all connected threats to development and human rights which could be jointly shared between
both regions. However, African CSO’s should be given the opportunity to create and
implement their own initiatives to enhance joint responsibility and mutual accountability of
governments in particular
REFERENCES
11
Alex Jacobs, Helping People is Difficult: A Contribution to Recognising the Constraints and Releasing the Energies of NGO Staff.
MANGO, 18 Nov. 2004
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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26
African Union Constitutive Act. www.au.org
AFRODAD and Oxfam. Towards a People Driven African Union: Current Challenges and
New Opportunities. www.afrimap.org. January 2007
Delelelgn, Mussie. The Third United Nations Conference on the least Developed Countries
and the Role of Civil Society in Implementing the Outcome of the Conference. Presented at
the World Civil Society Forum. Geneva: July 14-19, 2002
Firoze and Manji. China in Africa. Fahamu, London, 2007
Sing Oei Korir. Challenges Facing the Human Rights Movement in Africa. Presentation at
St John/Benedicts University. November 3, 2008
Sing Oei Korir. Indigenous People in Africa: A Quest Yet Unmet in Africa’s Long Road to
Human Rights: Reflections on the 20th Anniversary of the African Commission and Peoples
Rights. Hakima Abbas Edition, Fahamu/Oxford: London 2007
United Nations Human Rights. Regional Human Rights Context. OHCHR Human Rights
Program for Africa 2008-2009. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
www.ohchr.org
www.africa-union.org. Documents, treaties, Constitutive Act, etc.
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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The Observatory for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Grégoire
Théry
Rôle de la société civile dans le partenariat UE-UA, dialogues futurs, méthodes de
coopération
A l’occasion de la première session du Séminaire de la société civile précédant le dialogue
UE-UA sur les droits de l’Homme, la Fédération Internationale des ligues des Droits de
l’Homme (FIDH) souhaite présenter ses principales attentes et recommandations
concernant le déroulement du dialogue et l’implication des ONGs de défense des droits de
l’Homme ainsi que ses priorités globales pour chacune des régions.
La FIDH publie par ailleurs une note visant à enrichir les débats sur les deux thématiques
retenues pour le dialogue: liberté d’association et lutte contre la torture
Déroulement du dialogue et implication des ONGs de défense des droits de l’Homme
La FIDH salue la volonté commune de l’Union européenne (UE) et de l’Union africaine (UA)
d’impliquer les organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme d’Afrique et d’Europe au
dialogue en organisant la première session du Séminaire de la société civile UE/UA. Cette
volonté d’impliquer la société civile est conforme aux principes fondamentaux énoncés dans
l’acte constitutif de l’Union Africaine, dans les lignes directrices de l’Union européenne sur
les dialogues « droits de l’Homme », ainsi que dans l’accord de Cotonou et dans le partenariat
stratégique Union européenne-Afrique.
La FIDH a répondu positivement à cette invitation en déléguant trois représentants au
Séminaire de la société civile et y contribue à travers deux interventions orales et une note de
position.
Critères de sélection des organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme
La FIDH considère en premier lieu, que la tenue d’un tel forum est important et que les
organisations de la société civile tant européenne qu’africaine devraient avoir la possibilité de
participer plus largement à ces travaux et de prévoir à cette fin une procédure d’inscription
pour ces organisation désireuses de participer aux débats.
De ce point de vue, la FIDH se félicite particulièrement de l’ouverture de ce Forum de la
société civile à des organisations non accréditées auprès de l’ECOSOC12 de l’UA et
encourage la Commission de l’Union Africaine à assurer la transparence totale du processus
de sélection des ONGs africaines. Pour cela, la FIDH qui compte parmi ses membres 38
associations africaines de défenses des droits de l’Homme demande d’être pleinement
consultée et associée dans le processus de sélection dont les critères principaux devraient
inclure :
l’indépendance effective de chaque ONG par rapport au Gouvernement de son pays.
son expertise sur les thèmes abordés dans le cadre du dialogue « droits de l’Homme »
et du forum de la société civile.
De même, il est important de garantir aux ONGs la possibilité de contribuer et de s’exprimer
sur les sujets d’intérêts et de préoccupations au sein des Etats-membres tant de l’UE que de
l’UA sans distinctions et sans restrictions. Il est important que les ONGs africaines puissent
s’exprimer sur les sujets de préoccupations en matière de droits de l’Homme au sein de l’UE
et inversement.
12Les critère d'attribution du statut d'observateur auprès de l'ECOSC de l'UA sont trop restricitfs et empêchent de nombreuses organisations
indépendantes tant africaines qu'internationales de suivre et participer aux travaux et développement de l'UA.
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Implication des ONGs dans le choix des thèmes du dialogue
Au-delà de la question du processus de sélection, la FIDH demande solennellement à l’Union
européenne et à l’Union africaine que les organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme
puissent participer, au moins partiellement, au choix des thèmes abordés dans le cadre du
dialogue officiel. Cette demande est particulièrement importante dans la mesure où les ONGs
sont invitées à développer les thèmes du dialogue officiel lors de leur forum de la société
civile. Par ailleurs, les thématiques abordées sont importantes pour la qualité et l’actualité de
l’apport de la société civile dans le dialogue.
Participation des ONGs en tant qu’observateurs au dialogue officiel
En ce qui concerne le déroulement du dialogue officiel, la FIDH exprime sa vive satisfaction
quant à la possibilité donnée aux sociétés civiles africaine et européenne de présenter leur
analyse et leurs recommandations dans le cadre du dialogue officiel. La FIDH souhaite que
cette possibilité soit aussi ouverte dans l’autre sens en invitant les représentants de l’UE et de
l’UA prenant part au dialogue officiel à présenter leurs avancées pendant le Séminaire de la
société civile.
Méthodes de suivi des recommandations du dialogue officiel
Enfin, la FIDH recommande, qu’afin d’assurer l’efficacité de ce dialogue droits de l’Homme,
l’Union Européenne et l’Union Africaine adoptent à la fin de chaque session une déclaration
commune incluant des recommandations précises à mettre en œuvre par les deux parties, qui
comprenne en annexe les recommandations émises lors du séminaire de la société civile, et
établisse un comité de suivi des recommandations adoptées. Composé des représentants des
institutions et d’Etats membres de l’Union Européenne et de l’Union Africaine, ce comité de
suivi devrait restituer les activités menées au cours de la période intersessionelle et devrait
être en interaction régulière avec les ONGs européennes et africaines, notamment par une
restitution similaire à chaque séminaire de la société civile UE/UA. L’adoption de
recommandations communes à la fin de chaque session du dialogue et l’établissement de
mécanismes de suivi de ces recommandations permettra une évaluation régulière de
l’efficacité et de l’impact du dialogue.
Priorités de la FIDH dans le cadre du dialogue « droits de l’Homme » UE-UA
Fédérant 155 organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme dont 38 au sein de l’Union
Africaine et 21 au sein de l’Union européenne, la FIDH développe une analyse de la situation
des droits de l’Homme aussi bien au sein de l’UE que de l’UA. La FIDH est d’ailleurs
représentée et interagit régulièrement auprès des institutions de l’UE et de l’UA.
Les priorités que la FIDH souhaite mettre en avant dans le cadre de ce dialogue pour chacune
des parties sont les suivantes13:
Union européenne: la FIDH souhaite que le dialogue permette d’améliorer la capacité de
l’Union européenne à respecter la primauté des droits de l’Homme sur l’ensemble des
politiques internes et externes. Cette priorité inclut notamment la nécessité de faire
strictement respecter les droits de l’Homme dans le cadre des politiques migratoires, de la
lutte contre le terrorisme et des politiques commerciales.
Union africaine: La FIDH souhaite que le dialogue permette de renforcer les leviers de
changements internes permettant une amélioration de la situation des droits de l’Homme sur
le continent africain. Cette priorité inclut notamment la nécessité de protéger et promouvoir le
travail des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme et de renforcer la lutte contre l’impunité et
l’indépendance de l’administration judiciaire.
13La FIDH avaient déjà fait part de ses priorités à l'automne 2007, en amont de l'adoption de la stratégie UE-Afrique au sommet de
Lisbonne.
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I – L’interdiction de la torture
L’ Union européenne s’est dotée d’orientations à l’égard des pays tiers en ce qui concerne la
torture et autres peines ou traitements, cruels, inhumains ou dégradants, que le Conseil a
adoptées en avril 2001 et qui ont été réactualisées en 2008 suite à l’évaluation de l’action de
l’UE sur ce domaine de janvier 2005 à décembre 2007 où il a été recommandé à l’UE d’avoir
une approche de prévention plus efficace et mieux intégrée.
D’un point de vue opérationnel, on peut souligner le soutien financier mis en place par l’UE à
travers son instrument européen pour la démocratie et les droits de l’homme (IEDDH) qui, au
cours de la période 2000-2006, a participé à des projets de prévention de la torture et de
réinsertion des victimes sur le continent africain à hauteur de 4.5 millions d’euros.
L’UE a interdit l’exportation et l’importation de biens dont la seule utilisation pratique est
d’infliger la peine capitale, la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants depuis l’entrée en vigueur le 30 juin 2006 du Règlement (CE) n° 1236/2005 du
Conseil du 27 juin 2005 concernant le commerce de certains biens susceptibles d’être utilisés
en vue d’infliger
de tels traitement.
La FIDH est cependant préoccupée par les violations de principe de non-refoulement par
certains Etats membres de l’Union européenne et par l’absence de suivi donné au rapport du
parlement européen sur les vols de la CIA.
Les organisations de défense des droits de l’Homme ont notamment critiqué à plusieurs
reprises les violations du principe de non-refoulement par l’Italie. Le Commissaire aux droits
de l’Homme du Conseil de l’Europe, Thomas Hammarberg, a lui-même déploré dans un
Mémorandum sur l’Italie publié en juillet 2008, la pratique du retour forcé des migrants vers
certains pays où la torture est avérée.
Le rapport de la Commission spéciale du Parlement européen sur les vols de la CIA14 a
condamné la participation ou la tolérance de plusieurs Etats membres de l’Union européenne
aux restitutions extraordinaires et extrajudiciaires de ressortissants tiers voués à une détention
arbitraire et soumis dans la majorité des cas à des actes de torture. Le rapport du Parlement
européen a aussi dénoncé le manque flagrant de coopération de plusieurs Etats membres
impliqués ainsi que du Conseil. Près de 3 ans plus tard, force est de constater que les Etats
membres et le Conseil de l’UE n’ont pas donné suite aux recommandations et aux exigences
d’enquête formulées par le rapport du Parlement européen.
La FIDH demande à l’UE:
z d’assurer un suivi aux travaux du parlement européen relatifs à la participation des
Etats membres de l’UE aux restitutions extraordinaires et extrajudiciaires de
ressortissants tiers dans le cadre de la lutte contre le terrorisme
z de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour assurer qu’aucun Etat membre de
l’Union européenne ne porte atteinte au droit fondamental de tout individu à ne pas
être renvoyé de force vers un pays dans lequel il serait susceptible d’être victime de
torture ou de persécution.
z de systématiser l’inclusion du thème de l’interdiction de la torture dans le cadre de ses
dialogues politiques menés au titre de l’Article 8 de l’accord de Cotonou.
z de continuer à veiller de manière anticipée au renforcement et à la mise en oeuvre
effective des garanties internationales en vigueur contre l’usage de la torture et des
mauvais traitements au sein des projets et partenariats mis en oeuvre dans le cadre de
la PESC, notamment en Afrique ;
z d’entreprendre des démarches et formuler des déclarations publiques engageant les
14Rapport sur l'utilisation alléguée de pays européens par la CIA pour le transport et la détention illégale de prisonniers (2006/2200(INI))
Commission temporaire sur l'utilisation alléguée de pays européens par la CIA pour le transport et la détention illégale de prisonniers Rapporteur: Giovanni Claudio Fava
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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Etats membres de l’Union Africaine qui n’auraient pas encore ratifié la Convention
internationale contre la torture et son protocole additionnel, à le faire et de prévoir
dans leur droit interne l’interdiction et la condamnation de la torture et des mauvais
traitements.
En ce qui concerne l’Union africaine, la FIDH est intervenue à de nombreuses reprises ces
dernières années pour dénoncer les actes de torture commis par les forces de sécurité et plus
généralement les agents de l’Etat ou les forces sous leur contrôle effectif dans certains pays
d’Afrique.
Ainsi, la FIDH a condamné les actes de torture commis de manière récurrente et impunie au
Soudan15, au Cameroun16, au Burundi17, en Mauritanie, au Nigeria18 ou encore au Sénégal19 .
Pourtant l’interdiction de la torture est garantie par la Convention des Nations unies contre la
torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants ratifiée par 43 Etats
africains, l’article 5 de la Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des peuples, les lignes
directrices de Robben Island adoptées par la Commission africaine des droits de l’Homme et
des peuples ainsi que par la Charte africaine sur la prévention et la suppression du terrorisme
en Afrique.
Mais encore trop peu d’Etats africains ont ratifié le Protocole additionnel à la Convention
contre la torture20 et pas assez sont ceux qui ont prohibé cette pratique dans leur code pénal.
Cette inclusion dans le droit interne est d’autant plus importante qu’elle permettrait aux
juridictions des Etats africains, conformément à la Convention contre la torture, d’exercer leur
compétence universelle pour réprimer ce crime. Par ailleurs, nonobstant l’existence de lois
criminalisant la torture et les traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants , dans certains Etats
africains, la FIDH dénonce l’absence de volonté de lutter contre l’impunité des auteurs de
telles pratiques.
z La FIDH demande à l’UA:d’inciter ses Etats membres qui ne l’ont pas déjà fait (soit
11 des 53 Etats membres21), à ratifier la Convention internationale contre la torture et
son protocole additionnel (tous à l’exception du Mali et du Sénégal), de respecter, en
toutes circonstances, les dispositions de la Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et
des Peuples et d’harmoniser leur droit interne en conséquence.
z d’appeler ses Etats membres qui ne l’ont pas déjà fait (soit 32 des 53 Etats
membres22), à ratifier le Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des
peuples portant création de la Cour africaine et de faire la déclaration au titre de son
article 34.6 pour permettre aux individus et ONGs de saisir directement la Cour afin
de garantir un recours effectif à tout individu ayant été victime de torture et les
éventuels manquements des Etats relatifs à la répression de la torture ???.
z d’appeler ses Etats membres, à ratifier le Protocole de fusion de la Cour africaine de
15 Cf. les Appels urgents de l'Observatoire pour la protection des défenseurs des droits de l'Homme (programme conjoint de la FIDH et de
l'OMCT) sur les actes de torture commis par les forces de sécurité sur trois défenseurs soudanais, décembre 2008. <www.fidh.org>
16 Cf. la note de position de la FIDH et de la Maison des droits de l'Homme du Cameroun à l'occasion de l'analyse du Cameroun lors de la
4éme session de l'Examen périodique universel
17 Cf. l'intervention écrite de la FIDH et la ligue Iteka à l'occasion de la 9ème session du Conseil des droits de l'Homme <www.fidh.org>
18. Cf. la note de position de la FIDH et de Civil Liberties Organisation à l'occasion de l'analyse du Nigeria lors de la 4éme session de
l'Examen périodique universel
19. Cf. la note de position de la FIDH de l'Organisation nationale des droits de l'Homme et de la Rencontre africaine pour la défense des
droits de l'Homme à l'occasion de l'analyse du Sénégal lors de la 4éme session de l'Examen périodique universel
20 5 Etats africains ont ratifié le Protocole : Benin; Liberia; Mali; Maurice; Sénégal
21 Angola, , Comores, Erithrée, Gambie, Guinée Bissau, République Arabie Saharouie Démocratique, République centrafricaine, Sao Tome
and Principe, Soudan, Tanzanie, Zimbabawe
22 Angola, Bénin, Bostwana, Cameroun, Cap Vert, , Congo, République centrafricaine, République Démocratique du Congo, Djibouti,
Egypte, Guinée Equatoriale, Erithrée, Ethiopie, Guinée Bissau, Guinée, Libéria, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibie,
Ouganda, République Arabie Saharouie Démocratique, Sao Tone and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Soudan, Swaziland,
Tchad, Zambie, Zimbabwe
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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31
z
z
Justice et de la Cour africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples portant création
de la Cour africaine de Justice et des droits de l’Homme.
d’appeler ses Etats membres à ouvrir systématiquement des informations judiciaires
lorsque des cas de torture sont allégués et d’en sanctionner leurs auteurs.
d’associer au suivi des recommandations du dialogue UE-UA, le groupe de travail de
la Commission africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples sur les lignes
directrices de Robben islands en vue d’en assurer la mise en oeuvre par les États
parties.
II - Liberté d’association :
L’Union européenne est particulièrement active dans la promotion de la liberté d’association
et la protection des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme dans le cadre de sa politique extérieure.
Cet engagement s’est notamment traduit par l’adoption de Lignes directrices sur les
défenseurs des droits de l’ Homme et par un soutien financier important aux activités des
défenseurs dans le cadre du programme financier IEDDH
Cependant, la FIDH a pu constater ces dernières années que l’activité des défenseurs des
droits de l’homme européens n’étaient pas exempte de toute entrave. Ce constat est
particulièrement vrai dans les domaines les plus sensibles en matière de droits de l’Homme au
sein de l’UE. C’est notamment le cas des politiques de lutte contre l’immigration clandestine
et de lutte contre le terrorisme. Les obstacles à la liberté d’association et au travail des
défenseurs au sein de l’UE peuvent soit être le fait des pouvoirs publics, soit être causés par
des acteurs privés.
Dans le contexte du durcissement des politiques migratoire européennes, de plus en plus de
personnes – qu’ils soient membres d’ONG de défense des droits de l’Homme ou de simples
citoyens - embarquant à bord d’aéronefs ont manifesté leurs interrogations ou leur indignation
face à des violences subies par des migrants sur le point d’être reconduits. De plus en plus de
personnes ont ainsi été contraintes par la police de sortir de l’avion, placées en garde à vue (en
général pendant plusieurs heures), et parfois poursuivies en justice. Ces actes de harcèlement
sont parfois doublés d’entraves à leur liberté de mouvement de la part de certaines
compagnies aériennes, qui refusent toute embarcation future aux personnes débarquées ou
poursuivies suite à ce type de protestation.
Ainsi, le 11 mars 2008 en France, Mme Fatimata M’Baye, avocate, présidente de
l’Association mauritanienne pour les droits de l’Homme (AMDH) et vice présidente de la
FIDH a été arrêtée pour avoir protesté contre les mauvais traitements infligés par la police
dans le cadre de la reconduite d’un étranger à bord d’un avion de la compagnie Air France.
Mme M’Baye a été débarquée23 puis conduite dans les locaux de la police aux frontières, où
son bagage a été fouillé et mis sous scellées, et où il lui a été demandé de se déshabiller. Mme
M’Baye a été ensuite placée en garde à vue puis emmenée dans les locaux de la police
judiciaire afin d’y passer la nuit. Il lui a alors été demandé de se déshabiller une seconde fois,
cette fois-ci complètement, et d’écarter les jambes afin qu’il soit procédé à une fouille au
corps. Devant le refus catégorique de Mme M’Baye, l’agent de police a finalement renoncé à
effectuer cette fouille.
De même, Monsieur André Barthélémy24, président d’Agir ensemble pour les droits de
l’Homme a été condamné en mars 2009 « délit d’incitation à la rébellion » et d’ « entrave à la
navigation d’un aéronef » pour avoir pris position et tenté de s’interposer, le 16 avril 2008, à
bord d’un avion en partance pour Brazzaville, en faveur de deux ressortissants congolais qui
23 Une autre personne qui s'était opposée a également été débarquée.
24http://www.fidh.org/Communique-France-Non-a-la
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se plaignaient d’être maltraités alors qu’ils étaient sur le point d’être renvoyés vers la
République du Congo.
En termes de législations, la FIDH est préoccupée par la portée de plusieurs de plusieurs lois
relatives à la lutte contre l’immigration clandestine adoptées récemment en France, en
Belgique et en Italie25 notamment.
En France, l’imprécision des dispositions relative au délit d’« aide au séjour irrégulier26 »
laisse planer une ambiguïté potentiellement dangereuse pour toute association à but nonlucratif fournissant un soutien juridique, social ou humanitaire aux migrants sans papiers en
situation de détresse. En Belgique, la menace de persécution existe à l’encontre de personnes
prenant part directement aux grèves de la faim en soutien aux migrants ou au sanctuary
movement, un mouvement d’accueil - dans les églises et autres lieux de culte - des immigrés
visés par un ordre de reconduite à la frontière27.La FIDH a aussi exprimé à plusieurs reprises
sa préoccupation quant aux « listes terroristes » établis par l’Union européenne. L’impact de
ces listes sur la liberté d’association est évident puisque les organisations visées voient
notamment leurs fonds gelés. Or, comme l’ont souligné à plusieurs reprises les organisations
de défense des droits de l’Homme, l’accès à l’information, l’accès au dossier et les
possibilités de recours ne sont pas définis de manière transparente par l’Union européenne.
On notera cependant que le Conseil de l’UE s’est engagé à améliorer la transparence de ces
listes et que la Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes semble être une voie de
recours indirecte pour les organisations visées. Ainsi, suite à plusieurs décisions de la CJCE
en faveur de l’OMPI, le Conseil de l’UE a décidé de retirer cette organisation des « listes
terroristes ».
La FIDH demande à l’UE:
z de s’assurer que les législations des Etats membres en matière de lutte contre
l’immigration clandestine n’aboutissent pas à la criminalisation des actions de soutien
mises en oeuvre par les associations à but non lucratif au profit des migrants et des
demandeurs d’asile.
z de s’assurer que les défenseurs des droits de l’Homme (associations ou simples
citoyens) protestant contre les conditions de reconduite à la frontière de personnes en
situation irrégulière ne soient pas soumis à un harcèlement policier et
judiciaire.d’accentuer son soutien aux actions des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme et
de renforcer la mise en oeuvre des lignes directrices de l’UE sur les défenseurs des
droits de l’Homme.d’appeler ses Etats membres à inviter la Représente spéciale du
Secrétaire général des Nations unies sur les défenseurs des droits de l’Homme et les
experts du Conseil de l’Europe.
z de rendre systématique la présence des ONGs indépendantes à l’occasion des
dialogues politiques entretenus dans le cadre de l’Article 8 de l’Accord de Cotonou.
z d’inclure de manière systématique la question du respect du droit d’association et de la
protection des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme dans le cadre de ces dialogues.
En Afrique, on assiste dans certains pays à la multiplication des législations restrictives en
matière de liberté d’association pour contrôler l’action de la société civile.
La liberté d’association est pourtant garantie par l’article 10 de la Charte africaine des droits
de l’Homme et des Peuples ratifiée par l’ensemble des Etats africains. La protection des droits
25http://www.fidh.org/Migrants-les-nouveaux-criminels
26Article L 622-1 à 4 du Code sur l'entrée, le séjour des étrangers et le droit d'asile (CESEDA).
27 Né aux Etats-Unis afin de soutenir les réfugiés de l’Amérique centrale, le mouvement s’est ensuite diffusé en Europe.
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garantis par la Charte fait partie des principes et objectifs de l’Acte constitutif de l’Union
africaine.
La Commission africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples, organe chargé de veiller au
respect, par les Etats parties, des droits garantis par la Charte, réunie en sa 35ème Session
ordinaire tenue à Banjul, Gambie du 21 mai au 4 juin 2004, a adopté une résolution lançant un
« appel aux Etats membres pour qu’ils assurent la promotion et donnent tout son effet à la
Déclaration de l’ONU sur les défenseurs des droits de l’homme en Afrique, qu’ils prennent
toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour assurer la protection des défenseurs des droits de
l’Homme et incluent dans leurs rapports périodiques des informations sur les mesures prises
en vue d’assurer la protection des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme » .
L’observatoire pour la protection des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme (programme conjoint
de la FIDH et de l’OMCT) intervient chaque année dans le monde entier pour dénoncer les
pratiques répressives à l’égard des défenseurs (arrestations et détentions arbitraires; torture;
menaces; harcèlement judiciaire; exécutions sommaires, etc). Depuis peu, il note une
recrudescence, notamment sur le continent africain de législations répressives visant à
entraver et sanctionner l’activité des défenseurs des droits de l’Homme . A nouveau, de trop
nombreux gouvernements ont ainsi porté atteinte à la liberté d’association.
L’adoption de législations restrictives en matière de liberté d’association ainsi que l’utilisation
d’entraves administratives restent des moyens très efficaces pour contrôler la société civile.
Quelques exemples : Début 2009, l’adoption du projet de loi sur les ONGs en discussion
depuis plusieurs années en Ethiopie a confirmé les craintes de la société civile. Désormais
toute ONG disposant de plus de 10% de fonds étrangers (95% des ONGs éthiopiennes
actuellement) sera considérée comme une ONG étrangère auxquelles un large éventail
d’activités liées aux droits de l’Homme sont interdites.
En Ouganda, de nouveaux amendements durcissent le régime des ONGs et prévoient
notamment que celles-ci ne pourront pas avoir de contacts directs avec les populations locales
dans les zones rurales sans en informer par écrit les autorités 7 jours au préalable.
Enfin au Rwanda, une loi s’appliquant aux ONGs internationales démontre une volonté
accrue de mise au pas confirmée par plusieurs refus de laisser entrer des membres d’ONGs
internationales sur le territoire intervenus cette année, notamment une femme ayant apporté
son témoignage d’experte dans le cadre de 11 procès pour génocide au Tribunal pénal
international pour le Rwanda.
Au Soudan, la Loi sur le travail volontaire et humanitaire adoptée en février 2006 a également
permis aux autorités d’accroître leur contrôle sur le travail des ONGs locales et
internationales à travers la Commission pour l’aide humanitaire dont les membres sont élus
par le gouvernement. Ainsi, cette commission a le pouvoir quasi discrétionnaire de revoir les
enregistrements des ONGs, de réviser leurs documents, de suspendre leurs activités ou de
geler leurs comptes. C’est ainsi qu’en février 2009, trois des rares ONGs indépendantes
locales de défense des droits de l’Homme – le SUDO; Amal Center et Khartoum Center for
Human Rights and Environmental Development, ont été suspendues et leurs compte gelés,
sans même une décision judiciaire, comme le prévoit pourtant la législation soudanaise. Cette
décision n’a été soutenue par aucun fondement légal, si ce n’est leur prétendue coopération
avec la Cour pénale internationale. C’est également par ce biais qu’ont été exclues du Soudan
13 organisations humanitaires internationales.
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Quant aux obstacles administratifs, en République démocratique du Congo, plusieurs
associations de défense des droits de l’homme ne sont pas reconnues par les autorités
congolaises en dépit de l’accomplissement de toutes les formalités administratives. Les
membres de ces associations font régulièrement l’objet de harcèlement, d’intimidation et de
menaces d’arrestation de la part des services administratifs et de sécurité.
C’est également le cas en Angola où le Ministère de la Justice ne délivre pas aux associations
le récépissé administratif signifiant qu’elles peuvent à tout moment être considérées comme
illégales.
Au Zimbabwe, les autorités entravent l’accès aux ressources financières étrangères par un
système de dépôt des devises auprès de la Réserve Fédérale. Les ONG doivent parfois
attendre plusieurs mois avant d’accéder à leurs fonds compromettant ainsi le déroulement de
leurs activités.
En Egypte, le 13 juin 2008, les autorités égyptiennes ont entravé la liberté d’association en
empéchant l’Initiative Egyptienne pour les Droits Personnels (EIPR) de participer à la réunion
de haut niveau de l’Assemblée Générale de l’ONU sur le VIH et la SIDA qui s’est tenue les
10 et 11 juin 2008 à New-York.
En Algérie, les hommes des Unités républicaines de sécurité (URS) ont violemment réprimé
la manifestation pacifique des syndicats de l’administration publique le 15 avril 2008 à Alger,
au terme de 2 jours de grêve.
En Tunisie, la décision de justice rendue le 11 décembre dernier, condamnant des dirigeants et
militants du mouvement Gafsa, mouvement de protestation sociale qui secoue le bassin
minier depuis janvier 2008 a notamment visé à sanctionner la liberté de réunion pacifique et
les activités de défense des droits de l’Homme des dirigeants du mouvement.
La FIDH demande à l’UA:
z d’appeler ses Etats membres à respecter la Déclaration des Nations unies sur les
défenseurs adoptée par l’AGNU en décembre 1998, les principes de l’Acte consitutif
de l’UA sur le repsect des droits de l’Homme, les dispositions de la Charte africaine
des droits de l’Homme et des peuples, notamment son article 10 sur la liberté
d’association et les résolutions de la CADHP sur les défenseurs des droits de
l’Homme.
z d’appeler ses Etats membres à amender toute loi non conforme aux dispositions susmentionnées.
z
z
z
d’appeler ses Etats membres à inviter la Représente spéciale du Secrétaire général des
Nations unies sur les défenseurs des droits de l’Homme et la Rapporteure spéciale de
la CADHP sur les défenseurs des droits de l’Homme.
de renforcer les moyens d’action de la CADHP, notamment de la Rapporteure spéciale
sur les défenseurs en Afrique, pour lui permettre notamment d’effectuer des missions
de promotion et de protection des droits des défenseurs.
d’appeler ses Etats membres qui ne l’ont pas déjà fait (soit 32 des 53 Etats
membres28), à ratifier le Protocole à la Charte africaine des droits de l’Homme et des
28 Angola, Bénin, Bostwana, Cameroun, Cap Vert, , Congo, République Centrafricaine, République Démocratique du Congo, Djibouti,
Egypte, Guinée Equatoriale, Erithrée, Ethiopie, Guinée Bissau, Guinée, Libéria, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibie,
Ouganda, République Arabie Saharouie Démocratique, Sao Tone and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Soudan, Swaziland,
Tchad, Zambie, Zimbabwe
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z
z
z
peuples portant création de la Cour africaine et à faire la déclaration au titre de son
article 34.6 pour permettre aux individus et ONGs de saisir directement la Cour de
toute violation notamment celles concernant la liberté d’association.
d’appeler ses Etats membres, à ratifier le Protocole de fusion de la Cour africaine de
Justice et de la Cour africaine des droits de l’Homme et des Peuples portant création
de la Cour africaine de Justice et des droits de l’Homme.
d’amender les critères d’obtention du Statut d’observateur auprès de l’ECOSOC de
l’UA pour permettre aux ONGs internationales et aux ONGs locales indépendantes de
participer et contribuer à ses travaux.
de systématiser ses références au respect du droit d’association et à la protection des
droits des défenseurs dans les décisions prises par le Conseil de paix et de sécurité,
relayé par le sommet des chefs d’Etat et de gouvernement, concernant les situations de
conflits et de crises en Afrique.
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The fight Against Torture in Africa: EU Guidelines and AU Instruments –
Kenya Case Study, Priscilla Nyokabi Kanyua
Deputy Presiding Officer Eastern Africa AU-ECOSOCC
Advocate of the High Court of Kenya and Senior Programme
Officer ICJ-Kenya
I. INTRODUCTION
There is a lot one would say or write about the fight against torture in Africa but this paper
will confine itself to the EU Guidelines on Torture and their application in Africa with Kenya
as a case study. The paper will also consider African Union Instruments on the fight against
torture.
Arguably Africa has made progress in the fight against torture in some countries like Kenya
where there are no opposition members, journalists or human rights lawyers in custody or
detention without trial as prisoners of conscience but Torture in Africa has moved to the
masses. The poor and vulnerable in Africa continue to live in inhuman and degrading
conditions and suffer the worst forms of torture under the hand and seal of State authorities.
There has continuously been criminalization of poverty. This paper will explore the linkages
of poverty and torture again with particular emphasis on Kenya but as an example of what is
happening in Africa.
The paper concludes with some recommendations for way forward relating the fight against
torture in Africa to existing mechanisms under the United Nations System and
implementation and adoption of stronger legal framework and norms at the Continental level
on the fight against torture.
II. PURPOSE OF THE EU GUIDELINES AND MAIN OBSTACLES TO AN
EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GUIDELINES
A. The purpose of the EU guidelines
The purpose of the guidelines on torture,29 which were adopted by the General Affairs
Council on 9th April 2001, is to provide the EU with an operational tool to be used in contacts
with third countries at all levels as well as in multilateral human rights forums in order to
support and strengthen efforts to prevent and eradicate torture and ill-treatment in all parts of
the world.30 While addressing specific concerns about torture and ill-treatment is the primary
purpose, the guidelines also contribute to reinforcing the EU’s human rights policy in
general.
As stressed by the EU itself, “[t]he guidelines do not create new legal obligations, but are the
expression of a political commitment to carry out systematic and sustained action in the fight
against torture” and they thus provide the EU with “an operational tool to be used in contacts
with third countries at all levels as well as in multilateral human rights fora in order to support
29
While the definition of “torture” used in the guidelines is based on article 1 of the UNCAT, it is equally important to consider also the
texts, case-law and legal opinions on, in particular, article 7 of the ICCPR, article 5 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR),
article 5 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR) and article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights
(ECHR). For work in the European countries,
The recommendations adopted under the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or
Punishment are of particular significance. All these texts are complementary and must be considered jointly in their specific
international/regional contexts.
30
Council of the European Union, “Implementation of the EU guidelines on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment”, Brussels, 18 April 2008.
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and strengthen efforts to prevent and eradicate torture and ill-treatment in all parts of the
world and to support the rehabilitation of torture victims”.31 They aim at contributing to a
tangibly improved implementation of the international legal prohibition of torture and illtreatment by using political tools. In this regard the paper will highlight issues of compliance
by African States to international protection mechanisms on torture.
The eradication of torture and ill-treatment and the reinforcement of the rule of law can also
be expected to help stimulate economic and social development, which is an important factor,
since
People living in poverty are more likely to suffer abuses.
B. Problems and challenges in the implementation of the EU guidelines: the case of
Kenya
Despite the efforts by the international community torture and ill-treatment persist in all parts
of the world. Impunity for the perpetrators of torture and ill-treatment continues to prevail in
many countries. The issue of torture and ill-treatment should be raised at all relevant levels,
where well documented cases of torture and ill-treatment arise, or where protection standards
and their implementation need to be strengthened.
However, of the main root cause of torture and ill-treatment and/or obstacles to an effective
implementation of the guidelines lies in the Lack of political will and/or low prioritisation of
human rights by the Government. In several countries in Africa this was considered to be the
main obstacle to an effective implementation of the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment.32
Although a Government may denounce torture officially, it does not take the necessary steps
to prove its determination by launching investigations bringing criminal proceedings. Such is
the case in Kenya where, notwithstanding State violence is “systematic, widespread and
carefully planned and undertaken on a regular basis”33, the Government denies all allegations
of police killings/violence and there is “no way in Kenya for such an assessment to be
accurately and impartially made.”34
III. KENYAN LEGAL FRAMEWORK TO FIGHT AGAINST TORTURE
Kenya has ratified most relevant international and regional instruments which explicitly
protect against torture, such as the Convention against Torture (CAT), the Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), the African Charter on Human Rights and
People’s Rights.
In November 2008, the State reports of Kenya were considered by the UN Committee against
Torture (CAT). As a result of this process each committee issued important concluding
observations and recommendations to guide the Government of Kenya in meeting
international standards fighting against torture. In this occasion, together with Kenyan NGO
partners, ICJ-Kenya in partnership with OMCT submitted two alternative reports on Kenya to
CAT35. These reports underline the specific link between the denial of basic ESC rights and
31
General Secretariat of the Council, “Working Paper on the Implementation of the EU Guidelines on Efforts to Prevent and Eradicate
Torture”, Brussels, 10 December 2002
32
“The implementation of the EU guidelines on torture, and other cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment”, European
Parliament, Policy Department External Relations, 2007 p. 84
33
UN Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, arbitrary or summary execution. Mission to Kenya, 16-25 February 2009.
34
Ibid.
35
Preparation and submission of the report “Violence against women and children in Kenya” in collaboration with: The Coalition on
Violence Against Women - Kenya, COVAW (K), Kenyan National chapter of the African Network for the Prevention and Protection against
Child Abuse and Neglect (ANPPCAN), Child line Kenya, The Children’s Legal Action Network CLAN, the CRADLE, Kenya Alliance for
Advancement of Children (KAACR), Save the Children Canada and Legal Resources Foundation. Preparation and submission of the report
“Addressing the economic, social and cultural root causes of torture in Kenya” in collaboration with: the Independent Medico-Legal Unit and
International Commission of Jurists, section Kenya.
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the majority of torture cases, summary executions, enforced disappearances and other forms
of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. They also emphasise specific forms
of violence and challenges faced by women and children as well as economic, social and
cultural root causes of this violence.36
The CAT entered into force for Kenya on 23rd March 1997. Torture is prohibited by section
74 of the Kenyan Constitution. However, has not yet taken any measure to ensure
domestication of the CAT. The Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedures do not contain a
definition of torture and therefore the crime of torture is not recognized as a crime per se.
Consequently the sole possibility left to victims of torture to file a complaint is under crimes
exclusively recognized by the law, and these mainly fall within the figures of assault, battery,
abuse of office, murder or manslaughter. Furthermore, also the CCPR has not been
incorporated into domestic law and its provisions are not in practice invoked in courts of law.
CAT is not automatically binding to Kenya courts because the State is a dualist state and the
absence of a specific definition of torture undermines any complaints aimed at seeking
remedy. The definition is then left to the interpretation of judicial officers. The absence of
definition of torture also jeopardizes the national human rights monitoring mechanisms since
no legislative framework can be used as reference to document State’s failures in addressing
torture.
In addition the Government of Kenya has shown reluctance to accede or ratify the OP to
various international instruments, including OPCAT.
A. Economic, Social And Cultural Root Causes of Torture in Kenya
In Kenya most of the extensive violence derives from poverty and inequality. Poor are, on a
regular basis, harassed forced to pay bribes and arbitrary arrested by the police, particularly in
informal settlements. Kenyan prisons are predominantly populated by the poor, due to the
unaffordable and inaccessible justice and the lack of financial measures impacts prison
condition of detention in terms of congestion and unhealthy and inhuman condition in Kenyan
prisons.
The strong linkages between denials of access to land and violence exacerbate ethnic
divisions by increasing tensions, insecurity, dissatisfaction, poverty and powerlessness.
Furthermore, the persistence of certain cultural norms, stereotypes and traditions perpetuates
discrimination and violence against women and girls in Kenya, and lack of economic and
social empowerment prevents women from enjoying their civil and political rights, including
access to justice in case of violence. Poverty is the main cause of the high levels of trafficking
in women and girls and sexual exploitation in the country. The Kenyan State is directly
responsible for torture and ill-treatment against the poorest, for the economic, social and
cultural policies that lead to such treatment, and for violence against the poor by non-state
actors.
B. Women and the economic, social and cultural root causes of violence
The lack of education, unemployment, and a patriarchal system that perpetuates dependence
on men prevents women from enjoying a wide-range of opportunities related to self
development and leaves them vulnerable to violence and abuse.
Section 82 of Kenya’s Constitution indicates that, “no law shall make any provision that is
discriminatory either of itself or in its effect”, and makes specific reference to discrimination
on the grounds of “sex”. The same Section states, however, that non-discrimination, “shall not
36
In 2005 OMCT previously worked in collaboration with local partners in Kenya on follow-up of Human Rights Committee’s concluding
observations and in 2006 during the preparatory mission for purpose of submitting alternative report to the Committee on the Rights of the
Child.
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apply to any law so far as that law makes provision […] with respect to adoption, marriage,
divorce, burial, devolution of property on death or other matters of personal law […or] for the
application in the case of members of a particular race or tribe of customary law […]”.37
Discrimination and violence against women will not decline so long as the socio-economic
dimensions remain unaddressed, institutionalized and publicly accepted.
For example, the multifold legal regime and the consequent coexistence of conflicting
elements between formal and customary laws regulating marriage,38 raises important
questions regarding inheritance rights, and in certain cases a widow risks being left destitute
when in-laws lay claim to her husband’s property on his death . Thus many widows and
abandoned wives are excluded from inheritance, thrown out their homes and deprived of their
belongings by in-laws and they may have to resort to commercial sex work in order to make a
living. This, in turn, exposes them to a high risk of HIV infection. Women and girls in this
situation are also at a higher risk of being trafficked. In addition, under some customary laws,
widows must submit to the practice of “wife inheritance” or ritual “cleansing”. In this case,
the widow becomes the property of her late husband’s in-laws, and this invariably involves
also sexual intercourse with members of the husband’s family. CEMIRIDE reported that
widows are frequently denied livelihood, food and shelter and are forced to live in inhuman
conditions. Those who protest against their treatment are often subjected to further violence
by their in-laws.39
In rural areas, especially in situations of insecurity, women’s property rights are still more at
risk: their belongings are easily appropriated by others, and in some cases women may lose
evidence of co-ownership with their husbands.40 Vulnerability to any kind of abuse, disease,
violence, is a direct consequence of the violation of women’s property rights, and this, in turn,
has a serious impact on Kenya’s overall social development, including on future generations.
C. The socio-economic dimension of violence against disadvantaged children
High levels of poverty and the high number of children orphaned due to the HIV and AIDS
pandemic leave many children without protection and therefore vulnerable to exploitation,
including sexual exploitation and harmful forms of child labour. This in turn has implications
for children’s enjoyment of their rights to health, education and development. Children who
drop out of school are often vulnerable to sexual exploitation.41 According to UNICEF, 26%
of children in Kenya are involved in child labour activities and approximately 30% of girls
living in coastal cities and aged between 12 and 18 - work as part-time informal sex workers,
or regard sex work as a full-time income generating activity.
Harsh economic conditions and the spread of HIV/AIDS exacerbate the problem of childheaded households, homeless and children living on the street.42 In order to meet their daily
needs, children affected by HIV/AIDS may engage in theft, prostitution, forms of hazardous
labour and street activities such as begging. Street children are vulnerable to harassment,
physical and sexual abuse; they are seen as offenders, criminalised and are frequently
arbitrarily arrested, beaten and ill-treated by police officers.43 Most of the children in conflict
with the law belong to the poorest
37
See Kenyan Constitution, Section 82.
In addition to civil and customary marriages, there are also Christian, Hindu and Muslim religious marriages in Kenya.
39
OMCT, Addressing the economic, social and cultural root causes of torture in Kenya, An alternative report to the Committee Against
Torture, November 2008
40
Women’s land and property rights in situation of conflict reconstruction: http://www.unifemeasternafrica.
org/global_inner.asp?pcat1=mediacentre&pcat=resources&cat=books&sid=
41
State Violence in Kenya. OMCT Alternative Report submitted to the Human Rights Committee, 2005.
42
“During the year the children's rights NGO ANPPCANN estimated that approximately 750,000 children lived on the streets.” Country
Reports on Human Rights Practices , Kenya 2006
43
“For example, in January street children who had allegedly stabbed a bus driver were beaten by residents in Eldoret who argued that the
children posed a security threat in the community.”Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Kenya 2006.
38
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strata and cannot afford legal assistance.
IV. THE CRIMINALISATION AND ABUSES BY STATE ACTORS AGAINST
POOR
A. Arbitrary arrest and killings by the police forces
The right to liberty and security of a person is, in principle, guaranteed by the Constitution,44
however it is, de facto systematically challenged by police arbitrary actions carried out, in
particular, in overcrowded and poor urban neighbourhoods. It is widely reported that torture
in Kenya takes place in secrecy, through a wide range of police arbitrary actions, including
arbitrary arrests grounded on false charges. The 71% of respondents held in informal custody
were invited to pay a bribe, either in money or by other kinds of favours, in exchange for
liberty.45 To engage in bribery in exchange for liberty implies escaping torture and harassment
during detention, or simply avoiding the higher costs of legal assistance. Bribery occurs on
the streets - upon being stopped by police, or in police stations. In the latter case, bribes may
be paid in order to be charged with a lesser offence - irrespective of whether the original
charge was grounded or not - or to avoid being taken to court and then staying in remand at
length.46 Suspects who refuse bribery are subject to harassment, ill-treatment, and other forms
of physical and psychological violence. In addition, ICJ-Kenya indicates that any attempt to
complain to higher authorities is met with harsh reprisals against both complainants and their
families, as a warning to the community. The police also arrest young girls at dusk. These
girls are locked in the cell, removed in the middle of the night and, in exchange for forced sex
intercourse, set free the morning after. Some of them reported having been raped by male
inmates in cells connected by the same corridor.47
The connection between police violence and police corruption constitutes an emerging aspect
of torture that was already raised in 2005 by the UN Human Rights Committee. In February
2009 the UN independent expert on extrajudicial execution M. Alston, stated that “Killings by
police in Kenya are systematic, widespread and carefully planned. They are committed at will
and with utter impunity. Sometimes they do so for personal reasons or a private or personal
nature. Sometimes they kill in the context of extortion or of a ransom demand.”48 They
constitute a “threat to the rule of law, regardless of who might be responsible for the
killings”.49 Police corruption is more consistent in the poorest areas where police
methodically undertake night rounds. In particular, it is a common practice for police to round
up the poor, women, hawkers, street children, and then to proceed with massive arrests for the
most disparate charges such as drunkenness, disorderliness, prostitution, vagrancy or simply
the suspicion of being an illegal alien. Those arrested are subsequently held in police stations.
Most of them are unable to access legal assistance because they lack financial means and/or
because they are unaware of their own rights. IMLU’s and ICJ-Kenya’s researches indicate
that police regularly beat suspects, particularly those who are unable to pay bribes and lodge
complaints against police misbehaviour.50
44
The Constitution of Kenya, Sections 70 and 72.
Understanding Torture in Kenya, an Empirical Assessment. IMLU, August 2007.
46
State Violence in Kenya. OMCT Alternative Report submitted to the Human Rights Committee, 2005
47
OMCT, Addressing the economic, social and cultural root causes of torture in Kenya, An alternative report to the Committee Against
Torture, November 2008
48
UN Press release, 26 February 2009.
49
Press release of the UN Expert on extrajudicial killings upon the assassination of two prominent Kenyan human rights defenders, 6 March
2009.
50
OMCT, Addressing the economic, social and cultural root causes of torture in Kenya, An alternative report to the Committee Against
Torture, November 2008
45
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B. The Duty to Investigate Allegations of Torture and the Victims’ Right to Access
to Justice
In Kenya there is no effective police investigation into many cases of killings by member of
security forces and torture allegations. The authorities attribute the absence of an investigation
to the failure of citizens to file official complaints. Besides, there is considerable mistrust in
police official investigation of police abuses. Furthermore, in the absence of any legal
definition of torture the bodies such as the KNCHR cannot make proper monitoring and
investigation upon allegations of torture. Moreover, since the investigations and prosecution
are carried out by the police, the process does not guarantee impartiality and independency.
In this respect, Kenya has not enacted legislation empowering any authority to promptly,
impartially investigate allegations of torture and there are no rules on suspension from duty of
alleged perpetrators of torture while investigations are carried on. The CAT expressed deep
concern about the absence of specific legal framework to ensure prompt and impartial
investigations into acts of torture committed by law enforcement personnel. In fact police
officers accused of perpetrating torture are investigated by fellow police officers.51
The situation is exacerbates by the fact that the right to access to justice is seriously
compromised by the extremely high coast of legal assistance that remains inaccessible
considering the fact that half of the population live below the poverty line. The absence of
legal aid by the Government worsens the capacity of Kenyan people to seek justice and in this
respect the CAT asks Kenya to address the persistent problem to access to justice for those
without economic resources, in particular for women and children. 52 Consequently, besides
being exposed to corruption and bribery, Kenyans are also prevented from enjoying their right
to habeas corpus, because the legal assistance is too costly. In this respect, OMCT already
drew attention to the lack of legal aid administrated by the Government and called for the
creation of an office of the public defender that would defend all persons against human rights
violations.
V. CONCLUSION AND WAY FORWARD ON THE FIGHT AGAINST
TORTURE IN AFRICA
1. African States need to accede to the UN Convention against Torture and domesticate
it. There are countries in Africa that have not ratified the Convention against Torture.
Sudan has signed but not ratified; Central African Republic, Tanzania, Angola,
Zimbabwe and Western Sahara have neither signed nor ratified the Convention as per
information available on the website as at December 2008 and as at April 200953.
These few countries in Africa need to sign and ratify the Convention.
2. African States should allow individuals and Non-Governmental organizations their
nationals file complaints with the monitoring mechanisms established under the
Convention. The Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other
Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment and Punishment which was adopted by the
UN General Assembly on 18th December 2002 and entered into force on 22nd June
2006 provides for state parties to declare that they recognize the competence of the
Committee to receive and consider communications from or on behalf of individuals
subject to its jurisdiction who claim to be victims of violation of provisions of the
Convention. This is an important protective mechanism in the fight against torture that
is unfortunately not available to many Africans as only a handful of Africa States have
ratified the Optional Protocol (OPCAT). Countries that have signed and ratified
51
52
53
Committee Against Torture, Concluding Observations on Kenya, CAT/C/KEN/CO/1, November 2008
Ibid.
United Nations Treaty Collections – http://treaties.un.org/pages/views - Chapter IV
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3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
OPCAT in Africa are Benin, Liberia, Mali, Mauritius and Senegal54. The rest of
Africa should follow the example of theses and ratify the OPCAT starting with the
countries that have already signed which include: Burkina Faso, Congo, Gabon,
Ghana, Madagascar, Sierra Leone, South Africa and Togo. The full list of Countries
that have signed and ratified OPCAT is attached as an Annex to this paper.
To bolster the fight against torture in Africa it is important to domesticate the UN
Convention against Torture and make it Applicable in the municipal courts and
national jurisdictions. We have seen the example of Kenya that needs to enact
legislation criminalizing torture and domesticating UN CAT. On this point it is
important to note that African Countries that entered declarations and reservations
while ratifying and acceding to the Convention should consider lifting them so the
Convention can be fully applicable. One such country with a reservation on the
meaning of torture is Botswana.55 Other African Countries with Reservations are
Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Mauritania, Morocco, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia and
Zambia.
African States should take urgent measures to enhance access to justice for the
nationals. All African States should ratify the Protocol to the African Charter on
Human and People’s Rights establishing the African Court on Human and People’s
Rights and the make the necessary Declaration to enable individuals and NonGovernmental Organizations file complaints on violations of rights with the African
Court now sitting in Arusha.
Regional Mechanisms on protection and fight against torture should be supported.
African States should co-operate with the African Commission on Human and
People’s Rights and promote and support the work of the Special Rapporteur on
Arbitrary, Summary and Extra-judicial execution in Africa and the Special Rapporteur
on the Rights of Women in Africa.56
African State Parties to the Convention against Torture should endeavour to comply
with the reporting obligations. Kenya the case study presented its initial State Report
to the UN CAT Committee after a long delay. African States should endeavour to
implement the concluding observations issued by the CAT Committee. In the case of
Kenya it is expected that the National Human Rights Policy and Action Plan will be
an implementing tool for the concluding observations of the various treaty bodies. The
Kenyan NAP process is participatory and consultative.
African States should co-operate and implement recommendations of UN Special
Rapporteurs on matters touching on Torture, for instance extra-judicial killings,
detention places and violence against women. The findings of UN Special Rapporteurs
should be handled with respect and concrete steps taken towards urgent
implementation. Kenya recently had a mission by Prof. Philip Alston UN Special
Rapporteur on extrajudicial Killings. The Philip Alston Findings were condemned by
the Government officials. Subsequently two human rights activists who worked with
the Special Rapporteur were murdered in Nairobi. This is not the way to fight torture
in Africa.
The regional legal protection framework on torture should be strengthened and
replicated in the Sub-regions of ECOWAS, EAC and SADC. The Banjul Charter in
Article 5 covers the protection as follows:Every individual shall have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human
being and to the recognition of his legal status. All forms of exploitation and
54
55
56
Ibid
http://treaties.un.org/pages/views
Frans Viljoen, Chidi Odinkalu, Anselm Chidi – books.google.co.ke.isbn 2884771174
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degradation of man particularly slavery, slave trade, torture, cruel, inhuman or
degrading punishment and treatment shall be prohibited.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Article 5 protects the rights as
follows:No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
Though the Difference is slight it should be crystal clear in Constitutions of African
States that torture is a non-derogable right. Under no circumstances can torture be
allowed. Many Constitutions in Africa protect nationals against torture but there is
need to have specific anti-torture legislation clearly defining torture in tandem with
international standards and instruments.
9. There was need to borrow a leaf from the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of
Expression in Africa of 2002 which expounds state obligations on freedom of
expression and gives flesh to the protection in the Charter. The expounding of
protection against torture has been done through the Robben Island Guidelines. The
full title is Guidelines and Measures for the Prohibition and Prevention of Torture,
Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment in Africa. The guidelines
were adopted by the African Commission on Human ad People’s Rights in 2002 and a
follow up Committee established to especially propose strategies of implementation of
the guidelines at the National level. Nothing much has been heard on the Continent in
relation to the Robben Island Guidelines and the Committee. Given the continued and
escalating cases of torture in the Continent, there is need to urgently consider
enhancement of the Robben Island Guidelines on Torture to a binding legal instrument
similar to the experiences in the European and Inter-American Systems.
10. In terms of normative framework there is need to celebrate the Robben Island
guidelines that are quite extensive in protection of Torture however there is urgent
need to make the Guidelines well known in Africa. The Principles on Freedom of
Expression have a wider circulation than the Robben Island Guidelines. There is
urgent need for the African Union to popularize the Robben Island Guidelines and to
promote their application in domestic legislation. For the implementation and
oversight the Robben Island Guidelines urge states to ratify the Optional Protocol on
the Convention against Torture. The Robben Island Guidelines are attached as an
Annex to this paper.
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper has attempted to give a brief overview of the fight against torture in Africa. The
main message of the paper is need for ratification, domestication and application of legal
instruments. There is need for African states to be more aware of the emerging linkages of
torture and poverty and to take measures to combat incidences of torture especially during
trigger moments like elections. The paper hails the Robben Island guidelines and urges for the
popularization and application.
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Amnesty International EU – Office, Natacha Kazatchkine
The fight against torture: from an internal EU perspective (some notes)
Natacha Kazatchkine - AI EU office covering EU internal HR policies/ response to EU
domestic HR problems. Therefore, presentation intends to give some general insights on
torture within the EU and some of the challenges that EU faces to fight torture worldwide,
including at home.
While EU has developed operational guidelines on torture “to identify ways and means to
effectively work towards the prevention of torture and ill-treatment within the CFSP” [quote
from guidelines], there is no equivalent EU internal instrument or policy framework to
support efforts and action at international, regional or national level, to prevent and combat
torture and other ill-treatment within the EU.
This raises issue of coherence and credibility. Coherence because the EU cannot aim at
working towards the upholding of the universal ban on torture worldwide for everyone and
leave aside 27 countries. Credibility because the EU cannot aim at encouraging third countries
to act against torture if it is perceived as accepting – or even cautioning sometimes, violations
committed its own Member States.
One example concerns the fight against terrorism. In this context, AI has denounced that the
lack of EU scrutiny and accountability for torture and other HR violations committed by EU
member states directly challenges EU’s commitment to upholding the absolute ban on torture.
Another example I will briefly develop is the case of torture and other ill-treatment by law
enforcement officials in EU member states, as documented in recent AI reports. AI’s research
has revealed serious concerns re. patterns of ill-treatment by the police and the effective
impunity that the law enforcement officials may enjoy in relation to these acts.
1) The fight against terrorism and the undermining of the absolute ban on torture
While AI has documented torture around the world for decades, it finds that the US-led “war
on terror” has presented a new and acute threat to the international prohibition of torture and
ill-treatment. This is true for the US of course.
This is true in Africa:
See for example the report published by Amnesty this month (March) on Algeria: “A legacy
of impunity”
It is also true in Europe
On a wide EU-scale, the undermining of EU’s commitment to the absolute ban on torture is
reflected in the way EU member states/EU have engaged in the international fight against
terrorism
Some examples:
> EU member states’ complicity in the US illegal CIA renditions and secret detention
programme and transfers to Guantanamo ( as documented notably in CoE & EP reports) is a
blatant example
Today, irrefutable evidence shows that several European states have been involved in CIA
rendition and secret detention activities, in many ways: by assisting or turning a blind eye to
CIA rendition flights over their territory; by sharing information that has led to people being
forcefully captured and tortured; by failing to protect EU citizens or residents from torture
and enforced disappearances; by allowing the CIA to operate secret prisons in Europe. These
blatant human rights violations together with the continuing denial of due justice and
reparation to the victims of such abuses amount to a serious and persistent breach of the
founding values of the European Union.
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> Member states seeking dubious ‘diplomatic assurances’ from third countries to expel
terrorist suspects to countries despite the fact that there would be at risk of torture and other
ill-treatment in these countries, in violation of the non-refoulement principle. This example is
an upfront challenge to EU’s credibility in denouncing torture and ill-treatment in third
countries.
States including Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK have used them.
DAs were sought from Jordan, Algeria, Egypt, Syria and Tunisia with a well-known record of
torturing exactly this type of detainees. In seeking such assurances, sending governments are
admitting that torture is a wider problem in the receiving country. Whereas under
international law, all states are supposed to cooperate to bring such crimes to an end, states
are putting as a priority their own self-interest instead. Very concerning that, in addition to
individual MS, the EU has been an actor in efforts to legitimize use of DAS, with discussion
on an EU-wide system going on.
With such practices, the EU is sending a signal that torture is acceptable, and that the validity
of the absolute prohibition of torture can be challenged in the name of security. It is adding its
own precedents to existing practices outside the EU. It is undermining its efforts in the global
fight against torture.
AI believes that as a political union of states based on HR values, the EU cannot stay silent
and must address HR violations happening in the EU or with the complicity of EU MS:
- Remind MS of their obligations under international HR law and acknowledge
collective responsibility as EU to address the problem
- Push for full and independent inquiries into all allegations of torture, and offer full
cooperation with the investigations
- Ban the use of diplomatic assurances to transfer persons to places where they will be
at risk torture; and reaffirm the absolute nature of non-refoulement.
- Establish preventive measures and mechanisms to stop such practices happening again
( control of planes and airspace; oversight of security services; procedural safeguards
that guarantee defense rights including in terrorism-related cases)
- Call and support reparation for victims
By stating that it will accept Guantanamo detainees who cannot be returned home because of
fear of torture, the EU is making the point that it needs to be coherent. This reasoning should
apply “across the board”.
2) Other examples relate to torture and ill-treatment by law enforcement in EU
member States
The EU must proactively address the issue of torture in the context of counter-terrorism, but
also more generally, in relation to police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters.
Reports of Amnesty International, as well as case law by the European Court of Human
Rights and monitoring from HR bodies such as CPT continue to demonstrate that the absolute
right not to be subjected to torture and other ill-treatment cannot be taking for granted in the
EU. In this context, AI’s research highlights in particular the need to fight impunity by
ensuring the prompt, independent, impartial and thorough investigation of any case where
there is reason to believe ill-treatment may have occurred, as well as effective access to
justice and remedy, including reparation, for victims of ill-treatment. It also shows that ethnic
minorities are often the most vulnerable to abuse and documents racist violence and racial
discrimination in the law enforcement system.
Examples:
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>In November 2007, Amnesty International issued a report relating to torture and other ill
treatment in Spain, Adding insult to injury: The effective impunity of police officers in cases
of torture and other ill-treatment. It highlighted cases of people being ill-treated and verbally
abused by police officers, in custody and during arrest. The analysis further revealed that
there were pervasive and structural shortcomings in the prevention, investigation and
punishment of ill-treatment. In particular, investigations into allegations of torture and other
ill-treatment suffered from an apparent lack of impartiality and objectivity.
>In March and April this year (2009), a series of new reports on Greece, France and Austria
highlighted similar concerns.
>> The report on Greece (Rights off-course: Effective impunity for Greek law enforcement
officials, March 09) documents patterns of alleged human rights violations by police against
civilians, including excessive use of force and firearms, torture or other ill-treatment, arbitrary
detention and denial of prompt access to lawyers. Beyond the focus on recent riots events, the
research points to the fact that such violations are an accumulation of long-standing concerns.
AI urges the Greek authorities to address the patterns of abuses which have led to a lack of
public confidence in policing.
>>The report on France (Outrage: Police Officers Above the Law in France, April 2009)
documents cases of ill-treatment by the police, including cases of torture and unlawful
killings. In the majority of cases, victims were members of ethnic minorities or foreign
nationals and racist abuse was an explicit element in several of the cases. AI’s research further
demonstrated a de facto impunity for police officers and found that victims and witnesses who
made complaints about ill-treatment by police officers frequently found themselves accused
of insulting or assaulting a police officer. Amnesty International calls on the French
government to ensure effective, independent and impartial investigations into every incident
of suspected human rights violations by law enforcement officers, including racist abuse,
unlawful killings, torture and other ill - treatment.
>> The report on Austria (Victim or suspect: A question of colour: Racial discrimination in
the Austrian justice system, April 09) documents a deep-rooted problem of racial
discrimination in the criminal justice system. The report highlights: police engagement in illtreatment towards non-white Austrians; lack of proper investigations; obstacles in access to
justice for victims of police ill-treatment and racial crimes. AI calls for urgent action to ensure
that Austrian political leaders and senior police and judicial officers acknowledge the
existence of racism in the law enforcement system and eradicate it by providing the same
quality of service to all people, regardless of ethnic origin or skin colour.
As stated above with regards to HR abuse committed in the fight against terrorism, AI
believes that the EU - as a union of states founded on HR and as a global actor committed to
promote HR worldwide- has to address such evidence of human rights violations in its
member states and fulfill its responsibility in raising these at an EU level.
- Develop oversight and accountability mechanisms at EU level to review and monitor
the human rights compliance of member states policies
In particular with regards to points made above:
- Ensure that the fight against torture and ill-treatment, as well as the fight against
discrimination; is a key element of EU’s police and judicial cooperation
- Establish procedural safeguards to protect the rights of suspects and detainees against
HR violations
- Develop measures and policies to ensure effective and equal access to justice for
victims
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-
Develop awareness raising and training programmes for police and judicial authorities
across the EU
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Instruments de lutte contre la torture en Afrique et en Europe: Les lignes
directrices de Robben Island, Jean Baptiste Niyizurugero 57
Introduction
Au nom de l’Association pour la prévention de la torture (APT), je voudrais d’abord
remercier les organisateurs pour l’invitation à ce premier séminaire rassemblant des
organisations de la société civile de l’Union européenne et de l’Union africaine pour échanger
des vues sur la question des droits de l’homme.
L’APT salue particulièrement cette opportunité qui lui est offerte pour apporter sa
contribution à la réflexion sur le thème combien important de lutte contre la torture et autres
peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. Mon intervention va se focaliser plus
particulièrement sur l’un des instruments de lutte contre la torture existant au sein des deux
entités, l’Union africaine et de l’Union européenne, à savoir les Lignes directrices de Robben
Island.
Avant d’étendre mon propos sur le sujet de ma présentation, je voudrais d’abord dire un mot
sur l’APT et sa mission. L’APT est une organisation non-gouvernementale internationale des
droits de l’homme basée à Genève où elle a été créée en 1977. Son objectif est de contribuer à
la prévention de la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
dans le monde. Dans la réalisation de sa mission, l’APT privilégie une approche de dialogue
et de coopération avec d’autres acteurs pour contribuer ensemble à la construction d’un
contexte dans lequel les risques de torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains
ou dégradants seraient réduits.
Pour atteindre ce but, l’APT s’est engagée sur trois voies d’action à savoir :
¾ Promotion de la mise en place d’un cadre juridique efficace. Ceci suppose entre
autres la mise en conformité de législations nationales avec les normes
internationales d’interdiction et de prévention de la torture
¾ Promotion de mécanismes de contrôle et de leur bon fonctionnement ainsi que la
transparence au sein des institutions et des procédures d’application des lois.
¾ Renforcement des capacités des acteurs nationaux à travers notamment des
sessions de formation à l’égard des responsables chargés de l’application des lois,
des institutions et mécanismes de contrôle et des ONG
Après plus de 30 ans d’engagement sur le front de la lutte contre la torture, je voudrais
mentionner, à titre indicatif, les initiatives et avancées suivantes où la contribution et la
persévérance de l’APT a été importantes:
¾ L’APT est à l’origine du Protocole facultatif à la Convention des Nations
Unies contre la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants, adopté par l’Assemblé Générale des Nations Unies le 18/12/2002
et entré en vigueur le 22 juin 2006
¾ L’APT est à l’origine également de la Convention européenne de prévention
de la torture qui a mis en place le Comité européen de prévention de la torture
qui peut effectuer des visites des lieux de détention dans tous les pays du
Conseil de l’Europe
57
Jean Baptiste Niyizurugero est Responsable du Programme Afrique de l’Association pour la prévention de la torture (APT) à Genève. Il
est l’initiateur et l’un des principaux acteurs du processus de rédaction et d’adoption des Lignes directrices de Robben Island (RIG) pour la
prohibition et la prévention de la torture en Afrique. Il est aussi Vice - Président du Comité de suivi mis en place par la Commission africaine
des droits de l’homme et des peuples chargé d’assurer la promotion de la mise en œuvre des RIG.
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¾ Au niveau africain, l’APT a initié la rédaction et l’adoption, par la Commission
africaine des DH, des Lignes directrices pour la prohibition et la prévention de
la torture et d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants en
Afrique connues sous le nom des Lignes directrices de Robben Island.
Parlant des Lignes directrices de Robben Island, j’en viens justement à l’objet de ma
présentation qui s’articule autour de quatre points. Dans un premier temps je vais d’abord
passer en revue les grandes étapes du processus de leur adoption pour souligner leur objectif
(I) avant de parler des mesures de prévention et de prohibition de la torture proposées par cet
instrument (II). Ensuite je vais souligner quelques uns des défis auxquels se heurte leur mise
en œuvre (III) et enfin suggérer quelques recommandations (IV) que le présent séminaire
pourrait adopter à l’adresse de la prochaine réunion Union européenne – Union africaine dans
le cadre de leur dialogue sur les droits de l’homme afin que cet outil puisse contribuer
efficacement à la lutte contre torture.
1. Historique et but des Lignes directrices de Robben Island
Les Lignes directrices de Robben Island sont évidemment inspirées des normes
internationales et régionales de prohibition et de prévention de la torture. Il s’agit notamment
des normes contenues dans les instruments de protection des droits de l’homme suivants :
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
La Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme58 (1948);
L’Ensemble des règles minima pour le traitement des détenus 59 (1955);
Le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques60 (1966);
La Déclaration sur la protection de toutes les personnes contre la torture et
autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants 61(1975) ;
Le Code de conduite pour les responsables de l’application des lois du 17
décembre62 (1979);
La Convention des Nations Unies contre la torture et autres peines ou
traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants (1984) et son Protocole facultatif
(OPCAT) de 2002;
L’Ensemble des principes pour la protection de toutes les personnes soumises
à une forme quelconque de détention ou d’emprisonnement du 9 décembre
63
(1988);
La Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples64 (1981);
La Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés
fondamentales communément appelée « Convention européenne des droits de
l’homme »65 (1950);
La Convention américaine relative aux droits de l’homme66 (1969);
La Convention interaméricaine pour la prévention et la répression de la torture
(1985) ;
58
Article 5.
Résolution du Conseil économique et social 663 C (XXIV) du 31 juillet 1957
60
Article 7
61
Résolution 3542 (XXX) de l’Assemblée Générale des Nations Unies du 9 décembre 1975
62
Articles 2 et 5.
63
Article 1er
64
Article 5.
65
Article 3
66
Article 5.2.
59
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•
•
La Convention européenne pour la prévention de la torture et des peines ou
traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants (1987) ;
Les Conventions de Genève67 et leurs Protocoles qui régissent le droit
international humanitaire.
A l’instar des autres systèmes des droits de l’homme, la Charte africaine des droits de
l’homme et des peuples consacre le principe de l’interdiction absolue de la torture et autres
formes de peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. En vertu de l’article 5 de la
charte : « tout individu a droit au respect de la dignité inhérente à sa personne et à la
personnalité juridique.
Toutes formes d’exploitation et d’avilissement de l’homme et particulièrement l’esclavage, le
trafic des être humains, la torture, les peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
sont interdites ». A cet effet, la Charte africaine a institué un organe régional des droits de
l’homme - la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples - ayant pour mandat
de promouvoir le respect de la Charte, d’assurer la protection des droits et des libertés
fondamentales contenus dans la Charte et de faire des recommandations pour son application.
Dans l’accomplissement de sa mission, la Commission africaine travaille en collaboration
avec une variété de partenaires, dont les autorités des Etats parties à la Charte africaine, les
institutions nationales des droits de l’homme ainsi que les organisations nongouvernementales (ONG). C’est dans ce contexte de coopération que l’Association pour la
prévention de la torture (APT) lui a proposé, lors de sa 28ème session ordinaire, tenue à
Cotonou, Bénin, en octobre 2000, d’organiser conjointement un atelier de travail pour
formuler des mesures concrètes qui permettraient d’appliquer notamment les dispositions de
l’article 5 de la Charte et les autres instruments internationaux de prévention de la torture.
L’atelier de travail s’est tenu du 12 au 14 février 2002, sur l’île de Robben Island, un lieu
hautement symbolique pour l’Afrique, l’endroit où le Président Nelson Mandela a été détenu
pendant plusieurs années, avec d’autres opposants à la politique d’apartheid d’Afrique du
Sud, d’où le nom de « Lignes directrices de Robben Island». Cette prison qui avait été
aménagée en plein océan par des hommes pour humilier, isoler et détruire l’esprit d’autres
hommes est aujourd’hui le symbole de la victoire de la liberté sur l’oppression, de l’espérance
et d’une humanité partagée.
L’atelier de travail a réuni des experts africains et internationaux provenant de milieux
professionnels variés qui ont travaillé sur la question de la torture sous ses différents aspects.
Le résultat de ces efforts conjugués fut la rédaction de Lignes directrices et de mesures
d’interdiction et de prévention de la torture et des peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou
dégradants en Afrique, qui ont été formellement adoptées par une résolution de la
Commission africaine lors de sa 32ème session en octobre 200268. Elles ont été par la suite
endossées par la Conférence des Chefs d’Etat et de Gouvernement de l’Union africaine, tenue
à Maputo, Mozambique, en juillet 2003, quand elle a approuvée le rapport d’activités de la
Commission. Lors de sa 35ème session, la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des
peuples (CADHP) a mis en place un Comité de suivi69 (Comité des RIG) chargé de
67
Article 3 commun des Conventions de Genève et de leurs Protocoles
ACHPR/Res.61(XXXII) 02 (2002).
69
Les personnes ci-après ont été nommées membres du Comité de suivi des Lignes directrices de Robben Island: Mme Sanji Monageng Commissaire de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (Présidente) ; M. Jean Baptiste Niyizurugero - Responsable
du Programme Afrique de l’APT (Vice- Président), Mme Leila Zerrougui - Magistrate et Présidente du Groupe de travail des Nations Unies
sur les détentions arbitraires (Membre), Mme Karen Mckenzie, Directrice exécutive de « l’Independent Complaints Directorate » d’Afrique
du Sud (Membre), Mme Hannah Forster, Directrice du Centre africain pour la démocratie et les études des droits de l’homme (Membre) et
M. Malick Sow, Coordinateur du Comité sénégalais des droits de l’homme (Membre).
68
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promouvoir la mise en œuvre des Lignes directrices de Robben Island et d’aider la
Commission à traiter efficacement la question de la torture en Afrique.
Les Lignes directrices de Robben Island (RIG) constituent donc un instrument essentiel ayant
toute la légitimité nécessaire au sein de l’espace géographique de tous les pays de l’Union
africaine. Elles ont pour but d’aider les Etats à mettre en œuvre les instruments internationaux
et régionaux les enjoignant à prendre des mesures concrètes de prohibition et de prévention de
la torture sur tout territoire sous leurs juridictions70. Elles sont un outil technique à disposition
des Etats pour les aider à accomplir leurs obligations nationales, régionales et internationales
pour un renforcement effectif et une mise en œuvre de la prohibition et de la prévention de la
torture. C’est aussi un outil aux mains de la Commission africaine et des ONG leur permettant
d’interpeller en permanence les Etats et d’autres acteurs pour la prévention de la torture et
d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants.
2. Le contenu des Lignes directrices de Robben Island
Les Lignes directrices de Robben Island font l’objet d’un document d’une cinquantaine
d’articles divisés en trois parties principales à savoir la prohibition de la torture, la prévention
de la torture et la réhabilitation des victimes.
Celles-ci réaffirment la condamnation absolue, universelle et non-dérogeable de la torture.
Dans leur première partie, elles appellent d’une part les Etats à la ratification des instruments
juridiques internationaux et régionaux pertinents et surtout à leur intégration dans la
législation interne. En particulier, la torture doit d’abord être pénalisée et érigée en une
infraction autonome en droit pénal interne. Ensuite tout acte de torture doit être poursuivi et
sanctionné. D’autre part, Elles invitent les Etats à coopérer avec les structures et procédures
régionales et internationales de protection des droits de l’homme pertinentes. La lutte contre
l’impunité, qui suppose l’existence d’une justice efficace et indépendante, est aussi au cœur
des Lignes directrices de Robben Island.
Elles proposent, dans leur deuxième partie, des mesures préventives variées en tenant compte
des diverses étapes de la procédure pénale où le risque tortionnaire est réel notamment
pendant l’arrestation, la garde à vue, la détention provisoire, le jugement et l’incarcération en
général. Elles insistent également sur :
• l’instauration de garanties légales au niveau national ainsi que la mise en place de
mécanismes de surveillance comme par exemple l’établissement de systèmes de
visites régulières des lieux de détention et d’organes indépendants habilités à recevoir
des plaintes et à mener des investigations promptes et impartiales
• la mise en place de programmes d’éducation et de sensibilisation du public ainsi que la
formation aux droits de l’homme, qu’il convient d’intensifier notamment auprès des
responsables de l’application des lois.
Enfin, elles présentent une série de mesures permettant de répondre aux besoins des victimes.
En effet, l’aide aux victimes est un devoir des Etats qui ont la responsabilité de mettre en
œuvre diverses formes d’intervention pour assurer l’indemnisation et la réhabilitation des
victimes.
3. Défis quant à la mise en œuvre des RIG
La mise en œuvre des Lignes directrices de Robben Island exige une approche méthodique et
progressive qui suppose un processus avec au moins les étapes suivantes :
Lors de la 42ème session de la Commission africaine, Mme Dupe Atoki, Commissaire, a été nommée nouvelle Présidente du Comité en
remplacement de Mme Sanji Monageng qui venait d’être élue Présidente de la Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples.
70
Article 2.1 de la Convention des Nations unies contre la torture et autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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52
-
Evaluer la situation pour établir un état de lieux de chaque pays à la lumière de
ces Lignes directrices afin d’
-
identifier les besoins et les priorités dans les domaines qui appellent des
changements ou des améliorations. Cette évaluation devrait être aussi complète
que possible incluant le cadre juridique et surtout la pratique, pour mieux
définir les priorités et entreprendre des actions appropriées
-
formuler un plan d’action en fonction des initiatives retenues comme
prioritaires.
Un tel processus nécessite des moyens et une bonne connaissance préalable des Lignes
directrices. Or, actuellement cet instrument est mal ou pas du tout connu aussi bien du public
que des acteurs qui ont un rôle à jouer dans leur mise en œuvre tels que les Ministères de la
Justice, les Parlements, les Institutions nationales de droits de l’homme et autres.
Le Comité de suivi mis en place pour assurer la promotion de leur mise en œuvre manque
cruellement de moyens. Depuis son installation il a adopté un programme d’activités
comprenant notamment des recherches thématiques et l’organisation de séminaires régionaux
mais il n’a pas pu être exécuté faute de ressources.
En conséquence, le potentiel des Lignes directrices de Robben Island en tant qu’outil de
prévention et d’éradication de la torture n’est pas suffisamment exploité. Même si la
Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, lors de l’examen des rapports des
Etats, pose la question quant leur application, cela reste insuffisant.
Une mise en œuvre efficace des RIG requiert la coopération, le dialogue, l’effort et
l’engagement de plusieurs acteurs tels que les autorités compétentes de l’Etat, les
parlementaires, les institutions nationales des droits de l’homme et toute la société civile, or
une telle mobilisation autour des RIG n’existe pas encore.
4. Suggestion de recommandations
-
Diffusion et vulgarisation des RIG auprès d’acteurs nationaux de tous les
niveaux que ce soit les parlementaires, les autorités de l’Etat, les institutions
nationales des droits de l’homme, les avocats, les organisations de la société
civile, qui pourraient ensuite s’en approprier, s’en inspirer pour les utiliser
dans leur travail au quotidien.
-
L’Union africaine et l’Union européenne devraient adopter une déclaration
commune où elles pourraient :
i. Réaffirmer la condamnation et l’interdiction absolue de la torture et
d’autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants
ii. Souligner l’intérêt et l’importance des RIG à cet effet
iii. Appeler leurs Etats membres à ratifier et mettre en œuvre la Convention
des Nations Unies contre la torture et son Protocole facultatif (OPCAT)
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-
Pour la CADHP de mettre à jour les certaines dispositions des RIG notamment
l’article 43 relatif à l’OPCAT et de revoir le mandat du Comité de suivi pour le
transformer en un mécanisme africain de prévention de la torture ayant les
pouvoirs notamment de visiter les lieux de détention de faire de
recommandations, de prodiguer des conseils aux mécanismes nationaux de
prévention émergeants dans le cadre de l’OPCAT. Un tel mécanisme serait
aussi la contrepartie et interlocuteur d’autres structures de lutte contre la
torture au niveau de l’Union européenne, de l’ONU et d’autres systèmes
régionaux de protection des droits de l’homme
-
En attendant une telle possible transformation du Comité des RIG, l’UA en
premier et l’UE, dans le cadre de leur partenariat, devraient octroyer les
moyens nécessaires au Comité des RIG pour le rendre plus opérationnel car il
reste le seul mécanisme spécifique de lutte contre la torture en Afrique.
Pour terminer, je voudrais souligner que l’APT reste disponible pour apporter sa contribution,
son expertise et sa coopération avec la société civile ainsi qu’avec les instances de l’UA et de
l’UE dans toute initiative visant la prévention de la torture ou l’effectivité des instruments de
lutte contre la torture en général.
Je vous remercie de votre aimable attention.
European Union – African Union 1st Civil Society Human Rights Seminar,
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Les perspectives proposées pour le dialogue UE-AU sur les droits de
l’homme, Paul NSAPU, Secrétaire général de la Fédération Internationale
des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme (FIDH)
1.
Introduction
Avant toute chose, la FIDH salue l’acquis majeur de cette 1ère session du séminaire de la
société civile précédant le Dialogue UA/UE. Il s’agit de la volonté commune UA/UE
d’impliquer les ONGs des Droits de l’Homme autour du Dialogue portant sur les droits
humains. Cette volonté se traduit premièrement par le fait que les thèmes de notre séminaire
sont les mêmes que ceux retenus pour le Dialogue qui s’ouvre le lundi prochain et, ensuite,
par l’acceptation de deux représentants de la société civile (africaine et européenne) au
Dialogue en vue d’y présenter les conclusions de notre séminaire.
2.
Perspectives
Perceptibles à trois niveaux :
- du séminaire lui- même ;
- du lien entre le séminaire et le Dialogue ;
- du dialogue lui-même.
2.1 Perspectives au niveau du lien entre le séminaire et le dialogue :
La FIDH propose le mise en place d’ un comité de suivi composé des représentants de deux
sociétés civiles (africaine et européenne). Ce comité aura pour tâches, notamment de :
- Organiser le lien entre le séminaire et le dialogue en désignant les représentants de la société
qui vont s’exprimer officiellement au Dialogue;
- Organiser une plus grande ouverture aux ONG indépendantes de défense des droits de
l’homme qui ne sont pas représentées aujourd’hui et, notamment, en privilégiant la
participation d’ONG accréditées auprès de la CADHP ;
- Ce comité pourra agir en interaction avec l’UA et l’UE lors de la définition des thèmes de
l’agenda.
2.2 Perspectives en rapport au Dialogue.
La préoccupation se situe ici au niveau de l’impact réel du dialogue. Pour cela, la FIDH
avance quelques propositions :
1° Que les représentants du Dialogue puissent présenter, chaque année devant le séminaire de
la société civile, les efforts et les actions entrepris pour mettre en oeuvre les recommandations
exprimées lors du séminaire et du dialogue ;
2° Que les deux parties au dialogue UA/UE puissent adopter une déclaration commune
incluant des engagements ou des recommandations précises ;
3° Que l’UA et l’UE puissent s’ assurer que les conclusions du séminaire et du dialogue
soient reprises à tous les niveaux politiques, y compris lors des sommets UE/UA ;
4° Que les conclusions et les recommandations du séminaire et du dialogue alimentent
l’ensemble des dialogues politiques locaux (nationaux) menés au titre de l’article 8 des
Accords de Cotonou.
Bruxelles, le 17/04/2009
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Annex 5 Written communications from participants
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La situation juridique des OSC au Zimbabwe, Nokuthula Moyo71
(also available in English)
Le cadre juridique actuel
La législation actuellement en place au Zimbabwe est la Private Voluntary Organisations Act
[Loi sur les organisations volontaires privées], chapitre 17:05, (la loi sur les OVP). Elle
prévoit l’enregistrement de toutes les organisations non gouvernementales et interdit aux
organisations volontaires privées de percevoir des fonds publics sans être enregistrées. Étant
donné que la constitution du Zimbabwe prévoit la liberté d’association, il existait de
nombreuses OSC sans qu’elles soient enregistrées aux termes de la loi sur les OVP. Elles
existaient en tant qu’universitas et étaient régies par des statuts ou des actes de fiducie. Les
OSC zimbabwéennes sont largement financées par des donateurs externes et ne perçoivent
dès lors pas de fonds publics.
À l’égard des ONG, la loi sur les OVP donne au ministre le pouvoir:
• d’inspecter tout aspect des affaires/activités des ONG;
• d’examiner les livres, les comptes et les documents concernant les affaires
financières des ONG;
• de suspendre tout ou partie des membres du comité de direction d’une ONG et
de nommer un (des) administrateur(s) pour diriger l’ONG lorsqu’il estime que
les objectifs de l’ONG ont changé, lorsqu’il estime qu’il y a eu une mauvaise
administration ou lorsqu’il le juge nécessaire dans l’intérêt public.
En s’appuyant sur la loi sur les OVP, des agents de l’État ont souvent pénétré dans les locaux
des ONG et fouillé ceux-ci, et ont même arrêté des administrateurs d’ONG, par exemple les
directeurs de la station de radio Voice of America.
Passé récent
Les OSC se sont fait remarquer au Zimbabwe, au cours des dix dernières années. En 1999, un
certain nombre d’organisations de la société civile ainsi que plusieurs personnes physiques se
sont rassemblées sous l’égide de l’Assemblée constitutionnelle nationale (la NCA) afin de
promouvoir une nouvelle constitution. Les membres de la NCA, œuvrant sur base volontaire,
ont parcouru le pays en instruisant la population sur le constitutionnalisme, la constitution
alors en vigueur, la nécessité d’une nouvelle constitution et les options relatives à diverses
dispositions constitutionnelles. La NCA a également rassemblé les points de vue des
personnes sur toutes ces questions. Au départ, il a semblé que le gouvernement était contraire
à l’idée d’une nouvelle constitution mais, sous la pression croissante, il a dû céder à la
demande. Le gouvernement a alors créé sa propre Commission de révision constitutionnelle
qui a proposé un projet de constitution. Une analyse attentive de ce projet a révélé des
divergences entre ce que les Zimbabwéens avaient demandé et ce qui figurait réellement dans
le projet de constitution. La NCA a alors entrepris une campagne afin que l’électorat rejette le
projet gouvernemental dans le cadre du référendum sur le projet de constitution. La NCA a
réussi à obtenir un vote négatif. Le résultat du référendum a non seulement ébranlé le
gouvernement avec des conséquences d’une portée considérable mais a également permis à la
7171
Président de Legal Resources Foundation. La Legal Resources Foundation (LRF) Zimbabwe est une fiducie autonome à but caritatif et
éducatif, créée en 1984 par acte de fiducie et enregistrée en vertu de la Loi sur les organisations volontaires privées [Chapitre 17:05]. La
LRF est une ONG dirigée de manière professionnelle et qui jouit d’une crédibilité auprès de la société civile du Zimbabwe, des tribunaux et
du pouvoir judiciaire. Les programmes entrepris par la LRF reposent sur le principe que faciliter l’accès au système juridique peut
promouvoir les droits de l’homme au Zimbabwe. La LRF estime que les personnes défavorisées, notamment les femmes, peuvent être
habilitées à défendre leurs droits par le biais du système juridique lorsqu’elles reçoivent des informations et des avis. La LRF compte un
réseau de bureaux situés dans 29 lieux géographiques à travers le pays.
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société civile de s’émanciper. Les OSC existantes, telles que Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human
Rights (ZLHR), la National Association of NGOs (NANGO) et la Legal Resources
Foundation, (LRF), ont grandi en envergure et en force à la suite du référendum. De nouvelles
OSC ont vu le jour et ont enregistré un net succès, telles la Crisis Coalition, le Media
Monitoring Project, et le Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN). De nombreuses
autres OSC sont nées ou ont été renforcées après l’an 2000.
La société civile zimbabwéenne a largement plaidé pour:
• l’ouverture d’un espace démocratique afin de permettre une plus grande
participation politique;
• l’ouverture d’un espace démocratique afin de permettre à la société civile
d’œuvrer librement et sans crainte et afin de permettre une participation
citoyenne aux affaires de la nation;
• la création d’une constitution démocratique, tributaire du peuple;
• l’abrogation de lois répressives telles que la loi sur l’ordre public et la sécurité;
• l’abrogation de lois répressives pour les médias et l’ouverture d’un espace de
radiodiffusion.
Le gouvernement a ensuite tenté de museler les OSC en introduisant des lois plus strictes pour
réglementer les OSC.
Changements proposés
En 2004, le gouvernement a introduit un projet de loi, le projet de loi sur les organisations non
gouvernementales, (le projet de loi sur les ONG), qui a effectivement été adopté par le
parlement mais n’a pas reçu l’assentiment du président. Le projet de loi sur les ONG:
• exigeait l’enregistrement obligatoire de toutes les ONG;
• interdisait le financement étranger pour les ONG impliquées dans les droits de
l’homme et la gouvernance;
• donnait au ministre le pouvoir d’arbitrer les litiges, de suspendre la direction
d’une ONG et de la remplacer par ses administrateurs;
• donnait au Registraire le pouvoir d’ordonner à une branche d’une ONG
d’œuvrer séparément de l’ONG.
Le projet de loi visait en réalité la fermeture des ONG impliquées dans le plaidoyer relatif aux
questions de droits de l’homme et de bonne gouvernance. L’État déciderait en réalité des
ONG qui pourraient être enregistrées, pourrait rejeter des demandes et l’interdiction relative
au financement de donateurs empêcherait obligatoirement toute ONG d’œuvrer sur les
questions des droits de l’homme et de gouvernance. À l’époque, la Commission juridique
parlementaire déclarait ce qui suit dans son rapport:
‘Nous croyons savoir que le gouvernement est extrêmement mécontent du travail de nombreuses
organisations non gouvernementales, en particulier de celles qui travaillent dans le domaine des droits
de l’homme, et cherche dès lors à contrôler et à en fermer certaines, voire toutes, parce que l’on prétend
qu’elles ont été utilisées par des forces impérialistes pour déstabiliser le pays et effectuer un
changement de régime. … Nous entendons dire, en outre, que le gouvernement est déterminé à limiter à
tout prix les droits de l’homme dans le pays, afin de se protéger d’une destitution par des puissances
étrangères utilisant les ONG locales comme front.’72
Le projet de loi a été adopté à la majorité par le parlement et transmis au président pour
signature. Les ONG ont fait campagne contre l’adoption du projet de loi. Plus
particulièrement, les ONG:
• ont sollicité l’appui de membres du parlement, y compris de membres
appartenant au parti au pouvoir, et ont expliqué de quelle façon le projet de loi
les affecterait eux aussi ainsi que leurs circonscriptions électorales s’il devenait
72
Extrait du rapport de la Commission juridique parlementaire relatif au projet de loi sur les ONG.
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•
•
•
•
•
•
une loi. Cette explication mettait notamment en exergue les pouvoirs qui
seraient octroyés au ministre chargé d’administrer le projet de loi s’il était
promulgué;
sont intervenues auprès du parlement et de la Commission juridique
parlementaire;
ont exercé, autant que possible, une opposition au projet de loi par le biais de
parlementaires membres de l’opposition;
ont tenu des réunions publiques et ont expliqué le projet de loi ainsi que ses
effets à l’ensemble de la population;
sont intervenues auprès des dirigeants de la SADC, des dirigeants africains et,
dans la mesure du possible, auprès des dirigeants internationaux;
se sont plaintes auprès des Rapporteurs spéciaux, des organismes des Nations
unies et de la Commission africaine;
ont mis au maximum à profit les élections qui devaient se tenir en mars 2005
afin d’attirer l’attention du SADC sur la façon dont le Zimbabwe respectait les
normes du SADC.
Enfin, et pour des raisons qui n’ont jamais été exposées, le président Robert Mugabe n’a
jamais donné son assentiment au projet de loi et celui-ci n’a jamais été signé pour devenir une
loi.
Le ministre de la Justice a toutefois publié au journal officiel un Avis général, n° 99/2007,
exposant les procédures pour l’enregistrement des ONG, qui introduisaient en réalité certaines
des mesures que le projet de loi sur les ONG avait cherché à introduire et, en outre, des
mesures politiques. Par exemple, une ONG sollicitant son enregistrement est tenue de
produire la preuve que les autorités locales ont reçu notification de l’intention
d’enregistrement. Les ‘autorités locales’ désignent en réalité les gouverneurs et les
administrateurs provinciaux qui sont des entités politiques. En 2008, le ministre et plusieurs
gouverneurs ont contraint des ONG à fermer pour diverses durées, au moment des élections.
À la suite du Gouvernement d’unité nationale
Le ZANU PF, depuis longtemps au pouvoir, et le Mouvement pour le changement
démocratique (MDC) ont récemment signé un accord et formé ce que l’on appelle un
gouvernement d’unité nationale. À ce jour, il n’y a guère eu d’unité. Assurément, le président,
Robert Mugabe, et le premier ministre, Morgan Tsvangirai, ne semblent pas être unis dans le
traitement de la question de la saisie violente des fermes appartenant à des fermiers blancs.
Les confiscations violentes de fermes se sont poursuivies et sont peut-être devenues plus
vicieuses au cours des semaines qui ont suivi la formation du nouveau gouvernement. les
activistes de la société civile qui ont été illégalement enlevés et incarcérés pendant les
derniers mois de 2008 sont restés en détention, parfois en dépit des ordonnances du tribunal
pour leur libération. Bon nombre ont été libérés au cours des dernières semaines mais certains
sont restés en garde à vue. Le gouvernement s’est engagé à traiter de certaines questions en
faveur desquelles la société civile a longtemps plaidé, telles que l’élaboration d’une
constitution tributaire du peuple, la révision des lois sur les médias et un engagement à
garantir les droits des prisonniers. Le cadre juridique pour le fonctionnement des OSC n’a pas
encore été traité. La société civile, au Zimbabwe, préférerait être autonome au lieu d’être
réglementée par l’État. Le Zimbabwe a suffisamment de lois pénales pour faire face à tout
écart éventuel de la part de toute ONG. Certes, le gouvernement est confronté à des défis plus
pressants de nature humanitaire, et la réglementation ou la non-réglementation de la société
civile peut ne pas être une priorité. À l’approche des élections, après la phase de transition, la
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société civile a besoin de l’assurance qu’elle disposera de la liberté et de l’espace nécessaire
pour opérer, notamment pour l’éducation du public au processus constitutionnel et la
préparation aux prochaines élections nationales. Il faut espérer que les assurances nécessaires
seront données et qu’il sera permis à la société civile de devenir autonome.
Nokuthula Moyo
Bruxelles, avril 2009
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The Legal Situation of CSOs in Zimbabwe, Nokuthula Moyo73
(Also available in French)
The Current Legal Framework
The current law in place in Zimbabwe is the Private Voluntary Organisations Act, Cap 17:05,
(the PVO Act). It provides for the registration of all non–Governmental organisations, and
bars private voluntary organisations collecting public funds without registration. Since the
Zimbabwean Constitution provides for freedom of association, many CSOs existed without
registering in terms of the PVO Act. They existed as universitas, operating on governing
Constitutions or Deeds of Trust. Zimbabwean CSOs are largely funded by external donors,
and therefore do not collect public funds.
The PVO Act gives the Minister power over NGOs:
to inspect any aspect of the affairs\activities of NGOs;
to examine books, accounts and documents relating to financial affairs of NGOs;
to suspend all or any of the members of the executive of an NGO, and appoint (a)
Trustee(s) to run the NGO, where he thinks the objects of the NGO have changed,
where he thinks there has been maladministration, or where he deems it necessary in
the public interest.
Using the PVO Act, state agents often entered and searched premises of NGOs, and even
arrested Directors of NGOs, for example, the Directors of the radio station Voice of America.
Recent History
CSOs have come to the fore in Zimbabwe in the last ten years. In 1999, a number of civil
society organisations, as well numerous individuals, came together under the umbrella of the
National Constitutional Assembly (the NCA), to advocate for a new Constitution. Members of
the NCA, working on a voluntary basis, traversed the country educating the population about
Constitutionalism, the then Constitution, the need for a new Constitution, and options on
various Constitutional provisions. The NCA also collected the people’s views on all these
issues. Initially, it seemed that Government was resistant to the idea of a new Constitution,
but under growing pressure, it had to give in to the demand. Government then set up its own
Constitutional Review Commission, which came up with a draft Constitution. Close scrutiny
of the draft revealed discrepancies between what Zimbabweans had demanded, and what was
actually in the draft. The NCA then embarked on a campaign to get the electorate to reject the
Government draft in the referendum on the draft Constitution. The NCA succeeded in getting
a ‘No’ vote. The result of the referendum not only shook the Government with far reaching
consequences, but also empowered civil society. Existing CSOs such as Zimbabwe Lawyers
for Human Rights, (ZLHR) the National Association of NGOs (NANGO), and the Legal
Resources Foundation, (LRF), grew in stature and strength in the aftermath of the referendum.
New CSOs came into being and showed marked success, such as the Crisis Coalition, the
Media Monitoring Project, and the Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN). Many other
CSOs were born or strengthened after 2000.
Zimbabwean civil society advocated largely for:
7373
Chairperson, Legal Resources Foundation. The Legal Resources Foundation (LRF) Zimbabwe is an autonomous charitable and
educational Trust established in 1984 by trust deed and registered under the Private Voluntary Organisations Act [Chapter 17:05] . The LRF
is a professionally run NGO with credibility in civil society in Zimbabwe, the courts and the judiciary. Programmes undertaken by the LRF
are based on the understanding that facilitating access to the legal system can advance human rights in Zimbabwe. The LRF believes that
disadvantaged people, particularly women, can be empowered to assert their rights through the legal system when they are provided with
information and advice. It has a network of offices in 29 geographical locations throughout the country.
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The opening up of democratic space to enable greater political participation;
The opening up of democratic space to enable civil society to work freely and
fearlessly, and to enable citizenship participation in the affairs of the nation;
The making of a people driven, democratic Constitution;
The repeal of repressive laws such as the Public Order and Security Act;
The repeal of repressive media laws, and the opening up of broadcasting space.
Government thereafter attempted to muzzle CSOs by introducing tighter laws to regulate
CSOs.
Proposed Changes
In 2004, Government introduced a Bill, the Non-Governmental Organisations Bill, (the NGO
Bill), which was actually passed by Parliament, but not assented to by the President. The
NGO Bill:
required the compulsory registration of all NGOs;
banned foreign funding for NGOs involved in human rights and governance;
gave the Minister powers to adjudicate over disputes, suspend the executive of an
NGO and replace it with his Trustees;
gave the Registrar powers to order a branch of an NGO to operate separately from the
NGO.
The Bill really sought to shut down those NGOs that were involved in advocacy around issues
of human rights and good governance. The state would effectively decide which NGOs to
register, and could turn down applications, and the ban on donor funding would necessarily
prevent any NGOs from working on human rights and governance issues. At the time, the
Parliamentary Legal Committee reported as follows:
‘We understand that the Government is extremely unhappy with the work of many
non-governmental organizations particularly those working in the field of human
rights, and hence seeks to control and close down some if not all of them because, it is
alleged they have been used by imperialist forces to destabilize the country and effect
regime change. …We are further told that the government is determined at all costs to
curtail human rights in the country in order to protect itself from being removed from
power by foreign powers using local NGOs as a front.’74
The Bill was passed by a majority in Parliament, and sent to the President for his signature.
NGOs campaigned against the passing of the Bill. Among other things, NGOs:
canvassed Members of Parliament, including ruling party ones, and explained how the
Bill would affect even them and their constituencies if it became law. This included
highlighting the powers that would be given to the Minister in charge of administering
the Bill if it became an Act;
made representations to Parliament and to the Parliamentary Legal Committee;
made maximum use of the opposition to the Bill by opposition party MPs;
held public meetings and explained the Bill and its effects to the population at large;
made representations to SADC leaders, African leaders, and international leaders as
far as possible;
complained to Special Rapatuers, UN agencies and the African Commission;
maximised on the elections which were to be held in March 2005, to focus attention of
SADC on how far Zimbabwe was complying with SADC norms.
Ultimately, and for reasons that were never given, President Robert Mugabe never assented
to the Bill, and it was never signed into law.
The Minister of Justice, however, gazetted a General Notice, 99\2007, setting out procedures
for the registration of NGOs, which effectively introduced some of the measures that the
74
From the report of the Parliamentary Legal Committee on the NGO Bill.
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NGO Bill had sought to bring in, and further, political measures. For example, an NGO
applying for registration is required to produce proof that the local authorities have been given
notice of the intention to register. ‘Local authorities’ effectively refers to Governors and
Provincial Administrators, who are political entities. In 2008, the Minister and several
Governors compelled NGOs to shut down for varying lengths of time, around the time of the
elections.
In The Aftermath of the Government of National Unity
The long ruling ZANU PF and the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) recently signed
an agreement and formed what is called a Government of National Unity. So far, there has not
been much unity. Certainly, the President, Robert Mugabe, and the Prime Minister, Morgan
Tsvangirai, do not appear to be united in dealing with the issue of violent seizure of farms
from white farmers. Violent farm take-overs have continued, and perhaps have become more
vicious in the weeks since the new Government was formed. Civil society activists who were
unlawfully abducted and incarcerated in the last few months of 2008, have continued to be
held in detention, some despite court orders for their release. Many have been released in the
last few weeks, but some remain in police custody. The Government has committed itself to
dealing with some of the issues that civil society has long advocated for, such as the making
of a people driven Constitution, the review of media laws, and a commitment to ensuring
prisoner’s rights. The legal framework for the operation of CSOs has not yet been addressed.
Civil society in Zimbabwe would prefer to be self governing, rather than regulated by the
State. Zimbabwe has sufficient criminal laws to deal with any possible deviance on the part of
any NGO. Certainly, the Government is faced with more pressing challenges of a
humanitarian nature, and the regulation or non-regulation of civil society may not be a
priority. With elections due shortly, after the transitional phase, civil society needs the
assurance that it will have freedom and space to operate, especially in educating the public on
the Constitution making process, and in preparing for the country’s next elections. It is hoped
that the necessary assurances will be given, and that civil society will be permitted to become
self governing.
Nokuthula Moyo
Brussels, April 2009
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Contribution du Forum Algérien pour la Citoyenneté et la Modernité
(Also available in English)
Permettez-moi tout d’abord de remercier les initiateurs de ce 1er séminaire de la société civile
sur les droits de l’homme pour leur invitation du Forum Algérien pour la Citoyenneté et la
Modernité.
De par la qualité et la diversité de sa composante humaine, le Forum Algérien – créé en 2002
- est un espace ouvert aux compétences nationales et internationales dont les actions visent la
promotion de la citoyenneté et la modernité.
Il ambitionne de constituer un espace de mobilisation des compétences et un centre de
diffusion de messages en direction de la société algérienne. Il se veut être également un
observatoire de la vie économique, sociale, culturelle, technologique de la société algérienne
et de son évolution.
Il ambitionne de redonner à chaque Algérienne et à chaque Algérien, son réel statut de citoyen
moderne jouissant de tous ses droits et capable d’assumer tous ses devoirs.
Mais les droits de l’homme ne vont pas sans une réelle démocratie, sans une bonne
gouvernance et sans une administration moderne, performante et proche du citoyen.
1. Introduction sur la société civile en Algérie
En Algérie, la création d’une association nationale ou locale est régie par la loi n° 90-31 du 04
décembre 1990 relatives aux associations à caractère social. A ce jour, plus de 78.920
associations locales et 948 associations nationales ont été agréées. Ce nombre élevé
d’associations est dû à la conjugaison de plusieurs facteurs dont les plus importants sont la
révolte des jeunes de 1988, l’ouverture sur l’économie de marché, l’ouverture du champ
politique (pluripartisme) et les procédures d’allègement introduites par la législation en
vigueur, suite à ces bouleversements institutionnels.
L’agrément des associations se fait selon le système déclaratif de constitution d’association et
le récépissé d’enregistrement est délivré par l’autorité compétente (Ministère de l’Intérieur
pour les associations nationales et les autorités locales pour les associations locales), au plus
tard 60 jours après le dépôt de dossier.
L’ensemble des associations sont autorisées à recevoir des subventions publiques et des dons
émanant de donateurs nationaux et étrangers et les mécanismes de contrôle restent souples.
Le souci des pouvoirs publics de lever les blocages institués par les anciens textes, notamment
ceux de 1987, repose sur le besoin ressenti de répondre aux attentes de la société civile, en lui
permettant d’exprimer ses préoccupations et ses espoirs et en l’érigeant au rang d’acteur de la
vie nationale.
Depuis 1990 et en particulier durant la décennie noire de terrorisme qu’a connu l’Algérie, la
volonté de l’Etat était d’encourager le mouvement associatif à investir tous les domaines de la
vie sociale, économique, culturelle et sportive.
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Cette volonté reposait également 1) sur la conviction que la participation suppose la
concertation avec les représentants des différentes catégories de la population pour exprimer
leurs intérêts particuliers et 2) sur la réalité de plus en plus présente d’un pluralisme
démocratique.
La répartition typologique du mouvement associatif algérien est significative des centres
d’intérêt de la société civile et des objectifs que s’assignent les citoyens qui en font partie. La
structuration de la société civile algérienne renseigne de manière édifiante sur les motivations
profondes à l’origine de sa configuration actuelle et sur ses attentes et motivations expressives
de sa démarche.
Au niveau local, la démarche de proximité a donné naissance, notamment, à plus de 16.680
associations de quartiers, plus de 13.800 associations à caractère éducatif, 13.100 associations
sportives, près de 11.500 associations religieuses, etc…
Au niveau national, ce sont les motivations et la démarche corporatiste (professionnelle, santé
et médecine, culture, art et éducation/formation) qui enregistrent le plus d’agréments délivrés.
Les associations de défense des droits de l’homme proprement dites ne sont qu’au nombre de
sept (07) sur un total de 948 associations nationales agréées à ce jour.
Pour les associations étrangères (il en existe actuellement 18 en Algérie), la loi en vigueur a
consacré tout un chapitre relatif aux dispositions qui leur sont particulières.
L’application des dispositions de la loi en vigueur a toutefois permis de relever la nécessité
d’améliorer la gestion et le fonctionnement administratif et financier des associations. Un
avant projet de loi a été élaboré et finalisé récemment en concertation avec des représentants
de la société civile. En outre, des mesures de souplesse et d’encouragement sont
régulièrement mises en œuvre au plan juridique et institutionnel.
2. Société civile, gouvernance et droits de l’homme
Outre la Constitution, il y a trois textes fondamentaux qui aujourd’hui consacrent la
démocratisation de la vie publique en Algérie :
• La loi sur les partis politiques, adoptée en 1989 puis amendée en 1997, qui a permis au
paysage politique algérien de voir l’avènement de plus de 60 formations politiques. La
décantation qui s’est opérée par la suite a permis une nouvelle recomposition qui porte à 28
le nombre actuel de partis politiques ;
• La loi sur les associations, promulguée en 1988 et amendée en 1990, qui dispose que les
associations peuvent être créées sur simple déclaration des fondateurs, soit à la wilaya
(préfecture), soit au ministère de l’Intérieur si l’association a un caractère national ;
• La loi relative à l’information, adoptée en 1990, qui a ouvert la voie à la naissance d’une
presse indépendante ou partisane à côté de la presse de service public.
L’Algérie a pu ainsi organiser régulièrement, dans la paix et la stabilité, des élections
générales libres, transparentes et équitables. L’Algérie d’aujourd’hui se distingue également
par la vitalité des pluralismes politique, médiatique et syndical. Elle se distingue en outre, par
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un certain dynamisme de sa société civile qui apporte de plus en plus sa précieuse
contribution au processus de renouveau national.
Dans le domaine économique, social et culturel, il convient de souligner l’effort
extraordinaire réalisé par l’Algérie notamment ces dernières années, sur le plan des
infrastructures, de l’accès aux soins de santé, à l’éducation, aux logements sociaux, et d’une
manière générale aux services sociaux de base.
Il convient de signaler dans ce contexte que l’essentiel des instruments internationaux de
promotion et de défense des droits humains, et ceux relatifs aux autres thèmes de la
gouvernance politique, économique, des entreprises et du développement socio-économique
ont été ratifiés. En outre, l’Algérie a entamé le processus de ratification des Statuts de Rome
de la Cour Pénale Internationale. Ces dispositifs concernent aussi bien les droits individuels,
civils et politiques que les droits collectifs, économiques, sociaux et culturels.
Si ces avancées notables ont pu être relevées, il reste cependant que des efforts restent à
fournir dans le domaine de la pleine jouissance des libertés civiles, de la participation
citoyenne et de la démocratie locale, de l’équilibre et de la séparation des pouvoirs, d’un
accès plus large aux media, ainsi que de l’efficacité de l’administration et de la lutte contre la
corruption. Il y a là des défis majeurs auxquels la plus grande attention devra être portée.
La gouvernance est considérée comme le socle de la réforme de l’Etat et de l’administration.
Dans la phase actuelle de transition, l’Algérie doit encore faire face à trois principaux défis
qui se présentent dans les termes suivants :
• au plan politique, la transition doit assumer et réussir le passage d’une gouvernance fondée
sur la logique du parti unique, à celle du multipartisme et du respect des principes et des
valeurs de la démocratie pluraliste ;
• au plan économique, elle doit faire face aux impératifs de l’évolution d’une économie
planifiée à une économie de marché et de libre concurrence ;
• au plan social, elle doit concilier les exigences d’une approche visant le bien être collectif et
l’égal accès de tous aux conditions d’éducation, de santé, de logement, de sécurité sociale, de
transport, etc. d’une part, et celle de l’économie de marché, faite de compétition et
d’exclusion, d’autre part.
De plus, l’Algérie doit faire face avec beaucoup de tact à deux enjeux lourds pour l’avenir de
la construction du pays. Le premier est celui de la confrontation sournoise entre les forces
conservatrices et les réformistes. Le deuxième, dans le parachèvement de la construction de la
nation algérienne par l’inclusion de ses richesses et diversités linguistique, régionale,
ethnoculturelle, religieuse et de civilisations. Cela, pour créer une dynamique interne et
régionale et pour répondre aux aspirations de l’Algérie profonde et à la vocation du pays en
Afrique, au sein du monde maghrébin et dans le processus de mondialisation.
Dans ce contexte, il est à noter que la volonté et le désir exprimé par la société civile de
participer de façon active à la vie sociale au sens large du terme, constitue une démarche à
faire accepter par les pouvoirs et l’administration publics qui doivent percevoir la société
civile comme un partenaire incontournable.
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3. Le Mécanisme Africain d’Evaluation par les Pairs (MAEP)
Propre à l’Afrique, le Mécanisme Africain d’Evaluation par les Pairs (MAEP) constitue une
approche hardie et unique pour veiller à ce que les politiques et les pratiques des états
membres soient conformes aux valeurs, codes et normes de gouvernance politique,
économique et d’entreprise, adoptés et contenus dans la Déclaration du Nouveau Partenariat
pour le Développement de l’Afrique (NEPAD), dont l’Algérie est le principal initiateur.
En tant qu’instrument d’enrichissement mutuel par l’apprentissage et l’échange
d’expériences, le MAEP doit être compris comme un instrument destiné à améliorer la
gouvernance et réaliser un consensus entre toutes les parties prenantes pour le développement
au sein d’un Etat, tout en partageant les meilleures pratiques et les techniques de résolution
des problèmes entre les Etats.
Jusqu’à présent, 26 pays africains membres de l’Union Africaine ont volontairement adhéré
au MAEP. L’adhésion signifie l’engagement pour l’Etat signataire, de se soumettre à des
évaluations périodiques de ses Pairs, et d’être guidé par des instruments convenus en vue
d’appliquer une bonne gouvernance politique, économique, de l’entreprise, ainsi que le
développement socio-économique.
L’Algérie a été parmi les pays pionniers dans l’adhésion au MAEP. Avec le Ghana et le
Rwanda, le Kenya et l’Afrique du Sud, l’Algérie a volontairement adhéré au MAEP en mars
2003 à Abuja, au Nigeria.
Pour réaliser le rapport d’autoévaluation, une démarche inclusive et participative a permis de
construire des perceptions consensuelles quant aux forces et aux faiblesses qui spécifient
les systèmes de gouvernance répertoriés, perceptions qui ont été portées à l’attention du
gouvernement.
Cet exercice nouveau dans la pratique des pays africains en matière de gouvernance, a été
extrêmement fructueux grâce à l’apport des ministres algériens concernés, mais également au
débat interactif instauré par les membres de la Commission Nationale de la Gouvernance
(CNG). L’exercice est aussi apparu comme une bonne pratique dont les pays membres du
MAEP pourraient s’inspirer.
Conformément au mandat du MAEP, une Mission d’Evaluation du Pays, constituée d’une
équipe internationale d’évaluateurs, a tenu des séances de travail avec les Organisations de la
Société Civile y compris les ONG de développement, les media, les universitaires, les
organisations religieuses, les syndicats, les organisations des femmes, les jeunes, les
responsables des partis politiques, les catégories défavorisées, les associations de défense des
droits de l’homme, les handicapés, les syndicats, les communautés rurales ainsi que les
groupes d’opérateurs économiques et le Conseil National Economique et Social.
En plus de ces consultations, elle a tenu des séances de travail avec les organisations des
Nations unies (le PNUD, L’UNICEF, Le PAM, L’UNHCR), la Banque Mondiale, les
représentants de l’Union Européenne et ceux du G8. De plus, cette mission a tenu à associer
les diplomates africains accrédités en Algérie, séance de travail au cours de laquelle la
Mission a présenté le MAEP aux ambassadeurs et engagé des débats intéressants sur la mise
en oeuvre du mécanisme et de ses perspectives d’avenir concernant l’adhésion d’un plus
grand nombre des pays Africains à cette initiative continentale.
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Les constats et conclusions de ce mécanisme d’évaluation portent sur toutes les questions
thématique (démocratie, gouvernance politique et économique, développement socioéconomique, réforme et modernisation de l’Etat, corruption, égalité des chances, emploi des
jeunes, société civile, etc…).
En ce qui nous concerne, et compte tenu du thème qui nous préoccupe, nous ne
mentionnerons que les principaux constats et conclusions ayant trait à la démocratie et à la
gouvernance politique ; ils sont nombreux et peuvent se résumer comme suit :
- S’agissant des conflits, la Mission a constaté avec satisfaction que confrontée durant une
décennie au fléau terroriste et à la violence aveugle, l’Algérie a su éviter le piège d’une guerre
civile et le pays a amorcé depuis quelques années, une phase de consolidation de la paix qu’il
convient de pérenniser ;
- En ce qui concerne la ratification des instruments internationaux ayant une incidence sur la
jouissance des droits de l’homme, l’Algérie a signé et ratifié la majorité des instruments
juridiques internationaux et africains ;
- Pour ce qui est de la démocratie constitutionnelle, des élections pluralistes et de la mise en
oeuvre de l’Etat de droit, le retour à la démocratie et à la compétition électorale est en soi une
victoire pour l’édification d’un Etat de droit qui garantisse à tout citoyen l’égalité des chances
et des opportunités autant qu’une participation effective à la gestion des affaires publiques ;
- La participation de la société civile à la gestion des affaires publiques constitue quant à elle
un véritable enjeu de la démocratie et son développement est remarquable. La faible
représentativité de la majorité des associations et la faiblesse de leur capacité institutionnelle
sont cependant soulignés ;
- La situation générale des droits de l’homme évolue positivement ces dernières années. Les
droits économiques, sociaux et culturels font l’objet d’une bonne prise en charge par les lois
algériennes. Le principe d’égalité est constitutionnellement consacré ; de même que les
principaux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, y compris l’égal accès aux emplois et aux
fonctions de l’Etat, le droit au travail, à l’éducation et à la santé. L’exercice de ces droits est
effectif : liberté syndicale, aménagement du droit de grève, scolarisation obligatoire pour les
enfants de 6 à 16 ans, protection et promotion de la santé, accès au logement avec priorité aux
couches démunies, droit à l’identité culturelle, etc…
- La liberté de la presse écrite est effectivement garantie (près de 130 titres dont 43
quotidiens) ;
4. Conclusion
L’Algérie se situe encore à la croisée des chemins au sortir d’une décennie de terreur et de
négation des droits fondamentaux ; d’où l’ampleur et l’acuité des défis auxquels elle est
confrontée.
Si l’analyse de la situation actuelle de l’Algérie permet de souligner de réelles perspectives de
réconciliation nationale et de développement de la démocratie constitutionnelle et de l’Etat de
droit, toujours est-il que des efforts importants restent à fournir en vue de la consolidation de
la paix et de la stabilité, de la promotion des droits de l’homme en général avec un accent
particulier en ce qui concerne le genre et les relations homme/femme, de la lutte contre la
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corruption, de la promotion du dialogue social et de la participation citoyenne, ainsi que du
renforcement de l’efficacité de l’administration.
Forum Algérien pour la Citoyenneté et la Modernité
Alger le 13 Avril 2009
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Contribution by The Algerian Forum for Citizenship and Modernity
(Also available in French)
Let me first thank the initiators of the 1st seminar on the civil rights for their invitation to our
Algerian Forum for Citizenship and Modernity.
By the quality and diversity of its human component, the Algerian Forum - established in
2002 - is an open space for national and international actions aimed at promoting citizenship
and modernity.
It aims to establish a space of skills mobilization and a centre for messages towards the
Algerian society. He also wants to be a monitoring of economic, social, cultural,
technological Algerian society and its evolution.
It aims to give each and every Algerian woman and man, its real status of modern citizens
enjoying all rights and capable of fulfilling all its duties.
But human rights do not go without a real democracy, without good governance and a
modern, efficient administration closer to the citizen.
1. Introducing Civil Society in Algeria
In Algeria, the creation of a national or local association is governed by Law No. 90-31 of 04
December 1990 relating to social associations. To date, more than 78,920 local and 948
national associations have been approved. This high number of associations is due to a
combination of several factors the most important of which are the youth revolt of 1988, the
opening up of market economy and of the political field (“pluripartism”) and the relaxing
procedures introduced by the legislation in force, following these institutional changes.
The accreditation of associations is based on a declarative system of incorporation of
association and the registration receipt is issued by the competent authority (Ministry of the
Interior for national associations and local authorities for local associations), then no later
than 60 days after the filing of record.
All associations are authorized to receive grants and donations from national donors and
international control mechanisms and remain flexible.
The desire of the government to lift the blockades set up by the ancient texts, especially those
of 1987, relies on the need to meet the expectations of civil society, allowing it to express its
concerns and hopes and in the building as an actor in the national life.
Since 1990 and especially during the black decade of terrorism experienced in Algeria, the
will of the State was to encourage the community sector to invest all areas of the social,
economic, cultural and sports life.
This determination was also based 1) on the belief that participation involves consultation
with representatives of different population groups to express their interests and 2) the reality
of more and more of a pluralist democracy.
The distribution of the typological Algerian movement is meaningful of centres of civil
society’s interests and goals that people set themselves in it. The structuring of Algerian civil
society informs about on the motivations behind its current configuration and its expectations
and motivations expressed by the social society.
At the local level, the neighbouring approach gave birth to more than 16,680 associations,
more than 13,800 educational associations, 13,100 sports associations, nearly 11,500 religious
associations, etc ...
At the national level, the motivations and the corporatist approach (work, health and
medicine, culture, art and education / training) record most of approvals issued. Associations
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for the protection of human rights themselves are only seven (07) over a total of 948 national
associations approved to date.
For foreign associations (there are currently 18 in Algeria), the law has devoted an entire
chapter on provisions which are specific to them.
The application of the law has, however, identified the need to improve the management and
administrative and financial associations. A draft bill has been recently elaborated and
finalized in consultation with representatives of civil society. In addition, measures of
flexibility and encouragement are regularly implemented in the legal and institutional
framework.
2. Civil society, governance and human rights
In addition to the Constitution, there are three basic texts are dedicated today to the
democratization of public life in Algeria:
• The Political Parties Act, adopted in 1989 and amended in 1997, which allowed the
Algerian political landscape to give birth to more than 60 political parties which were
eventually reduced after a further restructuring to 28.;
• Promulgated in 1988 and amended in 1990, the Association Act may establish the creation
of associations by a simple declaration of the founders, either at the wilaya (prefecture) or at
the Department of the Interior if the association is of national character;
• The Law on Public Information, adopted in 1990, which paved the way to the creation of
an independent or partisan press together with the public service.
Algeria has been able to organise regular, peaceful and stable general elections, free, fair and
transparent. Algeria today distinguishes itself by the vitality of political, media and trade
unions pluralism. It distinguishes itself also by a lively civil society that provides increasingly
valuable contribution to the process of national renewal.
In the economic, social and cultural development, it is worth highlighting the extraordinary
effort made by Algeria in recent years in matter of infrastructure, access to health care,
education, social housing , and of basic social services in general.
It is worth noting in this context that the main international instruments for the promotion and
defence of human rights, and those relating to other issues of political governance, economic,
business and socio-economic development, have been ratified. Furthermore, Algeria has
begun the process of ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.
These measures concern as well individual rights, civil and political rights as collective,
economic, social and cultural rights.
While these advances have been reported, it remains that efforts will be necessary to reach the
full expression of civil liberties, citizenship and local democracy, balance and separation of
powers, greater access to the media, and the effectiveness of the administration and the fight
against corruption. These are major challenges facing the future of Algeria
Governance is considered as the foundation of the State Reform and Administration.
In the current transitional phase, Algeria still faces three major challenges in the following
terms:
• the political level, the transition must take and successfully pass from a single-party
governance to a multiparty system which would respect the principles and values of a pluralist
democracy;
• the economic front faces the necessary evolution from a planned economy to a market
economy and free competition;
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• the social level must reconcile the demands of an approach centred on the well being and the
equal access to education, health, housing, social security, transport, etc.. on the one hand,
with those of the market economy made of competition and exclusion, on the other.
Moreover, Algeria must face two heavy challenges in the future with great care. The first is
the confrontation between the insidious forces of conservatism and reform. The second lies in
the completion of the construction of the Algerian nation through the inclusion of its wealth
and its regional, ethno-cultural, religious diversity. The aims are to create an internal and
regional dynamics and to meet the aspirations in Algeria and to deepen the relationships with
the Maghreb and other African countries at large in the process of globalization.
In this context it is noteworthy that the civil society expresses the will and the desire to
participate actively in the social life in the broadest sense and the authorities and public
administration have to perceive civil society not as a real partner.
3. The African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM)
Peculiar to Africa, the African Peer Review (APRM) is a bold and unique approach to ensure
that policies and practices of member states are consistent with the values, codes and
standards of political, economic and enterprise governance, adopted and included in the
Declaration of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), of which Algeria is
one of the main initiators.
As a mutual enrichment through learning and exchange of experiences, the APRM should be
seen as a tool to improve governance and build consensus among all stakeholders in the
development of a state, while sharing best practices and techniques for resolving problems
between states.
So far, 26 African countries members of the African Union have voluntarily reached the
APRM. Membership signifies commitment to the signatory state, to submit to periodic
evaluations of its peers and be guided by instruments agreed to implement a good political
governance, economic, business, and the socio-economic development.
Algeria was among the pioneering countries in accession to the APRM. With Ghana and
Rwanda, Kenya and South Africa, Algeria has voluntarily adhered to the APRM in March
2003 in Abuja, Nigeria.
To achieve the self-assessment report, an inclusive and participatory approach has helped to
build consensual perceptions about the strengths and weaknesses of governance systems
listed, and perceptions that have been brought to the attention of the government.
This exercise again in the practice of African countries in terms of governance, has been
extremely successful thanks to the contribution of Algerian ministers concerned but also on
the interactive discussion introduced by members of the National Governance Commission
(CNG). The exercise is also seen as a good practice which members of the APRM could
draw.
Pursuant to the mandate of the APRM, an evaluation mission of Algeria, consisting of an
international team of evaluators, held working sessions with civil society organizations
including development NGOs, the media, academics, religious organizations, trade unions,
women’s organizations, youth, leaders of political parties, disadvantaged groups, associations
for the protection of human rights, disabled persons, trade unions, rural communities and
groups of traders and Economic an Social National Council.
In addition to these consultations, the APRM held working meetings with UN agencies
(UNDP, UNICEF, WFP, UNHCR), World Bank, representatives of the European Union and
the G8.
Moreover, the mission held involving African diplomats accredited in Algeria, working
session during which the Mission has submitted to the APRM and committed ambassadors
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72
interesting debates on the implementation of the mechanism and its prospects concerning the
accession of more countries to this initiative of the African continent.
The findings and conclusions of this evaluation mechanism cover all the thematic issues
(democracy, political governance and economic, socio-economic development, reform and
modernization of the state, corruption, equal opportunities, youth employment, civil
society, etc ...).
In our case and given a theme that concerns us, we will mention that the main findings and
conclusions relating to democracy and political governance, which are many, can be
summarized as follows:
- In conflict situations, the Mission noted with satisfaction that during the decade of terrorism
and indiscriminate violence known by the country, Algeria has avoided the trap of civil war
and the country has started in the past few years, a consolidation phase of peace which should
be sustained;
- As regards the ratification of international instruments having an impact on human rights,
Algeria has signed and ratified most international and African legal instruments;
- With regard to constitutional democracy, multiparty elections and the implementation of the
rule of law, the return to democracy and the electoral competition is in itself a victory and
build a State law which guarantees all citizens equal chances and opportunities, provided that
effective participation in governance is allowed;
- Participation of civil society in governance is a real issue of democracy and its development
is remarkable. The weak involvement of the majority of associations and institutional
capacity, however, are underlined;
- The general situation of human rights evolved positively in recent years. The economic,
social and cultural rights are being taken good care of by Algerian law. The principle of
equality is constitutionally enshrined, as well as the main economic, social and cultural rights,
including equal access to jobs and functions of the State, the right to work, education, and
health. The exercise of these rights is effective freedom of association, management of the
right to strike, compulsory education for children 6 to 16 years, protection and health
promotion, access to housing with priority given to the poor, the right to identity cultural, etc.Freedom of the press is effectively guaranteed (almost 130 titles including 43 dailies);
4. Conclusion
Algeria is still at a crossroads, after a decade of terror and denial of fundamental rights,
resulting in the effort of facing the challenges to come.
If the analysis of the current situation in Algeria underscores the real prospects for national
reconciliation and development of constitutional democracy and the rule of law, it remains
however that most is to be done to consolidate peace and stability, promotion of human rights
in general with special emphasis in regard to gender and gender relations, the fight against
corruption, promotion of dialogue, social and civic participation, and enhancing the
effectiveness of the administration.
Algiers on April 13th, 2009
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EU–AU relations: What role for civil society?,
Society Institute, Brussels
Carmen Silvestre, Open
(also available in French)
On 28 April 2009, foreign ministers from the European Union and African Union will meet in
Brussels to assess progress on the Joint Africa EU Strategy (JAES) adopted in Lisbon in
December 2007. A week earlier, on 20 April, a session of the EU–AU Human Rights
Dialogue will be held in Brussels. European and African leaders have committed to civil
society participation in these processes but, to date, these commitments remain largely
unfulfilled, with information hard to come by and access still disputed. Nevertheless, civil
society in Africa and Europe should be gearing up to engage in these debates – important
issues will be on the table for discussion by our leaders.
This article will set out some background for the JAES and Human Rights Dialogue, the
potential role of civil society in their implementation, and make recommendations for
action.
1- WHAT IS THE JOINT AFRICA–EU STRATEGY?
The Joint Africa–EU Strategy provides a long-term framework for relations between the AU
and the EU, based on equality and shared interests. The strategy is meant to be an ‘umbrella’
for all existing and future cooperation between the two organisations, and has a plan of action
with specific priorities and outcomes to be achieved by 2010. These are structured along eight
areas of cooperation (known as ‘partnerships’) that cover important subjects for civil society
in both continents, from peace and security to governance, human rights, trade, migration and
climate change (see the annex at the end of this article on key information).
Although there are differences between the different partnerships, their work has generally
progressed slowly. For example, the partnership on Democratic Governance and Human
Rights has reported some progress in their priority areas (dialogue in international fora,
support for African governance mechanisms and cooperation in cultural goods), but has yet to
agree a common concept or way forward for these broad and ambitious priorities. Concrete
implementation projects are defined by the Joint Expert Groups (JEGs) established for each of
the partnerships. They bring together working-level representatives and have an African and
European ‘lead’ to push forward their agenda. For example, Egypt, Portugal and Germany
lead the JEG on Democratic Governance and Human Rights (see annex for list of all lead
countries).
The appointment of an EU special envoy to the African Union and the strengthening of the
AU delegation in Brussels are among the few direct and immediate results of the strategy.
These two delegations are responsible for many of the daily contacts between the EU and AU
and for the preparation of the officials' meetings that take place regularly in both continents
(see annex).
2- THE HUMAN RIGHTS DIALOGUE
The EU and AU have established a regular Human Rights Dialogue – a foreign policy
instrument the EU uses in its relations with several non-European countries.[1] This dialogue
was officially launched in 2008 and is supposed to hold twice yearly sessions in Europe and
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74
Africa alternatively. Human rights organisations have often criticised the EU’s human rights
dialogues because of the limitations on civil society participation and the lack of independent
assessment of their impact on concrete situations. However, having this additional
institutional mechanism to discuss human rights concerns in both Europe and Africa is a
positive development. Although this Human Rights Dialogue is separate from the Joint
Africa–EU Strategy, there will be overlap and collaboration between the two processes,
making it all the more important for non-governmental organisations to engage with it.
3- WHERE, IN ALL THIS, STANDS CIVIL SOCIETY?
The Joint Africa–EU Strategy is meant to be a 'people-centred partnership' and states clearly
that the AU and the EU 'will empower non-state actors'. Both parties pledge to make the Joint
Strategy 'a permanent platform for information, participation and mobilization of a broad
spectrum of civil society actors' and affirm that the strategy’s objectives can only be achieved
'if this strategic partnership is owned by all stakeholders, including civil society actors and
local authorities, and if they are actively contributing to its implementation.'[2] The reference
language for the Human Rights Dialogue also opens the possibility for involving civil society,
which 'could become involved under the most suitable arrangement in the preliminary
assessment of the human rights situation, in the conduct of the dialogue itself … and in
following up and assessing the dialogue'.[3]
Despite these good intentions, the involvement of civil society actors has so far been slow
and limited. There are no agreed procedures for civil society participation in the overall
implementation of the JAES. Access to working-level meetings is mostly ad hoc, with each
Joint Experts Group establishing for itself suitable ways to involve civil society organisations.
The first EU–AU civil society event scheduled to precede a ministerial meeting (28 April)
was postponed after the European organisers pulled out due to time constraints and
difficulties raised by the AU over the participation of African NGOs.
One positive development is that the first session of the Civil Society Forum foreseen under
the Human Rights Dialogue will definitely take place on 16–17 April in Brussels. The draft
agenda, though made available at fairly short notice, focuses on important issues in both
Europe and Africa – legal frameworks for civil society, the impact of anti-terrorist legislation,
and the fight against torture. The Forum will report the outcome of its discussions to the
official’s meeting on 20 April.[4] One can only hope that adequate financial provisions will
be made to ensure future sessions of this forum.
The AU has maintained that African civil society engagement in the JAES should be done
only through the AU’s Economic, Social and Cultural Council (AU ECOSOCC). An AU
Commission consultation meeting with NGOs (Nairobi, 3–5 March 2009), decided to
establish a civil society steering group made up of 21 representatives to follow the
implementations of the strategy. This group includes organisations that are not members of
the AU ECOSOCC, but it should be chaired by an ECOSOCC member and its input
apparently be channelled through the ECOSOCC. The AU Commission (Directorate for
Citizens and Diaspora – CIDO) is also a member of the steering group. In general, there is not
much information available about African civil society consultations on the eight
partnerships.
European civil society participation in the JAES has been ensured also through a Civil Society
Steering Group (CSSG) made up of the European organisations most interested in or active at
the implementation of the strategy. This self-selected group came together in a fairly informal
way, following a request by the European institutions for civil society organisations to
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75
structure their input. There is one SCSG contact point for each of the partnerships (see
annex). The CSSG is not part of the European Economic and Social Committee (EU
ECOSOC), which is an official EU body of non-state actors from the social and economic
fields.[5] The EU ECOSOC has been loosely involved in the implementation of the JAES and
it is by no means the only vehicle for civil society engagement with EU institutions. European
NGOs, like their African counterparts, are not a unified and cohesive body. In Brussels, they
operate very fluidly, both on their own and in partnerships, networks or platforms that interact
with EU institutions in formal and informal ways.[6]
The degree of involvement of European civil society organisations varies somewhat. The lead
European countries for the Partnership on Democratic Governance and Human Rights, for
example, have made an effort to share information about their discussions with the African
counterparts. However, these have been mostly around methods and procedures for the work
of the Partnership, rather than the substantive issues. Recently the states involved in this
partnership invited two civil society representatives to attend the second JEG meeting of this
partnership (30–31 March in Lisbon). While this was a very positive step, notice of the
meeting was short and two weeks ahead, neither an agenda, nor discussion papers had been
shared.
4- CONCLUSION
The matters under discussion at these meetings are too important for civil society to ignore,
whatever the imperfections of the consultation process. If meaningful, joint actions are carried
out in these areas, they could have a major impact on the work of many NGOs and the lives of
communities. The strategy can also be a means for civil society organisations from both
continents to learn about each other – find commonalities and acknowledge disagreements –
in the understanding that the more they know and contact with each other, the better the
chances of impacting the policies and actions at stake in the strategy. Critically, this is an
opportunity for civil society from both continents to raise concerns about EU policy and
practice and to look at the coherence between the internal and external action of the EU in key
areas such as human rights and governance.
However, the systems for consultation do leave a lot to be desired, on both the European and
the African side, despite commitments to a ‘people-centred’ approach. We are reaching the
point where, given the difficulties in meaningful participation, civil society organisations will
lose interest and the strategy – if not the Human Rights Dialogue – will be little more than a
set of wonderful commitments around which officials meet occasionally in Europe and
Africa, making no difference to the future of both continents and the relations between them.
What can be done?
The official bodies of the EU and AU must fulfil their responsibilities. EU and AU
governments and institutions should make timely information available about meetings and
the items on the agenda for discussion, as well as promote more events where civil society
can comment on and feed into official policies, while supporting direct contacts between civil
society organisations from Europe and Africa.
But civil society organisations should not wait for the officials to take the initiative. They
should approach the European and African Union commissions and member states to express
their interest in the strategy and specific partnerships, enquire about progress made and let
them know they are monitoring the implementation of the Action Plan – similarly for the
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human rights dialogue. They should ask about and push for open and inclusive mechanisms
for civil society involvement. In their absence they should develop informal contacts with the
institutional civil society representatives and government and commission officials – both
ahead of key meetings and on a regular basis. Civil society organisations should also present
concrete recommendations in their areas of expertise, through submissions to officials or,
where appropriate, public statements or advocacy campaigns ‘hooked’ on official meetings.
Finally they should reach out to and promote contacts with civil society organisations in the
‘other’ continent. With such an effort, the meetings that risk being no more than formulaic
might actually become spaces for real discussion and decision-making.
Please send comments to
http://www.pambazuka.org/.*
[email protected]
or
comment
online
at
Our thanks to AfriMAP for providing this article.
NOTES
[1] For example, the EU holds human rights dialogues with China, Central Asia, India, USA,
Canada and Japan. They can take place autonomously or in the context of broader political
discussions, at either experts or political level.
[2] The Africa–EU Strategic Partnership – A Joint Africa EU Strategy, joint_strategy_en.pdf
[3] EU Guidelines on Human Rights Dialogues with Third Countries – an update,
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=822&lang=en
[4] The European Commission is financing the meeting, so the travel and accommodation
costs of African NGOs will be covered. Please contact commission officials in the
organisation before incurring in any expense as limitations may apply.
[5] It includes trade unions, employers associations and general interest organisations, such as
farmers or environmental groups.
[6] Just as an example, check the website of the EU Civil Society Contact Group which brings
together some of the biggest European platforms of public interest organisations coming from
different sectors – culture (EFAH), development (CONCORD), environment (Green 10),
human rights (HRDN), lifelong learning (EUCIS-LLL), public health (EPHA), social issues
(Social Platform) and equality between women and men (EWL): www.act4europe.org
Annex: Joint Africa–EU Strategy – key information
EU–AU Human Rights Dialogue contact: [email protected]
KEY EU-AU OFFICIAL MEETINGS
Africa-EU Summit: Heads of State and Government meet every three years, alternatively in
Europe and Africa.
Africa-EU troika: senior officials and ministers meet twice a year, alternatively in Africa and
Europe. The troika involves the current and incoming EU presidencies, the European
Commission (EC), the EU Council Secretariat, the current and outgoing AU presidencies and
the AU Commission (AUC).
Commission-to-Commission meetings: The EC and AUC meet several times a year at
working level as a Task Force. Political guidance is provided by the meetings, once a year, of
the EU and AU Colleges of Commissioners.
Joint Expert Groups (JEG): experts from both sides responsible for the implementation of
each partnership meet informally several times a year to discuss concrete implementation
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77
projects. Their work is prepared and followed up by separate EU and AU Implementation
Teams. Each JEG has a lead country institution.
EUROPEAN CSO CONTACT POINTS FOR EACH PARTNERSHIP
Peace and Security – European Peacebuilding Liaison Office ([email protected])
Democratic Governance and Human Rights – Amnesty International ([email protected])
Trade, Regional Integration and Infrastructure – CONCORD ([email protected] /
[email protected])
MDGs – CBM ([email protected])Energy – Climate Action Network/Europe
([email protected])Climate Change –
Climate Action Network/Europe ([email protected])
Migration, Mobility and Employment – ETUC ([email protected]) and ITUC
([email protected])
Science, Information Society and Space (no one for the moment)
PARTNERSHIP AND LEAD COUNTRIES/INSTITUTIONS
Peace and Security - EU Council Secretariat and Algeria
Democratic Governance and Human Rights - Portugal+Germany and Egypt
Trade, Regional Integration and Infrastructure - European Commission and South Africa
MDGs - United Kingdom and Tunisia
Energy - Germany+Austria and AU Commission
Climate Change - France and Morocco
Migration, Mobility and Employment - Spain and Egypt
Science, Information Society and Space - France+Portugal and Tunisia
USEFUL LINKS (ACCESS TO KEY DOCUMENTS AND CALENDAR OF EVENTS)
http://europafrica.org/http://www.africaunion.org/root/AU/AUC/Departments/BCP/CIDO/cido.htmhttp://ec.europa.eu/development/i
ndex_en.cfm http://www.ecdpm.org/ http://africa-eu-partnership.org/aueu/pages/templates/home.jsp?subkey=1&locale=enhttp://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPag
e.aspx?id=822&lang=en
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Relations UE-UA : quel rôle joue la société civile? Carmen Silvestre, Open
Society Institute, Bruxelles
(also available in English)
Le 28 avril 2009, les ministres des affaires étrangères de l’Union européenne et de l’Union
africaine se rencontreront à Bruxelles afin d’évaluer les progrès accomplis dans le cadre de la
stratégie commune Afrique-UE adoptée à Lisbonne en décembre 2007. Une semaine plus tôt,
une session du Dialogue UE-UA sur les droits de l’homme sera organisée à Bruxelles. Si les
dirigeants européens et africains se sont engagés à favoriser la participation de la société
civile à ces processus, jusqu’à ce jour, leurs engagements n’ont été que très peu respectés: les
informations restent difficiles à obtenir et l’accès est toujours entravé. Toutefois, la société
civile africaine et européenne doit se préparer à prendre part à ces débats car d’importantes
questions vont y être abordées par nos dirigeants.
Le présent article contient quelques informations de base sur la stratégie commune AfriqueUE et sur le dialogue sur les droits de l’homme, présente le rôle potentiel de la société civile
dans leur mise en œuvre et formule quelques recommandations d’actions.
I. Qu’est-ce que la stratégie commune Afrique-UE?
La stratégie commune Afrique-UE fournit un cadre durable pour les relations entre l’UA et
l’UE basé sur l’égalité et sur les intérêts communs. Cette stratégie a été conçue comme un
projet global chapeautant toutes les coopérations actuelles et futures entre les deux
organisations. Elle est munie d’un plan d’action comportant des priorités et des objectifs
spécifiques à réaliser pour 2010. Ces derniers sont classés en fonction de huit domaines de
coopération (appelés «partenariats») couvrant des sujets importants pour la société civile sur
les deux continents, qu’il s’agisse de la paix et de la sécurité, des droits de l’homme, du
commerce, de la migration ou encore du changement climatique (voir annexe sur les
informations clés).
Bien qu’il existe des différences entre ces partenariats, leurs travaux ont généralement
progressé lentement. Par exemple, le partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique et les
droits de l’homme a fait état de certaines avancées dans ses domaines prioritaires (dialogue
dans les forums internationaux, soutien aux mécanismes de gouvernance africains et
coopération pour les biens culturels), mais il lui reste à décider d’un concept commun ou
d’une stratégie pour traiter ces priorités larges et ambitieuses. Les projets concrets de mise en
œuvre sont élaborés par les groupes conjoints d’experts établis pour chaque partenariat. Ces
groupes rassemblent des représentants au niveau technique et disposent d’un «chef de file»
africain et européen pour faire avancer leurs programmes. Par exemple, l’Égypte, le Portugal
et l’Allemagne dirigent le groupe conjoint d’experts sur la gouvernance démocratique et les
droits de l’homme (voir annexe pour une liste de tous les pays dirigeants).
La nomination d’un envoyé spécial de l’UE à l’Union africaine et le renforcement de la
délégation de l’UA à Bruxelles font partie des quelques résultats directs et immédiats de la
stratégie. Ces deux délégations sont chargées de la plupart des contacts quotidiens entre l’UE
et l’UA ainsi que de la préparation des réunions des représentants régulièrement organisées
sur les deux continents (voir annexe).
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79
II. Le dialogue sur les droits de l’homme
L’UE et l’UA ont établi un dialogue régulier sur les droits de l’homme – un instrument de
politique étrangère utilisé par l’UE dans ses relations avec plusieurs pays hors Europe75. Ce
dialogue a été officiellement inauguré en 2008; deux sessions annuelles sont prévues, tour à
tour en Europe et en Afrique. Les organisations des droits de l’homme ont souvent critiqué les
dialogues de l’UE sur les droits de l’homme en raison de la participation limitée de la société
civile et du manque d’évaluation indépendante de leur impact sur les situations concrètes. La
création d’un tel mécanisme institutionnel supplémentaire, qui permet d’aborder les questions
relatives aux droits de l’homme à la fois en Europe et en Afrique, n’en reste pas moins une
évolution positive. Bien que le dialogue sur les droits de l’homme soit distinct de la stratégie
commune Afrique-UE, ces deux processus se rejoindront et collaboreront ensemble, ce qui
rend encore plus importante la participation des organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG).
III. Quelle est la place de la société civile dans tout ça?
La stratégie commune Afrique-UE est censée être un «partenariat centré sur les personnes» et
stipule clairement que l’UA et l’UE «donneront la parole aux acteurs non étatiques». Les
deux parties s’engagent à faire de la stratégie commune «une plate-forme permanente pour
l’information, la participation et la mobilisation d’un large éventail d’acteurs de la société
civile» et affirment que les objectifs de la stratégie ne peuvent être atteints qu’à la condition
que «ce partenariat stratégique soit l’affaire de tous les acteurs, y compris les acteurs de la
société civile et les autorités locales, et à la condition que ceux-ci participent activement à sa
mise en œuvre.»76 La langue de référence du dialogue sur les droits de l’homme ouvre
également les portes à l’implication de la société civile, qui «pourrait se voir impliquée, dans
le cadre de l’arrangement le plus adéquat, dans l’évaluation préliminaire de la situation des
droits de l’homme, dans la conduite du dialogue lui-même… et dans le suivi et l’évaluation
du dialogue».77
Malgré ces bonnes intentions, l’implication des acteurs de la société civile a jusqu’ici été lente
et limitée. Aucun accord n’a été trouvé au sujet d’une procédure pour la participation de la
société civile à la mise en œuvre globale de la stratégie commune Afrique-UE. L’accès aux
réunions de travail est généralement accordé au cas par cas, chaque groupe conjoint d’experts
déterminant lui-même les meilleures façons d’impliquer les organisations de la société civile.
La première rencontre UE-AU sur la société civile qui avait été programmée avant une
réunion ministérielle (le 28 avril) a été remise à plus tard suite au désistement des
organisateurs européens, en raison des contraintes de temps et des difficultés signalées par
l’UA au sujet de la participation des ONG africaines.
Sur le plan positif, la première session du forum sur la société civile, prévu dans le cadre de
dialogue sur les droits de l’homme, aura bel et bien lieu les 16 et 17 avril à Bruxelles. Bien
qu’il ait été publié assez tard, le projet d’ordre du jour est principalement axé sur
d’importantes questions concernant à la fois l’Europe et l’Afrique – des cadres juridiques
pour la société civile, l’impact de la législation antiterroriste et la lutte contre la torture. Le
75
L’UE organise par exemple des dialogues sur les droits de l’homme avec la Chine, l’Asie centrale, l’Inde, les États-Unis, le Canada et le
Japon. Ces dialogues peuvent avoir lieu de façon autonome ou dans le cadre de débats politiques plus larges, soit au niveau des experts, soit
au niveau politique.
76
The Africa-EU Strategic Partnership – A Joint Africa EU Strategy (Le partenariat stratégique Afrique-UE – Une stratégie commune
Afrique-UE) http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/alfresco/d/d/workspace/SpacesStore/37336a7f-95d2-11dd-881621f41be19738/EAS2007_joint_strategy_en.pdf?guest=true (en anglais)
77
Le dialogue avec les pays tiers en matière de droits de l'homme - Mise à jour,
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=822&lang=fr
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forum rendra compte des résultats de ses discussions lors de la réunion des représentants le 20
avril78. Il reste à espérer que suffisamment de moyens financiers seront mis à disposition pour
les prochaines sessions de ce forum.
L’UA a toujours soutenu que l’implication de la société civile africaine à la stratégie
commune Afrique-UE ne pouvait se faire que par le biais du Conseil économique, social et
culturel de l’UA (ECOSOCC). Il a été décidé, à l’issue d’une réunion de consultation de la
Commission de l’UA avec les ONG (Nairobi, 3-5 mars 2009), de créer un comité de pilotage
de la société civile composé de 21 représentants et chargé de contrôler les mises en œuvre de
la stratégie. Ce groupe comprend notamment des organisations qui ne sont pas membres de
l’ECOSOCC de l’UA, mais son président doit, lui, être membre de l’ECOSOCC et ses
informations doivent apparemment transiter par l’ECOSOCC. La Commission de l’UA
(Direction des citoyens et de la diaspora – CIDO) est également membre du comité de
pilotage. Il y a en règle générale peu d’informations disponibles sur les consultations de la
société civile africaine sur les huit partenariats.
La participation de la société civile européenne à la stratégie commune Afrique-UE a
également été assurée par le biais d’un comité de pilotage de la société civile composé des
organisations européennes les plus intéressées par/impliquées dans la mise en œuvre de la
stratégie. Ce groupe auto-sélectionné s’est formé de manière assez informelle, à la suite d’une
demande des institutions européennes visant à ce que les organisations de la société civile
structurent leurs informations. Il existe, pour chaque partenariat, un point de contact du
comité de pilotage de la société civile (voir annexe). Le comité de pilotage de la société civile
ne fait pas partie du Comité économique et social européen (CESE), qui est un organe officiel
de l’UE composé des acteurs non étatiques dans les domaines social et économique79. Le
CESE de l’UE ne s’est que sommairement impliqué dans la mise en œuvre de la stratégie
commune Afrique-UE et n’est en aucune façon le seul instrument d’implication de la société
civile au sein des institutions européennes. Les ONG européennes, comme leurs pendants
africains, ne forment pas un seul organe uni et homogène. À Bruxelles, elles agissent de
manière très fluide, de leur côté ou dans le cadre de partenariats, de réseaux ou de plateformes
interagissant formellement ou informellement avec les institutions de l’UE80.
Le degré d’implication des organisations de la société civile européennes est assez variable.
Par exemple, les pays chefs de file du partenariat pour la gouvernance démocratique et les
droits de l’homme ont fait l’effort de partager avec leurs homologues africains les
informations issues de leurs discussions. Celles-ci concernaient toutefois principalement les
méthodes et les procédures de travail du partenariat, et non pas les sujets de fond. Les États
participants à ce partenariat ont récemment invité deux représentants de la société civile à
assister à la deuxième réunion de la stratégie commune Afrique-UE consacrée à ce partenariat
(30-31 mars à Lisbonne); s’il s’agit bel et bien d’un élément positif, l’annonce de cette
réunion a été assez tardive, deux semaines à l’avance, sans communication d’un ordre du jour
ni de documents de discussion.
IV. Conclusion
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La Commission européenne finançant cette réunion, les frais de déplacement et d’hébergement des ONG africaines seront couverts.
Il comprend les syndicats, les organisations d’employeurs et les organisations d’intérêt général, telles que les groupes agricoles ou
environnementaux.
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À titre d’exemple, vous pouvez consulter le site web du groupe de contact de la société civile de l’UE, qui rassemble quelques-unes des
plus grandes plateformes européennes d’organisations d’intérêt public provenant de divers secteurs – culture (FEAP), développement
(CONCORD), environnement (Green 10), droits de l’homme (AEDH), apprentissage tout au long de la vie (EUCIS-LLL), santé publique
(EPHA), affaires sociales (plate-forme sociale) et égalité des genres (LEF): www.act4europe.org (en anglais).
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Les sujets abordés lors de ces réunions sont bien trop importants pour être ignorés par la
société civile, quelles que soient les imperfections du processus de consultation. Si des actions
communes constructives sont entreprises dans ces domaines, elles pourraient avoir un impact
considérable sur les travaux de nombreuses ONG et sur la vie des communautés. La stratégie
peut également servir à ce que les organisations de la société civile des deux continents
apprennent à mieux se connaître – en se trouvant des points communs et en mettant le doigt
sur les désaccords – en sachant que plus elles se connaissent et plus elles communiquent, plus
les chances d’un impact sur les politiques et les actions en jeu dans la stratégie sont grandes.
Crucialement, il s’agit de l’opportunité, pour la société civile des deux continents, de signaler
les inquiétudes au sujet de la politique et des pratiques de l’UE et d’examiner la cohérence
entre les actions internes et externes de l’UE dans des domaines clés tels que les droits de
l’homme et la gouvernance.
Les systèmes de consultation laissent cependant beaucoup à désirer, du côté européen comme
du côté africain, en dépit des engagements en faveur d’une approche «orientée sur les
personnes». Nous arrivons à un point où, compte tenu des difficultés pour obtenir une
participation constructive, les organisations de la société civile risquent de perdre leur intérêt
pour cette initiative. La stratégie – voir le dialogue sur les droits de l’homme tout entier – ne
sera alors plus grand-chose d’autre qu’une série de formidables engagements au sujet
desquels les représentants se réunissent de temps à autre en Europe et en Afrique, sans faire
de différence pour l’avenir des deux continents, ni pour les relations entre ceux-ci.
Que peut-on faire?
Les organes officiels de l’UE et de l’UA doivent s’acquitter de leurs responsabilités. Les
gouvernements et institutions de l’UE et de l’UA doivent informer en temps utile les
intéressés sur les réunions et les points figurant à l’ordre du jour et promouvoir davantage
d’évènements dans lesquels la société civile peut présenter ses commentaires et faire ses
contributions aux politiques officielles, tout en favorisant les contacts directs entre les
organisations de la société civile d’Europe et d’Afrique.
Cependant, les organisations de la société civile ne doivent pas attendre que les représentants
prennent l’initiative. Elles doivent elles-mêmes contacter la Commission européenne et la
Commission de l’UA pour leur faire part de leur intérêt pour la stratégie et les partenariats
spécifiques, pour s’informer sur les progrès accomplis et pour leur faire savoir qu’elles
contrôlent la mise en œuvre du plan d’action – et de même pour le dialogue sur les droits de
l’homme. Elles doivent demander des informations et insister pour obtenir des mécanismes
ouverts et globalisants pour l’implication de la société civile. En l’absence de tels
mécanismes, elles doivent nouer des contacts informels avec les représentants institutionnels
de la société civile et les représentants des gouvernements et de la Commission – en prévision
des réunions importantes et de manière régulière. Les organisations de la société civile
doivent également formuler des recommandations concrètes dans leurs domaines d’expertise,
en les soumettant aux représentants ou, le cas échéant, par le biais de déclarations publiques
ou de campagnes de promotion liées aux réunions officielles. Enfin, elles doivent établir le
dialogue et promouvoir les contacts avec les organisations de la société civile de l’«autre»
continent. De tels efforts pourraient permettre aux réunions d’être non pas de simples
stéréotypes, mais plutôt de véritables espaces de discussion et de prise de décisions.
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Annexe : stratégie commune Afrique-UE – Informations clés
Contact pour le dialogue UE-UA sur les droits de l’homme:
[email protected]
Grandes réunions officielles UE-UA
Sommet Afrique/UE: les chefs d’États et de gouvernement se réunissent tous les trois ans,
tout à tour en Europe et en Afrique.
Troïka Afrique/UE: les hauts fonctionnaires et ministres se réunissent deux fois par an, tour à
tour en Europe et en Afrique. La troïka concerne les présidences précédente et actuelle de
l’UE, la Commission européenne (CE), le Secrétariat général du Conseil de l’UE, les
présidences précédente et actuelle de l’UA et la Commission de l’UA (CUA).
Réunions entre Commissions: la CE et la CUA se retrouvent plusieurs fois par an en réunion
de travail en tant que force opérationnelle. Des orientations politiques sont formulées à
l’occasion des réunions annuelles des collèges des commissaires de l’UE et de l’UA.
Groupes conjoints d’experts: des experts des deux continents, responsables de la mise en
œuvre de chaque partenariat, se rencontrent de manière informelle plusieurs fois par an pour
discuter des projets concrets de mise en œuvre. Des équipes de mise en œuvre de l’UE et de
l’UA distinctes sont chargées de la préparation et du suivi de leurs travaux. Chaque groupe
conjoint d’expert a une institution nationale chef de file.
Points de contacts des OSC européennes pour chaque partenariat
Paix et sécurité - European Peacebuilding Liaison Office ([email protected])
Gouvernance démocratique et droits de l’homme – Amnesty International
([email protected])
Commerce, intégration régionale et infrastructure – CONCORD ([email protected] /
[email protected]
OMD – CBM ([email protected])
Énergie – Climate Action Network/Europe ([email protected])
Changement climatique - Climate Action Network/Europe ([email protected])
Migration, mobilité et emploi – CES ([email protected]) et CSI ([email protected])
Sciences, société de l’information et espace (personne jusqu’à présent)
Partenariats et pays/institutions chefs de file
Paix et sécurité – Secrétariat général du Conseil de l’Europe et Algérie
Gouvernance démocratique et droits de l’homme – Portugal + Allemagne et Égypte
Commerce, intégration régionale et infrastructure – Commission européenne et Afrique du
Sud
OMD – Royaume-Uni et Tunisie
Énergie – Allemagne + Autriche et Commission de l’UA
Changement climatique – France et Maroc
Migration, mobilité et emploi – Espagne et Égypte
Sciences, société de l’information et espace France + Portugal et Tunisie
Liens utiles (accès aux documents importants et au calendrier des évènements)
http://europafrica.org
http://www.africa-union.org/root/AU/AUC/Departments/BCP/CIDO/cido.htm
http://ec.europa.eu/development/index_en.cfm
http://www.ecdpm.org
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http://africa-eu-partnership.org/au-eu/pages/templates/home.jsp?subkey=1&locale=en
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/showPage.aspx?id=822&lang=en
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Annex 6 List of documents submitted to participants
1- Documents on the EU-UA Partnership
EU-Africa Strategic Partnership
EU-Africa Action Plan on Human Rights
One Year After Lisbon : The Africa-EU partnership at work (COM (2008) 617 final)
2- Documents on the legal framework for civil society in Africa and Europe
Statutes of the Economic, Social and Cultural Council of the African Union (ECOSOCC)
European Union Guidelines on Human Rights Defenders
Freedom of Association in the Euro-Mediterranean Region, 2008, a Study by the EuroMediterranean Human Rights Network (EMNHR)
3- Documents on the fight against torture
Guidelines to EU policy towards third countries on torture and other cruel, inhuman or
degrading treatment or punishment
Robben Island Guidelines
Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture
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