Télécharger l`article au format pdf

003+,$$0
A3'$+(+#$#+A
1,"7- EBH#*$+1@!,+1C33'$+(+1,+2H2#+$/31$1131>3+1J,)1
33'$+(+<)7,((-74,11#$
3213=1,+21*,35*+21/3)>,+.32/3)$!$0
!,+*+236<2/3>$)12.,302+2$!!$$)*%20$10=
,35+2)1)5120,35+21*,35*+21$!!$$)1..0#+0=$)262112
2,3',301)* *<>3+++)>320<>3+.0,!1130)>320<,3>3+,301)>320<
.,30 .3 /3 ) .0,!1130 $ >60 )>..0+2$11" 130 2) ,3 2) .,$+2< ) !,0*
*,+20.3250$0=
/3$0+.0.)6)1)51<+,2**+21,+2)1$50110)$21/30,350+2)1
,"7-=)7+$!!0+2127.1<$)7+10.01+22$,+150$1</3$.35+2*+0
1$+20.022$,+1$!!0+21=
)!,0*)00
)!,0*)>3
)!,0*33
)!,0*3+2
)!,0*3$
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
$"+
,1#$2++++1#$+,0$+
("1#$
*,2#32-+(,
("1#$
0#32-+(,
("1#$
,1#$+,0$+@,
("1#$
0$1>/3$)$0?-1$?
,(3(3,0$+@3$"213
1G.0*$011,+21303+22/3#32<)1F0+$011303+22/311=
+1)+#$
$+<2)/3!$+$.0213*$+1$<)1,"7-1,+2+1)+7(3+,
($<),3)31#+$/313$)=
+2+2/32)1<)532$0/3).0$+$.)6205$),$2 20).)*+2<2)
205$))$,*+$/33,0$F<+,20*,35*+2=1*,35*+21+,31+1$"++2
)1.)*+21+1)1$!!0+2161+,1?2"1?1"$2236>02$3)2$,+1B.3)1<
11$+<"+,36C=
7-!$2311$0!0++,3#$1*1*1(0</3$1,+2)1!,0*2$,+1,32$5$2102$,++))1=
/3$12),"$/31$1*,35*+211,+2)!,$1)1*,35*+21?1021?37,((-74<2)1*,35*+21
!,+*+236 3 3'$+(+< $)1 1,+2 02301 3 *,35*+2< $)1 0+2 ) *,35*+2 +1 ) ,0.1=
F
)3$/3$!$2)*,35*+2=
.=E@I
,#%./#$-,$%.,$,$$-"#$-",+$-,$",+)),7-%##$-
+))+/$%-+%+),7$")%,-%$$$-%++-#$-$,":,)7).,$,"-#),
"%+,.-+/"/)+-$+9
")+#+$/.-+/"#)"*.:/%+.$--*."$+7",-$/$-?-
:,-7#%$,$,7/"")%.+-%.--$*.-..,$.. $!$@7*.$,.$
,%$-#),7"""-+/""+,##,#%./#$-,,.+,--*.,/+,*.$
".+%+$%.".+$",?--*.,+."+,7%..-+,--*.,$%$+-,@9
•
•
•
•
$,$$%!-
%,$%!
%1'$%!-
%,$$%!-
,-"#%./#$-+)),#"+".*.$%.,0.-%$,$,
$%-9:,-"#$-.$#$+%.+$++$--+)).$%-
$, "*.""7 %++-#$- 0.-7 %$ #%", ", C -, )+$).0 . %+),7 $,
".+)%,-%$$#$--".++%--%$",.$,)++))%+-.0.-+,9,C-,,%$-,%-
),?$%.0@7$,7).",8,%-"#.0)7%"%$$/+-+"7--?%%-7,)$
@ *. )+&$ +, $, $, *., -%., ,, %.+,9 $,$ $% - ,- .,, "
.-,. . %+), $, ,%$ $,#" *. +$ ", -$*., , ".+ $/.
)+#%+"9 -1) #%./#$- ).- -+ .-", $, " %$-0- ?)+,*.@ -%.-
-$*.7.%.)).0,,,7$),,$-)+":/$,%.),)%$9
,$$-;"%+#,C(.+,<#,<,)+-,;7:,-"#$-,%.,--
))""-%$ *. ":%$ )+-*. , #%./#$-,7 , $%., )%+-%$, $%-+ --$-%$ ,.+ ", C
-#), , #%./#$-, ?%,-.+ >#>7 )-%$ >! ,>7 %$-+=--*.
>+$-,+)),,"%$"->@9"#$-:,-.$$,$,$%.,/%$,"-+1)-*.
, )%$-, %$-+&"7 /%+ C )%$-, %$-+&" ,.+ !C7 . #%#$- " +))
;$";9
,-")+-*.,#%./#$-,7*.")".)+-,$,))""$-;$,$
$%-;,-")+-*.,#%./#$-,,."7$,".-:*.++"#%./#$-%++-7
)+":"$#$-.%+),-,##+,9
)+-*.,%,$%!"#$-)%.+
-7 - )%.+ .-+ .-7 :#"%++ " ,$- $%, +-."-%$,7 :$ .#$-+
":#)"-. #%./#$-7 $, *. -%.- $%-+ .-,. $, ,%$ #%./#$- - ,%$
"$#$-9
".,.+,,)-,--)+-*.,%$-$",%$)+%%$/"#$-+-%$$""
)%$,9 -,.# $, - *. ! !
".*.+%-<,.-"-$*.9
)9B<D
00<)(,10,.0!-1.&/ )/ !()%!<-1/!'(0)''1().'! !<&/
')12'(0/0(00./&(0/C&1.,,.(0!//()!0<0)10/&/)(/<$'!//!.
(/&2!0///)1/,!((,/.//.&.21&!'!-1<'!/&.21.)(0&
&,(/)(/!(0<-1!()(0.!1,/1(')12'(0-1@)(,10-1&!!.(01.&D<
0 ( ). 2 1( 3,!.0!)( &)(1 0 ,.))(> ( ,.0!-1 -1 0, 1
')12'(0 /1. &@3,!.0!)(< ,.'00(0 !(/! 1 ,.0!-1(0 / .(. )',0 /)(
,)/!0!)(('(0 &)&< !(/! -1 1( / ,.0!/ 1 ).,/ C,!/< 2!&&/ ()13<
( /<,1&/<)1/<'!(/<00D>
(0.2!&&!(/!()0.,)/!0!)(('(0(/&@/,<&/(&/)..0/(/&@310!)(
()/,&'(0/0()/.,,/<!(/!-1&,)/!0!)(('(0.&0!()/''./(
). 2 &/ 10./< ,)1. -1 0)10/ &/ "(/ .0!1&!./ 0 '1/1&!./ 0.2!&&(0
(/&')!(.).0,)//!&,)1.1(0'3!'&>
&!(&10<0'(!.()(&!'!00!2<&,.0!-11 <.)!0<(,!/!(2.//<
20/(/.'/>
1 /1$0 / )/ !( )%!< 2)!! 1( ()0 -1 ()1/ .)(0!0 2(.! C)/0.D =
0(0 1 ,)( (/ &/ ((/ JG< !& '( (/! &)./ @1( )1./ ,)1.-1)! ()1/
(@2!)(/ ,/< (/ & 1$!(%(< / ')12'(0/ -1! ,.'00!(0 @,,.(.< /1&< .,,. )'' !& ,)12!0 4 2)!. ( .0> .,)(/ (/! ( / !0 ,/ 00(.?
A% C!!)0< !'!&<>>D 0)( 2!/< -1)! /.2(0 &/ (/ !(;A (/! 10!&!/
!(!.''(0&0.'(/ !()1 )/ !()%!>
/0 & ).' 0.2!& 2 1( ,.0(!.< @/0 && -1! /0 & ,&1/
)''1('(0 0.2!&& (/ &/ +$+> ( 2 !( 2!''(0 0.2!&&. ()0.
,&'(0< 0 ()0. !/0( ,&'(0 ,. .,,).0 13 00-1/ 1 %> )0.
')12'(02 (.)(/!.&'(02&/2.!&/104,@00-1<0&(01.
&@),,)/(0>&!(&10!(2!''(0!.&/2./!)(/.0')0<-1/)!0
,..,,).0&@00-1)1,..,,).01*0!/(0&0 (!-1C.)!/0.)!/D>/
0 (!-1/,12(0/!.(/0)10/&/!.0!)(/>)1,&2&0.2!&/).'/(
(/ !(0 )/ !()%!<&)((1(0.2!&)(/-1(0)(((0/./1&00/,.)(0
/1.&)',. (/!)(()/!/0(/0/(&/(/()/,)/!0!)(('(0/,..,,).0
1%>
@/0 1( , / .!0!-1 (/ & /(/ !& 10 !. ( /).0 -1 & ')12'(0 /)!0 !
/(/4'00.).'1/1&!./1,.00)!.>
!( 2!''(0 &/ )4+ / 0.2!&&(0 '!(/ (1/ )'' 2 / .'/< 0 )(0.
/.'/>-1!'1&0!,&!().&/,)//!!&!0/0.2!&/1.&//')12'(0/>
( 01!(0 & 0 ' &@(( /1. & /1.1!< !& /'& -1 &/ )4+ '((0 &
'(!,1&0!)(00.'>/1.1!0!0&@.',)1.&/()&/<)1,&1//!',&'(0<&/
()&/ 1..!./ -1! 2!(0 1( 10!)( '.0!& ,)1// C)',. 13 (0//!(/
)(/.!0/D< 0 -1! 2!(0 1( !&0< )'' !0 /0/1'! (/!< -1! &1. ,.'00!0
@10!&!/.,1&1..'C-1!&1.,.'00!0&)(/.2.,&1/&)(0',/,.&''
)/!)(D>
&(@/0)(,/ 1.!//(0-1@!&/)!0!0C''/@!&/0!!!&&)',.(.D
-1 / )4+ )(((0 &/ /)&10!)(/ ,)1. -1/!'(0 0)1/ &/ (&/ 1 ).,/< &
)',. (/!)(!(0.!(/-1/(&/<!(/!-1&/!/0(/1).!1%>
,>HBI
/0 1( 06, ,.0 -1 / )6+ -1 ,1 (/ )(( //(0@ )/ (
/ ( &A). ( B(/ ,./)((&&B@ A/0 1( 06, 0.4 & /1. &/ )6+ -1 /0
(). ,&1/ ')((1 -1 &/ ,.(0/@ (A ,/ //7 A ().'0 )(/ /1. /)( ). (
,)1. &/ '(0 )((.= & 0.4 & -1 & ',& -1 ' ,.!0 ,. )(0. /1 /''(0
(0.//(0,)1.(,.&. @
(,100.4 &&.&)/ (()015'( ./ .(0/=/&)(&A,0 )(-1&A)(
)((1)/ (B(/,./)((&&B@
)( / ,& (/ &A,0 )( -1 & ).,/ ) 0 0. ,& / (. /1&= A/0 &
.,0 0 )(()(0 (1A1(/K).'//(/%=$1/-1A-1A1(/154('(0/
/1 4(0//,.)1 /(0@) 0&).'('( .(01.&&0/,)(0((/&A1(
/ 10./ ).'/? & ).,/ ) / 0 /A,0. ,)1. / . /)(/ -1 ()0. .41
)(/ (0()((!0,/>/) 04)1/00 (71(/0). E1(&/)',.(/ )(=A4 &
/, . 01&F=-1 ('A/0=,./)((&&'(0=$' /.. 4☺@
(,10(/1 0/,&.(/&A,0 )(B)/ (B)''0(0&0.4 &,.&/
)6+ & (/ /) @ A/0 )( & 0.4 & 4 1( )1 ,&1/ 1./ ,.0( ./ E,)1. &
0.4 &)(0.00-1(0/'1&0 ,&/F=/(/-1/) 0)((1,.4(-1 00-1)1-1&06,
A00-1 /0 0@ )'' 1( /).0 3 (). E)'0 /)1,&F= -1 ) 0 0. .& /
(/&0(0'1/1& .1). @&(/A 0,/.()..&/0.//1-1&()0./) 0
) (0&()1/ 01=0-1 )((1(.,)(/'1/1& .4)&)(0 .=,//(0,.&
).05 .)(0&= 0 -1 1( .,)(/ (// .'(0 ,&1/ &(0 -1 && -1 ,// ,. &
/6/0' & ' -1@ 0.4 & '( )( 1( .0 ( 5,. ( 1 $10/1= 0 $A(
)(/ &&&,.0 -14(0&KH(@
( 0.)14 /)14(0 00 & ,.0 -1 /
)6+= 1( .,./(00 )( ( ).' 03, J @ & //) 1( / &'(0/ 1().'-1 )(/0 01&03,@
• =&../0//) 4&..E1F@
• 1 =&A1/0//) 4&.&E/,.F@
• = & 1 /0 //) 4 & 0. (&
E*(F@
• 3= & (0 /0 //) 4 & ' D.&
E' /,.F@
• 3=& /0//) 4&)100@
J
/03, E/(/%. 0 ? F /0 1( /0.101. . 001.& )1 /0 0 $"( -1 &G)( 0.)14 (/ & /)1/D
)(0 ((0 ( (= )(0 & /0 ). ( .= ' / 1// (/ & ./0 &G/ = )2 & /1 4 &G5,(/ )( 1
)1 /'@ G/0 & ) / 1( .,./(00 )( ( )( -1 1 )1 0 1( ')(1'(0 )''').(0 /
').0)1,. ( .4(@
,@JCL
**))$*$#.)$(")$"*('+))(*($+.#$*""#*#)!)#)%C9
$"" ! # !!* &) '+;+# #$&0* '+ *$"(* &( )( )+( ! ($+!+7 &+)) !
!(7 ! $"&(#(7 * #) .$!( ! *#'+ $#* ! #; &) (+ ! *(#)"))$#7 **
$#$(&#$("*-&#;**(*&)$("#*!;**#*$#9#"$#)7!$()'+;$#
.$+) *(#)") ) *#'+)7 .$+) .$+) &(.1 '+;! 0 &!+) '+;+# <)"&!<
$(()&$## #*( !) $(") $"*('+)7 * '+;$# &+* (*($+.( @)!$# ! "#(
$#* $# ! *(.!!A ) !"#*) $"*('+) #) ! &!"#* *+ !$() !
&(*'+)
*9&!"#*&+**(((&$+(7$+7##
*7!&($*$#
# .+ ))+)7 ! &$)*$# ") ""() )+( +# &!# $## +# ((9 ""
&$+(+$,"$#&!"#*)*(+!($+)&('+8
$,"$#&!"#*)*#
$("*(#!8:
$+$+() #) ! $"# ) *-&7 $# )* &($)
$#($#* *0& (&()#**$# '+
(&()#* +# *( +"# '+ ) *(#)$(" #
*-&9
#)!!(#)+#*(.!)&(*+!'+#(!.&)
!&(*'++#+*)++)#;+#
%%7!)*#*())#*#$*(**(.!!(7'+
!;$# &+* &(*'+( !) $0% # (!*$# . !
#*((.*#&(!&$)*$#!;!"#*
)+(!(&()#**$#+$(&)9
$+( *( &!+) /&!*7 #) ! *(.! 7!(()*+#.+)")?#$#**
. ! (( ?7 $# $#)( '+ ! &$#* &.$* )* + #.+ ) ")7 * $# * !
"$+."#*#&.$*#*+*$+(**1$#9
#) 7!(!)*+#.++($+ ##7!#*((.*+
$&() +"#7 +*$+( +'+! #$+) .$#) !;*+ *(.!!(7 ;)* ! &$#* &(*(
+'+! *$+* "$+."#* );#* #) ! $(&)9 !"#* #) ** 1$#7 ) *($+. !
.))7 '+ ( . !;!"#* +9 #
/+*( ! "$+."#* # &.$*#* +*$+( **1$#9
*(#!
)*+#.++$7'+
)*#(!*$#.!$!(7'+#$+)*#$+)
#!""(7 $# . ! +9 &.$* +
"$+."#*)(+*$+(**1$#9
">(! )* + #.+ )
&$+"$#)7'+$#*+#(!*$#.#*.!;(9
#$(7 ! &.$* + "$+."#* ) ( +*$+(
**1$#9
##7!$+** )*+#.+!
**97.+"$+(7$#&+*)*"(+#(!*$#
#*( ! . * ! **7 ;+# "#( &!+)
#*())#*7 $# &+* $#)(( !) ) '+
C
)#)%)$#*!)($+!+/)+(!)'+!)*#*#$*)!)*#'+))$!)*(*$##!!);(*)
"(*+/9!)#$#)**+#*!;))#7**#**(#)");$!#;$!$++/#9
&9C=D
$%-+ %*#%$+ $+ $%,* +(*, %## + %*#$, 8 " 1 %$ -$ *",%$ /
";,*8"#%$-+-,")-;0(*#.$%,:
(/%,-#%-/#$,++$,$
/##$,-,%-*,,2%$:
-,**(*+$,,%$+@"#$,+(%$+
8 $+ "-*+ %-"-*+ $,-*""+ - (%$, /-
%-+,: " +, $,*++$, $%,* "-*
(%+,%$$#$,*",$+";+(:
+, - $,*: $ (*$$, "+ %1' $+ "-*
#;$+#"8%$(-,*)-8+,-$,*
+-,*+:!#,+-$+8$+"
, )- <" ("-+ #(%*,$, +, ;/%* -$ %$$
+:$+,%-,+,+-((%*,"+:;+,$,)-
"%*#;-$$$-*!$-%!-*1.<
,$, - $,* ,,
<#,*<8 %$ (-, ,*/""* "+
%1' $ %$+*$, )- $+
)- "#$,8 " -, (%-/%* #$+,* $% ,: ,,
#$+,,%$ + , (* " ("#$, + #+ %- (* " (*+
;)-"*)-+,,$+,,<(*#*<%*#:"$%-+%$$"
*(*+$,,%$+-/$,9
,$, %$$ ,%-,+ + (%++",+8 "
+, /$, )-;-$ -,$, (-, +;1
(**: %-* (*/* ,,
%#("0,8 -$ + (%$,+ /%)-+
>++-+ $;+, (+ 0"-+ ;-$ -,*:
$ (-, ,*/""* "+ %+$ %!
/ -$ *(*+$,,%$ $ ,,8 (-+
-$ -,*8 )- #$* -$ ,*/"
*$,)-%+:;+,)-,
" &, $" $%,* +("$8 ;+,
)- $%-+ $ +%##+ (+ "#,+ -$
%*#8,)-$+)-#%-/#$,8
-$ $$, ;-,*+ #%-/#$,+
(-/$,1,*%-/*$++$8*+%$,+(*$(+)-$%-+,*/""%$+8,)-;-$(*$(
$;+,(+,,-$%*#:"-,$$#%$+*8)-;-$(*$()-$;+,(+#$+,
%**,#$,$%$$(+-$%*#%**,#%-/#$,:$+(%$,+;$,*
%#(*$+%$+#%-/#$,+*+,"%#(*$+%$"%*#";$$#$,8
$)-$%-+(-++%$+$%-+$*$*(*"+-,:
(:A=A