H$mX絺arM{ ‡H$ma

Transcription

H$mX絺arM{ ‡H$ma

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‡H$aU [ohc{
H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma
* H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma
H$mXß]ar - EH$ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma `m [ohÎ`m ‡H$aUmV _wª`V: H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamM{
ÒdÍ$[, H$mXß]arMm AW©, Ï`mª`m, KQ>H$, ododY ‡H$ma, À`mVrc d{Ji{[Um, gm_moOH$ OrdZmM{
oMÃU AmoU BVa dmL≤>_`‡H$mamßer VwcZm BÀ`mXtMm odMma H$a`mM{ `m{oOc{ Amh{.
H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr amOdQ>rV gw_ma{ XrS>e{ dfm™[ydu CX`mg Amcm Amh{. Ia{
Va Jm{ÓQ> gmßJU{ AmoU E{H$U{ hr _mZdmMr ‡d•Œmr [wamVZ Amh{. [wamU{, Amª`mZ{, ]Iar BÀ`mXr
Jß́WmßVyZ H$mXß]arM{ H$mhr KQ>H$ AmT>iVmV. B. g. 1829 _‹`{ ‡og’ Pmc{Î`m "_hmamÓQ≠> ^mf{Mm
H$m{e' `m Jß́WmV H$mXß]ar `m e„XmMm AW© X{VmZm - EH$ H$pÎ[V H$Wm Agm AW© oXcm Amh{. `m
gßX^m©V Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EH$m odoeÓQ> VËh{¿`m H$pÎ[V$ H$W{cm H$mXß]ar h{ Zmd
_amR>r_‹`{ ]Ë`mM AmYr[mgyZ Í$T> Agmd{.''1 `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamg OmJoVH$ _m›`Vm d cm{H$o‡`Vm
cm^cr Agcr Var oVMm odH$mg hm [mÌMmÀ` X{emV Pmcm. ÂhUO{ IË`m AWm©Z{ AR>amÏ`m eVH$mVM
oVM{ Í$[ CÀH´$mßV Pmc{. AmoU 19 d{ eVH$ CcQ>`m[ydu EH$ ‡YmZ gmohÀ`‡H$ma ÂhUyZ Vm{
dmL≤>_òdÌdmV ‡oVpÓR>V Pmcm. 19 Ï`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©[mgyZ ododY AßJmßZr Ame`
Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m VßÃmZwgma À`mMm _amR>rV odH$mg hm{VmZm oXgVm{.
H$mXß]ar hm EH$ cm{H$o‡` Agm ‡_wI J⁄ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh{. H$mXß]ar h{ H$WZmÀ_H$ J⁄
AgV{. ‡XrK© gmIirV Jw\ß $c{Î`m H$hm`m, [wamU H$Wm, ZroVH$Wm, odkmZH$Wm, gmhgH$Wm, R>H$m¿`m
MmVw`©H$Wm, ahÒ`H$Wm BÀ`mXr J⁄‡H$ma H$WZmÀ_H$ Amh{V. [aßVw H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[ `m gdm™hˇZ d{Ji{
R>aV{. ‡mMrZ H$mim[mgyZ H$hm`m, [wamUH$Wm ApÒVÀdmV hm{À`m. [aßVw "H$mXß]ar' hr odoeÓQ> gßkm
¡`m gmohÀ` ‡H$mamcm cmdcr OmV{ Vm{ _mÃ [mÌMmÀ` dmL≤>_`m¿`m BoVhmgmV AR>amÏ`m eVH$mV
AmoU _amR>rV EH$m{UrgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©V oZ_m©U Pmcm, Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{.
* H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm
H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓmß¿`m gß[H$m©VyZM Am[Î`mH$S>{ Amcm Agcm Var Vm{ \$∑V
BßJÓrVyZM Amcm Ag{ Zmhr qH$dm AmYwoZH$ AWm©Z{ ¡`m J⁄mcm Am[U H$mXß]ar ÂhUVm{, À`mMr
gwÈdmV Oar AmßΩcgß[H$m©VyZ Pmcr Agcr Var À`mAmYr hr À`m VËh{Mr J⁄mMr [aß[am Am[Î`m
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^mf{cm AmoU gßÒH•$Vrcm hm{Vr h{ odgaVm `{V Zmhr. H$mXß]arg—e gmohÀ`mMr oZo_©Vr hm{`mgmR>r
H$¿¿`m AmoU [∑∑`m ÒdÍ$[mVhr _amR>r ^mf{V gm_wJ´r C[c„Y hm{Vr. \$∑V AmßΩcgß[H$m©Z{ Am[Î`m
cm{H$mßZm À`mMr OmUrd H$Í$Z oXcr Ag{ ÂhUmd{ cmJV{. H$maU ‡maß^r¿`m H$mimV BßJÓr ^mf{Vrc
H$mXß]Ë`mßM{ AZwdmX ]h˛V{H$ _w∑V Í$[mßVam¿`m [’VrZ{ `{VmZmM gßÒH•$V, \$maer, Aa]r, CXy©, qhXr
Aem ^mfmß_YyZ oH$VrVar gmohÀ` Am[Î`m ^mf{V `{V hm{V.{ od. H$m. amOdmS>{ `mß¿`m _V{, ""gVamÏ`m
AmoU AR>amÏ`m eVH$mV _hmamÓQ≠>m¿`m AßJmV gd© âVIßS>mcm ÒdVßÃ H$a`mMm O{Ïhm Amd{e
âcm hm{Vm, V{Ïhm À`m Amd{emM{ ‡Xe©Z _amR>r ^mf{V Pmc{Î`m am_mÙ _hm^maVmXr H$Wmß¿`m¤ma{
Pmc{.''2 Ia{ Va `m AJm{Xa "crimMnaÃm'gmaI{ AÏdc XOm©M{ J⁄ _amR>r ^mf{V ocohc{ J{c{ hm{V{
H$s ¡`m¿`m_‹`{ H$mXß]ar¿`m H$mhr IwUm oXgVmV.
H$mXß]ar `m dmL>≤_`‡H$mamMr gßH$Î[Zm hiyhiy CÀH´$mßV (evolve) hm{V OmdyZ oVcm H$mhr
KmQ> `{V J{cm. ÂhUO{ hr gßH$Î[Zm EH$m Q>flfl`mda pÒWa Pmcr Ag{ Zmhr, Va Vr gVV ]XcVr AmoU
odH$gZj_ Aer gßH$Î[Zm Amh{. AJXr hna^mDß$¿`m ZßVa \$S>H${ -ImßS>H{ $a, gmZ{ JwÈOr, _mS>Ji
y H$a,
^mcMßX´ Z{_mS>{, ^mD$ [m‹`{ BÀ`mXt¿`m c{IZmVyZ Vr Ver ]Xccr d ‡dmhr Pmcr. H$mXß]ar¿`m `m
gßH$Î[Z{M{ ÒdÍ$[ d g_mOpÒWVr `mßMm oZH$Q>dVu gß]Yß AgVm{. H$mXß]ar¿`m gßH$Î[Z{odf`r
od.
H$m. amOdmS>{, Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{, Zaha Hw$ÈßXH$a, ^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ BÀ`mXtZr _mßS>c{Î`m odMmamVyZ
hr gßH$Î[Zm odH$ogV Pmcr. ÒWc, H$mc, g_mOpÒWVr, ^mofH$ gßÒH•$Vr AmoU H$mXß]ar
`mß¿`modf`r H$mhr gßH$Î[Zm [wT>rc‡_mU{ gmßJVm `{Vrc.
od. H$m. amOdmS>{ `mßZr À`mß¿`m "H$mXß]ar' `m oZ]ßYmV Ag{ ÂhQ>c{ Amh{ H$s, ""g_mOmV
CÀH•$ÓQ> odMmamßMm d [wÈfmWm©¿`m H$Î[ZmßMm ‡gma H$a`mg H$mXß]argmaI{ Xwga{ gm{[{ gmYZ Zmhr.
`m CÀH•$ÓQ> odMmamßMm AmoU [wÈfmWm©¿`m H$Î[ZmßMm ‡mXw^m©d ¡`m Ï`∑Vt¿`m R>m`r Pmcm Ag{
H$mXß]arH$mamßZm XmIdm`M{ AgV{, À`m Ï`∑Vr Ï`dhmamVrc dV©_mZ g_mOmV ‡m`: AgU{ Ae∑`M
AgV{, À`m H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m AX≤^Vw g•ÓQ>rVM dmg H$arV AgVmV. [aßVw dmÒVodH$[U{ H$mXß]arH$mamZ{
À`m EH$Xm Am[Î`m dmÒVodH$ H$WmZH$mV AmUyZ gm{S>Î`m ÂhUO{ dmMH$mßMr _Z{ Am[Î`mH$S>{
AmH$of©V hm{VmV d gßVmß‡_mU{ dmMH$mßZm VmÀH$mi Am[Î`mgmaI{ H$Í$Z Q>mH$VmV.''3 `m oZ]ßYmVyZ
AmUIr EH{$ oR>H$mUr ÂhQ>c{ Amh{ H$s, ""l{ÓR> od⁄m, odÒV•V dmMZ, _m{R>m ‡dmg, Vr˙U oZarjU,
H$S>H$ [arjU, Wm{a Am°Xm`©, JmT> ghmZw^yVr d ZmQ>H$s c{IUr BÀ`mXr JwU Va Zmd K{`mgmaª`m
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‡À`{H$ H$mXß]arH$mamV hd{VM; [aßVw gdm™V _wª` JwU ÂhQ>cm ÂhUO{ Om¡¡dÎ` _Zm{d•Œmr hdr. oV¿`m
A^mdr darc gd© JwU Ï`W© hm{V. hr _Zm{d•Œmr H•$oÃ_ VËh{Z{ `{U{ Zmhr. hr B©ÌdamMr X{UJr Amh{.''4
Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{ `mßZr "_amR>r H$mXß]arM{ [ohc{ eVH$' `m Am[Î`m Jß́WmVyZ H$mXß]arMr
gßH$Î[Zm _mßS>cr Vr Aer H$s, ""[moW©d gßgmamodf`rMr AmÒWm hr H$mXß]arMr d•Œmr, OrdZmM{
H$mZ{H$m{[a{ Mm°H$g[U{ YwßS>miU{, VŒdXoe©ÀdmMm qH$dm AX≤^wVmMm _mJ© YÍ$Z _ycV: _mZdr ‡ÌZmßMm
odMma H$aU{ hm H$mXß]arMm —pÓQ>H$m{U, OrdZodf`H$ AZw^d dm H$Î[Zm `m H$mXß]arMm _yi AmYma
qH$dm oVMr _wª` gm_wJ´r, hr d•Œmr, hm —pÓQ>H$m{U, h{ AZw^d dm H$Î[Zm oOdßV Ï`p∑VoMÃmß¿`m d
EH$m odÒV•V AmH$f©H$ H$WmZH$m¿`m ¤ma{ Ï`∑V H$aU{ hr H$mXß]arMr [’Vr hm{`.''5
"Yma AmoU H$mR>' `m Jß́WmM{ c{IH$ Zaha Hw$ÈßXH$a am. O. X{e_wI `mßZm ocohc{Î`m [ÃmV
ÂhUVmV, ""H$mXß]argmaIm dmL>≤_`‡H$ma "CÀH$Q> ^mdZmßMm dm AZw^dmßMm AmodÓH$ma'`m [’VrZ{
gmH$ma hm{V ZgVm{. V{W{ AZw^dm¿`m gcJ AÒgc[UmI{arO hm AZw^d gmH$ma H$a`mgmR>r cmJUma{
H$g] hr J•hrV Yacc{ AgV{.''6
AmYwoZH$ H$mimV H$mXß]ar¿`m gßH$Î[Z{Mr gdm©V OmÒV ‡^mdr d odÒV•V _mßS>Ur ^mcMß–
Z{_mS>{ `mßZr H{$c{cr Amh{. À`mß¿`m _V{, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ ‡XrK© ^mofH$ AdH$me Agc{cr, Ame`gyÃmßM{ AZ{H$ [Xa Agc{cr, À`m_wi{ odÒV•V gßaMZm _mßS>Umar AZ{H$ [mÃ{, [´gßJ, A[yU©V{[{jm
gß[yU©V{H$S>{ OmÒV PwH$c{cr Amh{V, Aer gmohÀ`H•$Vr AgV{. H$mXß]arV `m gd© Jm{ÓQ>t_wi{ EImXr
_m{R>r H•$Vr gmH$Î`mZ{ _mßS>Vm `{V{. gm_moOH$ Ame` odemc Agmdm cmJVm{. EIm⁄m g_Ò`{Mm
[mR>[wamdm oV¿`m ododY gßX^m©gH$Q> _mßS>c{cm AgVm{. Ame`gyÃ{ ]iH$Q> AgVmV. [mÃ{ gcJ
C^r amhVmV.''7 `m[wT>{ Z{_mS>{$ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""g_mOOrdZmMr Zm|X H$aUmam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma ÂhUyZ
O›_mcm Amc{Î`m H$mXß]arV gm_moOH$ dmÒVd h{ –Ï` AgV{. gm_moOH$ dmÒVd d Ï`p∑VoZÓR>
dmÒVd Ag{ dmÒVdmM{ od^mOZ hm{dy eH$V Zmhr. Ï`∑Vr AmoU g_mO `mß¿`mVrc h{ od^mOZ
gO©Z‡oH´$`{cm [adS>Uma{ Zmhr. g_mOmcm AmYma^yV ‡{aUmßdaM AmO¿`m gd©M gm¢X`©H•$Vr oZ_m©U
hm{VmV. gm¢X`m©M{ oZH$fhr ‡m`: g_yhoZÓR> AgVmV. gß[yU© Ï`p∑V_Œd _mßS>U{ ÂhUO{ _mUyg d g_mO
`mß¿`m_‹`{ Agc{c{ EH$oOZgr gß]ßY _mßS>U{ hm{`.8
gmamße Om¡¡dÎ` _Zm{d•Œmr, [moW©H$ gßgmamodf`rMr AmÒWm, AZw^dmßMm gcJ[Um,
g_yhoZÓR> AgUma{ gm¢X`m©M{ oZH$f `m d°oeÓQ>ÁmßMm odMma H{$cm H$s H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm Am[Umcm
AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> hm{V{.
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* H$mXß]arMm AW©
"H$mXß]ar' `m e„XmMm AW© odMmamV K{Vcm Va "H$mXß]ar' `m _yi gßÒH•$V e„XmMm H$m{emVrc
AW©
wine, liquor
Agm Amh{.9 h{ Zmd H$mXß]arMr AmoU _⁄mMr AmÒdm⁄Vm AmoU _m{hH$Vm
`mAWu dm[acm Zmhr Va ]mU^≈>m¿`m "H$mXß]ar' `m Jß́WmdÍ$Z Zmd oXc{ Amh{.10 1829 gmcr
‡og’ Pmc{Î`m "_hmamÓQ≠> ^mf{Mm H$m{e' `m_‹`{ H$mXß]ar `m e„XmMm AW© Agm Amh{ H$s, ""H$pÎ[V
H$mXß]ar.'11 `m H$m{emVrc AWm©¿`m _XVrZ{ H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[ Ò[ÓQ> hm{V Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]ar hm
dmL>≤_`‡H$ma Agm Amh{ H$s, ÒWc, H$mc AmoU H$cmdßVmMm —oÓQ>H$m{U, Ao^Ï`∑Vr¿`m
d°oeÓQ>ÁmßZwgma ]XcV OmUmam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh{. À`m_wi{ H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[, H$mXß]arMm CJ_,
Ï`mª`mß¿`m [am_e© K{VÎ`moedm` Ò[ÓQ> hm{V Zmhr. H$mXß]ar¿`m CÀ[Œmrodf`r _XZ Hw$cH$Uu "_amR>r
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar : VßÃ AmoU ÒdÍ$[' `m Jß́WmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma ÂhUyZ
[mÌMmÀ` Agcm Var "H$mXß]ar' hm e„X _mÃ AÒgc ^maVr` Amh{. ]mU^≈>mMr "H$mXß]ar' _wimVM
ode{fZm_mMr, oVcmM gm_m›`Zm_mM{ _m{R>{ ÒWmZ ‡mflV Pmc{ d H$mXß]ar ]Zcr. _mÃ _hmH$mÏ`,
ZmQ>H$ h{ dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Og{ `m X{emV C_cc{c{, \w$cc{c{ Vg{ H$mXß]ar]m]V ÂhUVm `{V Zmhr. H$maU
H$mXß]arMm KmQ> hm [mÌMmÀ`mß¿`m H$mßX]ar dmL≤>_`m¿`m AZwH$aUmVyZ Amcm AmoU [wT>{ ÒdVßÃ[U{
odH$ogV Pmcm.''12
^r_amd Hw$cH$Uu "H$mXß]ar KQ>Zm d aMZm' `m c{ImV ÂhUVmV H$s, "H$mXß]ar' `m J⁄
H$pÎ[V H$W{dÍ$Z "H$mXß]ar' h{ Zmd AmO _amR>r dmL≤>_`mV Í$T> Pmc{c{ Amh{. "Zm∞Ïh{c' `m [mÌMmÀ`
dmL≤>_`‡H$mamM{ "H$mXß]ar' h{ _amR>r Zm_H$aU Pmc{. AJXr ‡maß^r "Zm∞Ïh{c' `m e„XmgmR>r "Zmdc'
Agm _amR>r e„X ‡MmamV Amcm hm{Vm. H$moeZmW, ]miH•$ÓU _amR>{ `mßZr 1872 ¿`m \{$]ẃdmarV
_amR>r kmZ‡gmaH$ g^{[wT>{ Om{ oZ]ßY dmMcm À`mV "Zmdc' ÂhUO{ Zdc g_yh Agm AW©gmÂ`mdÍ$Z
_amR>rVhr gXahˇ Jß́WmM{ V{M Zmd amIc{ AgVm qMVm Zmhr.''13 Agm CÎc{I hm{Vm. gm¢X`m©M{
Zmod›` Zd{[UmV AgV{. h{ cjmV K{VÎ`mg Zd{[UmMm d ZdcÀdmMm oZH$Q>Mm gß]ßY cjmV K{Vm
"Zm∞Ïh{c'`m e„Xm[mgyZ H$mXß]ar¿`m Zdc[yU© ÒdÍ$[mMr H$Î[Zm `{dy eH$V{.''14 h{ lr. _m.
Hw$cH$UvM{ odYmZ darc odYmZmg [yaH$ Amh{. ^mcMßX´ Z{_mS>{ Am[Î`m "Q>rH$m Òd`ßda' `m Jß́WmV
ÂhUVmV H$s, ""crimMnaÃ, Ò_•oVÒWi, ]Iar, _oh[VrH•$V MnaÃ BÀ`mXr aMZm[´H$ma H$mXß]arer
OwiUma{ Amh{V. [aßVw Am[Î`m H$mXß]arH$mamßZr Í$T> H{$cr VrM H$mXß]ar Agm AßY odMma [wT>{ `{dyZ
VrZ o[T>Ám À`mVM J{Î`m.''15
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"‡XojUm IßS> [ohcm' `m Jß́WmVyZ "_amR>r H$mXß]ar' `m c{ImV ^mcMß– \$S>H{$ ÂhUVmV H$s,
"" "H$mXß]ar' hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr amOdQ>rVM O›_mcm Amcm. Vg{ [mohc{ Va Jm{ÓQ> gmßJU{ AmoU
Jm{ÓQ> E{H$U{ hr _mZdmMr ‡d•Œmr [wamVZ Amh{. [wamU{, Amª`mZ{, ]Iar BÀ`mXr Jß́WmßVyZ H$mXß]arMr
H$mhr AßJm{[mßJ{ OmUdVmV h{ Ia{ Amh{.''16
"_amR>r odÌdH$m{e IßS> - 3' _‹`{ "H$mXß]ar' odf`r Ag{ ÂhQ>c{ Amh{ H$s, ""BßJÓr
gmohÀ`m_‹`{ H$mXß]arMm CJ_ AR>amÏ`m eVH$m¿`m _‹`mg Pmcm AmoU ^maVr` gmohÀ`mV Vm{
BßJÓr H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m Z_w›`mda EH$m{oUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m CŒmamYm©V Pmcm.''17
_rZmjr _wIOu `mßZr "Vm°cmoZH$ gmohÀ`m‰`mg : VŒd{ AmoU oXem'`m Jß́WmVyZ ^maVr`
H$mXß]ar¿`m CX`mMm odMma _mßS>VmZm `m gmohÀ`‡H$mam¿`m dmT>rcm H$maUr^yV Agc{c{ KQ>H$
dgmhoVH$ X{emVrc H$WZ[aß[amß_YyZ oZ_m©U Pmc{ hm{V{, Ag{ Z_yX H{$c{ Amh{. À`mß¿`m _V{,
""H$mXß]ar¿`m odH$mgmV BßJÓr oejU AmoU À`m oejUmVyZ [mÌMmÀ` gmohÀ`[aß[a{M{ Xe©Z h{ Xm{Z
KQ>H$ AÀ`ßV [´^mdr hm{V{ h{ Ia{ Amh{.''18 `m gßX^m©V À`m ocohVmV H$s, ""19 Ï`m eVH$mVrc
`wam{[_‹`{ H$mXß]ar ¯m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamZ{ Am[c{ Ò[ÓQ>, ÒdVßÃ Ï`p∑V_Œd YmaU H{$c{. V{Ïhm À`mMm
KmQ> hm AmYr[mgyZ ApÒVÀdmV AgUmË`m _hmH$mÏ`, AX≤^wV H$Wm, draH$Wm (Saga) `m H$WZ‡H$mamß¿`m gßaMZ{[{jm oZpÌMV[U{ o^›Z hm{Vm.''19
_m∑g©dmXr Q>rH$mH$mamß¿`m _V{ "H$mXß]ar' h{ ^mßS>dcemhr g_mOaMZ{M{ A[À` Amh{, h{
_mÃ oZod©dmX[U{ ÒdrH$m`© Zgc{ Var _mZdr g_mO pÒWamdÎ`mZßVa À`m¿`m gmßÒH•$oVH$ ‡JVrMm
EH$ ^mJ ÂhUyZ BVa H$cm AmoU gmohÀ` ‡H$mamß]am{]a H$mXß]arMm O›_ Pmcm Agmdm h{ _mÃ
ZmH$maVm `{V Zmhr. Adm©MrZ H$mimMm odMma H{$cm Va H$mXß]arMm CJ_ AR>amÏ`m eVH$mV `wam{[_‹`{
Pmcm Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{. S{\$>m{, naMS>©gZ, o\$oÎS>ßJ h{ `wam{[_Yrc Am⁄ H$mXß]arH$ma Amh{V.
dgßV o]amXma "AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg' `m Jß́WmV H$mXß]arodf`r ÂhUVmV
H$s, ""H$mXß]ar_Yrc H$pÎ[V H$WmZH$ dmMVmZm dmMH$ VÎcrZ hm{Vm{. X{h^mZ odgÍ$Z OmVm{. `m
AWm©Z{ "H$mXß]ar' `m e„XmMm gßÒH•$V AW© [mh`mgmaIm Amh{. H$Xß], [wÓ[mMr XmÍ$, _Y, hŒmrMm
_X, gaÒdVr, H$m{oH$im, gmiwßH$s, drUm BÀ`mXr ododY ‡H$maM{ AW© `m e„XmM{ Amh{V. V{
H$mXß]ar¿`m aßOZV{cm, X{h^mZ ha[ya Q>mH$UmË`m VÎcrZV{cm cmJy hm{`mgmaI{ Amh{V. ]mU^Q≤>Q>m¿ß `m
H$mXß]ardÍ$Z _amR>rV hm e„X Í$T > Pmcm Agmdm Agm OmUÀ`mßMm VH©$ Amh{.''20
6
""H$mXß]ar h{ ]mU^≈>mM{ Ao_V J⁄H$mÏ` Amh{. "H$mXß]ar' h{ À`mVrc Zmo`H{$M{ Zmd. Mß–[rS>m
AmoU H$mXß]ar, d°eß[m`Z AmoU _hmÌd{Vm `mß¿`m VrZ O›_mß¿`m H$Wm [m{[Q> Am[Î`m _wImZ{ gmßJVm{.
¯m J⁄H$mÏ`mMm [yd©^mJ ]mU^≈>mZ{ aMcm AmoU À`mZßVa À`mM{ oZYZ Pmc{. ÂhUyZ À`m¿`m [wÃmZ{
^yfU^≈>mZ{ Cd©naV ^mJ [yU© H{$cm.''21
EH$ H$Î[ZmaÂ` AX≤^wV, AmXe©dmXr, agJ⁄[yU©, H$WmZH$ ÂhUyZ [aß[a{V Amª`mZmßZm,
H$WmßZm "H$mXß]ar' ÂhU`mMm ‡KmV V{WyZM [S>cm Agmdm. ]mU^≈>m¿`m ¯m H$mXß]argh ‡mMrZ
^maVr` Amf© _hmH$mÏ`{, ‡mH•$V H$Wm AmoU H$mÏ`{, H$WmH$ma, H$sV©ZH$ma, cm{H$H$Wm, OmZ[X H$Wm,
Amª`mZ{ BÀ`mXr H$WZgmohÀ`m¿`m ‡XrK© [aß[a{Vrc H$pÎ[V, ‡XrK© cmß]r¿`m H$WmZH$mßZm X•ÓQ>rg_m{a
R>{dyZ "H$mXß]ar' h{ Zmd oXc{ Agmd{.
darc gd© odd{MZmdÍ$Z Ag{ ÂhUVm `{B©c H$s, H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á{
Am[Î`m ‡mMrZ gmohÀ`mV AmT>iV Agcr Var hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr gmohÀ`mVyZ Am[UmH$S>{
Amc{cm Amh{.
* H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m
H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMm odMma H{$cm Va XrS>e{ dfm™Mr ‡XrK© Aer E{oVhmogH$ [aß[am
Agc{cm cdoMH$ d gd© g_md{eH$ Agm hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh{. H$cm‡H$mam‡_mU{ H$mXß]arMr
‡H•$Vr [mhVm gd©gm_m›` dÒVwoZÓR> Aer Ï`mª`m H$aVm `{B©c Ag{ Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]ar hm ]XcÀ`m
g_mOdmÒVdmcm gm_mdyZ K{Umam dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh{. `m gßX^m©V Cfm hÒVH$ ÂhUVmV H$s,
""H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma H$Wm, H$odVm qH$dm ZmQ>H$ `mß¿`m[{jm ‡H•$VrZ{ d{Jim Amh{. H$mXß]arMr
gd©gm_m›` Aer Ï`mª`m H$aU{ AOyZhr e∑` Pmc{c{ Zmhr. H$maU ]XcÀ`m _mZdr OrdZm‡_mU{
H$mXß]arZ{hr ododY Í$[{ YmaU H{$cr Amh{V. H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m Z H$aVm `{`mM{ H$maU oV¿`m
‡H•$VrVM XS>c{c{ Amh{.''22 À`mX•ÓQ>rZ{ BßJÓr, _amR>r, qhXr _Yrc H$mXß]ar¿`m Ï`mª`mßMm odMma
H$amdm cmJ{c.
‡W_V: BßJÓr g_rjH$mßZr H{$c{cr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m [mhmU{ ‡ÒVwV Amh{.
*
∑cmam naÏh `m c{oIH{$¿`m _V{, ""The Novel is a picture of real life and manners
23
and of the time in which it is written.''
*
X em∞Q©a Am∞∑g\$S>© oS>∑eZarVrc H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m AoYH$ C[`w∑V dmQ>V{. Vr
7
[wT>rc‡_mU{ Amh{.
"A fictitious prose narrative of considerable legnth in which characters
and actions representative of real life and portrayed in a plot of more or less
complexity.'
"A fictitious prose narrative dealing with human beings and their actions
over a period of time and displaying varieties of human character in relation
24
of life.'
*
H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H$er Agmdr `modf`r _m∞nag P{S> lm{S>a ÂhUVmV H$s,
"An adequate definition of the novel would, of course have to be totally
comprehensive, exhaustive and infallible. It would have to borrow at once from
the history of literature the study of external and the study of ficitional matter
25
of novels in general.'
*
H∞$_arZ crÏha¿`m _V{, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ H$WZmÀ_H$ ocoIV J⁄mMm ]Ë`m[°H$s XrK© ÂhUVm
`{Bc
© Agm, c{IH$mZ{ oZo_©cÎ{ `m ZÏ`m AmoU H$pÎ[V dmÒVdmV dmMH$mcm JwJß dyZ Q>mH$Umam aMZm]ßY
hm{`.''26
*
[mÌMmÀ` H$mXß]arMm OZH$ \$spÎS>ßJ¿`m _V{, ""Jß^ra dmVmdaU Zgc{c{ J⁄ _hmH$mÏ`
ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar hm{`.''27
*
EM. Or. d{ÎgZr H$mXß]arg oXc{cr odZm{Xr gßkmM H$mXß]arMr EH$ CÀH•$ÓQ> Ï`mª`m R>aV{.
À`mß¿`m _V{, ""¡`mV gd© H$mhr gm_md{c Aer JmÍ$S>ÁmMr W°cr.''28
*
O{. ]r o‡ÒQ>c{ `mßZr ÂhQ>c{ H$s, ""_mZdr OrdZmMm Amagm ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar hm{`.''29
*
S>{pÏhS> ogogc `mßZr, ""OrdZ OJVmMm [naM` H$Í$Z X{Umar H$cm ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar.''30
Ag{ ÂhQ>c{.
*
h{›ar O{Âg¿`m _V{, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ d°`p∑VH$ OrdZmZw^yVr hm{`.''31
B. g.1829 _‹`{ ‡og’ Pmc{Î`m "_hmamÓQ≠> ^mf{¿`m H$m{em' _‹`{ H$mXß]ar `m gßk{Mm AW©
[wT>rc‡_mU{ Amh{. -
1.
8
oZ_©c H$Wm aMyZ H$drZ{ EH$ H$mÏ` H{$c{ Amh{.
2.
H$pÎ[V$ H$mXß]ar Aem ÒdÍ$[mMm Amh{ ÂhUO{ BßJÓr d _amR>r Aem Xm{›hr ^mf{V
"Zmod›`[yU©', J⁄, H$WmÀ_H$ ‡XrK© AmdmH$m Agc{cm hm gmohÀ`‡H$ma Amh{. "Novel' `m ZmdmZ{
gß]m{YÎ`m OmUmË`m [mpÌM_mÀ` gmohÀ`‡H$mamdÍ$ZM ‡W_ "Zmdc' Ag{ Zmd oXc{.
1872 _‹`{ ‡og’ Pmc{Î`m "Zmdc d ZmQ>H$' `m [wÒVH$mV H$m. ]m. _amR>{ ÂhUVmV H$s,
""¡`mV AmÌM`©H$maH$ Jm{ÓQ>r \$ma d Om{ dmMcm AgVm AÏdc[mgyZ AI{a[`™V dmMUmË`mg Zdc
dmQ>md{ Agm Jß́W ÂhUO{ Zmdc.''32
[´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ "_amR>r H$mXß]ar AmoU odH$mg' `m Jß́WmV H$mXß]arMr
Ï`mª`m H$aVmV H$s, ""gÀ` g•ÓQ>r¿`m AmYmamZ{ H$mÎ[oZH$ [mÃmßMr Òd^mdoMÃ{ d H$mhr VXdcßo]V
OrodV KQ>Zm `mM{ Jm{ÓQ>Í$[mZ{ dU©Z H$Í$Z d H$mÏ`mZßXmMr ‡mflVr H$Í$Z OrodVmVrc JwßVmJwßVr¿`m
‡ÌZmda ‡H$me Q>mH$Umam J⁄dmL≤>_` od^mJ hm{`.''33
lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu `mßZr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H$aVmZm ÂhQ>c{ H$s, ""H$m`©H$maU e•ßIcm]’
Aem H$pÎ[V H$WmZH$m¤mam _mZdr OrdZmM{ Xe©Z KS>odUmar godÒVa J⁄H$Wm ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar
hm{`.''34
H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{ `mßMr Ï`mª`m AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMr Amh{. À`mß¿`m
_V{, ""[moW©d gßgmamodf`rMr AmÒWm hr H$mXß]arMr d•Œmr, OrdZmM{ H$mZ{H$m{[a{ Mm°H$g[U{ YwßS>miU{,
VŒdXoe©ÀdmMm qH$dm AX≤^Vw mMm _mJ© YÍ$Z _ycV: _mZdr _ZmMm odMma H$aU{ hm H$mXß]arMm —pÓQ>H$m{Z
OrdZodf`H$ AZw^d dm H$Î[Zm oOdßV Ï`p∑VoMÃmß¿`m d EH$m odÒV•V AmH$f©H$ H$WmZH$m¿`m¤ma{
Ï`∑V H$aU{ hr H$mXß]arMr [’Vr.''35
^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ H$mXß]ar odf`r ÂhUVmV, ""H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ ‡XrK© ^mofH$ AdH$me
Agc{cr, Ame`gyÃmßM{ AZ{H$ [Xa Agc{cr, À`m_wi{ odÒV•V gßaMZm _mßS>Umar AZ{H$ [mÃ{, ‡gßJ
A[yU©V{[{jm gß[yU©V{H$S>{ OmÒV PwH$c{c{ Amh{V Aer gmohÀ`H•$Vr AgV{. H$mXß]arV `m gd© Jm{ÓQ>t_wi{
EImXr _m{R>r H•$Vr gmH$Î`mZ{ _mßS>Vm `{V{. gm_moOH$ Ame` odemc Agmdm cmJVm{. EIm⁄m
g_Ò`{Mm [mR>[wamdm oV¿`m ododY gßX^m™gh _mßS>c{cm AgVm{. EIm⁄m [m{Q>g_yhmM{, [m{Q> gßÒH•$VrM{
V[ercmgh Xe©Z KS>odc{c{ AgV{. gß[U
y © H$mimMm qH$dm g_mOmMm N>X{ K{Vc{cm AgVm{. Ame`gyÃ{
9
]iH$Q> AgVmV. [mÃ{ gcJ C^r amhVmV.''36 hr Ï`mª`m H$mXß]ar¿`m odÒV•VVm, OrdZmo^_wIVm,
H$cmÀ_H$Vm, H$Î[H$Vm, dmÒVdVm BÀ`mXr JwUmßZm Ò[e© H$aV{. ^mcMß– Z{_mS>|¿`m _V{, ""H$mXß]ar
hm odÒV•V ^mofH$ AdH$me Agc{cm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ{ oV¿`mVrc KQ>H$mßMm AmdmH$mhr
_m{R>m AgVm{. À`m_wi{ d{Jd{J˘`m ‡d•Œmr ew’ ÒdÍ$[mV XmIodUma{ H$mXß]arH$ma qH$dm H$mXß]Ë`m
H$mQ>{H$m{a [’VrZ{ dJuH•$V H$aVm `{V ZmhrV.''37
am. J. OmYd `mß¿`m _V{, ""H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, c{IH$mMm —pÓQ>H$m{Z d `mßZm AZwÍ$[
Aer oZd{XZ VßÃ{, dU©Z{, dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr, e°cr BÀ`mXr KQ>H$mßZr J⁄mV odÒV•V[U{ gßKoQ>V H{$c{c{
dmÒVd OrdZmM{ oMÃU ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar hm{`.''38
`m_wi{ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ Ï`p∑V_ZmM{ ododY —pÓQ>H$m{ZmVyZ KS>odc{c{ Xe©Z Aer Ï`mª`m
[wT>{ `{V Amh{.
H$mXß]ar¿`m Ï`mª`mßMm odMma H{$cm Va BßJO
´ r, _amR>r‡_mU{ qhXr gmohÀ`mVyZhr H$mhr Ï`mª`m
AmT>iVmV. À`m [wT>rc‡_mU{ gmßJVm `{Vrc.
[´{_MßXmß¿`m _V{, ""_¢ C[›`mg H$m{ _mZd MnaÃ H$m oMÃ _mÃ g_PVm h±̌$& _mZd MnaÃ[a
‡H$me S>mcZm Am°a CZH{$ ahÒ`m| H$m{ Im{cZm hr C[›`mgm| H$m _ycVŒd h°$&''39
]m]y Jwcm]am` `mßMr "H$mÏ` H{$ Í$[' `m Jß́WmVrc Ï`mª`m _hŒdmMr dmQ>V{. À`mß¿`m _V{,
""C[›`mg H$m`©H$maU e•ßIcmg{ ]ßYm h˛Am dh J⁄ H$WmZH$ h°$& oOg_| A[{jmH•$V AoYH$ odÒVma
VWm [{Mr XßJr H{$ gmW dmÒVodH$ OrdZ ‡oVoZYrÀd H$aZ{dmc{ Ï`p∑V`m| g{ gß]ßoYV dmÒVodH$ Am°a
H$mÎ[oZH$ KQ>Zm|¤mam _mZdr OrdZ H{$ gÀ` H$m agmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ CX≤KmQ>Z oH$`m OmVm h°$&''40
Ì`m_ gwXß aXmg `mß¿`m _V{, ""H$mXß]ar _ZwÓ` H{$ dmÒVodH$ OrdZ H$s H$mÎ[oZH$ H$Wm h°$&''41
X{damO C[m‹`m` `mß¿`m _V{, ""C[›`mg J⁄ gmohÀ` H$m A›`V_ Í$[ h°$& oOZH$m AmYma
H$Wm h°$& Mmh{ dh grY{ _ZwÓ`m| H$s hm{ `m _ZwÓ`{Va Ord Am°a oZOud ‡H•$Vr H$s, Mmh{ dh g¿Mr hm{ `m
H$pÎ[V$&''42
darc BßJO
´ r, _amR>r, qhXr gmohÀ`mVrc Ï`mª`mßM{ Adcm{H$Z H{$c{ Va OmUdc{cr VÀH$mcrZ
H$mimVrc dmÒVd OrdZmM{ oMÃ, H$_r AoYH$ Ï`mo_l OrdZmM{ Am^mgmÀ_H$ oMÃU, dmMH$mMm
JwßVdyZ Q>mH$Umam aMZm]ßY, J⁄ _hmH$mÏ`, gd© H$mhr gm_md{c Aer JmÍ$S>ÁmMr [m{VS>r, H$mÎ[oZH$
[mÃmß¿`m AmYma{ H$cmZßX X{Umar J⁄H$Wm, _mZdr OrdZXe©Z KS>dUmar cocV J⁄H$Wm, [moW©d$
10
gßgmamodf`r AmÒWm ]miJUmË`m d•ŒmrM{ oMÃU, ‡XrK© ^mofH$ AdH$me Agc{cr, Ame`gyÃmßM{
AZ{H$ [Xa Agc{cr gmohÀ`H•$Vr, H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, c{IH$mMm —pÓQ>H$m{U, ZÏ`m H$pÎ[V
dmÒVdmMm aMZm]ßY, Jß^ra dmVmdaU Zgc{c{ J⁄, _hmH$mÏ`, d°`p∑VH$ OrdZmZw^yVr, EH$mM
d{ir dmL≤>_`‡H$mamodf`rMm A‰`mg d OrdZgÀ`mMm agmÀ_H$ AmodÓH$ma, _mZdr OrdZmda
‡H$me Q>mH$U{ d À`mM{ ahÒ` CcJSy>Z XmIdU{ BÀ`mXr H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á{ Am[Î`m MQ>H$Z cjmV
`{VmV.
* H$mXß]arM{ KQ>H$
`mZßVa H$mXß]ar¿`m KQ>H$mßMm aMZ{¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ odMma H$aU{ AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>V{. H$WmZH$,
Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaU, oZd{XZ, gßKf©, _Zm{odÌc{fU, ^mfme°cr h{ H$mXß]arM{ ‡_wI KQ>H$ Amh{V.
1) H$WmZH$
H$mXß]arMm hm ‡_wI KQ>H$ AgyZ Vm{ H$mXß]arMm Jm^m Amh{. EIm⁄m ]rOmVyZ _m{R>m d•j
oZ_m©U Ïhmdm, À`m‡_mU{ H$mXß]argw’m EIm⁄m N>m{Q>Ámem H$Wm]rOmVyZ AmH$ma K{V AgV{. H$maU
H$Wm]rOmoedm` H$mXß]ar Am[Î`m AmH$f©H$ ÒdÍ$[mV ‡H$Q> hm{U{ H$R>rU AgV{. H$WmZH$mV AZ{H$
‡gßJmßMr gmIir AgV{; [U H{$di H$mcmZwH$´ _mZ{ ‡gßJmßM{ oMÃU ZgyZ À`m_Yrc H$m`©H$maU^mdmMm
Xwdm Ò[ÓQ> dm gyoMV H{$c{cm AgVm{. H$Wm]rO ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar Zmhr Va `m KQ>H$mßda BVa KQ>H$mßMmhr
[naUm_ hm{V AgVm{. À`mZßVa H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[ g_OV{. EImX{ oMÃ dm oeÎ[mH•$Vr [mohcr H$s,
EH$X_ oVMr [yUm©H•$Vr Am[Î`mg_m{a `{V{ d oVM{ AmH$cZ hm{V{. [aßVw H$mßX]ar hr ^mofH$ H$cmH•$Vr
AgÎ`mZ{ oVM{ AmH$cZ EH$X_ hm{V Zmhr. H$mXß]arM{ dmMZ hr EH$ H$mcH´$_]’ ‡oH´$`m Amh{.
À`m_wi{ [mÃ{, H•$Vr, ‡gßJ AmXr H$mXß]arVrc Jm{ÓQ>tM{ oZd{XZ H$mXß]arVrc H$pÎ[V H$mim¿`m
AdH$memV H$aU{ H$mXß]arH$mamcm ^mJ [S>V{. H$mXß]arVrc [mÃ{ H$m` H$arV Amh{V, À`mßM{ odMma
H$m` Amh{V, h{ H$mXß]arH$ma gmßJV AgVm{. `m gdm™Mr OwiUr H$aUmË`m EH$mÀ_ K≈> odUrcm "H$WmZH$'
Ag{ ÂhUVmV. H$WmZH$m¿`m KQ>Zmß¿`m OwiUr_mJ{ H$m`©H$maUmM{ gyÃ AgV{. H$mXß]arV EH$ Jm{ÓQ>
AgV{. `m Jm{ÓQ>rV hOmam{ KQ>H$VŒd{ [mR>m{[mR> aMc{cr AgVmV. CXm. "ÏhamßS>ÁmVrc [{Q>rVyZ Vr ]\©$
H$mT>rV hm{Vr.', "Vm{ Jß_VrZ{ [mhˇ cmJcm', "Vr ]m{ccr Zmhr', "Am[Î`mM odMmamV amohcr.'
BÀ`mXr dm∑`mßVyZ H$WmZH$mMr aMZm hm{V AgV{. B. E_. \$m∞ÒQ>©a `mßZr H$WmZH$ d hH$sH$V `m_Yrc
\$aH$ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVmZm EH$ Jß_VrXma CXmhaU oXc{ Amh{. À`mß¿`m _V{, ""amOm _{cm AmoU À`mZßVa
11
Xw:ImZ{ amUr _•À`y [mdcr. h{ H$WmZH$ Amh{.''43
H$WmZH$ ÂhUO{ H$mXß]arH$mamZ{ dmMH$mßg_m{a R>d{ c{cr ‡gßJmßMr, Ï`∑Vr¿`m H•$VtMr, KQ>ZmßMr
OwiUr AgV{. H$mXß]arVrc H$WmZH$ odoeÓQ> H$mc_`m©X{V KS>V AgV{. [aßVw `m H$mimMr od^mJUr
H$mXß]arH$ma H$arV AgVm{ .OrdZmMr JVr H$mXß]arVyZ OmUdV{. _mUgm¿`m M{hË`mdÍ$Z, À`m¿`m
hmd^mdmVyZ, À`m¿`m ]XcÀ`m Òd^mdmVyZ X{Irc H$mimMr JVr Ï`∑V hm{V{. H$mimM{ ^mZ Z{h_r¿`m
H$mcH´$_]’ jU_mocH{$VyZ Z X{Vm _mUgm¿`m ]XcÀ`m d•ŒmrVyZ, ‡oVoH´$`mVyZ X{Umar H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ
"h{ B©Ìdaamd - h{ [wÈfm{Œm_amd' `m Ì`m_ _Zm{ha `mß¿`m H$mXß]arMm CÎc{I H$amdm cmJ{c.
[gu c]H$ `mßZr H$mimM{ VŒd ‡^mdr[U{ dm[aUmam H$mXß]arH$ma ÂhUyZ Q>m∞cÒQ>m∞`M{ CXmhaU oXc{
Amh{. H$mXß]ar¿`m KmQ>mVM, oV¿`m aMZ{VM H$mimM{ ‡oVq]] C_Q>V AgV{ Ag{ [gu c]H$
`mßM{ ÂhUU{ Amh{.
H$WmZH$ hr EH$ gßaMZm AgV{. À`mgmR>r c{IH$ KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßMr oZdS> H$arV AgVm{.
[mÃm¿`m odoeÓQ dmJ`m_mJ{ H$mhrVar h{Vy AgVm{, [aßVw À`m_wi{ H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[ dmQ>c
{ Vg{ hm{`mMm
Ym{H$m AgVm{. H$WmZH$mM{ oeoWc, JwßVmJwßVrM{, Òd¿N>ßXr, dmÒVd Ag{ ‡H$ma AgyZ EH$mM H$mßX]arV
À`mMr o_lU{ AmT>iVmV. H$WmZH$ hm H$W{Mm AmÀ_m AgyZ Amaß^, _‹`, AßV h{ VrZ H$WmZH$m¿`m
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OrdZmVrc oddojV ‡gßJmßMr "MVwamB©Mr Jw\ß $U' hm{`. CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>H${ `mßMr "Xm°cV' hr H$mXß]ar
`mMm CÀH•$ÓQ> Z_wZm Amh{.
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e{dQ> hm VßÃ—ÓQ>Ám AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMm AgVm{. e{dQ> H$W{¿`m odH$mgmcm gmO{gm, Òdm^modH$ AgU{
AmdÌ`H$ Amh{. H$WmZH$mVrc gd© KQ>Zm, ‡gßJ, em{H$mÀ_ ÒdÍ$[mM{, dmVmdaU Jß^ra AgVmZm
H{$di _Zmcm ]a{ dmQ>V{ ÂhUyZ H$WmZH$mMm e{dQ> Jm{S> H$aU{ VßÃ—ÓQ>Ám Xm{fmÒ[X>M ÂhUmd{ cmJ{c.
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_mZdr OrdZÏ`m[mamM{ oMÃU H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$aVm{. ÂhUO{ dmMH$mcm Am[Î`m Ame`–Ï`moYpÓR>V
Í$[mV JwßVod`mM{ gm_œ`© H$WmZH$mV gm_mdc{c{ AgV{.
12
]O}g Om∞›gZ¿`m _V{, ""H$WmZH{$ EHy$U Mma _yc^yV odf`mßV od^mJVm `{VmV AmoU jwYm,
À`mJ, Ï`∑VrM{ Ï`p∑V[U AmoU ‡{_ `m MmaM odf`mßV H$m{UV{hr H$WmZH$ ]godVm `{V{.''44
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_mocH{$cm AoYH$ _hŒd ⁄md{ cmJV{. KQ>ZmßMr hr _mocH$m ÂhUO{ H$WmZH$ hm{`. H$mXß]ar_‹`{
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`m g_rjH$mßZr H$WmZH$ hm KQ>H$ _hŒdmMm _mZcm. [aßVw AmYwoZH$ H$mim_‹`{ H$mXß]arcm H$WmZH$
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_hŒdm¿`m H$cmH•$Vr gmH$ma H$aVm{. `m—ÓQ>rZ{ Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r', "gÀVmßVa',
^mcMß– Z{_mS>ÁmßMr "H$m{gcm', "o]T>>ma', "Pyc', ^mD$ [m‹`ß{Mr "dUdm', "O{c ]S>©g≤' BÀ`mXr
H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎc{I H$amdm cmJ{c. À`m_wi{ H$WmZH$ hm H$mXß]arMm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh{.
2) Ï`p∑VoMÃU
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oMÃU `{V{. Va H$mhr H$mXß]Ë`m Ï`∑Vr^m{dVrM Jwß\$c{Î`m AgVmV. Ï`p∑VoMÃU ÂhUO{ H$m`, Agm
‡ÌZ CX≤^dVm{, V{Ïhm Ï`∑Vr¿`m Òd^mdmVrc JwUXm{f, dV©Z, dmJUyH$, Í$[ BÀ`mXtMm odMma H$amdm
cmJVm{. À`m_wi{ H$mXß]arH$ma _mUgm¿`m gwIXw:Im¿`m, ÒdflZmß¿`m Aem H$mhrVar Jm{ÓQ>tMm
AmodÓH$ma H$arV AgVm{. H$WmZH$mgmR>r Ï`∑Vr _m‹`_ oH$Vr _hŒdmM{ AgV{, `modf`r aoe`Z
H$mXß]arH$ma VwJ©Z{Ïh ÂhUVmV H$s, "_r c{IZm‡maß^r Z{h_rM [mÃmßMm odMma H{$cm Amh{. H$Î[Z{Mm
Zmhr.'45 ÏhoO©oZ`m Hw$Î\$¿`m _V{, "_mPr ImÃr Amh{ H$s, gd© H$mXß]Ë`m [mÃmßer gß]ßYrV
13
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IcZm`H$, Bagmc [mÃ{, chmZ _wc{, ÂhmVmar, ‡{_i _mUg{, dS>rc _mUgmßM{ R>amodH$ ‡H$ma
BÀ`mXr Òd^mdmßMr odoeÓQ> Z_wZ{Xma [mÃ{ AmT>iVmV.47
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`mcm _hŒd AgyZ H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmßM{ OrdZ, À`mßM{ ApÒVÀd AmoU Vr ¡`m dmVmdaUmV AmT>iVmV
V{ dmVmdaU `m_‹`{ H$mXß]arM{ Ia{ ahÒ`, gŒd (Bg{›g) gm_mdc{c{ Amh{.''48 A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>c¿`m
og’mßVm‡_mU{, "dmL≤>_` ÂhUO{ AZwH•$Vr hm{`. H$_} H$aUmar _mUg{ hm AZwH•$VrMm odf`$ AgVm{.
`m oMÃUmM{ VrZ ‡H$ma AgVmV. CXm. _mUg{ Amh{V [U À`m[{jm MmßJcr aßJodU{, H$WmZH$m‡_mU{M
Òd^mdoMÃUmVhr H$drZ{ O{ H$mhr A[nahm`© Amh{ qH$dm O{ gß^dZr` Amh{, V{ Z{h_r c˙` _mZmd{
Ag{ A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>cM{ _V Amh{.'49 Am[Umg ‡mflV Pmc{Î`m gmYZgm_wJ´rMm C[`m{J H$mXß]arH$ma
H$gm H$aVmV `modf`r pÒQ>Ïh{ZgZ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""[wÓH$iXm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m H$mÎ[oZH$ Ï`∑Vr
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Ï`∑Vr oZ_m©U H$aVm{.''50
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c{IH$mZ{ EH$M EH$ Ï`∑Vr [mhˇZ ‡À`jmdÍ$Z Oar [mÃoZo_©Vr H{$cr Agcr Var c{IH$ Vg{ H$aVmZm
odoeÓQ> OrdZmWm©¿`m gßX^m©V À`m¿`mH$S>{ [hmV AgVm{. À`m_wi{ Vr gd©Òdr ZdrZ oZo_©Vr AgV{.
H$mXß]arVrc BVa KQ>H$mß_wi{hr À`m [mÃmcm ‡À`jmhˇZ d{Ji{[U ‡mflV Pmc{c{ AgV{. _mÃ H$mXß]ar
[yU© _mUyg XmIdy eH$V Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]arH$ma A[nahm`©[U{ oZdS> H$arV AgVm{.''51
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Amh{V. À`mV [wZ:[w›hm H$mhr AmH•$Vr AmT>iyZ `{VmV. À`mZwgma _ZwÓ`m¿`m ‡dmhr AßVOudZmV
X{Irc H$mhr odgßJVrhr ode{f OmUdVmV. AmoU AI{a Vm{ gmam EH$M [´dmh AgVm{. _ZwÓ`m¿`m
14
‡dmhr OrdZmVrc ¯m gßJVr Xe©odU{, ¯m AmH•$Vr oQ>[U{ AmoU À`mVrc AH$pÎ[V d VH$m©V Z
]gUmË`m Jm{ÓQ>tMr XIc K{U{ ÂhUO{ Òd^md oMÃU.''52
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H$aVmZm Ï`p∑VoMÃUmM{ ododY ‡H$ma gmßJZy À`mVrc VaV_^md Ò[ÓQ> H{$cm Amh{. [ohÎ`m ‡H$mamVyZ
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oVgË`m ‡H$mamVyZ _ZwÓ` Òd^mdm¿`m C¿M d ZmOyH$ odMmamßM{ oMÃU AgV{. Va C¿M H$c{¿`m
—ÓQ>rZ{ H$WmZH$mVrc MmVw`m©[{jm Hw$ec Ï`∑VrXe©Zm¿`m em{^{Z{ gOc{Î`m H$mXß]arcmM l{ÓR> ÒWmZ
AgV{. ÂhUO{M Òd^mda{ImQ>Zmg H$mXß]arVyZ ]a{M _hŒd AgyZ AZ{H$ d{im H$mXß]arMm XOm©
R>aod`mV hr H$gm{Q>r C[`m{JmV AmUcr OmV{. H$mXß]arVrc [mÃ{ H$mÎ[oZH$ Iar; [U À`mß¿`m_‹`{
oOdßV[Um `{`mgmR>r À`mßZm X{d qH$dm XmZd H$m{Q>rVrc H$a`mE{dOr _mZd H$m{Q>rVrc H$aU{ OÍ$a
Amh{. À`m_wi{ Ame`gyÃm¿`m `Wm`m{Ω` ‡H$Q>ZmgmR>r oOdßV AmoU ‡À``H$mar Ï`p∑VoMÃUmMr
AmdÌ`H$Vm AgV{. H$mXß]arVrc AdH$memMr C^maUr H$aVmZm c{IH$ À`m H$WmZH$mMr C^maUr
Ï`∑Vr¤ma{ KS>odV AgVm{. À`m [mÃmßM{ _Zm{Y_©, ]m¯mH$ma, odMma, H$Î[Zm BVa [mÃmßer Agc{c{
À`mßM{ gß]ßY ¯m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tVyZ H$mXß]arM{ odÌd AmH$mamcm `{V AgV{.
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ÂhUVmV H$s, ""H$mhr H$mXß]arH$mamß¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aVmZm À`mßZm _mZgemÒÃmMr ‡À`j
qH$dm A‡À`j OmU hm{Vr Ag{ OmUdV{.''53 H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m _mZgemÒÃ A‰`mgmMr hr oQ>[Ur
_hŒdmMr Amh{. À`mVyZM Ï`p∑Va{ImQ>Z{ oZ_m©U hm{VmV. CXm. [w. oe. a{J{ `mßMr "gmodÃr'. a{Ω`mßZr
gmodÃr¿`m Í$[mZ{ H{$c{cm H$mXß]ar c{IZmVrc hm Zdm ‡`m{J AgyZ gmodÃr¿`m oZo_ŒmmZ{ OrdZmVrc
VmXmÀÂ`Vm, gm\$Î`, V•flVr, AmZßX `mßM{ ÒWmZ À`mßZr gO©Zerc [mVirda KS>odc{ Amh{. gmodÃr
]mc[Um[mgyZ EH$Q>r, _Z_m{H$˘`m Òd^mdmMr Amh{. oV¿`m_‹`{ ‡g›ZVm, VQ>ÒWVm AmoU
AmÀ_g_[©UmMr d•Œmr Amh{; Vg{M Xw:ImMm ÒdrH$ma H$a`mMr ‡JÎ^Vmhr Amh{.
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15
Hw$ec H$mXß]arH$maM oOdßV, ‡À``H$mar, [naUm_H$maH$ Ï`p∑VoMÃUmßMr _mßS>Ur H$Í$ eH$Vm{. À`m_wi{
H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`p∑VoMÃU hm H$WmZH$mBVH$mM _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh{.
3) dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr
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AZ›`gmYmaU _hŒd Amh{. H$mXß]arVrc H$pÎ[V Ï`∑Vr ¡`m g_mOmV dmdaV{ À`m g_mOmM{ Ia{
oMÃU H$mXß]arVyZ `md{ AmoU _mZdr OrdZ, À`m¿`m AdVr^m{dVr Agc{cm g_mO `mßMm EH$mM
d{ir AZw^d `mdm hr A[{jm dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr¿`m _mJ{ AgV{. H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU hm KQ>H$
H$WmZH$ AmoU Ï`∑VroMÃUmVrc _hŒdmMm Xwdm Amh{. `m KQ>H$m_wi{ OrdZXe©Z KS>odUma{ ododY
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H$s, ""H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU h{ H$WmZH$ d Ï`p∑VXe©Z `mVrc ahÒ` CcJS>`mg \$ma C[`w∑V
R>aV{.''54
`m KQ>H$modf`r [´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ `mßZr ÂhQ>c{ Amh{ H$s, ""ÒWc H$mc
d°oeÓQ>ÁmßM{ H$mXß]arV [S>cc{ ‡oVq]] ÂhUO{ dmVmdaU hm{`.''55 `m[wT>{ À`mßZr dmVmdaU ¯m
KQ>H$mcm H$mXß]ar¿`m [yaH$ KQ>H$mV g_modÓQ> H{$c{. À`m_wi{ `m KQ>H$mM{ H$mXß]araMZ{Vrc ÒWmZ
qH$dm _hŒd H$m{UÀ`mhr ‡H$ma{ H$_r hm{V Zmhr. À`mß¿`m _V{ "oMÃH$c{V [mÌd©^_y rM{ H$m`© V{M H$mXß]arV
dmVmdaUmM{ AgV{. À`m oMÃmßVrc X{ImÏ`mg Ogm EH$ ‡H$ma{ CR>md o_iVm{, odoeÓQ> ‡gßJmM{ __©
H$i`mg _XV hm{V{. Vg{ H$mXß]arVrc dmVmdaU h{ H$WmZH$ AmoU Ï`p∑VXe©Z `mVrc ahÒ`
CcJS>`mg C[H$maH$ hm{V.{ '56 Wm{S>∑`mV, ÒWcH$mc d°oeÓQ>ÁmßM{ H$mXß]arV [S>cc
{ { ‡oVq]] ÂhUO{
dmVmdaU. `m ÒWc-H$mc d°oeÓQ>ÁmßMm _mZdr OrdZmda _m{R>m [naUm_ hm{Vm{ qH$dm ‡^md [S>Vm{.
Zm. gr. \$S>H{$ H$W{Vrc dmVmdaUmH$S>{ Xwc©j H{$c{ Va Km{Q>mim hm{Vm{ Ag{ ÂhUVmV. [mÌMmÀ`
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odMmamßMm `m KQ>H$mß¿`m gßX^m©V odMma hm{U{ JaO{M{ Amh{. h{J{c hm g_rjH$ H$mXß]arMm Am°⁄m{oJH$
g_mOÏ`dÒW{VyZ oZ_m©U Pmc{cm [m`m _m›` H$aVm{. "H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ _‹`_ dJm©M{ _hmH$mÏ`,
e{Vr‡YmZ gßÒH•$VrVyZ C⁄m{J‡YmZ gßÒH•$VrH$S>{ OmUmË`m $ _mUgmMr gm_moOH$ EH$Vm ZÓQ> hm{V{.
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16
¯m g_whm¿`m OmoUd{¿`m AZwfßJmZ{ oZ_m©U Pmc{Î`m ‡d•ŒmrMm AoVe` odH$ogV Agm gwgßJV
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OrdZm¿`m ^y_rV Im{cda Í$Oc{cr AgVmV.'58
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Amh{. À`modf`r À`mßZr EH$ gyÃ gmßoJVc{. dße, dmVmdaU AmoU `wJ h{ gmohÀ` ÒdÍ$[ R>aodUma{
KQ>H$ AgVmV. À`mß¿`m _V{, "H$mXß]ar OrdZmM{ ‡oVq]] XmIodUmam Amagm Amh{.'59 gmohÀ` h{
gd©Òdr g_mOM{ A[À` Amh{, ‡oVq]] Amh{. [U V{ZMm hm og’mßV _m›` hm{`mgmaIm Zmhr. Jm{.
_. Hw$cH$Uu `m og’mßVmodf`r ÂhUVmV, "gmohpÀ`H$ hm g_mOm[wT>{ Amagm YaVm{ Iam; [U Vm{
Amagm hw]{hˇ] ‡oVq]] XmIodUmam-Xe©odUmam ZgVm{. ^yVH$mcrZ gmohÀ`[aß[am d gmohpÀ`H$,
Ï`p∑V_Œd À`mMr [´d•Œmr-‡H•$Vr, g_mOmMr pÒWVrJVr `m gdm™¿`m [aÒ[a gm[{j gmH$Î`mZ{ hm
Amagm og’ hm{Vm{. `m_wi{ gmohÀ`mV C_Q>c{c{ ‡oVq]] h˛]{hˇ] Z amhVm V{ gßÒH$mnaV hm{V{, d{Ji{
[na_mU YmaU H$aV{.'60
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H$mXß]ar Í$T> hm{dy cmJcr d H$WmZH$mgmR>r odoeÓQ> _`m©XrV [mÌd©^_y r oZdSy>Z Vr CR>mdXma H$a`mH$S>{
c{IH$mMm H$c oXgy cmJcm.
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H$a`mMr AmdÌ`H$Vm AoYH$ ^mgy cmJcr. eßH$a [mQ>cmßMr "Q>ma\w$cm' qH$dm aUoOV X{gmB™ ¿`m
"]mar', "_mPm Jmd' qH$dm Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßMr "AmÂhr ^JraWmM{ [wÃ' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m `m —ÓQ>rZ{
CÎc{IZr` Amh{V. `m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tMm odMma H{$cm Va H$mXß]ar¿`m AmH$f©Um¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ dmVmdaUmcmM
[yaH$ KQ>H$ _mZmd{ cmJ{c. [aßVw ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arVˇZ dmVmdaUoZo_©VrgmaIm KQ>H$ AoVe` _hŒd[yU©
AgVm{. dmVmdaUmVyZ T>J, [mD$g, odOmßMm H$S>H$S>mQ>, D$Z, WßS>r, dmam BÀ`mXr hdm_mZm¿`m KQ>H$mßMm
dm[agw’m H{$cm OmVm{. À`m_wi{ dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr hm BVa KQ>H$mß[j
{ m Jm°U KQ>H$ Agcm Var H$mXß]arVyZ
À`mcm _hŒd[yU© ÒWmZ Amh{.
dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' qH$dm O`dßV XidtMr "MH´$'
qH$dm ^mcMß– Z{_mS>|Mr "H$m{gcm', E. Ïhr Om{etMr "H$mim{ImM{ AßJ' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc
17
dmVmdaUmM{ oMÃU AÀ`ßV ‡^mdr Amh{.
4) H$mXß]arM{ oZd{XZ
H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡_wI KQ>H$mßMm odMma H{$cm Va H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr AmoU
^mfme°cr h{ KQ>H$ _hŒdmM{ Amh{V. `m gd© KQ>H$mßBVH$mM H$mXß]arMm _hŒd[yU© AmYma^yV KQ>H$
ÂhUO{ oZd{XZ hm{`. H$mXß]arV h{ oZd{XZ H$m{UrVar H$arV AgVm{. H$m{Um¿`m Var —ÓQ>rZ{ KS>c{Î`m
KQ>ZmßM{, [mÃmßM{, À`mß¿`m H•$VrM{, Òd^mdmM{ Ia{ oMÃU H{$c{ OmV{. ÂhUO{ À`mß¿`modf`r H$WZ H{$c{
OmV{. oZd{XZ ÂhUO{ KQ>ZmßMr _mocH$m AgyZ oZd{XZmV gmVÀ` d gyÃ Agmd{ cmJV{. H$mXß]arMm
oZd{XH$ Z{h_r H$mXß]arH$maM AgVm{ Ag{ Zmhr. H$mXß]arM{ oZd{XZ H$Yr [mÃmß¿`m Vm|Sy>Zhr H{$c{
OmV{. `mMm ‡À`` h. Zm. Am[Q>|Mr "[U cjmV H$m{U K{Vm{', dm. _. Om{etMr "BßXy H$mi{ gacm ^m{i{'
qH$dm [w. ^m. ^md|Mr "AHw$ocZm' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ `{Vm{.
H$mXß]arcm _yV©Í$[ X{`mgmR>r, gd© KQ>H$mßMm V[erc [waod`mgmR>r odoeÓQ> H$m{ZmVyZ À`mMr
_mßS>Ur H$a`mgmR>r H$mXß]arH$mamcm oZd{XZ h{M EH$ gmYZ C[c„Y AgV{. `m oZd{XZVßÃmMm dm[a
_mÃ ‡À`{H$ c{IH$ Am[Î`m _OuZwgma H$arV AgVm{. c{IH$ hm ÒdV:M oZd{XH$ Amh{ H$s
H$WmodÌdmVrc EH$ [mÃ oZd{XH$ Amh{ `mdÍ$Z oZd{XZm¿`m ‡W_[wÈfr oZd{XZ AmoU V•Vr`[wÈfr
oZd{XZ Aem Xm{Z [’Vr AgVmV.
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dm[a H$aVmZm H$mXß]arH$mamM{ EH$ qH$dm AZ{H$ [mÃmßer VmXmÀ_rH$aU Pmc{c{ AgV{. `m[’VrMm
h{Vy gmßoJVÎ`m OmUmË`m hH$sH$Vr]am{]a [mÃ, [mÃmßMm —pÓQ>H$m{Z, À`mßMr _Z:oÒWVr `mH$S>{ AgVm{.
À`m_wi{ H$mXß]arV EH$gyÃr[Um, EH$dm∑`Vm oZ_m©U hm{V{. "V{ÈAm{ d oZaJmR>r' `m H$mXß]Ë`mVyZ
`m—ÓQ>rZ{ Jm°ar X{e[mßS>{ `mßZr S>màr AmoU [Ã{ `m Xm{›hr gmYZmßMm dm[a H{$cm Amh{. [Ã{ AmoU
am{OoZer `mßMm dm[a `m [’VrV H{$cm OmVm{. ‡W_[wÈfr oZd{XZmV oZd{XH$ h{ H$mXß]arVrc EH$ [mÃ
AgÎ`m_wi{ H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`∑V Pmc{c{ OrdZdmÒVd ÂhUO{ EH$m [mÃmZ{ AZw^dc{c{, À`m¿`m
—pÓQ>H$m{ZmVyZ Ï`∑V Pmc{c{ dmÒVd AgV{. `m ‡H$ma¿`m oZd{XZmVyZ AmßVnaH$ dmÒVdmM{ Xe©Z
KS>od`mMr e∑`Vm AoYH$ AgV{. h{ ‡W_[wÈfr oZd{XZmM{ gm_œ`© R>aV{. CXm. "[U cjmV H$m{U
K{Vm{' _‹`{ "`_y'`m ÒÃr[mÃm¤ma{ H{$c{c{ oZd{XZ qH$dm od. g. ImßS>{H$amß¿`m "H´$m°MdY' _Yrc
18
d{Jd{J˘`m [mÃmßZr H{$c{cr AmÀ_oZd{XZ{ hr `m ‡H$mamVrc CÀH•$ÓQ> Z_wZ{ Amh{V.
2) V•Vr`[wÈfr oZd{XZ
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gß^mfUmßM{, KQ>ZmßM{ À`mcm kmZ AgV{. À`m_wi{ Vm{ [mÃmß¿`m _ZmV ‡d{e H$Í$Z À`mßM{ odMma _mßSy>
eH$Vm{. _mZdr Òd^mdmMr JwßVmJwßV, _mZdr _ZmMr AV∑`©Vm `m ‡H$mam¿`m oZd{XZ[’Vr_wi{ ‡H$Q>
hm{D$ eH$V{.
[gu c]Hß$Zr oZd{XZmM{ "[∞Za∞o_H$' AmoU "ogoZH$' Ag{ Xm{Z ‡H$ma gmßoJVc{ Amh{V.
Ï`m[H$ —Ì` H$d{V K{Umam [∞Za∞o_H$ —pÓQ>H$m{U AmoU [mÃmß¿`m OrdZmVrc odoeÓQ> KQ>H$ AJXr
OdiyZ oQ>[Umam ogoZH$ —pÓQ>H$m{U `mMm JaO{Zgw ma dm[a H$mXß]arH$ma H$arV AgVm{. H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m
oZd{XZmcm EH$ JVr d c` AgV{. À`m_wi{ V•Vr` [wÈfr oZd{XZ hr oZd{XZmMr EH$ Í$T> [’V Amh{.
H$maU `m ‡H$mamVrc c{IH$mMr ^yo_H$m hr gd©kmgmaIr AgV{. `m ‡H$maMm C‘{e _wª`V: gmßoJVÎ`m
OmUmË`m hH$sH$VrH$S>{, dmÒVdmH$S>{ AgVm{. Va g_mOmVrc Ï`∑Vrd°oeÓQ>ÁmßM{ oMÃU H$aU{, Xe©Z
KS>odU{, h{ H$mXß]arH$mamM{ d°oeÓQ>Á AgÎ`mZ{ V•Vr` [wÈfr oZd{XZmMr hr [’V gdm©V AoYH$
C[`w∑V Amh{. `m [’VrZwgma c{IH$ Ame`mMr _mßS>Ur odÒVmamZ{ H$Í$ eH$Vm{. [mÃmß¿`m
^mdZmÀ_H$V{Mm, qMVZercV{Mm AmodÓH$ma H$aVmZm _mÃ V•Vr` [wÈfr oZd{XZm¿`m Om{S>rZ{M [Ã{,
am{OoZer BÀ`mXtMm c{IH$ C[`m{J H$aVm{.
oZd{XZm‡_mU{ oZd{XZmMm Òda (Q>m{Z) hmhr _hŒdmMm AgVm{. H$Yr c{IH$ VQ>ÒW AgVm{
Va H$Yr Am[Î`m [mÃmßodf`r ghmZw^yVr ‡H$Q> H$arV AgVm{. Va H$Yr À`mMm Òda C[hmgmMmhr
Agy eH$Vm{. H$mXß]ar¿`m oZd{XZmcm EH$ JVr d c` AgV{. Vr gmß^mi`mda oZd{XZmM{ ‡^mdr[U
Adcß]yZ AgV{.
5) gßKf©
gßKf© hm H$mXß]arMm EH$ KQ>H$ AgyZ gßKfm©oedm` H$mXß]ar [yU© hm{V Zmhr. gßKfm©¿`m MT>CVmamßMr H$mXß]ar aßOZ‡YmZ AmoU dmMZr` ]ZV{. gßKf© hm _ycV: _mZogH$ [mVir AmoU emarnaH$
[mVirda Adcß]yZ AgVm{. Xm{›hr gßKf© EH$_{H$mßZm [yaH$ AgVmV. _mUgmM{ _Z h{ KS>ÁmimVrc
cm{cH$m‡_mU{ AmßXm{cV AgV{. `{WyZM Iam gßKfm©g ‡maß^ hm{Vm{. EH$m _ZmM{ XwgË`m _Zmer gßKfm©M{
19
]rO AßHw$ac{ OmV{. À`m_wi{ Ï`∑Vr, g_mO, OmVr, Y_©, C¿M-ZrM, Jar]-lr_ßV Aem ‡H$ma{
gßKf© KS>V AgVm{. H$mXß]arVyZ Zm`H$, Zmo`H$m, IcZm`H$ BVa Jm°U [mÃ{ BÀ`mXt¿`m _‹`{ gßKf©
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_hŒd[yU© KQ>H$ Amh{.
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Pmc{cr AgV{. h∞Âc{Q>cm Xm{›hr ‡H$ma¿`m gßKfm™Zm Vm|S> ⁄md{ cmJc{.AßV:ÒW d ]m¯ qH$dm
am_mÙmVrc gd©M Ï`∑Vr EH$mM aßJmZ{ dmpÎ_H$sZ{ aßJdÎ`m AgÀ`m qH$dm _hm^maVmVrc gd©M
[mÃmßM{ Òd^md-ode{f g_g_mZ AgÎ`mM{ Ï`mg _hfvZr XmIodc{ AgV{ Va À`m _hmH$mÏ`mcm
AmO¿`mgmaIr cm{H$o‡`Vm cm^cr AgVr H$m` ? am_mÙ, _hm^maV dJ°a{ Amf©H$mÏ`{, aKwdße,
Hw$_magß^d, [∞aS>mB©O cm∞ÒQ> `mgmaIr _hmH$mÏ`{ À`mVÎ`m gßKf©_` dmVmdaUm_wi{ cm{H$o‡` Pmcr
Amh{V.''61
6) _Zm{odÌc{fU
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I{i AgVm{. H$mXß]arVyZ d{Jd{J˘`m [mÃmßMr oZo_©Vr H$Í$Z H$mXß]arH$ma À`mAmYma{ OrdZmVrc
gÀ`mM{ oMÃU H$a`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$arV AgVm{. Aem H$mXß]arVyZ _Zm{odÌc{fU ZmdmMm [mÃm¿`m
^yo_H$m dm _mZogH$ OS>U-KS>U Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmam EH$ KQ>H$ H$m`©aV AgVm{. ‡À`{H$ [mÃmMr _mZogH$
OS>U-KS>U d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© AgV{. hr d°oeÓQ>Á[yUV© m dmMH$mß¿`m cjmV `mdr `m h{VZy { H$mßX]arH$mamcm
_Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ c{IZ H$amd{ cmJV{.
‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ `mßZr H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡_wI KQ>H$mßMr MMm© H$aVmZm _Zm{odÌc{fU
KQ>H$mcm ÒdVßÃ ÒWmZ oXc{ Amh{. _Zm{odÌc{fUmcm AmVm EH$ emÒÃr` Í$[ ‡mflV Pmc{ Amh{. AmoU
_Zm{odÌc{fUmMr EH$ ÒdVßÃ [mna^mofH$ e„Xmdcrhr Í$T> hm{dy cmJcr Amh{. À`m_wi{
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20
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H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`mV aoe`Z H$mXß]arH$ma S>mÒ∞ Q>mBÏhÒH$s `mßZm _Zm{odÌc{fUodf`H$ H$mXß]Ë`mßM{
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`m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tMm odMma H{$cm Va _Zm{odÌc{fUmMm H$cmÀ_H$ C[`m{J H{$di d°dmohH$ OrdZmgß]ßYr
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(_Z ÃÒV, Co¤æ, Xm{cm`_mZ oÒWVr) Aemd{ir H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmß¿`m _Z:pÒWVrM{ oXΩXe©Z
_Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ [’VrZ{ H{$Î`mZ{ V{ ‡^mdr R>aV{. `m—ÓQ>rZ{ lr. Zm. [|S>g{|Mr "aWMH´$', od^mdar
oeÈaH$amßMr "]ir', oedmOr gmdßVmßMr "_•À`wO
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`mßMr "X{dmMm e„X' `m H$mXß]Ë`m CÎc{IZr` Amh{V.
21
7) H$mXß]arMr ^mfme°cr
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odMma d ^mdZm Ï`∑V H$a`mM{ EH$_{d gmYZ `m—ÓQ>rZ{ ^mf{cm \$ma _hŒd Amh{. ^mfme°crda
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oZ_m©U H$aU{ `mgmR>r ^mfme°cr h{ _hŒdmM{ gmYZ Amh{. [aßVw gmohÀ`mMr ^mfm Ï`dhmam¿`m
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H$mXß]arMm _hŒdmMm KQ>H$ Amh{.
^mfme°crcm H$mXß]arV ÒdVßÃ ÒWmZ Amh{ H$m` `modf`r _Vo^›ZVm Amh{, [U odMma d
^mdZm e„Xmß¤ma{ Ï`∑V H$a`mM{ _m‹`_ h{ ^mf{M{ _hŒd[yU© H$m`© Amh{. e°cr `m e„XmZ{ ^mf{cm
o_imc{c{ odoeÓQ> diU Agm AW© `{W{ gyoMV hm{Vm{. ‡À`{H$ c{IH$m¿`m ^mfme°crda X{eH$mc
[napÒWVrMm Ogm ‡^md [S>Vm{, Vgm ‡À`{H$m¿`m e°crda À`m¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm, gßÒH$mamMm, ^mofH$
g_•’rMm ‡^md [S>Vm{. H$mXß]ar d ZmQ>H$ `m_‹`{ gßdmXmMr ^mfm oOVH$s MmßJcr, Z{h_r¿`m
gamdmVrc Ag{c Va ^mf{cm ghOgwXß aVm ‡mflV hm{V.{ _amR>r H$mXß]arMm O›_ EH$m{oUgmÏ`m eVH$m¿`m
_‹`m›hr Pmcm. À`md{ir _amR>r J⁄mM{ O{ ÒdÍ$[ hm{V{ À`mMm odMma H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mfme°cr¿`m
—ÓQ>rZ{ H$aU{ OÍ$a Amh{.
H$mXß]ar hm dmÒVdm{›_wI gmohÀ`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ{ [mÃmß¿`m Vm|S>Mr ^mfm OmÒVrV OmÒV
dmÒVdXeu, Ï`dhmam¿`m OdiMr Agmdr Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{. H$mXß]ar hr c{IH$mMr oZo_©Vr AgV{.
H$cmH•$Vr AgV{. c{IH$mZ{ oVW{ ^mf{Mm gh{VwH$ dm[a H{$c{cm AgVm{. _mÃ H$mXß]arH$mamZ{ O{ odÌd
H$pÎ[c{c{ Amh{, À`m odÌdmMr, À`mV dmdaUmË`m _mUgmßMr Or gßÒH•$Vr Amh{, oVcm AZwgÍ$ZM
^mfm dm[amdr Aer A[{jm AgV{. H$mXß]arV oZd{XZmMr ^mfm d{Jir d gßdmXmMr ^mfm d{Jir
AgV{. H$mXß]ar¿`m "dmÒVdm' odf`r H$Î[Zm Oer ]Xccr Ver H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mf{M{ ÒdÍ$[hr
]XcV J{c{. H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ h˛]{hˇ] ^m{dVmc¿`m OJmVrc Ï`∑VtM{, KQ>ZmßM{ oMÃU ZgV{ Va V{ EH$
KS>c{c{ H$pÎ[V odÌd AgV{. À`mVrc ‡À`{H$ V[ercmcm H$mXß]arH$ma d{Jim AmH$ma X{V AgVm{.
22
¯m ZÏ`m OmoUd{_i
w { H$mXß]arMr ^mfm AoYH$ AW©dmhr H$a`mH$S>{ cj [waodc{ Omdy cmJc{. ode{fV:
[mÃmß¿`m [m{emImßM,{ cH$]rM{, hmd^mdmM{, JwUXm{fmßM{ dU©Z H$aUmË`m Am{KdÀ`m oMÃXeu ^mf{[j
{ m
IßoS>V, VwQ>H$ dmQ>UmË`m [U ‡oV^mgß[›Z, AW©dmhr ^mf{Mm dm[a hm{dy cmJcm. H$mXß]arMr ^mfm
hr Ame`mZwgma ]XcV{. [mÃmß¿`m Òd^mdd°oeÓQ>ÁmßZwgma e°crV ]Xc KS>Vm{. `mda c{IH$m¿`m
Ï`p∑V_ÀdmMm, À`m¿`m OrdZodf`H$ ^yo_H{$Mm [naUm_ hm{Vm{. `mMm ‡À`` od.g. ImßS>{H$a, Zm.
gr. \$S>H{$, [w. ^m. ^md{, H$_c X{gmB©, ^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ BÀ`mXt¿`m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ `{Vm{.
H$mXß]arM{ ^mofH$ ÒdÍ$[ h{ _w∑V AgV{ À`m_wi{ oV¿`m aMZ{¿`m _mßS>UrVyZ AßJ^yV
cdoMH$V{Mm ‡À`` `{Vm{. H$mXß]arV AZw^dmM{ Í$[ O{dT>{ H$mÏ`mÀ_ Ag{c V{dT>m H$mXß]arV H$mÏ`mÀ_,
cmocÀ`[yU© ^mf{Mm Adcß] H{$cm OmVm{, [U H$odV{Vrc ^mf{[{jm H$mXß]arMr ^mfm d{Jir AgV{.
Vr gm_m›`V: Ï`dhmamVrc [naoMV ^mf{¿`m Odi OmUmar ^mfm AgV{. H$mhr OU ]m{cr ^mf{Mm
dm[a H$aVmV. c{IH$m¿`m h{Vy, Ame`mer gwgßJV Aer ^mfm AgV{. H$mXß]arVrc h{Vyda H$mXß]arMr
^mfm Adcß]Zy AgV{. CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>∑`mßMr ^mfm hr cmoS>H$, AZwZ` H$aUmar, ZIa{c ÒdÍ$[mMr
Va od. g. ImßS>{H$amßMr ^mfm hr g_OmdyZ X{`m¿`m ^yo_H{$Vrc Í$[H$mÀ_H$ AgV{. dm. _. Om{etMr
^mfm VŒdqMVZmÀ_H$, H{$VH$amßMr ^mfm gm_moOH$ ‡ÌZ MMm©À_H$ [’VrZ{ _mßS>Umar AgV{.
H$mXß]arcm gmYr-gai, ghO gßwXa, AW©dmhr, ‡dmhr ^mfm hr ‡^mdr R>aV{. H$mXß]arM{ oZd{XZ
AmoU ^mfm h{ KQ>H$ [aÒ[a[yaH$, [aÒ[amdcß]r AgVmV. À`m_wi{ \$∑V oZd{XZmMm d ^mf{Mm odMma
H$aU{ H$mXß]ar]m]V e∑` Zmhr. H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`∑V hm{Umam OrdZmZw^d d OrdZdmXr —pÓQ>H$m{Z
`mMm H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mofH$ Í$[mer gß]ßY AgVm{. À`m—ÓQ>rZ{ H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mf{cm _yÎ` ‡mflV hm{V{.
À`m_wi{ H$mXß]ar¿`m _wª` KQ>H$mßMm odMma H$aVmZm ^mfme°cr Xya H$aVm `{V Zmhr.
H$mXß]arVrc gßdmXmMm odMma H{$cm Va gßdmXm¿`m _XVrZ{ H$mXß]arH$ma Am[Î`m H$mXß]arVrc
[mÃmß¿`m _Zm{Ï`m[mamßM{, [aÒ[a gm_moOH$ gßß]ßYmßM{ ‡H$Q>rH$aU ghO[U{ H$aVm{. H$mXß]arVyZ oMÃU
H{$c{cr odoeÓQ> g_mOmVrc _mUg{, À`mßM{ Òd^mdode{f, OrdZ[’Vr, AmMmaodMma `m gd© Jm{ÓQ>tM{
dU©Z gßdmXmVyZ ‡H$Q> hm{dy eH$V{. gßdmXm_‹`{ KQ>Zm-‡gßJ Ao^Ï`∑Vr `mßZm EH$mMd{ir gmH$ma
H$a`mMr e∑Vr AgV{. gßdmXmMr ^mfm hr ]m{cr^mf{¿`m Odi OmUmar ^mfm AgV{. À`m_wi{
gßdmXm¿`m ^mf{¤mam ]m{cr^mf{M{ gd© ode{f, gm_œ`©ÒWi{ H$mXß]arV Òdm^modH$[U{ C[`m{JmV AmUVm
`{VmV. gßdmX ^mf{M{ EH$ Í$[ Amh{. ÂhUyZ gßdmXmg ZmQ>H$mBVH{$M H$mXß]arV _m{R>{ ÒWmZ Amh{. À`m_wi{
23
gßdmX h{ ‡dmhr, IwgIwerV, dmMH$mcm AmH$of©V H$aUma{, CÀHß$R>m dmT>>odUma{, H$WmZH$mcm JVr
X{Uma{, IQ>H{$]mO Agmd{V. ÂhUO{ H$mXß]ar d{JirM CßMr JmR>V{.
ZmQ>H$mV H$WmH$mXß]Ë`mßVhr gßdmX AgVmV. X{eH$mc[napÒWVrcm AZwgÍ$Z V{ Agm`cm
hd{V. [aßVw H$mhr c{IH$mßZm `m Jm{ÓQ>rMr OmUrd ZgV{. À`mß¿`m H$WmH$mXß]Ë`mßVrc [mÃ{ À`mß¿`m
ÒdV:¿`m ^mf{V Z ]m{cVm Vr c{IH$m¿`m ^mf{V ]m{cVmZm oXgVmV. `m gßX^m©V [w. J. ghÒÃ]w’{
`mßZr "Òd^md c{IZ' `m Jß́WmV Aem AÒdm^modH$, H•$oÃ_ ^mf{V Mmcc{Î`m gßdmXmMr CXmhaU{
oXcr Amh{V. hna^mD$ Am[Q>{, Zm. gr. \$S>H{$ `mß¿`mgmaI{ Xhm-[mM c{IH$ gm{S>c{ Va ]h˛V{H$
c{IH$mß¿`m gm_moOH$ d E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc gßdmX AÀ`ßV H•$oÃ_, ]m{OS>, o∑cÓQ> AgÎ`mM{
À`mßZr XmIdyZ oXc{ Amh{. JS>H$ar, H$m{ÎhQ>H$a, da{aH$a, ZmW _mYd, od. g. ImßS>{H$a `mß¿`mgmaI{
c{IH$hr `m Xm{fmß[mgyZ AocflV amhˇ eH$c{ ZmhrV. ghÒÃ]w’{ ÂhUVmV H$s, ""ImßS{>H$amßMr H$m{Q>r
dmMVmM _Z oMigyZ OmV{. H$m{Q>r `{Uma `m H$Î[Z{Z{ AßJâ AmYrM ehma{ `{VmV. "ˆX`mMr hmH$'
`m H$mXß]arV H$_c, Hw$_wX, Hw$gw_, S>m∞.^JdßV, H$m\{$aH$a, Hw$]{a, oXdmH$a h{ gJi{ cm{H$ AÀ`ßV
C¤{JOZH$ Aem H$m{Q>Ám H$aVmV. C[_m X{VmV d Í$[H$mMr ^mfm dm[aVmV. ImßS>{H$ar ^mf{M{ h{ diU
À`mß¿`m OdiOdi gd©M H$mXß]Ë`mßZr oJadc{c{ oXgyZ `{V{.''64
H$mXß]arMr ^mfm ‡gßJmZwÍ$[ Jß^ra, I{iH$a, o_ÒH$sc, IQ>H${ ]mO, MwaMwarV qH$dm [Îc{Xma
Agcr [mohO{. AcßH$mam_wi{ ^mf{cm em{^m `{V{ [U oVMm dm[a VmaVÂ`[yd©H$ Pmcm [mohO{.
VŒdV: H$mßX]ar `m gmohÀ`‡H$mamM{ darc‡_mU{ KQ>H$ AgyZ À`mV H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU,
gßKf©, ^mfme°cr BÀ`mXtMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. h{ gd© KQ>H$ H$mXß]arVrc Ame`mMr EH$ gwgßJV AW©[yU©
gßKQ>Zm KS>dyZ AmUVmV. hr gßKQ>Zm H$mXß]arH$mam¿`m Co‘ÓQ>mßda qH$dm OrdZodf`H$ —pÓQ>H$m{Zmda
Adcß]yZ AgV{. À`mZwgma H$mXß]arVrc H•$oV‡gßJ d oV¿`mVrc [mÃ{ `mßM{ [aÒ[agm[{j _hŒd
oZpÌMV hm{V{. À`m[°H$s H$m{UÀ`m KQ>H$mcm _hŒd ⁄m`M{ h{ H$mXß]arH$mamda Adcß]yZ AgV{.
* H$mXß]arM{ ‡H$ma
H$mXß]ar EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma `m —ÓQ>rZ{ H$mXß]arMm odMma H{$cm Va XrS>e{ dfm™Mr ‡XrK©,
E{oVhmogH$ [aß[am Agc{cm hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma Amh{. H$mXß]arM{ _wª`V: dmÒVddmXr, JmßYrdmXr,
[´mX{oeH$ , E{oVhmogH$, MnaÃmÀ_H$, [m°amoUH$, amOH$s`, _Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$, Zdr, _hmZJar`,
J´m_rU, XocV, OZdmXr, AmoXdmgr h{ ‡_wI ‡H$ma Amh{V. À`mßMm H´$_e: odMma H$a`mM{ `m{oOc{ Amh{.
24
1) dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar
gm_moOH$ H$mXß]arMm EH$ ‡H$ma ÂhUO{ dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar. `m gßX^m©V lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu
"H$mXß]arMr aMZm' `m Jß́WmV ÂhUVmV, ""dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]arMm ‡mßV \$ma _m{R>m Amh{. dÒVwpÒWVrM{
`WmW© Xe©Z KS>odUmË`m H$mXß]ar[mgyZ V{ A[dmXmÀ_H$ gÀ`mda AoYpÓR>V Aem H$Î[ZmaÂ`
H$mXß]Ë`mß[`™V gdm™Mm g_md{e dmÒVddmXr `m gXamV H$amdm cmJ{c.''65 `m[wT>{ V{ ÂhUVmV,
""H$mXß]arVrc gÀ`M _wir Ï`m[H$ ÒdÍ$[mM{ Amh{. V{ KQ>ZmÀ_H$ ZgyZ ^mdZmÀ_H$ Amh{. KS>c{c{
AJa KS>Uma{ ZgyZ KSy> eH$Uma{ Amh{.''66
dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]Ë`m EH$m AWu H$Î[ZmaÂ`V{¿`m odÍ$’ Q>m{H$M Amh{V. `m H$mXß]arM{
‹`{` dÒVwpÒWVrM{ `WmW© oMÃU H$aU{ h{M Agc{ Var ZwgV{ V{dT>{M H$Í$Z À`m Wmß]V ZmhrV; Va
g^m{dVmc¿`m g•ÓQ>rMmM [naM` H$Í$Z X{U{ hr dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]Ë`mßMr H$gm{Q>r Amh{. g_mOmVrc
VimJmimVrc cm{H$mß¿`m OrdZmMr oMÃ{ a{ImQ>U{, g_mOm¿`m OrdZmM{ gd© AßJmßZr oMÃU H$aU{ hm
H$mXß]arMm _wª` C‘{e AgVm{. _wª`V: Om{ad{H$a `mßMr "odoMÃ[war' (1870), "ZmamÙamd d
Jm{Xmdar' (1879) `m H$mXß]Ë`mß[mgyZ ÒdVßÃ H$mXß]Ë`mßM{ [maS>{ dmÒVdmH$S>{ PwHy$ cmJc{c{ $oXgyZ
`{V{. À`mZßVa od. H$m{. Am{H$ `mßMr "oeaÒV{Xma' (1881), "oejH$' (1883) BÀ`mXr dmÒVddmXr
H$mXß]Ë`mßMr [mD$cdmQ> MmßJcr _icr J{cr. À`m—ÓQ>rZ{ hna^mDß$Mr "_Ycr pÒWVr' (1885),
"[U cjmV H$m{U K{Vm{' (1890) `m H$mXß]Ë`m CÎc{IZr` Amh{V.
_amR>r H$mXß]arcm R>amodH$ MmH$m{ar]mh{a Z{`mM{ l{` gw‡og’ H$mXß]arH$ma ^m. od.
da{aH$amßH$S>{ OmV{. À`mßZr "YmdVm Ym{Q>m' `m H$mXß]arVyZ lo_H$ cm{H$mß¿`m OrdZmH$S>{ cj H|$o–V
H$Í$Z H$mXß]ar¿`m ^mf{cm AoYH$ KaJwVr ÒdÍ$[ ‡mflV H$Í$Z oXc{. ^m. od. da{aH$amß‡_mU{ od. od.
]m{H$sc,
`. Jm{. Om{er, Zm. gr. \$S>H{$, od. g. ImßS>{H$a, [w. `. X{e[mßS>{ `mß¿`m
H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [wZ: EH$Xm VmpŒdH$ MM}cm ‡mYm›` Amc{. ode{fV: `w’H$mimV d `w’m{Œma H$mimV
_amR>r H$mXß]arVrc g_mOOrdZmM{ oMÃ AoYH$moYH$ dÒVwpÒWoVXe©H$ hm{D$ cmJc{. CXm. KamßMr
Q>ßMmB©, oZ`ßÃU d a{eqZJ, _hmJmB©_wi{ Pmc{cr _‹`_dJu`mßMr Hw$Mß]Um `mM{ Jß^ra oMÃ
_mS>Im{cH$amßMr "Zd{ gßgma' (1941), od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' (1946), lr. Zm. [|S>gM
| r
"h‘[ma' (1950),
od. g. ImßS>{H$amßMr "Aly' (1953) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Amc{
Amh{. qH$dm ^mD$ [m‹`{ `mßMr "dmgyZmH$m' (1965), O`dßV XidtMr "ÒdJV' (1968), Mß–H$mßV
Im{VmßMr "C^`m›dr AÏ``' (1970) BÀ`mXtZr H$mXß]arg EH$ [na_mU oXc{.
25
VŒdV: dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ g_mOpÒWVrM{ `WmW© oMÃU H$aUmar, EHy$U dmÒVdmcm
AYm{a{oIV H$aUmar, ]XcÀ`m H$mimVrc _V‡dmhmßZm, odo^›Z [napÒWVrcm dmÒVodH$V{M{ ^mZ
AmUyZ X{Umar, Am_¿`mVrc K•UmÒ[X, À`m¡`mcm Z Km]aVm gm_m{ar OmUmar, ZdZdrZ, MmßJcm
gßÒH$maj_ odMma H$aUmar, OrdZXe©Zm¿`m Jß^raV{¿`m [naUm_Xe©H$ H$jmßZm ododY H$WmZH$mß¿`m
_m‹`_mVyZ AmodÓH•$V H$aUmar Aer H$mXß]ar hm{`.
2) JmßYrdmXr H$mXß]ar
`m H$mXß]arMm odMma H{$cm Va _. JmßYrOt¿`m odMma‡UmcrVyZ ‡{aUm K{D$Z _amR>r
H$mXß]arH$mamßZr _. JmßYt¿`m Aqhgm, gÀ` , J´m_gwYmaUm, _mZdVm, C¿MVa Z°oVH$ AmoU
Am‹`mpÀ_H$ _yÎ`{, gßÒH•$VrVrc AmXe© odMmagaUr BÀ`mXt¿`m oH$Vr Var _yÎ`mÀ_H$ oMÃUmda â
oXcm AmoU H$mXß]ar c{IZ H{$c{. ÒdmVßÕ` AmßXm{cZmV gh^mJr Pmc{Î`m ]wo’dmXr VÈUmß¿`m ¤mam
JmßYrdmXmMm [waÒH$ma Pmcm. Var À`mMm ‡^md [S>cm Zmhr. [U XmXm Y_m©oYH$mar, odZm{]m ^md{
`mßZr d°MmnaH$ [mVirda JmßYrdmXmMr _mßS>Ur H{$cr. À`m—ÓQ>rZ{ JmßYrdmXr H$mXß]arMm Ame` cjmV
`{B©c. CXm. dm. _. Om{etMr "BßXy H$mi{ gacm ^m{i{', gmZ{ JwÈOtMr "Ì`m_Mr AmB©',
od. g. ImßS>{H$amßMr "H$mßMZ_•J', BÀ`mXr.
‡{_m Hß$Q>H$ ÂhUO{ cocV d d°MmnaH$ c{IZ H$aUmË`m JmßYrdmXr c{oIH$m. JmßYr‡oUV
VŒdoZÓR> AmXe©dmXmMr ]°R>H$ À`mß¿`m c{IZmV Amh{. "H$m_ AmoU H$mo_Zr' (1937), "Aoæ`mZ'
(1952) `m Xm{Z H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`mMm ‡À`` `{Vm{.
3) ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar
ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimVrc EH$ _hŒdmMm Zdm ‡dmh ÂhUO{ ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar hm{`. "J´m_rU
gmohÀ` : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_Ò`m' `m Jß́WmVyZ AmZßX `mXdmßZr ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arMr Aer Ï`mª`m
H{$cr H$s, ""EIm⁄m odoeÓQ> ‡X{emVrc cm{H$OrdZ, gßÒH•$Vr, [aß[am, OrdZ gßH{$V, arVr, g_yhOrdZmVrc ^mdZmQ>Á AmoU `m gdm™VyZ oZ_m©U Pmc{Î`m g_Ò`m AmoU OrdZZmQ>Á `mßM{ Xe©Z
KS>od`m¿`m C‘{emZ{ ¡`m H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m OmVmV, À`mßZm ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUVmV.''67
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arVrc cm{H$OrdZ dmÒVdm¿`m [mVirdaM{, H$mhrg{ ‡moVoZoYH$ ÒdÍ$[mM{ Agmd{
cmJV{. ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`m-À`m ‡X{emVrc ehar OrdZ `{dy Z`{ Aer A[{jm AgV{.
dmÒVodH$[U{ ‡mX{oeH$ ÂhQ>Î`mda À`m odoeÓQ> ‡X{emVrc "gd© H$mhr' Agm AW© Ao^‡{V AgVm{.
26
ÂhUO{ À`m [´X{emVrc eha{hr AmcrM. [U OJmVrc ]h˛V{H$ _m{R>r d C⁄m{J‡YmZ eha{ hr H$_r
AoYH$ ‡_mUmV À`m-À`m ‡X{emVyZ _ZmZ{ VwQ>yZ, C⁄m{J‡YmZ d°oúH$ gßÒH•$VrMr ]{Q>{ Pmc{cr AgÎ`mZ{
Vr ‡mX{oeH$ d°oeÓQ>Á{ gß[yU©[U{ ZÏh{; Va _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV J_mdyZ ]gc{cr AgVmV. ÂhUyZ
"‡mX{oeH$' H$mXß]arV À`m-À`m ‡X{emVrc Aem gßÒH•$VrM{ OrdZ d¡`© _mZmd{ cmJV{. ÂhUyZ
"‡mX{oeH$' hm e„X dm[aVmZm À`m-À`m ‡X{emVrc "J´m_rU ÒdÍ$[mM{ cm{H$OrdZ' Agm AW© Ao^[´V{
AgVm{. e{dQ>r ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar J´m_rU H$mXß]arM _mZmdr cmJV{.
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar hm ‡H$ma 1950 V{ 1980 `m H$mcIßS>mV Iy[M cm{H$o‡` R>acm. c{IH$
¡`m ‡X{emV OJcm, dmT>cm, Or _mUg{ À`mßZr OdiyZ [mohcr, oOWcm oZgJ© À`mZ{ _Zgm{∑V
C[^m{Jcm, Vm{ g]ßY [naga V{Wrc aßJJßYmgh, À`mVÎ`m OrdZ ZmQ>Ámgh, oOdßV H$a`mMm [´`ÀZ
Aem H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ Pmcm. AmZßX `mXd, am .aß. ]m{amS>|Zr gß[yU© ]m{crMm dm[a H$Í$Z ‡mX{oeH$
H$mXß]arcm Zd{ [na_mU ‡mflV H$Í$Z oXc{.
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ "odoeÓQ> ‡X{emVrc J´m_rU OrdZmM{ `WmW© d gˆX`V{Z{ H{$c{c{
oMÃU' AgyZ lr. Zm. [|S>g|¿`m "Jmaß]rMm ]m[y', "EÎJma', "hÀ`m', "aWMH´$' BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
H$m{H$U [nagamVrc oZgJm©M{ oMÃU Amh{. _amR>rV ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar AmVm gß[wÓQ>mV AmÎ`mMr
VH´$ma ZmJZmW H$m{Œmm[Îc{ `mßZr EH$m MMm©gÃm¿`m ‡gßJr _mßS>cr. À`mß¿`m _V{, ""‡mX{oeH$V{Mr
d°oeÓQ>Á{ Am[Î`m_‹`{ gm_mdyZ J´m_rU OrdZmcm gdm™JrU Ò[e© H$aUmar J´m_rU H$mXß]ar _mÃ
gmR>m{Œmar _amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡mßVmV Zd{-Zd{ ‡X{e [mXmH´$mßV H$arV AgÎ`mM{ oXgV{. J´m_rU
H$mXß]ar¿`m gßk{V H$m{H$U, H$m{Îhm[ya, gmVmam, gmßJcr, _amR>dmS>m, ImZX{e, odX^© Aem gd©
‡X{emVrc J´m_rU OrdZmcm gmH$ma H$aUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm g_md{e hm{Vm{. V{Ïhm ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arMr
OmUrd[ydH© $ oZo_©Vr H$aUma{ A[dmX^yV Agc{ Var J´m_rU H$mXß]arM{ ôdVÏ` _mÃ AoVe` C¡¡dc
Amh{. ‡mX{oeH$V{M{ d°oeÓQÁ gm_mdyZ K{`mMr j_Vm hr J´m_rU H$mXß]arVM Amh{. V{Ïhm ‡mX{oeH$
AmoU J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`mM{ A¤°V _m›` H$aU{ h{M dmL≤>_`rZ—ÓQ>Ám H$mXß]arH$mamß¿`m AmÒdmXH$mß¿`m
AmoU g_rjH$mß¿`mhr ohVmM{ Amh{.''68 À`m_wi{ ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arMm odMma H$aVmZm ‡mX{oeH$
H$mXß]ar AmoU J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ¯m Xm{›hr gßkm ode{fUmÀ_H$ AgyZ [aÒ[a[yaH$ Amh{V. J´m_rUVm
h{ _yÎ` ÂhUyZ ÒdrH$mac{ H$s ‡mX{oeH$Vm Agm ÒdVßÃ H$mXß]arMm ‡H$ma _mZ`mMr JaO Zmhr.
27
H$m{H$U¿`m [mÌd©^y_rda ocohc{Î`m gmohÀ`H•$Vr gmYmaUV: _amR>rV ‡mX{oeH$ AmoU BVa
J´m_rU ‡X{em¿`m [mÌd©^y_rda oZ_m©U Pmc{c{ gmohÀ` "J´m_rU' `m gXamV O_m hm{V{. ¡`mV
‡mX{oeH$V{Mr CÀH•$ÓQ> dU©Z{ AgVmV Vr ‡mX{oeH$ H$mßX]ar ÂhQ>c{ Var hm J´m_rU H$mXß]arMmM EH$
dmÒVd[yU© AmodÓH$ma Amh{. `m Xm{›hrhr gßkm EH$mM Zm`m¿`m Xm{Z ]mOy Amh{V h{ dmÒVd Amh{.
_mÃ 1950 ZßVa _amR>r gmohÀ`mV Zd`wJ oZ_m©U Pmc{. À`mMm [naUm_ ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßda
Pmcm. CXm. Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r', aUoOV X{gmB™Mr "_mPm Jmd', C’d e{iH{$
`mßMr "YJ'.
_amR>r gmohÀ`mVrc EH$ AZm{I{ XmcZ ÂhUyZ 1970 ZßVa¿`m ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßH$S>{ [mhˇ
OmVm am. aß. ]m{amS>|Mr "[mMm{im', AmZßX `mXdmßMr "Jm{Vmdim', aUoOV X{gmB™Mr "]mar',
oM. Õ`ß. ImZm{cH$amßMr "amÃ H$mir KmJa H$mir', Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßMr "_mMrdacm ]wYm' BÀ`mXr
H$mXß]Ë`m cjmV ø`mÏ`m cmJVmV. ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar]‘cMm Am[cm Ao^‡m` Z_yX H$aVmZm Zm.
gr. \$S>H{$ ÂhUVmV, ""¡`m ‡X{em¿`m [mÌd©^y_rda H$mXß]arM{ H$WmZH$ KS>V AgV{, À`m ‡X{em¿`m
oZgJ©gm¢X`m©odf`r dmMH$mcm AmH$f©U dmQ>{c Aer gwßXa dU©Z{ H$mXß]arV Agm`cm hdrV.
oV¿`mVc{ oZgJ©oMÃU ‡^mdr Agm`cm hd{.''69
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á{
1.
‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arcm À`m-À`m ‡X{em¿`m ]m{cr_wi{ AmodÓH$mamÀ_H$ d°oeÓQ>Á ‡mflV hm{V{.
‡mX{oeH$ ]m{cr hm À`m ‡X{emVrc cm{H$OrdZmMm Aod^m¡` ^mJ AgVm{.
2.
‡mX{oeH$V{cm ‡mYm›`, odoeÓQ> ‡X{emM{ ‡oVq]] `m H$mXß]Ë`mßV C_Q>c{c{ AgV{.
3.
‡mX{oeH$ aroVnadmOmda cj H|$o–V H{$c{ OmV{.
4.
AX≤^wVV{H$S>{ cj Z X{Vm dmÒVd [mVirda c{IZ H{$c{c{ AgV{.
5.
À`m - À`m ‡X{emVrc oZgJm©Mr dU©Z{ odÒVmamZ{ AmT>iVmV. `mVrc Ï`p∑Va{Im `m oZgJ©oZÓR>
Ï`dgm` H$aVmV.
darc gd© d°oeÓQ>ÁmßZr [na[yU© Agc{Î`m H$mXß]arMm CÎc{I [´mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ H$aVm
`{Bc
© . Ia{ Va ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m EH$m AWm©Z{ J´m_rU dmL≤>_`mVM _m{S>VmV. [U À`m odoeÓQ> ‡X{emM{
oMÃU H$arV AgÎ`mZ{ J´m_rU gmohÀ`mMm EH$ ^mJ ÂhUyZ ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aU{
28
gm{`rM{ R>a{c. ‡mX{oeH$ d J´m_rU H$mXß]arV g_mZ _w‘{ darc‡_mU{ Agc{ Var À`mV H$mhr \$aH$
Amh{, h{hr cjmV K{Vc{ [mohO{.
gmamße, ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]arVyZ EIm⁄m ‡X{emVrc OrdZ, V{Wrc gßÒH•$Vr, AmMmaodMma,
^m°Jm{ocH$ d°oeÓQ>Á,{ _mJmgc{[Um AmoU ^mfm BÀ`mXtM{ oMÃU Amc{c{ AgV{. Va J´m_rU H$mXß]arVyZ
EIm⁄m JmdmVrc OrdZamhmQ>r, J´m_rU OrdZmMr c`, JmdmVrc g_Ò`m, À`mMr ]m{cr, gßÒH•$Vr,
oZgJ© BÀ`mXtM{ oMÃU Amc{c{ AgV{. Aem‡H$ma{ ‡mX{oeH$ d J´m_rU H$mXß]arV \$aH$ AmT>iVm{.
4) E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar
ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mim¿`m [ohÎ`m 15-20 dfm©V ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]Ë`m `m cm{H$o‡` PmÎ`m;
[U À`mZßVa À`mßMr cm{H$o‡`Vm H$_r Pmcr AmoU E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m èm_wi{ _amR>r gmohÀ`mV
[m°amoUH$, E{oVhmogH$ AmoU MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm EH$ d{Jim ‡dmh oZ_m©U Pmcm. `m[ydu
E{{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m J{Î`m hm{À`m. [aßVw À`mVyZ \$∑V BoVhmgM _mßS>`mMm ‡`ÀZ Pmcm
hm{Vm. Zdr E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar _mÃ BoVhmgmVrc _mUyg em{Y`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ cmJcr.
H$cmÀ_H$V{Mm XOm© gmß^mimV Zd{ gßX^© em{Y`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$Í$ cmJcr. ode{fV: "KQ>ZmßMr gßJVr
cmdU{', "Òd^mdmMr gßJVr cmdU{' AmoU "Ï`p∑Va{Im oOdßV H$aU{' Ag{ oVh{ar Co‘ÓQ> g_m{a R>{dyZ
H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m J{Î`m.
E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar hr BoVhmgm¿`m AmYma{ ocohc{cr AgV{. BoVhmgH$mcrZ [mÃ{, KQ>Zm,
‡gßJ, E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc Ï`∑VrodoeÓQ> H$mc, ÒWc d [napÒWVrer Vr ]mßYrc AgV{.
E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ BoVhmg ZÏh{, BoVhmg ÂhUO{ KS>c{Î`m Jm{ÓQ>tMr H$mcH´$_mZwgma H{$c{cr
Zm|X AgV{ d O{ KS>c{ V{ gma{M BoVhmgH$mamcm Zm|XU{ ^mJ AgV{. [aßVw E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]arV
H$mXß]arH$ma BoVhmgmVrc gd© [mÃ{, ‡gßJ, KQ>Zm Oem KS>Î`m Vem H´$_mZ{ K{V Zmhr. À`mcm AmdÌ`H$
V{dT>{ Vm{ BoVhmgmVyZ CMcVm{. E{oVhmogH$ dmÒVdm¿`m AmYma{ EH$ H$pÎ[V odÌd C^{ H$Í$Z Vm{
E{oVhmogH$ Ï`∑Vr d BoVhmgH$mcrZ KQ>Zm `mßMm ÒdV:¿`m ^yo_H{$VyZ EH$ d{Jim A›d`mW©
cmd`mMm ‡`ÀZ H$arV AgVm{. E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar H$m{UÀ`m C‘{emZ{ ocohcr OmV{ `mda À`m
H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[
Adcß]yZ AgV{.
_amR>rVrc [ohcr E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ am. o^. JwßOrH$a `mßMr "_m{MZJS>' (1867)
AgyZ 1867 V{ 1920 `m H$mimV JwßOrH$a, har ZmamÙ Am[Q>{, ZmamÙ har Am[Q>{. qM. od. d°⁄,
29
ZmW _mYd `mß¿`m AZ{H$ E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m ‡H$moeV PmÎ`m. Zm.h. Am[Q>{ - "gßoYH$mc'
(1922), hS>[ od«>c dm_Z -"[{edmB©Mr ‡mU‡oVÓR>m'(1934 ). _mÃ 1960 ZßVa Iam Va
E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßZm ]ha Amcm. aUoOV X{gmB©, Zm. gß. BZm_Xa, Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$a, oedmOr
gmdßV BÀ`mXr H$mXß]arH$mamßZr 1960 ZßVa¿`m E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]arM{ Í$[ og’ H{$c{.
aUoVO X{gmB© `mßZr "Òdm_r' (1962), "lr_mZ `m{Jr' (1968) `m Xm{Z H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
[ohc{ _mYdamd d N>Ã[Vr oedmOr _hmamO `mß¿`mVrc _mUyg em{Y`mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$cm Amh{.
1959 gmcr ‡H$moeV Pmc{Î`m "Òdm_r' _YyZ a_m_mYdm¿`m ^mdOrdZmMr CXmŒm H$hmUr Ò[ÓQ>
H{$cr Amh{. [{edmB©Mr CVaVr H$im, _mYdamd [{edm `mß¿`mda [S>c{cr O]m]Xmar, ^mD$]ßXH$s,
H$m°Qw>ßo]H$ H$ch AmoU g_mOmMm Ëhmg, AY:[VZ BÀ`mXr gd© Jm{ÓQ>tM{ oMÃU `m H$mXß]arV Amc{
Amh{. À`mM]am{]a H$maÒWmZr AmZßXr]mB©, am_emÒÃr ‡^wU{, gImam_[ßV, a_m BÀ`mXr Ï`p∑Va{Im
hr oMoÃV H{$Î`m Amh{V. "lr_mZ `m{Jr' hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ oedmOr _hmamOmß¿`m OrdZmM{ gwa{I
oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh{.
Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßZr "H$mXß]ar_` oedH$mc' `m _mocH{$_‹`{ "]`m Xma CKS'> (1966),
"haha _hmX{d' (1966), "X`m© ^dmZr' (1969), "PwßOma _mMr" AmoU "h{ Vm{ ltMr B¿N>m'
(1974) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m. `m H$mXß]ar c{IZmVyZ VÀH$mcrZ g_mO, oZgJ©, AmMmaodMma,
[aß[am, dZÒ[Vr, Am°fY{ BÀ`mXr Jm{ÓQ>rß]am{]a oedH$mcrZ BoVhmgmM{ Xe©Z À`mßZr KS>odc{ Amh{.
Zm. gß. BZm_Xma `mßZr "PwßO' (1963), "P{[' (1966), "_ßÃmd{Jim' (1969), "amD$'
(1972), "eh{Zehm' (1976) `m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [{ed{H$mcrZ E{oVhmogH$ KQ>ZmßMm [am_e© K{Vcm
Amh{. "P{[' _YyZ BZm_Xma qÃ]H$Or S>|Ji{¿`m YJYJÀ`m OrdZmM{ Xe©Z KS>V{. "PwßO' _‹`{
èdßVamd hm{iH$amß¿`m AIßS> PwßOrM{ oMÃU Amc{ Amh{. "_ßÃmd{Jim' ÂhUO{ Xwgam ]mOramd `mM{
oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar; "amD$' `m H$mXß]arVyZ [ohcm ]mOramd AmoU _ÒVmZr `mß¿`m ‡{_mMr H$Wm
gmH$ma H{$cr Amh{. ]mOramdmMm [amH´$_ AmoU `dZ ÒÃrda CKS>[U{ H{$c{c{ CÀH$Q> ‡{_ AoVe` ZmQ>Á_`
e°crV Zm. gß. BZm_XmamßZr _mßS>c{ Amh{. "eh{Zehm'VyZ Am°aJß O{]m¿`m OrdZmda ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh{.
g. eß. X{gmB© `mßMr "_hm[d©' (1961), "Mß]i{¿`m [crH$S>'{ (1968), H∞$flQ>Z ]{cdcH$a
`mßMr "AQ>H${ V am{odc{ P|S>'{ (1200 [•ÓR>mM
ß r oÃIßS>mÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar) Y Mm _m H$aUmË`m AmZßXr]mB™Mr
‡oV_m COiUmar ^r_amd Hw$cH$Uu `mßMr "Am|H$ma'(1968) AmoU odÌdmg [mQ>rc `mßMr "[moZ[V'
(1990) BÀ`mXr E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`m [óg’ Amh{V.
30
darc odd{MZmdÍ$Z Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{ H$s, 1960 ZßVa oZ_m©U Pmc{Î`m E{oVhmogH$
H$mXß]Ë`mß_‹`{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ [wZÈ¡OrdZmM{ AßJ AZwÒ`yV Va hm{V{M; [U À`mhr[{jm AoYH$ H$mhr
K{D$Z hr Zdr E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar ‡H$memV Amcr.
5) MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar
_amR>r H$mXß]ar odÌdmVrc AJXr AcrH$S>Mm ‡dmh ÂhUyZ MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMm CÎc{I
H$aU{ CoMV R>a{c. amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU, AW©H$maU, oejU, d°⁄H$ BÀ`mXr j{ÃmV CŒmwßJ Ag{
H$m`© H{$c{Î`m Ï`∑Vr^md{Vr hr H$mXß]ar Jw\ß $cr OmV{. ^r_amd Hw$cH$UvZr hna^mD$ Am[Q>¿| `m OrdZmda
ocohc{Î`m "hna^mD$' `m H$mXß]ar[mgyZ MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ApÒVÀdmV Amcr. [aßVw IË`m AWm©Z{
lr. O. Om{er `mßZr S>m∞. AmZßXr]mB© Om{er d Jm{[miamd Om{er `mß¿`m OrdZmda ocohc{Î`m
"AmZßXrJm{[mi' `m H$mXß]arcm MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ cm{H$o‡` H$a`mM{ l{` OmV{. MnaÃmÀ_H$
H$mXß]ar ocohU{ ÂhUO{ H$m` ? Vg{ [mohc{ Va ‡À`{H$ H$pÎ[V dm dmÒVd KQ>Zmßda AmYmac{Î`m
H$mXß]arV [mÃmß¿`m AZwam{YmZ{ À`mM{ MnaÃ `{V{. \$aH$ EdT>mM H$s, `m Aem H$mXß]Ë`mßVrc Zm`H$Zmo`H$mßM{, [mÃmßM{ MnaÃ H$mXß]Ë`mß]mh{a C[c„Y AgV{. À`m_wi{ MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ EIm⁄m
Ï`∑VrM{ MnaÃ ocohU{ ZÏh{ Va H$cmdßV ÂhUyZ Aem MnaÃmVyZ C[c„Y KQ>H$mßVyZ gwgßJV _mZdr
Ï`p∑V_Œd gmH$ma H$aU{ AmoU À`m Ï`∑Vr¿`m OJ`m_mJ`m¿`m ‡{aUmßMm AW© em{YU{ Agm EH$
odMma AgVm{. MnaÃm_‹`{ H{$di KQ>Zm Z_yX H{$Î`m OmVmV. Va MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar_‹`{ cmocÀ`[yU©
[’VrZ{ Ï`p∑V_Œd aßJodc{c{ AgV{. MnaÃmß_‹`{ KQ>ZmßMr VmoH©$H$ _mßS>Ur H$Í$Z EH$ gÀ` em{Y`mH$S>{
c{IH$mMm H$c AgVm{. Aem MnaÃmda AmYmac{Î`m H$mXß]arV gÀ`m[{jm H$pÎ[Vm¿`m AmYma{
_mZdr Ï`p∑V_Œd C^{ H$a`mMr —ÓQ>r Ao^[´{V AgV{.
_amR>rVyZ "AmZßXr Jm{[mi' (1968) (lr. O. Om{er), "`k' (1968) (^m. X. I{a),
"[wÃ _mZdmMm' (1969) (_•UmocZr X{gmB©), "CŒma`m{Jr' (1973) (¡`m{ÀÒZm X{dYa), "`wJ‡dV©H$'
(1970) (hna^mD$ [Jma{ ) , "gmh{ ] ' (1975) (C’d e{ i H{ $ ), "hm{ a [i' (1961)
(od.J. H$moZQ>H$a), "OrdZÒdflZ' (1975) (S>m∞. gw_Vr j{Ã_mS>{), "XwX©Â` IßS> -1' (1970),
"XwXÂ© ` IßS>-2' (1971) (JßJmYa JmS>Jri), "_hmÀ_m' (1999) (adt– R>mHy$a) BÀ`mXr MnaÃmÀ_H$
H$mXß]Ë`mßZr MmßJc{ è o_iodc{ Amh{. _amR>r H$mXß]ar OJVmVrc EH$ R>iH$ ‡H$ma `m H$mXß]ar¿`m
oZo_ŒmmZ{ O›_mcm Amcm AmoU AÎ[em H$mimVM Vm{ cm{H$o‡` Pmcm.
31
lr. O. Om{etMr "AmZßXr Jm{[mi' (1969) hr H$mXß]ar AmZßXr]mB© AmoU Jm{[miamd
Om{er `mß¿`m ghOrdZmMr H$hmUr Amh{. gw_Vr j{Ã_mS>|Zr "OrdZÒdflZ' (1975) `m H$mXß]arVyZ
eaX]m]yß¿`m OrdZmM{ Xe©Z KS>odc{ Amh{. C’d e{iH|$Zr "gmh{]' _YyZ AmMm`© AÃ{ `mß¿`m
Am`wÓ`mMr _hVr gmßoJVcr Amh{.
"`k' (1968) hr H$mXß]ar ^m. X. I{a AmoU e°cOm amO{ `m Xm{KmßZr o_iyZ ocohc{cr
AgyZ Vr ÒdmVßÕ`dra gmdaH$amßM{ OrdZMnaÃ Ò[ÓQ> H$aV{. gmdaH$amßM{ Am`wÓ`, À`mJ, YmS>g,
X{e^∑Vr AmoU À`mßMr qhXwÀdoZÓR>m, OrdZmVrc MT>CVma, _mZ-A[_mZm¿`m KQ>Zm BÀ`mXtMm [Q>
CcJS>Umar hr H$mXß]ar Amh{.
_•UmocZr X{gmB© `mß¿`m "[wÃ _mZdmMm' (1969) `m H$mXß]arV JmßYrOt¿`m OrdZmM{
AmXe©dmXr —pÓQ>H$m{UmVyZ oMÃU H$a`mV Amc{ Amh{. XojU Amo\´$H{$VyZ JmßYrOr `{VmV BW[mgyZ
V{ EH$m _mW{o\$Í$Z{ À`mßMm IyZ H$a{[`™VMm H$mcIßS> `m H$mXß]arV Amc{cm Amh{.
¡`m{ÀÒZm X{dYa `mßZr "CŒma `m{Jr' (1973) `m H$mXß]arVyZ _hm`m{Jr AaqdXmß¿`m OrdZmda
‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh{. Va S>m∞. gw_Vr j{Ã_mS>{ `mßZr eaXMß– MQ>Ou `mß¿`m OrdZmM{ `WmW© Xe©Z
"OrdZ ÒdflZ' (1975) _YyZ KS>odc{c{ Amh{. ^m. X. I{a `mßZr "AmZßXdZ' (1974) _YyZ Z{hÍ$
Kam`mM{ oMÃU H{$c{ Amh{. hna^mD$ [Jma|Zr "`wJ[´dV©H$' _‹`{ ]m]mgmh{] Amß]S{ >H$a `mß¿`m OrdZmMr
_hVr gmßoJVcr Amh{. C’d e{iH{$ `mßMr "gmh{]' hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ AmMm`© AÃ{ `mß¿`m Am`wÓ`mM{
oMÃU H$aUmar H$mXß]ar Amh{. Va cm{. oQ>iH$mß¿`m OrdZmda "XwX©Â`' (1971) `m ZmdmZ{ Xm{Z
IßS>mV JßJmYa JmS>Jri `mßZr H$mXß]ar ocohcr. od. J. H$moZQ>H$a `mßMr "hm{a[i' (1971) ÂhUO{
Jm{Ëh{ Zmdm¿`m oºÌMZ Pmc{Î`m [ohÎ`m ÒÃr¿`m OrdZmMr [adS> oMoÃV H$aUmar H$mßX]ar.
MnaÃmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ AmZßXr]mB© Om{er, AmMm`© AÃ{, cm{. oQ>iH$, `m{Jr AaqdX, eaXMßX´
MQ>Ou, gmdaH$a, _. JmßYr, S>m∞. Amß]{S>H$a BÀ`mXt¿`m OrdZ MnaÃmßMm Amc{IM Amh{.
6) [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar
E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]arer OdiM{ ZmV{ gmßJUmam ‡dmh ÂhUO{ [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar hm{`. H$maU
E{oVhmogH$ Ï`∑Vt¿`m MnaÃmda ZÏ`mZ{ ‡H$me Q>mHy$ [mhUmË`m E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß‡_mU{M
[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMmhr EH$ [´dmh _amR>r H$mXß]arcm `{dyZ o_imcm Amh{. `m H$mXß]arcm E{oVhmogH$
H$mßX]Ë`mß‡_mU{M Ï`∑Vr qH$dm ‡gßJ, ÒWc `modf`rMr _mohVr C[c„Y H$Í$Z X{Umar gmYZ{ ZgVmV.
32
À`m_wi{ [wamUmVrc Ï`∑Vr, ÒWi `mßM{ CÎc{I dJiVm [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar gß[U
y [© U{ H$Î[Z{¿`m AmYma{
oZ_m©U H{$cr OmV{. Varhr am_mÙ, _hm^maVmXr _hmH$mÏ`mßVyZ ode{fV: À`mVrc Ï`∑Vt¿`m AmYma{
H$mXß]Ë`m oZ_m©U PmÎ`m Amh{V. CXm. od. g. ImßS>H{ $amßMr "``mVr' (1959) hr EH$ CÀH•$ÓQ> H$mXß]ar
Amh{. "``mVr'ZßVa H$Um©¿`m OrdZH$W{da ¡`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMr oZo_©Vr Pmcr Vr _wª`V: H$Um©¿`m
Ï`p∑Va{I{cm ›`m` X{`mgmR>r Pmcr. dmÒVodH$[U{ _hmH$mÏ` qH$dm [wamU{ `m H{$di AX≤^wVaÂ`
H$Î[Zm H$Wm ZgVmV. À`mß¿`m oZo_©VrH$S>{ gmd©H$mocH$ Agm Z°oVH$ d gm_moOH$ _yÎòdMma AgVm{.
[m[-[w`, Y_©-AY_© `mßMm odMma H$Í$Z g_mOoZ`_Z d g_mOXe©Z KS>odU{ hm [wamUm_mJMm
h{Vy AgVm{. À`m_wi{ [wamUmVrc Ï`∑Vr d ‡gßJ ‡VrH$mÀ_ AgVmV. gy˙_ _Zm{Ï`m[mamßM{ oMÃU [wamU{,
H$WmÍ$[mZ{, ‡gßJmÍ$[mZ{ H$arV AgVmV. h{ gd© JwUode{f [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßVZy CVaU{ AmdÌ`H$ R>aV{.
[m°amoUH$ H$W{da AmYmac{cr [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ _ycV: [na[yU© H$cmÍ$[ [mdc{Î`m
AZw^dmßM{ [wZg™KQ>Z AgV{. EH$m oZo_©VrMr Vr EH$ [wZoZ©o_©Vr AgV{. AcrH$S>{ "H$U©' dm "H°$H$`r'
AmXr Ï`∑VtZm ›`m` X{`mgmR>r H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m OmVmV. [U H{$di Ï`p∑VoMÃU
dmVmdaUoZo_©Vr, KQ>Zm-‡gßJmßM{ X•H≤$ ‡À``H$mar dU©Z `m [mVirda [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]ar pÒWamdV{.
E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]arV `{UmË`m H$mim¿`m _mZmZ{ [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß_‹`{ `{Umam H$mi \$ma
_mJMm AgVm{.
`wam{[r` dmL≤>_`mV Q>r. Eg. Eoc`Q>, AmÎ]Q>© H$mÂ`y, O{Âg Om∞Bg Aem Zm_dßV ‡oV^mdßVmßZr
Am[Î`m gO©Zerc ‡oV^{VyZ À`m—ÓQ>rZ{hr _mZdr OrdZmMm d{Y K{`mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$cm Amh{.
[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma H{$cm Va Ow›`m H$mimV lr. ^md|Mr "gmodÃr-gÀ`dmZ'
(1911), lr. Zm. H{$. ]{ha|Mr "grVmdZdmg' (1912), "AohÎ`m{’ma' (1929), od. dm. hS>[
`mßMr "oMaßOrd' (1937), "_hmaWr H$U©' (1950) BÀ`mXr A[dmXmÀ_H$ H$mXß]Ë`m _amR>rV
ocohÎ`m J{Î`m Amh{V.
_amR>r [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMr ImU ÂhUO{ _hm^maV `m Acm°oH$H$ Jß́WmMm CÎc{I H$amdm
cmJ{c. 1959 gmcr od. g. ImßS>{H$amßZr "``mVr' ochˇZ _amR>r [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßM{ XmcZ Iwc{
H{$c{. od. g. ImßS>{H$amßZßVa [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m gßX^m©V Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßZr "H$Um©`Z' (1962),
"AOyZ Zmhr OmJ{ Jm{Hy$i' (1963) hr H$mXß]ar Hw$„O{gmaª`m C[{ojV [mÃmMr, oV¿`m _Zm{^mdmMr
AmßXm{cZ{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmar Amh{. AmO¿`m [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma H{$cm Va H$Um©¿`m OrdZmda
33
AmYmnaV AocH$S>{ ‡H$moeV Pmc{Î`m [mM H•$VtMm CÎc{I H$amdm cmJ{c. Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßMr
"H$Um©`Z' (1962), oedmOr gmdßVmßMr "_•À`wßO`' (1967), AmZßX gmYc|Mr "_hm[wÈf'
(1969), aUoOV X{gmB™Mr "amY{`' (1983), adt– R>mHy$a `mßMr "Y_©`w’' (2003). `moedm`
_hm^maVmVrc [mÃmßda ocohc{Î`m [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m Amh{V. od. _. Jm{Ic|Mr "gÀ`‡oVkm'
(^rÓ_mMm`m™da AmYmnaV O›_ V{ _•À`y[`™VMm OrdZ ‡dmg oMÃU), gw_Vr j{Ã_mS>|Mr "`mkg{Zr',
"_°Wcr' (grVm_mB©M{ OrdZXe©Z), "gÀò‡` JmßYmar' (1987) (AßY_mV{M{ oMÃU), ‡^mH$a
_hmOZ `mßMr "JmßJ{`' (1983) (^rÓ_mMm`m™M{ OrdZoMÃU), AmZßX gmYc|Mr "Y›` AßOZrMm
gwV',
Za|– qgXH$amßMr "‹dOXßS>' (c˙_UmM{ OrdZoMÃU), eaX XidtMr
"EH$cÏ`' (1988),
_. od. Jm{Ic|Mr "^rÓ_' (1989), gam{OZr
gmaßJ[mUtMr "JmßYmar' (1996) BÀ`mXr [m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m CÎc{IZr` Amh{V. Vg{M [X≤_mH$a
Jm{dB©H$amßMr "_wßJr CS>mcr AmH$mer' (1970)
(gßV kmZ{ÌdamßM{ OrdZoMÃU), oX.
]m. _m{H$metMr "AmZßX Am{dar' (1975), Jm{. Zr. XmßS>{H$amßMr "_m{Jam \w$ccm' (1975) BÀ`mXr
[m°amoUH$ H$mXß]Ë`m Amh{V.
7) amOH$s` H$mXß]ar
amOH$s` H$mXß]ar AmoU E{oVhmogH$ H$mXß]ar `mß¿`m gr_ma{fm oZpÌMV H$aU{ H$R>rU Amh{.
H$mXß]argmaª`m gßo_l d OrdZm¿`m g_J´Vc
{ m H$dQ>miy [mhUmË`m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamgß]Yß r H$mQ>H{ $m{a[U{
]m{cU{ gm{[{ Zmhr. gm_m›`V: amOH$s` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ amOH$s` KQ>Zm À`mVrc Ï`∑Vt¿`m OrdZ`mÃ{V
[mÌd©^y_rgmaª`m AgVmV. ÂhUO{M amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM{, amOH$s` OrdZmZw^dmßM{, amOH$s` ‡dmhmßM{
oMÃU AgV{ qH$dm ¡`m H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H$Î[ZmßMm dm amOH$s` dmVmdaUmMm dm[a ‡m]Î`mZ{,
R>iH$[U{ H{$c{cm AgVm{, Vr H$mXß]ar amOH$s` AgV{. ¡`m H$mXß]arV amO{aOdmS>{, Xa]ma, gaH$mar
H$m_H$mO, _ßÃr_ßS>i Ag{ amOH$maUmßer gß]ßoYV odÌd Amh{ Vr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar AgV{ Ag{ Zmhr.
H{$di amOH$maUmMr MMm© H$aUmar [mÃ{ ¡`m H$mXß]arV AgVmV oVcm "amOH$s`' ÂhUU{ ÂhUO{
"amOH$s`' e„XmMm AW© AÀ`ßV gßHw$oMV H$aU{. [mÃ{ amOH$s` AgÎ`mZ{ H$mXß]ar amOH$s` R>aV
Zmhr. amOH$s` H$mXß]ar hr amOH$s` Agcr Var H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ oVM{ _yÎ`_m[Z H$aVmZm À`m
H$mXß]arH$mamZ{ OrdZmda H$m{UVm ‡H$me Q>mH$cm Amh{ AmoU Am[Î`mcm H$m{UVr Z°oVH$ —ÓQ>r oXcr
Amh{ h{ _hŒdmM{ AgV{. amOH$s` H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H•$Vr, amOH$s` Mm°H$Q> hr AÀ`ßV _hŒdmMr
Jm{ÓQ> Amh{.
34
amOH$s` H$mXß]arMm odMma H{$cm Va amOH$s` H$mXß]ar `m e„XmßVyZ H$mXß]arH$ma H$m{UÀ`m
Jm{ÓQ>tda â X{Vm{ h{M _wª`V: gwoMV H$am`M{ AgV{. ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma AmoU ÒdmVßÕ`‡mflVrZßVa¿`m
H$mimVrc d{Jd{J˘`m ZmQ≤>`_` amOH$s` KQ>ZmßMr [mÌd©^y_r, amOH$maUmßMm gya H$mhr H$mXß]Ë`mßZm
Amh{. CXm. Zm. gr. \$S>H${ `mßMr "‡dmgr' hr EH$ èÒdr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar Amh{. ÂhUO{M "‡dmgr',
"oZaßOZ', "g_a^y_r', "Amem', "emHw$ß Vc' `m H$mXß]Ë`m amOH$maUmMr [mÌd©^_y r K{dZy ocohc{Î`m,
H$mhr Ï`∑Vt¿`m gwI-Xw:ImM{ oMÃU H$aUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`m Amh{V. od. g. ImßS>{H$amßMr "H´$m¢MdY'
hr H$mXß]ar amOH$maUmM{ Wm{S>{ JS>X aßJ K{dyZ Amcr Agcr Var À`mVrc amOH$maU Ï`∑Vt¿`m gwIXw:Imß¿`m oMÃUm_wi{ o\$H{$ R>ac{ Amh{. H$maU À`mVrc amOH$maU o]´Q>remß¿`m odam{Yr ZgyZ gßÒWmZr
amOH$maU Amh{. [w. `. X{e[mßS>{ `mßMr "odemcOrdZ', "H$mir amUr' (1941), "Zd{ OJ' (1941)
(d°pÌdH$ amOH$maUmM{ ‡VrH$mÀ_H$ oMÃU), J. Õ`ß. _mS>Im{cH$a `mßMr "H$mßVm' (1930), "_w∑VmÀ_m'
(1933), "em[' (1936), "_wIdQ>'{ (1940), "Xwha{ r OrdZ' (1940), "Zd{ gßgma' (1941),
"MßXZdmS>r' (1943) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßZm amOH$s` [mÌd©^y_r Amh{. J. Õ`ß. _mS>Im{cH$amßMr
"_w∑VmÀ_m' hr IË`m AWm©Z{ amOH$s` H$mXß]ar Amh{. _hmamÓQ≠>mVrc amOH$s` [jmßMr ^yo_H$m AmoU
_dmi amOH$maU H´$_e: H$g{ Ohmc d CJ´ ]ZV OmV{ AmoU VÈU o[T>r H$er g_mOdmXmH$S>{ AmH$of©V
hm{V{ `mM{ [naUm_H$maH$ oMÃU `mV `{V{. XŒmm Amfl[mOr VwiOm[yaH$amßMr "_mP{ am_mÙ' (1927)
hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ 1850 V{ Omoc`Zdmcm ]mJ ‡H$maUm[`™V¿`m amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM{ oMÃU H$aUmar
gwa{I H$mXß]ar Amh{. am. H•$. ^md{ `mßMr "Iam X{e^∑V' (1930), Xm. Z. oeIa|Mr "Wm{acr AmB©'
(1934), J. c. R>mH{ $i `mßMr "JmdJwSß >' (1945), ^m. X. I{a `mßMr "gwImMm c[ßS>md' (1945),
Zm. H{$. _hmOZ `mßMr "oH$gmZ' (1945), od. dm. oeadmS>H$amßMr "d°ÓUd' (1946) `m H$mXß]Ë`mßZm
amOH$s` KQ>ZmßM{ ‡{aH$ AÒVa Amh{. EH$ gm_m›` oejH$ X{e^∑Vr¿`m ^mdZ{Mm Ò[e© hm{VmM H$gm
AßV]m©¯ ]XcyZ OmVm{ AmoU Z{V•Àd H$aVm{ `mM{ ‡À``H$mar oMÃU `m H$mXß]arV C_Q>c{c{ Amh{.
amOH$s` H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V MßXH´ $mßV ]mßoXdS>H{ $a ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EHy$U amOH$s` H$mXß]arMm
odMma H$aVmZm EImXr "‡dmgr' dm "_w∑VmÀ_m', "_wIdQ>{' `mI{arO _hŒdmMr amOH$s` H$mXß]ar
oZ_m©U hm{dy Z`{, h{ _amR>r _Zm¿`m gßd{XZerc d•Œmr]‘c ]a{M H$mhr gmßJyZ OmV{. _hmamÔ≠>mcm
amOH$maUmMr AmdS> o[R>c{-^mVmBVH$sM _m{R>r Amh{, Ag{ ÂhUVmV. [U hr AmdS> _m{R>Ám
Amdm∑`m¿`m èÒdr H$mXß]ar¿`m Í$[mZ{ Ï`∑V Pmcr Zmhr.''70 `m[wT>{ ]mßoXdS>{H$a ÂhUVmV,
""o]Zr¿`m c{IH$mßZr amOH$s` g_a‡gßJ AgUmË`m, amOH$s` dmVmdaUmZ{ ^mÍ$Z Q>mH$UmË`m d
35
ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVrc OZ_Zm¿`m ‡À``Xeu AZw^d X{UmË`m H$mXß]Ë`m ocohÎ`m ZmhrV. 1920
ZßVa H$mXß]arda [S>c{c{ gwIdmXr _ZmM{ gmdQ>, ‡U`‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`mßMr EHy$U gm_yohH$ OrdZmH$S>{
dÒVwoZÓR>[U{ Z [mhVm Ï`p∑VoZÓR> X•ÓQ>rZ{ [mh`mMr d•Œmr `m_wi{ _amR>rcm "amOH$s` H$mXß]ar' Agm
Ao^_mZ dmQ>mdm Aer H•$Vr o_imcr Zmhr `mMr Zm|X ø`mdrer dmQ>V{.''71
ÒdmVßÕ`mZßVa¿`m H$mimVrc amOH$maUmMm gya Agc{Î`m H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUO{ E. od. Om{etMr
"amZ^yc' (1957), [w. ^m. ^md|Mr "AmJ' (1963), AÈU gmYyßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973),
"qghmgZ' (1977) BÀ`mXr H$mßX]Ë`m À`mX•ÓQ>rZ{ _hŒdm¿`m Amh{V. "amZ^yc' hr h°–m]mX¿`m
ÒdmVßÕ` gßJ´m_mda AmYmnaV H$mXß]ar Va AÈU gmYy `mßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973), "qghmgZ'
(1977) hr gŒm{¿`m amOH$maUmMm odYroZf{Y-ey›` I{i H$gm Mmcy Amh{ h{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aUmË`m
H$mXß]Ë`m Amh{V.
amOH$s` H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V \´|$M H$mXß]arH$ma ÒVm›Ymc ÂhUVmV H$s, ""EIm⁄m dmL≤>_`rZ
H•$VrV `{Uma{ amOH$maU ÂhUO{ OUy EIm⁄m gßoJVm¿`m _Ywa _°\$crV CS>mc{Î`m o[ÒVwcm¿`m
]mamgmaIr H$H©$e AmoU Ao^ÈMrhrZ Jm{ÓQ> Amh{; [aßVw Varhr Vr EH$X_ Am[c{ cj d{YyZ K{V{. hr
Jm{ÓQ> ZmH$maVm `{V Zmhr.''72
gmamße, amOH$s` H$mXß]arV amOH$s` H•$Vr, amOH$s` Mm°H$Q> hr _hŒdmMr AgV{.
8) _Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar
_amR>rV _Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMr gwÈdmV 1925 ZßVa Pmcr Ag{ _mZc{ OmV{.
_Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar [mÃmß¿`m _mZogH$ d ^mdoZH$ AZw^dmßM{ oMÃU H$aV{. [mÃmßM{ dmJU{,
À`mßM{ odMma d À`mVrc CcWm[mcW, À`mß¿`m Ï`p∑VÀdmMr KS>U AmoU À`mß¿`m dV©Zm_mJM{ Ï`mo_l
Ag{ AßV:ÒW h{Vy ¯mda hr H$mXß]ar ‡H$me Q>mH$V{. _mÃ `m H$mXß]arV ‡À`j _Zm{odÌc{fU ZgV{.
_Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ [mÃmß_‹`{, À`mß¿`m _ZmV, Òd^mdmV hm{UmË`m ]Xcmßda
dm odH$mgmda, À`mVrc KS>m_m{S>tda cj H|$o–V H$aUmar H$mXß]ar hm{`. `m H$mXß]arV dmMH$ [mÃmß¿`m
AZw^dmV gh^mJr hm{Vm{. "_mUyg' Zmdm¿`m ‡m`m¿`m Òd^mdY_m©M{ ododY Z_wZ{, ‡H$ma, À`mV
KS>Uma{ gy˙_]Xc _Zm{d°kmoZH$ H$mXß]ar oMoÃV H$aV{. _mZdr Òd^mdm¿`m Agßª`, AV∑`© JwßVmJwßVrda ‡H$me Q>mH$U{, hmM H$mXß]arMm h{Vy AgVm{. `m ‡H$ma¿`m H$mXß]arV _mUgm_mUgmßVrc
gßKfm©M{ oMÃU `{V{ d "H$Wm' `m KQ>H$mcm \$mag{ _hŒd ZgV{. H$maU [mÃmßM{ _Z OdiyZ ›`mhmiU{
36
hmM H$mXß]arMm h{Vy AgVm{. `m ‡H$ma¿`m H$mXß]arV _mUgm_mUgmßVrc gßKfm©M{ oMÃU `{V{ d
"H$Wm' `m KQ>H$mcm \$mag{ _hŒd ZgV{. H$maU [mÃmßM{ _Z OdiyZ ›`mhmiU{ hmM H$mXß]arMm h{Vy
AgVm{. ÂhUO{ _mZdr _ZmVrc gy˙_moVgy˙_ KS>m_m{S>tM{ oMÃU H$a`mda H$mXß]arMm â AgVm{.
"Ï`∑Vr¿`m AßV`m©_mVrc ^mdOrdZmMm odÌc{fU[yd©H$ AmodÓH$ma' `m X•ÓQ>rZ{ _hŒdmMm c{IH$
ÂhUyZ [w. `. X{e[mßS>{ `mßMm CÎc{I H{$cm OmVm{. À`mß¿`m "H$miramUr' (1941) d "gwH$c{c{ \y$c'
(1963) `m Xm{Z H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ À`mMm ‡À`` `{Vm{.
_Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ H$mXß]arMm odMma H{$cm Va `m H$mXß]ar‡dmhmVyZ \´$mB©S> AmoU `wJß `mß¿`m
_mUgm¿`m AßVaßJmVrc OoQ>c JwVß mJwVß XmIodUmË`m _Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$ og’mßVmßMm [naUm_ Am[Î`m
c{IH$mßda Pmcm. À`m_wi{ ‡rVr, oVM{ AmH$f©U, ¤{f, K•Um, c¢oJH$ AmH$f©U, gß]ßY, odH$mg BÀ`mXr
gd© Jm{ÓQ>tH$S>{ [mh`mMm Zdm X•pÓQ>H$m{U oZ_m©U Pmcm. ]m¯dmÒVdmH$S>{ Xwc©j H$Í$Z _Zm¿`m
AßVaßJmH$S>{ Om`mMr ‡d•Œmr oZ_m©U Pmcr.
gßkm[´dmhmgmaIr VßÃ{ oZ_m©U Pmcr. Aem _Zm{odÌc{fU‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`mV [w. `. X{e[mßS>{
`mßMr "gwH$c{c{ \y$c' (1931), "H$mir amUr' (1941), JßJmYa JmS>Jri `mßMr "occrM{ \y$c'
(1955), dgßV H$mZ{Q>H$amßMr "Ka' (1951), [m{aH$m' (1956) BÀ`mXtMm g_md{e hm{Vm{.
9) Zdr H$mXß]ar
_amR>r H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ aßOZ‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`m, \$S>H{$-ImßS>{H$amß¿`m _mJm©Z{ ocohÎ`m OmUmË`m
Zm`H$-Zmo`H$m ‡YmZ H$mXß]Ë`m Ag{ Xm{Z ‡dmh gwÍ$ AgVmZm 1960 ZßVa Zd{ ‡dmh oZ_m©U Pmc{.
ÂhUO{ d{Ji{ odÌd YwßS>miUmË`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎc{I _amR>r gmohÀ`mV "Zdr H$mXß]ar' ÂhUyZ H{$cm
OmVm{. ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimV _T>}H$amß¿`m H$odV{Z{ Zdm _mZXßS> oZ_m©U H{$cm, H$Wm XmcZmVyZ JßJmYa
JmS>JrimßZr Zd{ ‡`m{J H{$c{. `m ZÏ`m ‡`m{Jmß_wi{ Zdr Ao^ÈMr ÈOV Mmccr hm{Vr. [aßVw H$mXß]ar
odÌdmV _mÃ Ag{ H$mhr ]ßS>mM{ oZemU K{D$Z Hw$Ur ZdrZ ‡`m{J H{$c{ ZmhrV. _mÃ hc∑`m [mdcmZ{
H$m hm{B©Zm [U H$mhr Zd{ KSy> [mhV hm{V{. od^mdar oeÈaH$amßMr "]ir' (1950), lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr
"Jmaß]rMm ]m[y', (1952), Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "]ZJadmS>r' (1955), ^mcMß– Z{_mS>ÁmßMr
"H$m{gcm' (1963), O`dßV XidtMr "MH´$' (1963) BÀ`mXr H$mhr ZÏ`m ]XcmßMr oM›h{ ÂhUyZ
gmßJVm `{Vrc.
ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimV Om{ OZV{Mm A[{jm^ßJ Pmcm hm{Vm. O{ Zd{-Zd{ ‡ÌZ oZ_m©U Pmc{ hm{V{.
37
À`m ‡ÌZmß¿`m AZwam{YmZ{ qMVZ hm{dy cmJc{. À`m qMVZmVyZ ZÏ`m H$mXß]arMm O›_ Pmcm. oVMr
"Hw$Vyhc j{Ã{' dmT>cr. ehamVrc ]H$mcdÒVr[mgyZ V{ I{S>{JmdmVrc Jm{R>Ám[`™V, Pm{[S>r[mgyZ V{
AÀ`w¿M dJm©¿`m ‚c∞Q> gßÒH•$Vr[`™V oVMm [´dmg Pmcm. AZ{H$ ÒVamßVrc cm{H$mßZm gm_mdyZ K{UmË`m
odemc g_mOmM{ ÒdÍ$[ oVcm ‡mflV Pmc{. aQ>mi AZ≤ Zrag dU©ZmßZm \$mQ>m X{`mV Amcm. VßÃm[{jm
Ame`mcm AmoU [naUm_mcm ‡mYm›` X{`mV Amc{. C[{ojV dJm©M{, C[{ojV g_mOmM{ Xw:I
H$mXß]arVyZ H´$_e: `{dy cmJc{. AZ{H$ ZdrZ odf`mßZm Ò[e© Pmcm. À`m_wi{ "Zdr H$mXß]ar' hr
[aß[amJV H$mXß]arhˇZ d{Jir R>acr.
ZÏ`m H$mXß]arMr d°oeÓQ>Á{
1)
_amR>rVrc Zdr H$mXß]ar hr oV¿`m JwUd°oeÓQ>Ámß_wi{ BVa H$mXß]ar[{jm d{Jir dmQ>V{. ZÏ`m
H$mXß]arM{ AZw^dodÌdM _wir d{Ji{ hm{V{. EIm⁄m odf`mda H$mXß]ar ocoh`m[{jm ‡À`j
OrdZmZw^dmMmM H$cmÀ_H$ AmodÓH$ma H$a`mH$S>{ oVMm OmÒV H$c Amh{.
2)
_mUgmM{ ÒdV:er, BVamßer AmoU oZgJm©er Agc{c{ gß]ßY AoYH$ Z{Q>H{$[UmZ{ `m
H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ AdVaVmV.
3)
ZÏ`m H$mßX]arM{ AZw^d d j{Ã odÒVmac{. gXmoed[{R>r dmVmdaUmV AZ≤ _mOKamV a_c{cr
H$mXß]ar hr AmVm IwÎ`m odÌdmV oeacr. e{Vr, C⁄m{J, H$m_Jma, ]{H$mar, amOH$maU, odkmZ
BÀ`mXr j{ÃmV Vr gßMma H$Í$ cmJcr. AßYl’m, ÒÃrg_Ò`m, [wÈfr AhßH$ma, Ïò^Mmar
d•Œmr, Hw$_mnaH$mßMm ‡ÌZ, oddmh]m¯ gß]ßY, EH$Q>{[Um, odYdm dm odYwamdÒWm, AZmWml_,
c¢oJH$ N>idmX, H$m∞c{O AmoU hm∞ÒQ>{c OrdZ, _‹`_dJu` OrdZmVrc AW©ey›`Vm Aem
oH$Vr Var odf`mcm Zdr H$mXß]ar gm_m{ar J{cr. oVZ{ H$m{UVm odf` d¡`© _mZcm Zmhr.
CcQ> ZdZÏ`m odf`mßM{ ÒdmJV H{$c{.
4)
Ow›`m H$mXß]arVrc Ï`p∑Va{ImßMr ^mfm c{IH$mMr hm{Vr. [aßVw ZÏ`m H$mXß]arVrc Ï`p∑Va{ImßZm
AZwH$y c Aer À`mßMrM ^mfm c{IH$mßZr dm[acr. ^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ `mßZr Am[Î`m H$mXß]Ë`mßVZy
H$m∞c{O- Hw$_mamßMr dV©_mZmer gßdmX gmYUmar ^mfm `m{oOcr. À`m_wi{ hr H$mXß]ar COdr
R>acr. qM. Õ`ß. ImZm{cH$amßZr _mcdUr ]m{cr^mf{Mm dm[a H{$Î`mZ{ À`mß¿`m Ï`p∑Va{Im
oOdßV PmÎ`m.
VŒdV: Zdr H$mXß]ar hr _amR>r dmL≤>_`m¿`m AmO[`™V¿`m odH$mgmVrc AI{aMr emIm
38
Amh{. "`_wZm [`©Q>Z' [mgyZ gwÍ$ Pmc{cr, dmÒVdmer ZmV{ gmßJUmar, H•$Vr‡YmZVm, gO©H$V{Mm
Aod^m¡` KQ>H$ _mZUmar hr H$mXß]ar OJ`mMm Zdm _yÎòdMma _mßS>V{. Ame`gyÃ{, [mÃ, ‡gßJ,
VßÃ{, ^mfm, H$WmZH$, oZd{XZ, e°cr `m gd© VŒdmßZm EH$M AßJ^yV Ame`–Ï`mM{ Í$[ ‡mflV Pmc{
hm{V{. À`mX•ÓQ>rZ{ ^mD$ [m‹`{ - "S>m|]mË`mMm I{i' (1960), "d°VmJdmS>r' (1964), "dmgyZmH$m'
(1965), E. od. Om{etMr "H$mim{ImM{ AßJ' (1966), _Zm{ha ehmU|Mr "X{dmMm e„X' (1968),
O`dßV XidtMr "ÒdJV' (1968), ‡^mH$a [|T>maH$amßMr "Aa{ gßgma gßgma' (1971), oH$aU
ZJaH$amßMr "gmV g∑H$ß Ã{Mmirg' (1974), XrZmZmW _Zm{hamßMr "am{]m{' (1976), O`dßV
XidtMr "AWmßJ' (1977), gw^mf ^|S>|Mr "AßYmadmQ>m' (1978) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m _hŒd[yU©
Amh{V.Aem ‡H$ma{ ZÏ`m H$mXß]arZ{ odemc Ag{ odÌd Am[Î`m H$d{V K{dyZ ÒdVßÃ[U{ Am[cm R>gm
C_Q>odcm.
10) _hmZJar` H$mXß]ar
_amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m odH$mgmMm EH$ Q>fl[m ÂhUO{ _hmZJar` OrdZmda ocohc{Î`m H$mXß]Ë`mßMm
hm{`. 1960 ZßVa _hmZJar` OrdZmdarc H$mXß]ar od[wc ‡_mUmV oZ_m©U Pmc{cr AmT>iV{.
À`mX•ÓQ>rZ{ _amR>rVrc _hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßMm A‰`mg H$aU{ `m{Ω` hm{B©c. _hmZJamVrc OrdZ,
ZmJar AmoU J´m_rU OrdZm[{jm d{Ji{ AgV{.
ode{fV: gm_moOH$ OrdZmMm A^md _hmZJar` OrdZmV AmT>iVm{. _hmZJar` OrdZ
Ï`∑VrH|$o–V AgV{. À`m_wi{ AgwaojVV{Mr ^mdZm OmUdV{. ^m°oVH$ gß[Œmr o_idyZ EH$Q>{[Um
Kmcod`mgmR>r, [°gm o_iod`mgmR>r YS>[S> gwÍ$ AgV{. ÂhUyZ Ï`p∑VH|$o–VV{cm `{Uma{ _hŒd hm
_hmZJar` H$mXß]arMm ode{f Amh{. _hmZJa h{ amOH$maUmVrc KS>m_m{S>rM{ _hŒd[yU© H|$– AgÎ`mZ{
À`mM{ [S>gmX H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ OmUdVmV. CXm. gŒmm Ò[Ym©, amOH$maUmVrc S>md[{M, hmcMmcr,
gm_moOH$ ÒVam‡_mU{ _yÎ`H$Î[Zm BÀ`mXr _hmZJar` dmVmdaUmV Pm{[S>[≈>r[mgyZ V{ \y$Q>[mW[`™V
Q>rMâ OmJ{V gßgma H$aUmar, OmJ{gmR>r YS>[S>Umar, A[wË`m OmJ{_wi{ ZmH$iÀ`m d`mVrc _wcmßZm
emarnaH$ gß]ßYmßMr Am{T>, À`mVyZ CX≤^dUmar odH•$Vr, ÒÃr-[wÈf gß]ßYmVrc ]mYm, c¢oJH$ odH•$Vr,
Òd°aVm, am{JQ> _mZogH$Vm, gm_moOH$ VmUVUmd, Ï`∑Vrda `{Umam ‡MßS> _mZogH$ VmU, ]XcV
OmUma{ ZmV{gß]ßY, OrdZ OJ`mgmR>r, OrdZ_mZ CßMmd`mgmR>r H$amdr cmJUmar YS>[S>, À`mgmR>r>
OrdZ_yÎ`mßH$S>{ Xwc©j, am{OJmam¿`m Ame{Z{ Amc{cm JXuMm _hm[ya, ]{H$mar, Mm{Ë`m_mË`m, IyZ,
39
XheV, JwßS>oJar, OwJma, XmÍ$M{ A»>{, d{Ì`md•Œmr, Xna–r, Jar], oZÓ[m[ Ord, Joc¿N> Pm{[S>[≈>r
BÀ`mXr Jm{ÓQ>tM{ ‡oVq]] [S>c{c{ Amh{.
Aem ‡H$ma{ _hmZJar` H$mXß]arM{ ÒdÍ$[ gmßJVm `{B©c. H$maU darc gd© Jm{ÓQ>tM{ oMÃU
_amR>r H$mXß]arH$mamßZr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ H{$c{ Amh{. CXm. ^mD$ [m‹`{, gw^mf ^|S>{, AÈU gmYy,
_._ß. H$oU©H$, O`dßV Xidr, lr. Zm. [|S>g{, c. Zm. H{$aH$a, ^mZy H$mi{, oXdmH$a H$mß]ir BÀ`mXtZr
_hmZJar` OrdZmM{ gwa{I oMÃU H{$c{c{ Amh{.
AÈU gmYwßZr "_wß]B© oXZmßH$' (1973) `m H$mXß]arVyZ d{Jd{J˘`m gm_moOH$ ÒVamVrc
Ï`∑Vt¿`m _mZogH$ VmUVUmdmM{ oMÃU H{$c{ Amh{. _wß]B©gmaª`m AdmT>Ï` ehamMm Vi JmR>`mMm
‡`ÀZ `m H$mXß]arVyZ H{$cm AgyZ EH$ _hmZJa `mgß]ßYr H$mXß]arMm H|$X´q]Xy Amh{. "d{ÒQ>Z© ÒQ>ma'_‹`{
Y_mc CS>odUmam AÊà, Am[U `m OJmV OJm`cm Zmcm`H$ Amhm{V Ag{ ÂhUUmam oH$em{a dP{,
Ò_Jcamß¿`m Q>m{irV AS>H$c{cm h˛ema VÈU X`mZßX [moZQ>H$a, _wª`_ßÃr oOdmOramd qeX{, `woZ`Z
crS>a S>r. H$mÒQ>m AmoU [°em_wi{ ^`^rV Pmc{cr gwZXß m BÀ`mXr Ï`∑Vr ododY gm_moOH$ ÒVamßVrc Amh{V.
Aem _mUgmß¿`m _Zmcm Ò[e© H$Í$Z AßV_©ZmV oea`mMm c{IH$mZ{ ‡`ÀZ H{$cm Amh{.
dgßV H$mZ{Q>H$amßMr "Ka' (1952), ^mD$ [m‹`|Mr "d°VmJdmS>r' (1964), ‡^mH$a [|T>maH$amßMr
"Aa{ gßgma gßgma' (1971), AÈU gmYwßMr "_wß]B© oXZmßßH$' (1973), "qghmgZ' (1977),
^mD$ [m‹`|Mr "O{c]S>©g≤' (1982), _Yw _ßJ{e H$oU©H$mßMr "dmÈi' (1989) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
_hmZJar` OrdZmMm odÒVrU© [Q> CcJSy>Z XmIodcm Amh{.
gmamße, H$mXß]ar hm odÒV•V ^mofH$ AdH$me Agc{cm AmoU A[nahm`©[U{ gm_moOH$
Ame` Agc{cm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma AgÎ`mZ{ _hmZJar` OrdZmM{ oMÃU Òdm^modH$[U{ H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
Amc{c{ oXgyZ `{V{. XwgË`m _hm`w’mZßVa Am°⁄m{oJH$ H´$mßVr_wi{ ehar OrdZmMm gd© AßJmßZr odH$mg
Pmcm. `mM{ [S>gmX ]m. gr. _T>}H$amß¿`m H$mÏ`mV [S>c{c{ AmT>iVmV. JßJmYa JmS>Jri, AaqdX
Jm{Ic{ `mß¿`m H$WmVyZ _hmZJar` OrdZm¿`m OmUrdm oMoÃV Pmc{Î`m Amh{V. À`m_wi{ _hmZJar`
OrdZmdarc H$mXß]Ë`m _m{R>Ám ‡_mUmV PmÎ`m Var À`mßM{ ÒdÍ$[ [ydu[{jm d{Ji{ [U d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© Amh{.
_hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßMr d°oeÓQ>Á{ Imcrc‡_mU{ gmßJVm `{Vrc 1)
_hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ _wª`V: _hmZJamVrc Ï`∑Vr¿`m _mZogH$ VmU-VUmdmM{,
gßKfm©À_H$ OrdZmM{ gÀ` oMÃU Amc{c{ AgV{.
2)
40
_hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`ßmVyZ OrdZ_mZ CßMmd`mgmR>r YS>[UmË`m _mUgmß¿`m oMÃUm]am{]a
C¿M _‹`_dJu` cm{H$mß¿`m Òd^mdmVrc Im{Q>{[Um, T>m|Jr[Um, Xmßo^H$Vm BÀ`mXtM{ Xe©Z
KS>V.{
3)
_hmZJamVrc Ò[Ym©À_H$d•Œmr, amh`m¿`m OmJ{gmR>r H$amdr cmJUmar YS>[S>, À`mgmR>r
H{$c{cm OrdmMm AmQ>mo[Q>m BÀ`mXr ‡ÌZ e„XmßoH$V hm{VmV.
4)
_hmZJar` H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ [mßT>a[{e{ ]Zy [mhUmË`m cm{H$mßM{ ^mdodÌd CcJS>V{.
5)
_hmZJamVrc ]H$mcdÒVr, Pm{[S>[≈>r BÀ`mXtM{ oMÃU AgV{.
11) J´m_rU H$mXß]ar
ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimVrc H$mXß]arMm EH$ Zdm ‡dmh AmoU _amR>r dmL≤>_`mcm cm^c{c{ EH$
c{U{ ÂhUO{ J´m_rU H$mXß]ar. ÒdmVßÕ`[yd© H$mimVhr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ocohcr J{cr. [U oVcm Iam
]ha ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimV Amcm. ÒdmVßÕ`mZßVa¿`m [ßYam-drg dfm©V _amR>r gmohÀ`mV _m{R>{ [nadV©Z
Pmc{. J´m_rU ^mJmVrc gO©Zerc c{IH$ Am[Î`m OrdZmM{ AZw^d ÒdV:¿`m ]m{crVyZ _mßS>y cmJc{.
g_mOmMr ]mßoYcH$s odMmamV K{D$Z ÒdmVßÕ`, g_Vm, odÌd]ßYwÀd, odkmZoZÓR>m BÀ`mXr
OrdZ_yÎ`mßgh J´m_rU c{IH$ Am[cr gwIXw:I{ e„XmßoH$V H$Í$ cmJc{. À`m_wi{ Zdm , oOdßV
M°V›`_`r ÒÃm{V ‡dmhrV Pmcm AmoU _amR>r gmohÀ`m¿`m H$jm ÈßXmdÎ`m. 1920 ¿`m gw_mamg
OZ_mZgmdarc _hmÀ_m JmßYtMm ‡^md dmTy> cmJcm. "I{S>ÁmH$S>{ Mcm' Aer hmH$ À`mßZr ‡^mdr[U{
g_mOmcm oXcr. À`m_wi{ amOH$maUr, g_mOgwYmaH$, odMmadßV BÀ`mXtM{ cj I{S>ÁmH$S>{ d{Yc{
J{c{. À`mMm [naUm_ c{IH$mßda Pmcm AmoU I{S>ÁmVrc [naga, V{Wrc oZgJ©aÂ` dmVmdaU, ^m{i{^m]S>{ cm{H$, e{Vr-dmS>r, Jwa{-T>m{a{ `mßM{ Xe©Z gmohÀ`mVyZ KSy> cmJc{. ‡maß^r ZmJar OrdZmM{ oMÃU
Agc{Î`m gmohÀ`mM{ AZwH$aU J´m_rU H$mXß]arH$mamßZr H{$c{. _mÃ ZßVaMr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ]Xccr.
J´m_rU ^mJmVrc qH$dm OrdZmVrc ]H$mc[Um, XmnaX´Á, AkmZ, [maß[naH$Àd, Í$T>r, o[icm
OmUmam _mUyg BÀ`mXr AmO¿`m H$mXß]arM{ odf` Amh{V. À`mX•ÓQ>rZ{ J´m_rU H$mXß]arMr dmQ>Mmc
Mmcy Amh{.
VŒdV: J´m_rU H$mXß]arVyZ 1920 V{ 1980 Vg{M ZßVa¿`m H$mXß]arH$mamßZr J´m_rU
[nagamVrc _mUg{, oZgJ©, À`mMr d•Œmr, J´m_rU X°dV{, MmcrarVr, l’m, [aß[am `mß¿`m oMÃUmMr
EH$ [aß[am gwÍ$ Pmcr. oVMm Ame`, Ao^Ï`∑Vr, H$cmÀ_H$ JwUdŒmm, ^mfmode{f, Aem ododY
41
AßJmßZr H$mXß]arMm odH$mg hm{V J{c{cm oXgyZ `{Vm{. `mM H$mXß]arc{IZmVyZ J´m_rU [nagamVrc
PmS>{-PwS>[{, S>m|Ja-XË`m, e{Vr-Zmc{, Vcmd-odohar, D$Z-dmam, oZgJ©, [mD$g, [rH$[mUr
BÀ`mXt¿`m Xe©Zm]am{]a, J´m_rU ^mJmVrc _mUg{, À`mß¿`m JmB©-Âher, ]°c{, Hw$Ãr, JmT>d{, Km{S>{,
H$m|]S>Ám h{ gJi{ [ew-[jr [mÃ ÂhUyZ AdVaVmV. ¯m J´m_rUV{¿`m AßJmZ{ ocohÎ`m J{c{Î`m
H$mXß]Ë`mßMm odMma `m ‡H$mamV H{$cm OmVm{.
AmZßX `mXd "J´m_rU gmohÀ` : ÒdÈ[ AmoU g_Ò`m' `m Jß́WmVyZ J´m_rU gmohÀ`modf` r
ÂhUVmV H$s, "" "J´m_rU gmohÀ`'hr gßH$Î[Zm EIm⁄m [´X{emßVJ©V OrdZmVyZ oZ_m©U Pmc{Î`m
gmohÀ`mcm `m{Ocr OmV{. À`m gmohÀ`mV À`m ‡X{emVrc dmÒVd OrdZmM{ ‡oVq]] [S>c{c{ AgV{.
gmohÀ`m¿`m ‡X{eoZa[{j Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm AmodÓH$ma À`mV Jm°U ÒWmZr J{cc
{ m AgVm{. À`m_wi{ "J´m_rU
gmohÀ`' hm J´m_rU _ZmMm, g_mOmMm AZ{H$ VmU-VUmdmßgh e„XÍ$[ Pmc{cm EH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$
R>{dm AgVm{. Vm{ À`m ‡X{emMm MmcVm-]m{cVm _mZogH$ BoVhmg AgVm{.''73
J´m_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V ]mießH$a X{e[mßS>{ "H$mXß]ar : odd{MZ AmoU odÌc{fU' `m
Jß́WmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""emßV, gßW[U{ odÒVmamZ{ OrdZmMr OmUrd Ï`∑V H$aU{, V[oecmV OmdyZ
gy˙_[U{ gm_moOH$ OmUrd Ï`∑V H$aU{, h{ H$mXß]ar `m gmohÀ` ‡H$maM{ Co‘ÓQ> AgV{. _m{R>m Ame`,
OrdZmH$S>{ [mh`mM{ d{Jd{Ji{ X•pÓQ>H$m{U, OrdZmVcr JwßVmJwßV, Ï`mo_lVm H$mXß]ar_‹`{ AmodÓH•$V
Pmc{cr AgV{. J´m_rU OrdZm¿`m AmH$cZmMr OmU dmT>odUmar H$mXß]ar _amR>rV Í$Oy-ZÏh{ ocohcr
J{cr Zmhr Ag{ ZmB©cmOmZ{ H$m hm{B©Zm ÂhUmd{ cmJV{.''74
_amR>rV J´m_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m gßX^m©V AmUm ^mD$ gmR>,{ C’d e{iH{$, eßH$a [mQ>rc, aUoOV
X{gmB©, h_rX XcdmB©, am. aß. ]m{amS>{, AmZßX `mXd, Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$a, Mß–Hw$_ma ZcJ{, _hmX{d
_m{a{ BÀ`mXtMm CÎc{I H$amdm cmJ{c. [aßVw H•$ÓUamd ^mc{amdmßMr "]ir]m [mQ>rc' (1888) hr
_amR>rVrc [ohcr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar Amh{. AmZßX `mXdmß¿`m _V{, " E. od. oQ>H{$H$amßMr "o[amOr
[mQ>rc' (1903) hr [ohcr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar Amh{.'75
_amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]arodÌdmMm ‡dmg "]ir]m [mQ>rc' d "o[amOr [mQ>rc' `m Xm{Z
H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m oZo_©VrZßVa cJ{M Pmc{cm AmT>iV Zmhr. [U 1925 [mgyZ _amR>rV J´m_rU
gmohÀ`mMr oZo_©Vr hm{dy cmJcr. `m H$mimV J´m_rU gmohÀ`mda JmßYrdmXr, _m∑g©dmXr, g_mOdmXr
odMmagaUrMm ‡^md hm{Vm. J´m_rU H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡W_ H$mcIßS>mda _. \w$c{ `mß¿`m odMmagaUrMm
42
‡^md AgyZ _.JmßYt¿`m "I{S>ÁmH$S>{ Mcm', "^maVmMm AmÀ_m I{S>ÁmV Amh{' `m C[X{em_wi{
J´m_rU gmohÀ`m¿`m oZo_©Vrda AoYH$ â oXcm J{cm. AZ≤ _amR>rV J´m_rU H$mXß]arMr oZo_©Vr
hm{dy cmJcr. CXm. ‡. h. ImoS>cH$amßMr "ÒdmYrZ gßgma' (1927), ^m. od. da{aH$amßMr
"gmV cmImVrc EH$' (1930), od. dm. hS>[ `mßMr 'A›ZXmVm C[mer' (1937), a. dm. oXK{
`mßMr "[mUH$im' (1939), _. ^m. ^m{gc{ `mßMr "g_amßJU' (1941), X. a. H$dR>{H$amßMr
"a{e_m¿`m JmR>r' (1942), ]m. gr. _T>}H$amßMr "Vmß]S>r _mVr' (1943), J. c. R>m{H$i `mßMr
"JmdJwßS>' (1945), od. dm. oeadmS>H$a `mßMr "d°ÓUd' (1945), ]m. gr. _T>{©H$amßMr "[mUr'
(1948) `m H$mXß]Ë`mßZr OrdZmVrc dmÒVdVm d AmYwoZH$sH$aUmZ{ CX≤‹dÒV hm{UmË`m J´m_rU
gßÒH•$VrM{ Xe©Z KS>odc{. À`m‡_mU{ lr. Zm. [|S>g{ `mß¿`m "EÎJma' (1948) d "h‘[ma' (1950),
]m. ^. ]m{aH$amßMr "^mdrU' (1950), _Yy _ßJe
{ H$oU©H$ `mßMr "dmS>JrU' (1950), `m H$mXß]Ë`mßVZy
H$m{H$UmV dmÒVÏ` H$aUmË`m AßYl’miy dmacr O_mVrM{ oMÃU Amc{ Amh{.
J´m_rU OrdZmM{ Xe©Z KS>odUmË`m H$mhr J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`m [wT>rc‡_mU{ Amh{V.
J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ‡dmhmVrc _°cmMm XJS> R>aUmar _hŒd[yU© H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ Ï`ßH$Q>{e
_mS>JyiH$a `mßMr "]ZJadmS>r' (1955), aUoOV X{gmB™Mr "]mar' (1959), AmUm ^mD$ gmR>|Mr
"\$oH$am' (1959), C’d e{iH{$ `mßMr "YJ' (1960), aUoOV X{gmB© `mßMr "_mPm Jmd' (1960),
Mß–H$mßV H$mH$m{S>H$a `mßMr "A›Z[yUm©' (1960), eßH$a [mQ>rc `mßMr "Q>ma\w$cm' (1964),
h_rX XcdmB™Mr "BßYZ' (1965), eßH$a IßSy> [mQ>rc `mßMr "ga[ßM' (1969), am. aß. ]m{amS>|Mr
"[mMm{im' (1971), AmZßX `mXdmßMr "Jm{Vmdim' (1971), Zm. Ym|. _hmZm{a `mßMr "JmßYmar'
(1973) `m gd© H$mXß]Ë`m Img J´m_rU e°crVrc AgyZ _amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]ar odÌdmcm odoeÓQ>
diU X{UmË`m Amh{V.
Mß–Hw$_ma ZcJ{|Mr "AmJrZ\y$cm' (1974), "X{dmMr gmj' (1979), d. dm. ]m{Y|Mr
"H$mVU' (1979), "dmKrU' (1980), Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$amßMr "H$ÈUmÓQ>H{$$' (1982),
lr. Zm. [|S>g|Mr "Vwß]mS>M{ Im{V' (1987), AmZßX `mXdmßMr "Pm|]r' (1987), "ZmßJaUr'
(1987), am. aß. ]m{amS>|Mr "gmdQ>' (1987), "Mmam[mUr' (1989), CŒm_ ]ßSy> Vw[|Mr "BOmi'
(1984), "oM[mS>' (1989), "Iwir' (1991), amOZ Jdg `mßMr "Mm¢S>Hß$' (1985),
"^ßS>ma^m{J' (1988), _YwH$a dmH$m{S>{ `mßMr "P{cP[mQ>' (1988), odÌdmg [mQ>rc `mßMr "[mßJram'
43
(1990), gwa{e ¤mXerH$amßMr "hmiw_r' (1989), amOZ ImZ `mßMr "`Vr_' (1990),
]m. J. H{$gH$amßMr "Hw$Um¿`m Imß⁄mda ' (1995), ]m]amd _wgi{ `mßMr "hmÎ`m hmÎ`m XwXy X{'
(1995), "[Imc' (1995) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m J´m_rU dmÒVdmM{ oMÃU H$aUmË`m Amh{V.
12) XocV H$mXß]ar
H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`m¿`m X•ÓQ>rZ{ XocV H$mXß]ar hm _hŒdmMm ‡dmh AgyZ XocV H$mXß]arZ{
‡mX{oeH$, J´m_rU H$mXß]Ë`mß‡_mU{ Am[cm _m{ham C[{ojV Aem J´m_rU d gm_moOH$ OrdZmH$S>{
diodÎ`mZ{ gm_moOH$ OrdZmVrc AZßV Xw:I{ oVZ{ _mßS>cr. À`m_wi{ OrdZmM{ EH$ Zd{ odÌd gmH$ma
Pmc{. XocV OmoUd{Mr XocV OrdZmgh Ao^Ï`∑Vr H$aUmar H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{ "XocV H$mXß]ar'.
`mVyZ XocV-gm_moOH$ OmoUdmßM{ Xe©Z KS>V{. XocV H$mXß]ar hr gm_moOH$ ]mßoYcH$s _mZUmar
H$mXß]ar Amh{.
XocV H$mXß]arMm ‡maß^ 1960 ZßVa Pmc{cm oXgyZ `{Vm{. XocV H$Wm-H$odVm `mß¿`m VwcZ{Z{
XocV H$mXß]ar \$maer odH$ogV Pmcr Zmhr. XocV gmohÀ`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ XocV H$mXß]arM{ XmcZ
gßª`mÀ_H$—ÓQ>rZ{ g_•’ Zmhr. _mÃ `m H$mXß]Ë`mßMr gßª`m H$_r Agcr Var Vr cjUr` Amh{.
XocV H$mXß]ar EH$m AWm©Z{ gm_moOH$ dmÒVddmXr H$mXß]arM AgV{. ¡`m‡_mU{ gm_moOH$
H$mXß]arH$ma VÀH$mcrZ g_mOmMm BoVhmgH$ma AgVm{ À`m‡_mU{ XocV H$mXß]arH$mahr Am[Î`m
g_mOm¿`m ^yVH$mi d dV©_mZH$mimMm gmjrXma AmoU ^mÓ`H$ma AgVm{. XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
odemc, Ï`m[H$ _mZdV{Mm ‡À`` `{Vm{. [ydm©Ò[•Ì` Aem ododY g_mOmVrc, dJm©Vrc, ÒVamVrc,
AmoW©H$ AmoU gmßÒH•$oVH$ _mJmgc{[UmM{ oMÃU `m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ dmMm`cm o_iV{. Am[Î`mdarc
A›`m`, AÀ`mMmamßMm [mT>m À`mßZr H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ dmMcm. Am[c{ H$ÓQ>_` OrdZ OJVmZm Am[Î`m
g_mOmVrc Í$T>r, amhUr_mZ, [m{emI, X°dV{, gUdma, CÀgd, OÃm, ‡Wm, [aß[am, AßYl’m,
X{dX{dÒH$s AmoU OmV[ßMm`VrM{ H$m`X{ H$mZyZ BÀ`mXrßM{ Xe©Z hr H$mXß]ar gmXa H$aV{.
XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßM{ Adcm{H$Z H{$c{ Va XocVmßMr H$odVm, XocVmßMr H$Wm oMÃ d{YyZ K{V{
AmoU XocV H$mXß]ar hr dmMH$mßZm AmH$of©V H$aV{. AmUm^mD$ gmR>{, ]m]wamd ]mJyc, H{$ed _{lm_
AmoU eßH$aamd IamV BÀ`mXr A[dmX dJic{ Va XocV H$mXß]arH$mamßM{ c{IZmXe© \$S>H{$ImßS>{H$a‡oUV H$mXß]arM{M Amh{V Ag{ dmQ>V{. 1935 ¿`m Amg[mg S>m∞. ]m]mgmh{] Amß]{S>H$amßM{
H$m`© gwÍ$ Pmc{ AmoU À`m H$m`m©¿`m gm_moOH$ AmßXm{cZmßVyZ XocV H$mXß]Ë`mßMm ‡maß^ Pmcm. CXm.
44
Zm. am. e|S>{ `mßMr "H$mOir amÃ' (1956), AmUm ^mD$ gmR>{ `mßMr "\$oH$am' (1959), ]m]wamd
]mJwcmßMr "gyS>' (1970), eßH$aamd IamVmßMr "hmV^Q≤>Q>r' (1970), "JmdMm oQ>Zm{[mc JwÈOr'
(1971), "_r _w∑V _r _w∑V' (1971), H{$ed _{lm_ `mßMr "hoH$H$V d OQ>m`y' (1972),
"[m{IaU' (1972), ]m]wamd ]mJwcmßMr "[mdem' (1981), "H$m|S>r' (2000) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`mßVZy
XocV OrdZmM{ gÀòMÃU Amc{c{ Amh{. H$maU `m H$mXß]Ë`m ÂhUO{ XocV H$mXß]Ë`mß¿`m BoVhmgmM{
_mZmM{ [mZ Amh{V.
har^mD$ [Jma{ "PwßOma'(1965), "H$mqcXr' (1968), Aem{H$ cm{IßS>{ "oZÓR>m' (1974),
AÈU gmYy "]ohÓH•$V' (1978), o^. gr. qeX{ "A_•VZmH$' d "am`ZmH$' (1980), gwYmH$a
Jm`H$dmS> "ew–' (1980), _mYd H$m|S>odcH$a "AOyZ COmS>m`Mß Amh{' (1981), Zm_X{d T>gmi
"hmS>H$s hmS>dim' (1981), èdßV _Zm{ha "a_mB©' (1981), _mYd H$g]{ "ZHy$c' (1981),
_mYd H$m|S>odcH$a "N>X{ ' (1982), Aem{H$ ÏhQ>H$a "_{cc
{ ß [mUr' (1982), ‡{_mZßX J¡dr "OmJa'
(1982), ]m. g. hmQ>{ "`wJodYmZ' (1983), _wacrYa OmYd "H$m`©H$Vm©' (1984), ]idßV
H$mß]i{ "Zm[mV' (1984), odO` H$mi{ "OmJ•Vr' (1985), CŒm_ ]ßSy> Vw[{ "Pwcdm' (1986),
`m{J|– _{lm_ "_mPm Jmd Hw$R>{ Amh{' (1988), ]m. g. hmQ>{ "`wJßYa' (1988), AoZc ghÒÃ]w’{
"_mVßJ' (1990), Zm. ]. OmYd "S>m∞. AßOZm' (1991), Zm_X{d Mß–^mZ H$mß]i{ "amKd d{i'
(1993), "D$Zgmdcr' (1997), "gmßOaßJ' (1999), "g{cPmS>m' (2001) BÀ`mXr
H$mXß]arH$mamßZr XocV H$mXß]arM{ ^mdodÌd CcJSy>Z XmIodc{c{ Amh{. _amR>r gmohÀ`mVyZ Amc{c{
h{ XocV oMÃU AZwfßJmZ{ _‹`_dJu` OrdZ—ÓQ>rVyZ Amc{c{ Amh{.
13) OZdmXr - AmoXdmgr H$mXß]ar
_amR>r H$mXß]ar¿`m ‡dmhmVyZ OZdmXr-AmoXdmgr H$mXß]ar EH$ ‡H$ma AgyZ 1920 V{
1980 `m H$mcIßS>mV AmoXdmgr, OZdmXr OZOrdZmdarc H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ AmoXdmgr g_mOOrdZ,
À`mß¿`m g_Ò`m, ‡ÌZ, ZjcdmXr MidirMm ‡^md BÀ`mXr Jm{ÓQ>tM{ gÀòMÃU AmT>iV{. À`m—ÓQ>rZ{
Imcrc H$mXß]Ë`mßMm CÎc{I H$amdm cmJ{c.
gwa{e ¤mXerH$amßMr "hmHy$_r' (1980) `m H$mXß]arVyZ JS>oMam{cr oOÎ¯mVrc _moS>`m
AmoXdmgt¿`m OZOrdZmM{ oMÃU Amc{c{ Amh{. ode{fV: À`m À`m ^mJmVrc ZjcdmXr MidirM{
[S>gmX `m H$mXß]arVyZ [S>c{c{ Amh{V. AoZc ghÒÃ]w’|Mr "S>mßJUr' (1985) hr H$mXß]ar ÂhUO{
45
ZJa oOÎ¯mVrc AmoXdmgtM{ gÀòMÃU KS>odUmar CÀH•$ÓQ> H$mXß]ar Amh{. _YwH$a dmH$m{S>|Mr
"P{cP[mQ>' (1988) `m H$mXß]arVyZ A_amdVr [aVdmS>m [nagamVrc H$m{aHy$¿`m OrdZmM{ oMÃU
Amc{ Amh{. H$mXß]Ë`mßMr gßª`m H$_r Agcr Var À`mVrc ‡^mdr OrdZoMÃUm_wi{ À`m cjUr`
R>ac{Î`m Amh{V.
14) d°kmoZH$ H$mXß]ar
_amR>r gmohÀ`mV AcrH$S>¿`m H$mimV d°kmoZH$ H$mXß]arMm ‡dmh ÈOy cmJcm Amh{. `m
H$mXß]ar ‡dmhmVyZ odkmZ `wJmVrc AY:[oVV _mZdr gßÒH•$Vr AmoU AßVnajmV Hw$R>{Var Agc{Î`m
‡JVrda gßÒH•$VrM{ oMÃU AmT>iV{. CXm. O`ßV ZmairH$a `mßMr "‡{ofV' (1983), c˙_U cm|T>{ d
qMVm_U X{e_wI `mßMr "X{dmog oOd{ _mnac{' (1983), AÈU gmYy `mßMr "odflcdm' (1985),
O`ßV ZmairH$a `mßMr "dm_Z [aV Z Amcm' (1986) BÀ`mXr H$mXß]Ë`m odkmZm¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ
gwYmnaV VßÃkmZm¿`m _XVrZ{ _mZdr OrdZmdarc gÀ` AgÀ`mßMm odMma H$Í$Z ocohÎ`m J{Î`m Amh{V.
`m gßX^m©V adt– R>mHy$a "gmohÀ` : g_rjm AmoU gßdmX' `m Jß́WmV ÂhUVmV H$s, ""odkmZ
H$mXß]arV \$mag{ Ao^Zd Zgc{c{ odH$Î[ZM AmT>iV{.''76
* H$mXß]arMr BVa dmL≤>_` ‡H$mamßer VwcZm
H$mXß]arMr ZmQ>H$, H$Wm `m ‡_wI dmL≤>_`‡H$mamß]am{]a VwcZm H$aVm `{V{. H$mXß]ar H$m`
qH$dm ZmQ>H$ H$m` `m Xm{Z dmL≤>_`‡H$mamV gmÂ` Amh{ V{dT>{ ^{Xhr Amh{V. ZmQ>H$m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ odMma
H{$cm Va ZmQ>Á‡`m{JmMm AmZßX EH$mM d{ir hOmam{ ‡{jH$ K{dy eH$VmV Vg{ H$mXß]ar¿`m ]m]VrV
Zmhr. H$maU H$mXß]arM{ dmMZ, _ZZ, qMVZ, _mÃ aogH$ dm dmMH$ Am[Î`m _Or©Zwgma H$Í$ eH$Vm{.
H$mXß]arVyZ Ï`p∑VoMÃUmM{ Xe©Z KS>V{. Va ZmQ>H$mV Vg{ KS>V Zmhr. ZmQ>H$H$mamcm Am[cm
H$cmodÓH$ma ÒdVßÃ[U{ H$aVm `{V Zmhr. À`mgmR>r À`mcm ZmQ>ÁJ•h, ZQ> AmoU ‡{jH$mßMr AmdÌ`H$Vm
AgV{. h{ AgVrc VaM ZmQ>H$H$À`m©M{ c{IZ IË`m AWm©Z{ gmW©H$s cmJ{c. ZmQ>ÁH•$VrM{ èm[è
_wª`V: ‡{jmJ•h, Z{[œ`, ZQ>ZQ>ÁmßM{ Ao^Z`H$m°eÎ` AmoU ‡{jH$mßMm ‡oVgmX `m Mma Jm{ÓQ>tda
Adcß]yZ AgV{. [aßVw H$mXß]arH$mamcm Am[Î`m H$cmÀ_H$V{M{ ‡Xe©Z H$am`cm XwgË`m H$m{UÀ`mM
Jm{ÓQ>t¿`m _XVrMr JaO ZgV{. H$mXß]arc{IZm¿`m èmcm qH$dm A[èmcm Vm{ ÒdV: O]m]Xma
AgVm{. H$mXß]arH$ma H$mXß]arVrc [mÃmß¿`m Ï`p∑V_ŒdmMm odH$mg gmdH$me[U{, H´$_mH´$_mZ{
XmIodVm{. [U ZmQ>H$H$mamcm EH$m Ï`∑VrE{dOr g_wXm`mM{ _mZgemÒÃ odMmamV ø`md{ cmJV{.
H$mXß]arH$mamcm EH{$H$Q>Ám Ï`∑Vr]am{]a ÒdVßÃ[U{ gwgßdmX gmYVm `{Vm{. ZmQ>H$H$mamcm h{ ÒdmVßÕ`
ZgV{. À`mcm g_yh_ZM odMmamV ø`md{ cmJV{.
46
H$mXß]arVrc KQ>Zm, [mÃ{, À`mßM{ odMma, gwI-Xw:I{, À`mß¿`m Amem-AmH$mßjm `m gd© H$Î[Zm
H$mXß]arV H$WmZH$m¿`m _m‹`_mVyZ gmH$ma hm{VmV. ZmQ>H$mV Vg{ Zmhr.
H$mXß]ar AmoU H$Wm `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMm odMma H{$cm Va odf`mMr _mßS>Ur, oZd{XZVßÃ,
Òd^md [nadV©Z Aem AZ{H$ ]m]VrV H$Wm hr H$mXß]arhyZ _ycV:M o^›Z Amh{. H$mXß]ar dmMZmZ{
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odMma H$mXß]arVyZ H{$cm OmVm{. H$mXß]ar¿`m odÒVmam_wi{ oV¿`m Òd^mdXe©Zmcm, odH$gZmcm qH$dm
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*
H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_`‡H$mamMr H$mhr d°oeÓQ>Á{ ‡mMrZ _amR>r gmohÀ`mV AmT>iV Agcr
Var hm dmL≤>_`‡H$ma BßJÓr gmohÀ`mVyZ _amR>rV Amcm Amh{.
*
BßJÓr, _amR>r, qhXr g_rjH$mßZr H$mXß]arMr Ï`mª`m H{$c{cr Amh{.
*
H$WmZH$, Ï`p∑VoMÃU, dmVmdaU, oZd{XZ, gßKf©, _Zm{odÌc{fU, ^mfme°cr h{ H$mXß]arM{
_wª` KQ>H$ Amh{V.
*
47
H$mXß]arM{ _wª`V: dmÒVddmXr, aßOZdmXr, JmßYrdmXr, ‡mX{oeH$, E{oVhmogH$, MnaÃmÀ_H$,
[m°amoUH$, amOH$s`, _Zm{odÌc{fUmÀ_H$, Zdr, _hmZJar`, J´m_rU, XocV, OZdmXrAmoXdmgr, d°kmoZH$ h{ _wª` ‡H$ma Amh{V.
*
ZmQ>H$ d H$Wm `m ‡_wI dmL≤>_`‡H$mamßer VwcZm H$aVm H$mXß]ar `m dmL≤>_` ‡H$mamMr aogH$mßer
d°`p∑VH$ gßdmX gmY`mMr H•$Vr, g_J´ OrdZmM{ Xe©Z hr cjUr` d°oeÓQ>Á{ cjmV `{VmV.
Wm{S>∑`mV, H$mXß]ar hm dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma OrdZ^mÓ` H$a`m¿`m —ÓQ>rZ{ EH$ _hŒd[yU© dmL≤>_`
‡H$ma Amh{.
gßX^© Q>r[m
1.
48
^mcMß– \$CH{$ - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar' (‡H$meH$) AoZÈ’ AZßV Hw$cH$Uu, ‡XojUm IßS>
[ohcm, [mMdr Amd•Œmr, [wU{ 1972, [•. 202 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.
2.
aßJZmW [R>ma{ - "H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm', (gß[m.) Jm{. Vw. [mQ>rc "AZwÓQ>w^' AßH$ ghmdm.
_{-OyZ 2003, [•. 5
3.
VÃ°d, [•. 6 dÈZ CX≤Y•V.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
dm. oe. Am[Q>{ - "oX ÒQw>S>›S>g gßÒH•$V BßoΩce oS>∑eZar', [. Am. 1970, oXÎcr, [•. 27
10.
am. J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$m{e IßS> - 3', (gß[m.) c˙_UemÒÃr Om{er, _hmamÓQ≠>
am¡` gmohÀ` gßÒH•$Vr _ßS>i, _wß]B©, [ohcr Amd•Œmr - _wß]B©, 1976, [•. 599
11.
VÃ°d, [•. 599
12.
_XZ Hw$cH$Uu -"_amR>r ‡m{XoeH$ H$mßX]ar : VßÃ AmoU ÒdÈ[', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya,
[•.2
13.
"^r_amd Hw$cH$Uu - [ßoS>V AZßV Hw$cH$Uu Ï`∑Vr gßÒWm' gß[mXH$ - [ßoS>V Hw$cH$Uu,
[ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU{ 1972, [•. 15
14.
lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya, 1956, [•.15
15.
^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ - " Q>rmH$ Òd`ßda', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX, 1990, [•. 196
16.
^mcMß– \$S>H{$ - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar', ‡XojUm IßS> [ohcm, CoZ. [•. 202
17.
am. J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$m{e IßS> - 3', CoZ. [•. 599
18.
_rZmjr _wIOu - "Vm°cmoZH$ gmohÀ`m‰`mg : VŒd{ AmoU oXem' (gß[m.) Mß–e{Ia
OhmoJaXma, [ohcr Amd•Œmr, H$m{Îhm[ya, [•. 242
19.
VÃ°d, [•. 242
20.
dgßV o]amXma - "AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), ‡W_md•Œmr,
49
[wU{ 1989, [•. 3 d 4
21.
am. J. OmYd,$ CoZ. [•. 599
22.
Cfm hÒVH$ - "gmohÀ` : A‹`m[Z AmoU ‡H$ma' ( dm. c. Hw$cH$Uu Jm°ad Jß́W), [ohcr
Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 1987, [•. 255
23.
S>m∞. adrß– R>mHy$a - "_amR>r J´m_rU H$mßX]ar', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU{ 1993, [•. 9 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
24.
S>m∞. Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>{H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]arMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), ‡W_md•Œmr,
[wU{ 1989, [•. 6 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
25.
Cfm hÒVH$ - "H$mXß]ar AmoU _amR>r H$mßX]ar' (g_rjm c{I), ‡W_md•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX,
1993, [•. 20, 21
26.
(gß[m.) ‡^m JUm{aH$a d BVa - "dmL≤>_`rZ gßkm - gßH$Î[Zm H$m{e', J. am. ^Q>H$i
\$mD$S>{eZ, [ohcr Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 2001, [•. 170 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
27.
‡. Zm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ - "_amR>r H$mßX]ar : VßÃ AmoU odH$mg', oVgar Amd•Œmr,
[wU{ 1973, [•. 37 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
28.
VÃ°d, [•. 37
29.
Om›hÏhr gßV - "H$mXß]ar EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, H$m{Îhm[ya 1971, [•. 12
dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
30.
VÃ°d, [•. 12 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
31.
32.
H$m.]m. _amR>{ - "oZdS>H$ _amR>r g_rjm', gß[mXH$ - Jm{. _m. [dma, _. X. hmVH$UßJc{H$a,
[ohcr Amd•Œmr, oXÎcr 1990, [•. 1
33.
[´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ - CoZ. [•. 37
34.
lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', CoZ. [•. 15
35.
Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{ - "_amR>r H$mXß]arM{ [ohc{ eVH$', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© 1975,
[•. 16
36.
aßJZmW [R>ma{ - "H$mXß]arMr gßH$Î[Zm', CoZ. [•. 6
37.
^mcMßX´ \$S>H{$ - "Q>rH$m Òd`ßda', CoZ. [•.240
38.
50
am.J. OmYd - "_amR>r odÌdH$m{e, IßS> - 3', CoZ. [•.600
39.
Q>ßS>Z ‡Vm[ ZmamÙ - "qhXr C[›`mg H$m CX≤^d Am°a odH$mg', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, cIZD$,
1974, [•. 12 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
40.
amOoH$em{a qgh Edß XwJm©eßH$a o_l - "^maVr` Edß [mÌMmÀ` H$mÏ`-emÒÃ H{$ og’mßV',
[ohcr Amd•Œmr, cIZD$ 1992, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
41.
VÃ°d, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
42.
VÃ°d, [•. 338 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
43.
[´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. Jm{S>]m{c{ - CoZ. [•. 87 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
44.
(gß[m.) ‡^m JUm{aH$a d BVa - "dmL≤>_`rZ gßkm-gßH$Î[Zm H$m{e', CoZ. [•. 174 dÍ$Z
CX≤Y•V.
45.
_XZ Hw$cH$Uu - "_amR>r ‡mX{oeH$ H$mXß]ar VßÃ AmoU ÒdÈ[, CoZ. [•. 8 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
46.
47.
(gß[m.) ‡^m JUm{aH$a d BVa - CoZ. [•. 175 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
48.
VÃ°d, [•. 176 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
49.
Jm{. od. H$aßXrH$a - "A∞naÒQ>m∞Q>cM{ H$mÏ`memÒÃ', Xwgar Amd•Œmr, _wß]B© [•. 62, 63
50.
[´. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ - CoZ. [•. 114 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
51.
am∞]Q>© ocS>c - "oX. nac{eZ Am∞\$ o\$∑eZc H$a{∑Q>g© Qy> X{Aa Am{naoOZcg≤', A qQ≠>Q>mBO
Am∞Z Xr Zm∞Ïh{c - Om{ZmWZ H{$[ [ohcr Amd•Œmr, cßS>Z 1967, [•. 97
52.
JßJmYa JmS>Jri - "IS>H$ AmoU [mUr', oVgar Amd•Œmr, [wU{ 1985, [•. 36
53.
Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>{H$a - "_amR>r H$mXß]ar qMVZ AmoU g_rjm', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU{ 1983,
[•. 41
54.
lr. _m. Hw$cH$Uu - "H$mXß]arMr aMZm', CoZ. [•.10
55.
‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. Jm{S>]m{c{ - CoZ. [•. 129, 130
55.
VÃ°d, [•. 129
57.
H{$. aß. oeadmS>H$a - "_m∑g©dmXr gmohÀ` odMma', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU{,1980,
[•. 154
58.
VÃ°d, [•. 155 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
59.
51
Jm{. _. Hw$cH$Uu - "_amR>r gmohÀ`mVrc Ò[ßXZ{', [ohcr Amd•Œmr, [wU{ 1985, [•. 14,
15 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
60.
VÃ°d, [•. 10
61.
]mc eßH$a X{e[mßS>{ - "H$mXß]ar odd{MZ AmoU odÌc{fU', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU{ 1987,
[•. 26, 27
62.
‡. ]m. ]m[Q>, Zm. dm. Jm{S>]m{c{ - CoZ. [•. 124
63.
^mcMß– Z{_mS>{ - "gmohÀ`mMr ^mfm', ‡W_md•Œmr, Am°aßJm]mX, 1987, [•.68
64.
]mießH$a X{e[mßS>{ - CoZ. [•. 41, 42 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
65.
‡. dm. ]m[Q>, Zm. ]m. Jm{S>]{c{ - CoZ. [•. 196, 197
66.
VÃ°d, [•. 197
67.
AmZßX `mXd - "J´m_rU gmohÀ` : ÒdÍ$[ AmoU g_Ò`m', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU{ 1979,
[•.
76
68.
(gß[m.) B©Ìda ZßXm[wa{,"gmohÀ` - J´m_rU AmoU XocV' (S>m∞. _XZ Hw$cH$Uu Jm°ad Jß́W),
[ohcr Amd•Œmr, ZmJ[ya 2002, [•. 55
69.
]mceßH$aX{e[mßS>{ -$ CoZ. [•. 62 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
70.
S>m.∞ Mß–H$mßV ]mßoXdS>H{ $a - "_amR>r H$mXß]arMm BoVhmg' (1920-1947), CoZ. [•. 68, 69.
71.
VÃ°d, [•. 69
72.
(gß[m.) ‡^m JUm{aH$a d BVa - CoZ. [•. 185 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
73.
AmZßX `mXd - "J´m_rUVm gmohÀ` AmoU g_Ò`m', CoZ. [•. 68, 69 dÍ$Z CX≤Y•V.
74.
]mi eßH$a X{e[mßS>{ - CoZ. [•. 65
75.
AmZßX `mXd - "J´m_rU gmohÀ` AmoU dmÒVd', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU{ 1989, [•. 68, 69
76.
S>m∞. adt– R>mHy$a - "gmohÀ` g_rjm AmoU gßdmX', ‡W_md•Œmr, [wU{, 1961, [•. 119
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52

H$mX絺arM{ ‡H$ma

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