the right to social security

THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY
Editor
JEF VAN LANGENDONCK
Authors
MARINA ANGELAKI, J.R. BANGERA, HADARA BAR-MOR,
WILL BARTLETT, FRANK S. BLOCH, MUKADI BONYI,
ANJUTA BUBNOV-SKOBERNE, MICHAEL CICHON,
INGWER EBSEN, EBERHARD EICHENHOFER, ALAIN EUZEBY,
CHANTAL EUZEBY, MITSUYA ICHIEN, KONSTANTINOS KREMALIS,
URSULA KULKE, MING-CHENG KUO, TEODORAS MEDAISKIS,
MATTI MIKKOLA, S. GÜNTER NAGEL, MARIUS OLIVIER,
KARUNA PAL, RICHARD PARRY, FRANS PENNINGS,
JOHAN PUT, THEODOROS SAKELLAROPOULOS,
INGO WOLFGANG SARLET, ADRIAN SINFIELD,
ANDRZEJ MARIAN SWIATKOWSKI,
JEF VAN LANGENDONCK, JOHN VEIT-WILSON,
LOTTE VAHLNE WESTERHÄLL and MERITA XHUMARI
E i l intersentia
Antwerpen - Oxford
TABLEOF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
I.
INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL
SECURITY
1.
THE MEANING OF THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY
v
JEF VAN LANGENDONCK
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Birth of a Right
But what does it Mean?
ILO Convention No. 102
A New Conception: The Social Security Program of the World Bank
Time for an International Scheme?
3
5
6
8
9
2.
CHANGING TIDES: A REVIVAL OF A RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH
TO SOCIAL SECURITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
URSULA KULKE, MICHAEL CICHON and KARUNA PAL
13
General Legal Context
ILO Standard Setting in Social Security
The Core Standard in Social Security
3.1. Principal Characteristics of C. 102
3.2. Universality vs. Flexibility
3.3. Strengths and Imperfections
Impact and Compliance Aspect of Standard Setting
4.1. Impact
4.2. Monitoring Compliance
Main Criticism Against International Standard Setting in Social
Security
Changing Tides
The Nature of Rights Deriving from ILO and Other International
Instruments
13
15
15
16
17
18
19
19
20
Intersentia
21
23
25
XI
Tableof Contents
8.
Summary and Conclusions
9.
References
Annex I. The ILO Convention No. 102: An Instrument to Achieve Global
Social Security
Annex II. An Emerging Policy Vision
3.
27
28
30
32
DROIT Ä LA SECURITE SOCIALE ET DEVELOPPEMENT HUMAIN
ALAIN et CHANTAL EUZEBY
1.
37
Des conceptions ä mettre en avant
1.1. Le developpement humain, objectif ultime du developpement
1.2. L'interet des indicateurs de developpement humain
1.3. Droit ä la securite sociale et emergence de nouveaux besoins
sociaux
2.
Des dangers ä souligner
2.1. La primaut£ excessive des valeurs economiques
2.2. L'affaiblissement de la legitimite de la securite sociale
3.
Une institution ä moderniser dans les pays oü eile est dejä developpee . . .
3.1. La logique d'individualisation et d'universalite des droits
3.2. La logique d'activation des chömeurs et des assistes
3.3. La logique d'egalite des chances sur le cycle de vie
4.
Un droit ä defendre
4.1. Dignite humaine
4.2. Justice sociale
4.3. Solidarite
4.4. Egalite
4.5. Citoyennete
English summary
II.
A SOCIAL POLICY APPROACH
1.
SOME SOCIAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF A RIGHT TO
SOCIAL SECURITY
1.
2.
3.
4.
XU
38
38
39
42
43
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
50
51
51
51
52
JOHN VEIT-WILSON
57
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Social Security for What and for Whom?
The Scope of Declarations of Rights to Social Security
57
57
59
63
Intersentia
Table of Contents
5.
6.
7.
8.
2.
Justiciability
Implications for Action - But by Whom?
Conclusion
References
TAX WELFARE - MAKING SOME MORE SECURE THAN OTHERS
ADRIAN SINFIELD
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Social Rights, Tax Rights and Loss of Work
Tax Rights and Tax Spending - the Limited Evidence
Tax Weifare in Comparative Perspective
Pensions Tax Weifare Across Countries
How the Other Half Retires
Cui Bono?
"Two Nations in Old Age"
Conclusion
References
3.
SOCIAL SECURITY UNDER DEVOLUTION IN THE UNITED
KINGDOM
RICHARD PARRY
1.
2.
3.
4.
Policy Action in Semi-contested Rights Areas
1.1. Housing Support
1.2. Student Support
1.3. Personal Care
1.4. Training and Skills Policy
Conclusion
References
85
87
92
93
93
95
95
96
99
103
109
114
114
115
115
116
117
119
THE POLITICS OF PENSION REFORM IN SOUTH EUROPEAN
WELFARE STATES
THEODOROS SAKELLAROPOULOS and MARINA ANGELAKI
1.
2.
3.
68
76
78
81
Introduction
The Pension Reform in Greece, Portugal and Spain
Condusions
Intersentia
121
121
125
136
Xlll
Tableof Contents
4.
5.
Acknowledgements
References
139
139
III. WHATKIND OFA RIGHT?
1.
RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY?
KONSTANTINOS KREMALIS
145
145
145
146
147
6.
Introduction to the Concept of a Social Security Right
Two Extreme Approaches about a Right Recognition
The Intermediate International and Supranational Approach
Remarks for a Present or Future Brainstorming
Some Recommendations for Law Makers, Law Analysts and
Law Appliers
5.1. The Impact of Financially Separate Insurance Branches on
the Recognition of Rights
5.2. The Balance Between Individual, Social and General Interest
in the Interpretation of Social Security Rules
5.3. Enforceability of Social Security Right Versus Discretion of
Social Security Administration
Final Conclusion
2.
WHAT A RIGHT - THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
150
150
150
151
152
EBERHARD EICHENHOFER
1.
2.
3.
XIV
153
Differences Between Social, Civil and Political and Ecological
Human Rights
1.1. Characteristic Features of Fundamental Civil and Political
Rights
1.2. Key Elements of Fundamental Social Rights
1.3. Social Rights - Certain Rights?
Right to Social Security as Key Example of a Fundamental Social
Right
2.1. Main Ideal of Social Security - Redistribution or Stakeholding? . . .
2.2. Rights and Duties of Social Security
2.3. Right to Social Security - a Vague or Strict Right?
Conclusion
155
155
156
158
160
160
162
162
163
Intersentia
Table of Contents
3.
LEGAL RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS A FUNCTIONAL AND CONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS
LOTTA VAHLNE WESTERHÄLL
1.
2.
3.
4.
Points of Departure
Functional Analysis of Social Rights
2.1. The National Level and the Benefits
2.2. The National Level and the Constitution
2.3. The Supranational Level
Constructional Analysis of Social Rights
Conclusion
165
165
169
169
172
174
176
179
4.
SOCIAL SECURITY AND PRIVATE PROPERTY - HUMAN RIGHTS
AND CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT
ASBJ0RN KJ0NSTAD
181
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction
The Case of Gaygusuz v. Austria
Two Norwegian Constitutional Cases
Combination of Fundamental Legal Principles
Some Final Remarks about Social Security as Property
5.
SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHTS
JOHAN PUT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Lack of Definition
Role of the ILO
The New Way of EU Recommendation No. 92/442/EEC of 27 July
1992
Fundamental Right to Legal Protection
Access to Legal Protection
5.1. The Problem of Access
5.2. Not Only Access, but Equal Access
Article 6 European Convention of Human Rights
6.1. Social Security Rights under Belgian Law
6.2. Social Security Rights under Article 6 European Convention
6.3. The Protection by Article 6 of the European Convention on
Human Rights
Intersentia
181
182
183
185
186
187
187
188
190
192
192
192
193
195
195
197
199
XV
Table of Contents
TV. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
1.
THE MEANING OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS IN SOCIAL
SECURITY
FRANS PENNINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2.
The Development of International Standards in Social Security
1.1. The Development of ILO Standards
1.2. The Council of Europe and the Development of its Standards
Methods of Protection under the Conventions
Supervision
The Impact of the Conventions on National Law
4.1. Before Ratification
4.2. After Ratification
4.3. The Impact of the Conventions in National Discussions
4.4. Courts and the Conventions
Discussions of the Standards
5.1. General
5.2. The Privatisation of the Sickness Benefits Act
5.3. The View of the Committee of Experts
5.4. Conclusion
The Role of the Conventions
6.1. The Relevance of the Standards in the 21st Century
6.2. How to Enforce the Impact of the Conventions
6.3. The Need for Continuing Discussions on the Contents of
the Conventions
6.4. The Need for More Interpretation Aids
Conclusions
XVI
207
207
209
209
210
211
211
212
213
214
216
216
216
217
218
219
219
220
221
222
223
COMMON DENOMINATORS OF EUROPEAN SOCIAL SECURITY
MATTI MIKKOLA
1.
2.
3.
4.
205
Introduction
Origins of Social Security
Conceptual Divergence
Social Security as Human Right
4.1. Provisions
4.2. Development of the Case Law
4.3. Contingencies
225
225
228
229
231
231
232
234
Intersentia
Table of Contents
5.
6.
3.
4.4. Minimum Level
4.5. Third Country Citizens
Social Security as a Fundamental European Right
References
235
236
237
239
L'EXECUTION DES ARRETS DE LA COUR EUROPEENNE DES
DROITS DE L'HOMME EN MATIERE DE SfiCURITE SOCIALE
S. GÜNTERNAGEL
La protection de droits en matiere de securite sociale par la
Convention europeenne des droits de l'homme, par comparaison
avec d'autres instruments du Conseil de l'Europe (en particulier le Code
europeen de securite sociale et la Charte sociale europeenne)
1.1. La protection de droits en matiere de securite sociale par la
CEDH
1.2. Differences entre les modalites de contröle etablies par la CEDH
et par d'autres instruments du Conseil de l'Europe pertinents
en matiere de securite sociale
2. Apercu du mecanisme de contröle de l'execution des arrets de
la Cour europeenne des droits de l'homme
2.1. L'obligation de se conformer aux arrets de la Cour europeenne
des droits de l'homme
2.2. La liberte du choix par l'etat defendeur des mesures ä adopter
ä la suite de Farret, sous le contröle du Comite des Ministres
2.3. Modalites du contröle et moyens utilises par le Comite
des Ministres
3.
Exemples d'effets des decisions des organes de la CEDH dans le
domaine de la securite sociale, tant pour les requerants que sur
le plan general
3.1. Les garanties procedurales concernant la jouissance des
prestations de securite sociale
3.2. Le refus discriminatoire d'octroyer des prestations de securite
sociale
3.2.1. Discrimination fondee sur le sexe
3.2.2. Discrimination fondee sur la nationalite
3.3. La cessation injustifiee de l'octroi des droits en matiere de
securite sociale
4.
Conclusion
English summary
241
1.
Intersentia
241
243
245
247
247
249
250
252
252
256
256
258
259
261
262
XVU
Table of Contents
V.
SOCIAL SECURITY OR FLEXICURITY?
1.
FLEX-SECURITY (INTERACTION BETWEEN POLICIES OF
FLEXIBLE EMPLOYMENT AND STABLE SOCIAL SECURITY
MEASURES)
ANDRZEJ MARIAN SIWIATKOWSKI
1.
2.
3.
2.
271
Introduction
An Unilateral Relationship Between the Right to Work and the
Rights to Social Security Benefits
Towards Transforming the Relation Between the Right to Work,
the Obligation to Work and the Right to Social Security Benefits
271
277
281
LABOUR MARKET FLEXIBILISATION AND THE RIGHT TO
SOCIAL SECURITY IN GERMANY
INGWEREBSEN
1.
2.
3.
XV1U
289
Changes in Labour Protection Legislation and in the Social Security
Systems as an Element of a Globalisation Adjustment Policy
The Traditional Understanding of Social Rights to Social Security as
a Contrast to the Illustrated Modifications
2.1. The Substantial Dimension
2.1.1. No serious interference of legal guarantees of social
Standards
2.1.1.1. The acknowledgement of social rights under
international law
2.1.1.2. The German Constitution
2.1.2. The underlying concept of social security as a benchmark
. for measuring the changes
2.2. The Formal Dimension
The Comparison Between the Social Security Promise and the
Reform Policy: Social Insecurity as a Crucial Element of National
Competition in a Globalised Economy
291
294
294
294
294
295
296
298
299
Intersentia
Table of Contents
VI.
THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
A.
INDUSTRIALIZED NATIONS
1.
THE (NOT INSIGNIFICANT) RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY IN
THE UNITED STATES
FRANK S. BLOCH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2.
A Brief History of Social Protection in the United States
Social Security in the US Today: A Patchwork of Categorical
Assistance
Statutory Substantive Rights
Procedural Rights
The Role of Rights
Conclusion
305
305
306
309
311
318
320
322
CHARACTERISTICS OF JAPANESE SOCIAL SECURITY
MlTSUYA ICHIEN
323
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Birth of the Constitution and the Term "Social Security"
Weakness of Public Assistance
Development of Social Insurance to Cover Entire Population
New Challenge of Long-term Care Insurance
Conclusion
References
323
324
326
328
330
332
3.
THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY IN ISRAEL
HADARABAR-MOR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Social Security Legislation
Lack of Constitutional Protection to Social Rights
Policy Towards Disabled People
Formal Bureaucratic Obstacles
"From Weifare to Work" Program - Back to Work in a Wisconsin
Style
Conclusion
Intersentia
333
334
337
339
341
343
344
XIX
Table of Contents
B.
CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
1.
THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY IN SLOVENIA
ANJUTABUBNOV-SKOBERNE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
The Definition of the Constitutional Right to Social Security
The Implementation of the Right to Social Security
Legislation and Reforms
Conclusions
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Employment
Social Weifare Benefits
Pensions
Health Services
Housing
Conclusions
References
3.
THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY IN LITHUANIA
TEODORAS MEDAISKIS
C.
EMERGING ECONOMIES AND DEVELOPING NATIONS
1.
THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY - AN OVERVIEW OF THE
BRAZILIAN MODEL
INGO WOLFGANG SARLET
2.
XX
347
348
349
351
354
354
SOCIAL SECURITY POLICIES IN WESTERN BALKANS
WILL BARTLETT and MERITAXHUMARI
1.
347
The Constitutional Reality - Brief Information about the Social and
Economical Ambience in Terms of Social Security
The Constitutional Foundations of the Right to Social Security
2.1. The Constitution and the General Principles of the Right to
Social Security
2.2. A Comprehensive Fundamental Right: A Complex and Open
System of Constitutional Duties and Rights
357
358
360
361
363
366
368
369
371
375
375
376
378
378
383
Intersentia
Table of Contents
3.
4.
2.
Some Troubles, Challenges and Developments Related to the
Protection and Implementation of the Right to Social Security
3.1. Judicial Adjudication and the Right to Social Security as a
Positive Right
3.2. Tensions Between Social Justice as a Collective Good and
Individual Social Security Rights (or Privileges?) and the
Decision from the Federal Supreme Court in the Case
of the Public Servants Contributions
3.3. Some Interesting Developments: The Family Benefit Program
Final Words: Is There Some Hope in Terms of Making the
Constitutional Utopia Come True?
3.
4.
5.
6.
3.
390
392
393
397
The Constitutional Basis of Social Security in Taiwan
398
Normative Function of the UN and ILO Conventions Relating to
the Right to Social Security
400
Privatization in the 1980s: Retirement Benefits as Employer
Liability Regulated by the Labour Standards Act of 1984
402
3.1. Law on Paper and in Action
402
3.2. Social-policy Analysis
403
3.3. Legal Analysis
404
Privatization in the 21st Century: Labour Retirement Benefit Act 2004 .. 408
4.1. Law on Paper and in Action
409
4.2. Social-policy Analysis
410
4.3. Legal Analysis
412
The Right to Social Security - a Key to the Solution to Taiwan's
Quandary
413
Concluding Remarks
416
REALISING SOCIAL SECURITY AS A HUMAN RIGHT IN
SOUTH AFRICA: SOME CRITICAL PERSPECTIVES
MARIUS OLIVIER
1.
2.
388
PRIVATIZATION VERSUS THE RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY:
THE TAIWAN CASE
MING-CHENG KUO
1.
2.
388
The First Perspective: How Far are the Courts Prepared to Go?
The Second Perspective: Should the Courts Be Prepared to Embark
upon Policy Review?
Intersentia
419
421
424
XXI
Table of Contents
3.
6.
The Third Perspective: The Need for Monitoring and Enforcing
Constitutional Compliance
The Fourth Perspective: The Test or Criterion for Justifying
Constitutional Interference
The Fifth Perspective: The Impact of the Integrated Approach
Adopted by the Courts on the Provisioning of Social Security
and Related Fundamental Rights
Conclusion
4.
RIGHT TO SOCIAL SECURITY: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
4.
5.
J.R. BANGERA
426
428
431
434
437
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Limitations of the Social Security Schemes in India
438
The Issues that Have to be Brought into the "Right to Social Security" .. 439
Social Security for the Unorganized
439
The Weifare Schemes
440
The Corporate Social Responsibility
440
The Family System in India and West
441
Conclusion
442
5.
THE SOCIAL SECURITY: UNIVERSAL RIGHT?
MUKADIBONYI
1.
2.
3.
4.
XX11
Introduction
System of Social Security of Western Type Applicable to a Minority
of the Population
Systems of Social Security at Community Base Founded on
Traditional Solidarity
Conclusion
445
445
446
448
450
Intersentia