September 5, 1939 Uy dear ~. President

TH E S E CRETARY O f: T HE TR EAS URY
WASHI N G T ON
September 5, 1939
Uy
dear
~.
Preside nt:
Arter leaving Cabinet I had i n my office,
at 5 o 1 olook, Admiral Land and Mr. Truitt of the
Maritim e Commlaalon , ~. Hackwo rth, Legal Advisor
of the State Departm ent, and Treasur y represe ntaWe dieoues ed the questio n ot buying the
tives.
IE
NOIU!AND and t he QUEEN MARY and givi ng the m a
oredi t on their respe ctive war debts.
At 5:30 p . m. the British and French Ambassado rs called at my ot!l oe and I told t hem of
The Britieh Ambaua dor asked it
the proposa l.
t hey were going to get any money which t hey could
use t or war materia ls in t h is country and I told
hia no; the idea wa s simply to g ive them a credit
on their debt to us.
I also, yesterd ay afterno on , instruc ted
Admiral Waeeohe to get two ot our large cutters
ready t o ea11 immedi ately, when we receive word
from t he Navy.
Reepeot tully yours ,
The Preside nt,
The White House.
THE SE-CR ETARY OF' THE TREASURY
WA8HI NOTO N
September 5, 1939.
HE1.!0RAliDUl.! TO THE PRSSIDENT
FROM:
Secretary J.!orgent hau
Admiral Waesche, Comrr~t of the Coast Guard, received an
appeal this afternoon !'r<lm the Maritime Col:l!lli.ssion for assistance in
bringing home Alllerlcan survivor s of t he British ship ATHEIITA, which
was torpedoed and sunk by a German sublllllrlne Sunday. The !Jaritime
Commission ' s steamer FLINT bas abo8.rd 148 survivors of the ATHEIIIA of
whom eight are reported injured. Confusion in the original reports
hsd l ed t o the belief that she bad only eight .
The FLINT is a slow
ship and ha,s inadequate accommodations and supplies to care for this
number of passengers .
After consultation with this office Admiral
\faesche bas given direct orders to the Cutter BIBB, which was scheduled
to s ail f rom Norfolk today, to take a station in the Nort h Atlantic
under Navy direction, to proceed instead directly to 1neet the FLINT
to take off a portion of the survivors aboard (the BIBB can probably
a ccollmiOdate about half of them with reasonable comfort) and to ret urn
with them to !lew York .
The Cutter GEORGE W. CAUPBELL, expected to arrive in New York
tomorrow, will be provisioned and turned around as rapidly as possible
and, i f later advices iodicate this necessity, will be directed to oeet
either t he FLINT or the BIBB, whichever seems advisable, unless we r eceive contrary directions.
The BIBB had one physician aboard and we gave orders to add
another physician.
;.
THE S£CRETARY OF" TH£ TREAS URY
j/11 j/y
c
WASH I NGTON
?:?
~1
lrn.IORANDU!J
ro
/
Sept ember 5, 1939
'V"'
\
'IHE PRESIDENT 1
Tbe Gel111all Tanker PAULINE FRIEDERICH, with a full cargo
of 6228.35 long tons of lubricating oil lnden at Port Arthur ,
Texas, for Cermsey, turned beak from the bigb seas off th e Nove.
Scotia Cape s and came into port st Boston, llassacbusetts, Sundey ,
September 5, 1939. Tbe secretary to the Cerman Consul in Boston
went on board the bont and talked to the Captain who then made
prel:Uoinary entry for the vessel. It is the Captain 1 s intention
to make regular entry of the vessel today, September 5.
Tbe oil was sold ey the Cull' Exporting & Rafining
against a letter of credit on a London bank. A representative of tbe seller has indicated tha t the draft 7JBY not
be honored and that a libel may be f i led against tbe cargo on
Tuesday, September 5, to protect the seller.
Co~
A Coast Cuard cutter is lying along side the tanker
and custoas officers have been instructed to prevent departure
of tbe vessel without instructions from the Bureau of Customs .
T H £ SECR £TA AY O F' TH£ T REASURY
W,_$H I NOTO H
/
September
5, 1939
llDIORAliDUII J'OR THE PUSIDIII!:
'l'bo Gora8ll tanker, Paulino J'rioderleh, out of Port Arthur,
Te:a:ae, w1 th a full carso of lubricatln& oil, bound for llalllburg ,
Cormany, put into Beeton yooterdaf.
Her Was ter, Henrick
Hoitsman, hae not aoked for f ormal entry, but bat notified tho
Collector that he will do eo t hl o morning.
A Coaet Guard cutter
11 lyin& alon&oide of her , and tho Collector ot Cueto111 hae
bollA DOtltied DOt to g1Ye her clearance papero until he hu
rece iYed foraal inotructlone from Waeh1n&ton.
tor btt.e:r ot Sept;~ 2- 1.9)9
r:roa Bu 11 0CoMI):r
1l:J
r-Z.t.oa
s..:Butl. O'COiUor
~2- 1.9)9
~u .,..
•
f ,; .........:'.
I
To apeak to !!le e.bout
r.D.R.
!nclo•u.r•
fdr/t&b
Utldate4 aDd Wl8Jga.ed Aemo (ee.nt to the Preatdeat. ttu<ou,ab BeaU
t'ro.a Cfl"\14 S. k ton, )20 cu,..qa I!JuUdtac. Cbnland,
Ohio, protesttaa: ea•1net llleal~rtbJ.p o r t.be Wu Reaource.a Board
aDd t:M 11aandal Adrlaory Col!altt . . .
o•couor
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
WASHih:OTOH
,......... 19. 1939
1D.C 1AtorlltlUOn c:ooenolaa the Nle of 'frt. .\U'Y BlUe
you bow, an und to
Ill••
\lu
,..C.e1Te4
....
!lli
29
St;t.. 2
S.pl. 12
Sop• . 19
re~u
....,,
ot 'bld.t
!'e0! 1ft!
$ )20,012,000
}22.135.
-"In
~1,0,11),000
so.166.ooo
•tu.rlae t1"t..\U'7 l 1llt .
.........
allo\tta
.....
$ 100,1oQ),OOO
..qg>
<•0.?7
100,)5',000
1oo.:z.ooo
100.
.ooo
DltC.QIWI.t
C. 1~
o.1m
0. 125(
T~t SICAt.TARY OF' THt TIIIEA8U'-Y
WA .... IN0T0N
Sep tember l9,
V11Pt
19~9
~~~,~~
U1 Cear Hr. Preside nt:
I t nought you
wou~d
be in·
tereate4 in the ! noloaed ar'1ole
!roc the New York T1oee, partlo~larly
t nat part or t ne artlole
wnloh I have
unde ~llne d
w1th a
blue penon .
Xours
The President,
'lhe
Wil l~
Houae.
JJ"",)
s 1noe~el.y ,
l h YCIII TII!Ea
THE WHITE HOUSE
W~INGTON
ISI«>AAWDW POR
tH& SCORE'rAIU
or
!'1m: rJIIASIJR[
I baYe no \ \old \hea e1 Uler
\o fora a oorpora\lon
or no\ \o.
In ou..r wol'de, t:bq oan do U
el~ ~·
CblJMee WJ' or ~
Jllleelall .., " '
u 8boal4
be a
BI'1UIIb orp.nl&aUon, oo.-118lon
or oorpol"'lUon bu\ U llhoal4 no'
be an ._r1oe.a 'bank or an
~loan
G. G. I .
..
T'HC accRcTARv o,. T'H l" T~~tiAIU"X,....
1
;"<
WA .... I NOTON
8opteober 20 , 1939
1 u
Kr . Uerle
een41ng hel"'ewl t h a umora.ndu• t'ro~
Oooh ~an
to ce. 1n r egard to a conver-
sation between Mr. Pinaent , ot the Brltl1h
B~baa ey,
an4 h1meelt.
Aa t hlo 11 the
~tter
that I referred to
yeeterd&T, I woul4 appreciate lt 1r you wOUld
nand t he 1noloeed oonf14en'U&l . .aorandu.a to tbe
Pre eldent, and Oblige
lllae Grace Tull.J,
,.be 'llllto Houoo .
: , ..
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
INTER OFFICE COMM UNICATI ON
DATE
TO
Secretary Korgentbau
•RoM
Mr. Cochran
Sep tember 19, 1939
Mr. Pinsent, Fill3Ilcial Counaelor of the Br1thh Emba uy, called on me t oday
at 12:30, on an appointment made at 12:10.
Mr. Pinoent e:xplained t hat be bad been aboent in New York oenral d.ayo in
order to mee t two membero of the Britilh Purcbaoing Hiooion who bad arrived an
r oute to Canada., lie oaid that he wanted to br ing me up to date on two or three
matt&re and get my advice on one poin t ,
Hr. Pinoent atated that when t he matter had been broached eometiae ago ,
Preoident Rooeevelt bad advi..,d the Br i tilh to aet up a corporati on in the United
Sta tee for the purpooe of effecting their purchaaeo on thio market, Re oaid that
wi t hin the paot f ew dayo , Thureday or Priday of l ast week ao he r ecall ed it , the
President had expreooed the opinion that thie would not be eo advioable ae functioning through a atraigbt Br1tioh Purchnoing Coromiaeion, When 1 p reeeed for p recise
intorlll!\tion aa to whetlter the Preoident himself had given t his advice to the
British Aobaaoador, or t o eomeone eloe, Mr, Pineent explai ned as fol lowa. Re eaid
that Lord Riverdale had been in the United Statos even before t he outbreak ~f t he
war inveetigating the proper methode of effecting Britiah pur~~••• in the United
St atee. I t woo Pinoent ' o underttanding that a t that t ime the euggeet ion bad been
made by the Pretident , tbroush Acting Secre t ary Johnson of the War Department, t hat
the eetting up of a purchati ng corpora t ion in thia country would be advisable .
When Pinoe nt and Cbalkey, Commercial Counoolor of the Briti oh Embasey,
l aat week met the tvo membero of tho Bri tiab Purchaoing Commiae i on in New York
they dheuued thia p.r opoei tion, They oubeequently informed the Preeident,
.thro\l&h Acting Secretary Johnoon, of certain technical objections oboerved by
the t wo Britioh official• in regard to ouch a oet up, involving taxeo , publicity,
e tc . Conoidering theoe objecUono, Mr. Pinoent otatea that t h.e adTico hao now
been received froa t he Preoident, t hrough Acting Secre t ary Johnaon, favorins a
ai~le Britiah purehaaing eommiaaion without ee t abliohi ng a corpora tion.
Mr. Pinaent enid t hat no eommitmento had been taken but t hat the7 have t he
paat few daya been in eonvereation with va rious banka in New Tori< in regard to
future Britioh official buaineao. There io no plan for any one bank being the
Bri tioh Pe¥ing agent, The Britiab officialI wer e turning over in their 11>inda the
pooa1bil1 ty of aeveral of the !lew Tori< banks groupi ng together to extend eueh abort
tera> cradito ao may be parmiooibl e under United Statu l avo. Re t old me furt her
that f r oa> the French Jtnancial At tache Leroy Beaulieu he had gained the idea that
t be Treaaury favored t he opening of an offici&l deposit on t he part of the French,
and p re.umably the British, Gove r nment pureheoer o wi t h t be Joderal Reaerve Bank of
/
- 2Nw Yor k . !:'b._it r dced the queetLon ot ae to wbet.htT \.be l'ederal Re une B&!tk of
Nev York would aeeept 11. torei,;D &oYerueDt. e.eeou.uti . or vh.ether the •eeount v ou.ld
~.,.. to be open.od 1.n the ~ of the Bf'J'Ik o! la.tJ..,n.d,
ll'l the l atter even\1 , thh
would =ake A cugberto~o arran6tmtnt for the Purch$eing Cosm1te1on jn thie co~try .
I &:an 110' pntonal op1n1on ~t ord.lnar1l)' t.M l'edere.l Reeer.e ll~lt 4.14 not accept
gonrnment account.. I told. b.im I vould. c heck tb.la. dnce a u.tUr of policy 1:tt1lJ"lt
be inTolved ln the pre aent lnetanee,
I let Mr. P1naont know o! \he menage tbe Secrtt.e.ry o! t he T're~:tturY had tod~
conveyed throueb .bbauad.or Kennelf$' 'by telephone t o the Br1 \.lab Chancellor of the
Exchequer .uggeet1ng the det1rAb111ty of a vlelt to the !roa«UZy br Sir J~•• Res.
U"Dd.ereocre tary ln t.M Br-Uhb Mic.ht-r;y o£ Plnanee . Who U now i n CA.DNia. ~tr. P1n..nt
e ta~ed
that t hie officlel vould aoonor or lat er
co~
to tbt United Statet on the
Pu.rahadnc: Miuion. 1~ had b een d.e¢14ed a4Yhable. hovever , that tbh IUuion
tir et proceed to C ~a . particularly considering t~ fRet \ha\ tteutrftl1 ty le't • lat1on
"'U 7et. to be r.newed J.o the Unl ted Sta t e a. He .added that t.hh official h e.n
~lolstra tlve officer and 1• perbap• not f&m111$r with •traltbt financial 8nd
aonetary qu.eetion• · At leaat Mr. P1n.ent ha4 l&~ t 'tteelc: found. in Uev York that the
~been unable to pr ovide him vi ~ little inlo~ti on on •ter llftC
pr oblems. loctden.t.ally, Pin..n.t "'•• qu.Ue u.nh.qp,y beoa:ute of the f.,!lun of London
to lceep hilll N1d hie abtta&)' 1r4'on:.K. these recent daye vitoh re11pect to pound policy.
Un4eraeeret,a,ry
~
-
·
'f
- --=::.-~ /!Ajl
TO:
•:1a1 1Af.L"1!...
FR0!1:
8ec ro t •ry
''or~entlu\u
W'J'& .. INOTON
September 20 ,
19~9
tty dear Lr . P:re aldent:
I thOU£r..t you would. be U\1114
l>7 the tlnano1&l page o r the !lew l"orl<
Trlbu.ne, wn1oh I inclose herew1th.
! t the Pound nad gone down
n1ne and one- quarter centa 1netta4 ot
up . I wonder bow tne Tribune woul4
h&Yt ban4led the story!
Xou.ra o1no erol)',
The Prel14ent,
Tlw lhlte Houae.
!Pound Shifts _
ItSCOurse to
Close 9te Up
8rWt RallyDudo EuJac
of P.-un ud eo,.,.,.
j
in'
or
CommJtme-n-.
Sterling Rille Haula
Franc Up 5'!. Points
Duyln« Held Touched
011 by ~lor,enlbau a.,.
maTk on UnWt Break
THC IIC IUTA'tV Or Tk( "tACAIUII 'lY
Ueptemo er
2~,
1~39
14)' dear l!r . Prea1cl ont:
Firat . f1!.AY I extend to you r:q Ylry hea.rtleat eongrat :ula.t1o na on ywr veat rea ..ge to
Congrea a yeat~rday.
Seoond, I art 1naloa1ng herewit h a ollppln
trom the Nvw York 'rlbune 1n regard t o Sterlin g. g
For tne aocent we hav-e the aat\.er tn hand . t.nanke
to :he publlel ty wnleh I ,ave lt tnrou~h tne
prtta.
Thirdly , I am not at all happy over thl woy
~eoerve hae been handlin g the
cent bond market and 1! l t 4oee not atralghGovernten lt••lr out by ).l.onday, 1rlth your approva l and back1ns
I propoee to take over tne exolue1ve handlin g ot
tne ~vernment bond market .
the Federal
Youra a1ncer ely ,
The
Preelde nt,
fne W'n l tt Kouee .
ER
!!
Ul't
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGT ON
lep~
28,
19~.
lf1ll you speak to •
about thlef
r.
D. L
Letter r~on The Secretary of
tile Tre!'lsury to t ile Pres i dent, dated
September ~5 , 1939 , re announcement
of the Government of French I ndoChina t hat no munitions, motor cars
or bPSolinP- belonving to the Ch i nese
Governrue:1';; could psss through their
terri tory .
Al so in re loan from t he Ex~ ort­
Import ~nk to Chi na against the sole
of tin in this country .
I
\
Sep\tab er 28, 19:39
hom LcohU n Cllrrie
b
oo-.plet e en4 t.boi"'u p u\idorst an41 ng betwG J:ooleo
oD4 Ileac
t hen
il8!!10ru4u:t to the F'rutc!nt rroa Secretery
wors:ent~
Oet.ober 1. 19)9
a..-cl"'d1U
~
nbt." t.o
n llODol&l
s.lll&tNn U......Sectton 7 ot th S.oll'l.e 2\wtr&lU. J Bill
t.rM.O&ctio nt wlt.h
l>el.llc•r•nt• .
N.
l~nv.
:llil.'f
HuLLFRo/1
ffA-~ T?EFeRRe/J
PrrltvtA!tl tJN
Tt.
Me
;11/#E TI}
t#cv-CiRY
!JAY cJrE bll
c.t..AU 7e. ?tTr#.AAJ /tfi.J /sT!II~ 6111 AIJ>-UJEk._
(r;bt4 V, f!e.t=o R/3. t;/ut'rl b; o/>;;Vt~A/ c. ~ttl~l bel(
t T /tJ F U'r!Y 11Jfr /MP~I{TAAICE r!/A -1 I
see J~ u.- IJ N y,HL,e f(&!U/(11/. u; !IAr
1 IIi E
l)J t't {._ II£ c ~ t11 ut= N 1 ~~~~r FtJ 1\
I) vJ
J
1
F~b,# !Jo/
.
tvl,\_
~\l ( ~ ;t;
ff.c ()ofr'l-
It; "J
7)
l
THE WH ITE H O USE
WASHINGTON
IIIIIOIWIDO.M fOR
B. Jl.' JR.
Ia U
a.uu
1a
Q-ue tba t CaPle
nine Mr. Juau..
Wlll1aa Dngl.aa tor alandeP
OP
llbel?
r.
D. Jt.
n""C!. ' "
liY DbF" 'I J··"·
< ••
B7 i • J · ... .. "' ""
~t
'"'IF.D
tho U.S •
t c
D ... MAR1 ;
•
I
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASHINGTO N
YEMORANDUK li'OR
THE
SECRETA~
OF STATE
This is interesting .
Please read and return.
F . D. R.
s
THE SE CR E TA RY OF THE
TR EA SU RY
W AS H I NG TON
Oc tob er 6, 19 39
My de ar Mr. Pr es ide nt:
In vie w of ye ste rd ay 's di s cus sio
n
at Ca bin et, I tho ug ht yo u would
be in ter es ted in t he inc los ed memorandum
.
Sin ce rel y y ou rs,
/
The Pr ee 1d en t,
Hyde Pa rk, N. Y.
TREASURY DEPARTMENT
INT IR OPI"''CC COMMUNICATION
OATil
1'0
Secretory
,.M>M
Ur . Foley
P.A! :
Oct.obe.r 6, 19)9•
¥or~th&u
Tow- F.-qu.a\. tor In!'or.at!ca on the
+A~,~~rr''r• iet .
'I'M ·.nti.....s.nt ilJ.rll Jet or , ~t. S, 1935, w ,, •poll:tiOred b7 the
~t;:W')' Pe~nt At • J'iUUl.t of the trideeyread flOSt.-rOIOtl ~cling of
liquor into t.he Unit..d St.tatea 1\l on~ our £esbo&rde •h1c:b , • t. ita peale in l&..te
19)l. And ecrly 19JS, ••• rftt.i.nmted to be eoatina the OO't'oZ"'I:lM"nt tJO,ooo,ooo
annually in reven\ie l ou.etD . You wt.U re:~e:mber t M t on Mtrch 81 193S , you
•PJ.Kred at bNJ"Snge held by th T.tl.)'a I.Jld ~· eo..J.t.ke on t.hil b1l..l c.nd
111o
Ue
1
atrons etetpenl in 1te .U!'POrt. .
The J.et, •bleb •14tl)' txttt:d.S. the- jw1.adict1on o~ t.U t:'nit4d !u.t.a
oYer the wUrt~~ od.Jo1ninc 1tl cO\. ale, 1a basecS D c.he l«pl t.M-o:~ t.bat.
Wbile • n.e.tian a:.!f cot. uter.4 1h Y3'litori.Al "~ (wfo.teh aol'"t. l"..&t!ODJJ,
inel~-& tl:.e United St.&"'' re;ud IllS ~~ to
dilture o• ~e alle11
tJooc. abore, LDd wit.hJ.D •b.Jch UM Jviedlc'Uon or a nc t1on 1« u ab!JO.lat.e .u.4
C!Giflete, lToM.l,y !~, , 11 1• t.~ l.ud ext.alded up t.o U....t r-o1Dt.) , a. e. t1c:a
.._,., u:n.Jer ict.ematJCIDlll. law, •xarole.e llJtited jur11CUctJ.oa tor ~us or
~ t1oo.el ut'et7 6nCl prot..ct.loa ot the r.-.enue to auch a c!ht&nce trc:s ita
lhor.a •• h reesonGbl.T n•c.ti iJM'Y tor thoee
TN.t. aoae , 'll'bich 1dll
d1t1'er wit h eireWGett.noea and o•Mo, 1a so12et1J:ea reterflo4 t.o u tur!sdi o.tioMl
pu,rf!O--••·
D.!ifU.
The prorlllion of the Ju\U.....S.USf:l..lllc ..:.ot which hat at.t.rt!cted t.he 100at.
int.ereat .n4 eOtMDt. 1a tection l , ""-icb
;r<~rldet
•CWit,oc,_e~Dforeec.ent ~•· .
That e.eot !an
&.r. . l ~ t.bo .x:lata& 1.2411• Ua1 t o!
ror the ttC..llldlae:nl
ot
trutbot'Uu '-he UMt.lon o! such
eu&t.ou eont.rol .UDenr t...~
Pr. .t eot ti.nda end deelar. . that n sM-le are honritl.' or 'bein.c: kept o! t t.te
cou-t o! ~ Qa..it.ed St.'--• out.ake cu.stoc.s a.tere, •.nd t.bat., l7 ~ or
U..1r l'"•enee, the col&wtul lct..roc!"JcUcm into 01" ~ tw.. t.I'A Uc.lted
Statt• or
or pu"eona •'1 t. ~ or t.h.rwat.Md . 1be
tat..bl..111.b.ent o! tucb ,...._, 11 -.61 8U'bject to e-o reo,.pb.J.oal. U.St&Uana:
(l) onl7 IN.cb •tere oo t.bt hip ..., eboul.d. be rlt.hi.n • c:u•t.ou-enrorett.en.t
• r ea 111• u e in l!nloh prox1a1 t.7 to na&el.a bover ln£ or 'bt1AI kert. ott tht cout
t.Mt the sauggl1q o! .~:erc:.Mndi.. or persona ~be carried on b)-, to, or
trca eueh n saala; (2) no outtom•~nt'orauent area lhJll 1nolucle wat era aoro
t.Mn 100 ailu in either 41rection up a.nd down t tte o~tt. t r oe tho ilroed1.ete
ll t"eA •here t.he n aa.ele Lnvolved ""'• jJHaent (that l a, 200 •ll•• 1n llll) or
110re thaD SO mlloe out. to , ... beyond the erlet.itt(c l2-4.Lb outto•• llait
•rc:bw.41•
/
- 2 (tha t is, s total of 62 olles senward) . nithin those custoos-onforceoent
e.reao coast guard Md customs of i'icers , or other persons authorized by the
Secretary of the Treasury , ere empowered to enforce t hose l cws which appl y
to the high seas adjacent to American customs Ylaters .
Sections 1 end 20J of the Act contain provisions authorizing American
officers to bocrd, search , and seize vessel s in cus toms-enforcement areas
rtben t he circumstance s warrant it.
It should be noted, however , that there ore spec ific provisions in
t he Act precluding J.merie<!Jl officers f r om enforcing l a ws in cu stcms- ,enforcement
areas against veasels of nations with which v:e have trea ties Ylher e such a ct ion
would contr avene treaties . The treati es which are contempl ated in those provisions of the Act are the so-called liquor treaties which tho United States
has with 16 other =tions, including Gel'lliBlly, Fr ance , ? eland, ~d Eneland,
which t r eaties authorize sei zure of t he vessels of sucb nat i ons only v:i tbin
en hour ' s sailing di stance of the coast .
r .. Five custo:r.s - enforcement areas were set up by presidential procle.me.t ion
between August and December 1935 . Three of tho se extend in a l ine appro>:Unately
from the Canadian border to Atl antic City, New Jersey, and the other t wo are in
the Gulf of Mexico . AJ. though liquor smuggling a cti vity is nor; virtually nonexistent in those aroos , t he SJ."ens have neVer been tennin.ated by presidential
procl.smation , "bich is required by section 1 of the Act .
The r~rr~ l ning pr ovisions of t he Act may be covered briefly . Fr om the
standpoint of combating smuggling , the u:os t important is section J , which subjects to forfei ture vessels built, f i tted out, or employed for smuggl ing or to
defraud tbe revenue . Other sections of the Act (1 ) prohibit smuggling offen ses
by our nationals and v'e ssels a gains t the revenue laws of such foreign countri es
e s reciprocate by similarl,y penalizing their nationals P.nd vessels f or smuggling
into the United Stet es l {2) provide for t he general increase of fines and
penalties relative to smuggling end for t he penalizing of acts particule.rly
indicative of smuggling act ivity but not otherwise covered by law; (3) provide
f or effective ndJIIinistrative control over boats of less than 500 ten s {which i s
the type of boat usually used for liquor smuggling) , and for similar control
over small contect boat s which bring the contraband from hovering vessels {4)
provide for changes in rules in proof in forfeitw·e proceedings to enable effeetiTe bnndling of su ch cases .
I t i s worth noting that the phrase "hovering ve ssel", which i s us ed
frequent ly throughout the Act , is defined in t he .l.ct to mean a vessel found or
kept off our coast within or without cueto>:s waters if , f rom all the circums tances ,
1t i s reasonable tc believe that that vess el is being or mny be used to facilitate
"the introduc tion ·or attempted introduct ion of oerchandise into the Un1ted States
in viola tion of t he laws respecting t he r evenue" .
- 3 Two FoYiaione
ot
the Act. wl:dch ere perhaps worthy
or
aop&rate
Section 2~ P'8Soribea !Jt'oalties .00
rorteituree tor vessels tr-om roreign porta or pl..eoa which (1) unlLde: ADY
m.ercbandiee rltbin the custo::s ..-atera or t.he United States without pel"tl.it;
( 2 ) truuu!.hip liquor' or -~rehe.ndite the importo.tlon or which into the
1.7nited States ia prohibited., to veaaele or the United St&t;(oa witbin or
without euat.orM ~ter& J or ( 3) transship liquor" or ure.t-.t.ndi!Se the U.porte.tJ.on of 'Which into tho United St.e.tea 1d prohibited, to e.ny ves!iel rltb.in or
witbout customs waters 1! the cireumsta:ncea indi cate a ]7Ul"PPM to hAvtl the
Ut)u.o r or me.rchAndbo r!mi&Sled into the United States . Secticn 206 wbjeeta
to boardir:tg lllld £eareh any hoverin$ veetol ( e.s detinC!d above) , C!ny vcusGol
r.h.ich td.l:s witbin custou ntera (12 !Iiles) or within & cuatoocs-enforcement
area to di aple.y lights required by lo"1 or any vessel 1Jh1cb fails to atop
when required to by a cuotoma or coast guard offieer . Such vesHl a ft112Y be
brought into 8ll American por t for O::a>'..minat1on, t.nd tor fortoit'W"e i f duti.dble
merchAndise destined to the United States h !ound to be, or t.o bt1vo beet~,
on board tha •-'eael.
aootion aro aeetionft 20S and 206 .
tho Anti~ing Act baa been -.rkedly successf'ul 1n r esul:t.a . To
well a s t.o the Treaeury 1 e more effectively coord.inat.e<t enfore6111ent
actirltiea, ~ be attributed tl~e rlrtually coa!'!leto el.im1ntltion of post-
it, as
repeal. liquor e::u,g&)J..ne: whieh ns one.a coetlnt the Govern:c.ont $)O, OCO,()(X)
o yoar . the effect of the Act, ho-,qwer, Me parMpe been largely psyeboloeical
since there br ve actuall.y been rel&t.ively te;w eaee& -..de u:ndor i t and there
bas been only ono reported court. opinion construing it. The Rddun (D. C. ,
E . D .~.Y ., 19)6) U t. 5\opp. 771 1 15 F . Sill'!>• 112 .
In this connecti.Cia, I t.hink you will be interested 1n the e.t.t.cbed
:reprint which 'l'l'e have juat r eeoived or M article by ,. Proteuor ot
Interaat1oDill Law nt. Coi"ll8l.l University which recently appeared 1n French
1n a Bel giun periodico.l or 1ntcrnat.1ono l.clw, "LA r-evue de Jlrtoit interMtioMl
et de Legislation Cota~e• . !bia e.rticle (\UOtes at 60111e l t:n gth your teatiltony
in 19JS before tbe 'lft;ye 6lld lLeana Cocoittee on tbe l.nt1-SI1U.ggl1ng BUl (t-oe
page 3 of tbe reprint) , oa •ell
o·tber et&temeotG made by you . Tbe article
concludco t.bct t.'\o J.nt1~in8 Act repreeents il. aound exercise or ext.rnt•rritorial jurie.diet.-ion on Ule part of this co~t.ry under interMtiOMl. law
r.l'ld that the Act OOa been eainontl.T INceosiSM.
a•
F.,., ·1-L.
[PosL•o -No. 238-74 Tu CoNGnEss[
(II. R. 7gg()J
AN ACT
To protect tho revenue of tho United St..te. and provide me..ure. lor the more
c.frcelivo enroroe.mcut or tbe law~;~ respecti ng tho revenue, to prevent 1mugglin
g,
to authorlao cuat.om...eo(orce.ment arta3, and for other purl)Otie
l.
I
J
Be it enacted by the Senate and H oute of Repre1entativu of tluJ
lJttited Statc1 of America in Oongrc8B a88t1nbled,
TITLE I
SECTION 1. (a) Whene,·er the P residen t finds and declares that
at any placo or within any urea on th() high S(lUS adjacen t to
but
outside customs wntcrs any vcsS(l) or vessels l>over or ore being kept
off the con;,t of the United Slates and that, by virtue of the presenc
of any such vessel or vessels at such place or within such area, lhee
unlawf ul int•·oduction or rcmo,•ol into or from the United States
of any merchnndise or person is being 01· may be occasio ned, promoted, or threate ned, the pluco or arcu so fou nd and dcclured shall
constit nte n customs-en (orceme nt area for U1e J.>Urposes o£ this Act.
Only such waters on the high seas sh11ll be withm u customs-enforcement nren os the Preside nt finds and declnres ur() in such proxim ity
to such vess~ l or vc;,scls that such unluwf u l introdu ction or removal
of mercha ndise or persons mav be carried on by or to or from such
vessel or ,·essels. No custom ;·cnforcenlt'nt aren shall include
waters more than one hund•·cd nnutical miles from the placeany
or
immed iate n•·ea whc•·u the P•-esiclent dcclm•es such vesscl or vessels
nro hoverin g or are being kept and, notwith standin g the foregoing
provision, shall not include any waters more than fifty Dftutical
miles outwar ds from the outer Inuit o£ customs waters. \Vhene\•er
UHl Preside nt finds t hnt, within nny customs-enforcement oren, the
ci rcu m~-taoces no longer exist which gave riso to lhe declara
tion of
such area lUI a eu!'toms-enfor crment area, he shall so declare, and
thereaf ter, and until a further finding and doolaration is made under
this subse<:tion with respect to waters with"in such area, no waters
within such n1•ea shall constit ute n pnrt of such customs-enforcement
area. The provisions of law n_pplying to the high ecos adjacen
t to
customs waters of the United SLates shall be enforce d in a customsenforce ment area upon nny vessel, merchandise, or person found
t hc•·cin.
(b) At any place within a customs-enforcement area the se•·cral
officers of the customs may go on board of any vessel and examin
e
tl1e vessel and any mercha ndise or J?Cl'SOn on board, and bring the
sa me into port, and, subjoot to regulat ions of the Secr etary of tho
Treasu ry, 1l sho ll be their duly to pur!lue and seize or arreat
and
otherw ise enforce upon such ves.<cl, mercha ndise, or person, the provisions of la\v which are made effootive thereto in pursua nce of subsection (a) in the same manner as such officers arc or may be authorized or requi•·ed to do in like cose at nny place in the United States
2
by vir tue of ony low r·espcc
g thCl r•ev cnu e: Prot•idedl Th
contained in thi s sce tion orlin
at not hin g
in
tho r()venue shi ll be constr ued an y othe r J>rovi sion of nw rcspectm g
o( tho Un ite d Sta tes to for to ouUrorrze or to require any officer
cCl any luw thereof upon the
upo n n foreij,,''ll vessel in cn
hig h ~ens
con tra ,•enl ion of any trc
nty wi th 11 foreign
govern111ent ena bli ng or pcr
miUin~t the aut ho riti
es of tho Un ite d
Sto les to bo ard , examine,
rch1 S61Zc, or otherwise to enf
suc h ve~l upon the hig h sen
s the law s o£ tho Un ite d Sta orce upo n
as such aut hor itie s ure or&ca
ma y otherwise be ena ble d or tes exc ept
un der special arr ang em ent wit
per mi tte d
fm·t her, Th at none of the pro h such foreign g01•er nm ent : Pro ·vidctt
to relio,·o the Secrot11ry of ,•isions of thi s Act. sha ll be construed
CommcrcCl of any aut ho rity
bil ity , or jur isd ict ion now ves
, r·esponsi·
Soo. Z. (n.) An y person ownited in or imposed on tha t oflicer.
tho Un ite d Sta tes who em plo ng in whole or in par·t an y '•esse! of
emplo ym ent o r. Mrch ve!<.<el for y,, or pnrticipntes in1 or· ullows tll<l
iug to smuggle, or assisti ng the pur pos e of €m ugg hng , or nt.tempt·
in ~m uggf1 n~, llllJ mcrehnrHlise
ter rit or; of tuoy foreign gO\'er
int o the
foree 1 i under· the lows of sucnmcnt m ,.Jolutron of the lnws the re in
h
for
eign go vcr nm enl nn y J>Cnalty
for fer lur e is provided for \•io
or
res pectin g the cm.. toms re,·enulno ion of t he luw s of lhCl Um ted Stu tes
eiled in, or any cor po rat ion e. ou d any citi7.<'n or, or person domi ·
tro llin g oo· substnulinlly parincoq>omtcd in, the Un ite d Sta tes, con ·
tic ipa tin g in the con trol of
ve~sel, di r·ec tly O J' ind
ire
ctl
y,
1\'hether thr ou gh ow ner shi pnny such
pornt& shnres or otherwise,
nnc
l all ow ing tho employm ent of cor·
vessel for nny such purpose,
of mi d
have been, on bonrd o( nn ysnnod any person foond, or discovered to
ch vessel soe onployed and po
or ass isti ng in any such purpos
rticip11ting
fhnn $li,OOO or· to impri~onmente, shi ll be liable to a fine of no t more
both suc h fino and imprisonme ior no t mo re tha n t"·o years, or to
nt.
(b) I t ehn ll constitute
offense un der thi s section to
cha rte r a \•esse! if tho )('San
hir e ou t or
S()r or cha rte rer has knowle
6\Jch ve&Sel is leased or cha
dge
tha t, or if
gh•e rise to a ren sonnblo belrte red un der circumstances which would
tho vessel intends to emplo ief Umt, the lessee or person cha rte rin g
described in subsection (a) y b UCh vessel for any of tho pur pos es
suc h II!MO or cha tte r is in effeand if such Yessel is, du rin g the ti.mc
ct, emplOJed for any such pur
SEC. 3. (a) Wh ene,•er an y ves
ros eclJased, fitted ou t in whole or sel which shall hav e been bru it pu r·
or elsewhere, for the purpos in pa rt, or hel d, in the Un ite d Sta tes
enu e or to smugs:le an.¥ mee of be ing employed to def rau d the revsm ugg le an y mercharHlise intrch and ise int o the Un ite d Sta les , or to
o the ter rito l'y
any foreign go vem mlm~ 1n ,.jo lat ion of
the lawR the re in foi'O(', ifof
und er the ln ws of such
fo~ign go, •er nm ent
ony_pen
tio n of tf1c laws of the Un itedalt y or for fei tur e is pro••ided for ' 'iola or wb ene•·er an y vessel which Sta tes respecting ll1e customs rev enue,
been, employed, or att em pte ehall be found, or discovered to hn vo
Sta tes for nny strch purpo;,e, d to be emploved, within tho Un ite d
wh eneve't an y vessel of the or in anywt861 n assistnncc thereof, or
Un ite d tatea which shall be
disco~ered to hav e bee
fou nd, or
n,
em
plo
an y place, for an y such purpos yed, or att em pte d to be employed nt
if no t subscQ.uontly forfeited e, or in anywise in aS!iistance ther-eof,
to the Un ite d Sta les or to
government, lB fou nd at any
o foreign
place at which a ny such vc
~l ma y be
tPvo. 21&.1
3
examined by an officer of the custom s in the enforcement of nny
law rcspccl mg tho re,•cnuc, tlte 8aid vessel and its cargo sho JI be
seized nnd forfeited.
(b) Every vessel \\·hich is documented, owned, or controlled in
the United States, and every vessel of foreign registr y which is,
directl y or indirec tly, substun ti nlly owned
contt·ollcd by
citizen of1 or cot'J>oration incorp orated, owned, or controlled nny
in1
tho Unitea fates, shall, for the pw·poses of this section, be deemea
a vessel of the United States.
(c) For lhe purpos es of this section, the foot thnt a ve~sd hus
become subjec t to pursw t as provid ed in sect ion 5 l of the Tariff
Act of 1030, as amended, or lS a hoveri ng vessel, or that a ''esse!
faiJs 1 nt nny place within the customs waters of the United States or
withJo a customs·enfor cemcn t nrca, to display lighl~ ns req uired by
law, shnll be prima facie evidence that such vessel is being, or has
been, or is attemp ted to be employed to defrau d the revenue of the
United States.
SEC. <1. Subjec t to nppcnl to the Sl!crctnry of Commerce nnd under
such regulat ions os be may prescri be, whenever the collector of
custom s of the distric t in which any vessel is, or is sought to be,
registe red, enrolle d, licensed, or numbered, is shown upon e,·iden
wliich he deems sufticient thnt such vessel is being, or is intended ce
to
be, employed to Slll\lflg lo, transpo rt, or otherw ise assist in the unlawful introdu ction or Import ation into the United States of any merchandi se or person, or to smuggle any mercha ndise into the territory of any foreign govern ment in v1olatio n of the laws there in
force 1 if under the laws of snch foreign govern ment any penalty or
forfett ure is provid ed for violation of the laws of the Umted States
respect ing the customs re\'enue, or whenever, from the design or
fittings of any vessel or the nature of any repairs made thereon it
is appare nt to such collecto r that such vessel has ooen built , or
adapte d for the purpos e of smu~gling mercha ndise, the said collector sh&ll revoke the registr y enrolrm ent, license, or nwnbc r of
1
said vessel or re!11se the some 1f
applica tion be made therefo r, as
the case may be. Such collecto r and all persons acting by or under
his directi on shall be indemnified 1rom any pena.lties or actions for
damag es for carryin~t out the provisions of this section.
Szc. 6. Any vessel or vehicle forfeit ed to the United Slates
whethe r 8\lmma rily or by a decree of any court, for violation of
any law respect ing the revonuo, may, in the discretiOn of the Secretary of the Treasu ry, if he deems it necessary to protect the revenue
of the United States, be destroy ed in lieu of the sale thereof under
existin g Jaw.
SEc. 6. Excep t into thG d istricts adjoin ing to tbo Dominion of
Conndn, or into the distric ts adjace nt to Meloco, no merchandise of
foreign growth or manufa cture subjec t to the payme nt of duties
shall be brough t into the United States from any foreign port or
place, or 1tom any hoverin g vessel, in nny vess~l of less than thirty
net tons burden withou t special license grante d by the Secreta ry of
the T reasury under such conditi ons as be may prescribe, nor in any
other manne r than by sea, ~xcept by a ircraft duly licensed in accordance with Jaw, or landed or unlade n at any other port than is
directe d by law, under the penalty of seir:ure and forfeit ure of all
o•·
1Poo, ,..,J
suc h unlicensed vessels or air
therein, lan ded or unl ade n incra ft and of the merchandiliO imp ort ed
or sta mp s, ind ica tive of for eig nany ma nne r. Ma rks, labels, bra nds ,
chnndiliO or con tain ers of merchori gin , upo n or acc om pan yin g me ror air cra ft, sha ll be pri ma fac andise fot md upo n an.Y suc h vessel
ie evidence of tho foretgn ori gin
suc h mtwchandise.
of
EC. 7. I n add iiio n to any
oth
not exceeding five hun dre d net er req uire me nt of law , C\•ery vessel,
or which hns visit-ed a hoverin ten s, !ro m a foreign por t or place.
the imp ort atio n int o the Un ited g vessel, shall car t)' a certificate for
alcoholic liquot-s on boa rd the reoSta tes of any spi rtts , winrs, ot· oth er
the Un ited Sta tes , sai d certificat f (sea sto res exc ept ed) , des tine d to
of thCl Un ited Stn tes or oth er e to be issued by a consul ar officer
reg ula tion s ns the Sec ret ary of authorized person pur sua nt to suc h
Sta te and the Sec reta ry of tho Tre
ury m1ty joi ntl y prescribe. An
asliquors (sea sto res exc~pted) fou y spi rits , wines or oth er alcoholic
any such vessel at any place nd, or discovered to hav e been, upo n
customs wn ters , wit hou t snid in the Un ited St.fttes, or wit hin the
shown to hav e a bonn fide desctll'tific~tte on boa rd, which nrc not
shall be seized and for feit ed and tina tion wit hou t the Un ited Sta tes ,
so des tine d to a for eig n por t or. in the case of nny suc h me rch and ise
double tho am oun t of tho dut ies plncc, n bond shall be req uir ed in
be sub jec t if imp ort ed int o tho Unto which suc h merchandise would
tleliverv of sni d m~rchandise at ited Stn tes , conditioned upo n the
suc h for eig n por t or pla ce ns
be certified by a con sul ar offi
mn y
cer
as pro vid ed in sai d reg ula tion s: of the Un ited Sta tes or oth erw ise
be satisfied tha t tho certillcatc Pro'!Jided, Th at if the collector shall
spi rits , wines, or oth er olcoho licreq uir ed for the imp ort atio n of any
mis lu ia wit hou t fra ud, or was hqu ors was i!<Sued and was los t or
by reason of cle rica l err or or defaced by accide nt, or is inc orr ect
b() inc urr ed nor shn ll suc h bondoth er mis tak e, sai d penalties sha ll not
effect on the six tiet h day followbe requirod. Th ia section sha ll tak e
ing tho enactm ent of thi s Ac t.
S•~. 8. (a) If the ma ste r
of
any
vCA!SCl of the Un ited Sta tes , not
exceeding live hun dre d net ton
for eig n por t or oth er pla ce wits, allows suc h vessel to be lnd en ato ny
hou
cha ndi se destined to tho Un ited t tl1e Un ited Sta tes with any me rwines, or oth er alcoholic liquorsStn tes and consisting of any spi rits ,
ma y be evidenced by the testimo (sea sto res exc ept ed) , which fnct.s
istr ativ e officials or certified cop ny or deJ?O&itions of for eig n adm incient ovidence, wit hou t certifi ies of the tr r ecords or by oth er suffie issued f or the imp ort atio n of
me rch and ise int o the Un itedcnt
Sta
tes as req uir ed by section 7,suc h
master of suc h vessel sha ll, in
add itio n to any oth er pen alti es the
vided by law be liablo to a pen
alty equ al to tho val ue of th& pro mcrchandiliO 1but not less tha n $1,0
sai d
cbondise sha ll be seized and for 00 and suc h vessel and suc h me red.
(b) 'Vboovcr, bei ng a cit iun feit
of
a member of the crew of a vessel the Un ited Sta tes or a ma ste r or
of the Un ited Sta tes, if suc h ves
does not exceed fh·e hun dre d net
sel
tho revenue of tho Un ited Sta tens, sha ll, with int ent to def rau d
tes
cur ing , any me rch and ise des tine , pro cur e or aid or ass ist in pro illg of any spi rita , wines, or oth d to the Un ited Sta tes and consiater alcoholic Liquo~
hou t certifi cat~ issued for the imp
ort atio n the reo f int o thB uniwit
ted Sta tes as
t·equired by sec tion 7, to be lad
en upo n suc h vessel at any for
eig n
por·t or othe r plac e with out the Uni~d Stat
es, whic h facts may bo
e>'idcnced by the tetrtimony or depo sitio ns
of forei gn adm inist rativ e
officials or certi fied copies of their reco rds or by
othe r s ufficient evi·
dnnce1 shall , in nddi tion to any othe r· pena
lties p rovid ed by law,
bo liabl e to a fine of not more thon $1,000 to impr
ison men t for not
more than two year s, or to bot.h such fi no or
nnd imprisournenl..
TIT LE II
Soor roN 201. Secti on 401 of the 'fari lf Act
o f 1930 (U. S. C.
Supp . VII, title 10, sec. 1401) is amen ded
by addi ng at the end
tJr~reof the follo wing new pn rng raJlhs
:
"(!) 0FFI OEn o•· Ttftl CosT O>ts .-'l'h e term ' office
r of the custo ms 1
mean s any ofticer of the Cust oms Serv ice or
any
comm
issio ned, war·
ru nt, or petty office r of the Cons t lluar d. or·
agen
t
or·
othe r perso n
auth orize d by lnw or by the Seer t'tn ry of
Treasur~·, or appo inted
in writi ng by a colle ctor, to perf orm thethe
dutie s of un officer of tho
Cust oms Serv ice.
"(m) CoBTO~rs 1\'AT£118.- Tbe term 'cust oms
wate rs' meun s, in
the case of a fore ign ,·esse! subj ect to n treat
y
or
othe.
r· arra ngeme nt
between a forei gn gove rnme nt and the Unrt
ed
Stnte
s enab ling or
pcrrn ittinf ; the auth oriti es of the Unit ed
es to boar d, exam ine,
senrc h, set7Al 1 or othe rwis e to enfo rce u pon Stat
Htrch vessel upon tho high
Eens the la ws of the Unit ed lutes , the wate
rs
of the coas t o£ the Urut ed State s as the ~aid with in such dista nce
be so enab led or permi t ted by such treat y orauth orities are or mny
the case of ever) ' othe r vessel, the wate rs with ar·r·angemcnt nnd, in
in four leagu es of tho
coas t o f the Umt ed States.
" (n) Jlov F:rttNo Vess t:r... -The term 'hove r·ing
vess el' mean s any
''I'M~ ! whic h is foun d or kept off
the coas t of the Unit ed State s
with in or with out t ho custo ms wate rs, if, !rom
chn rncte r, or loca tion of the vessel, it is rCIISOtho histo ry, cond uct,
n&ble to oolie\'0 that
such ,-esse! is bein g used or may be used to
fncil itnt c the introduct ion or attem pted intr·ointro duce or prom ote or
ducti on o f merc hand ise
into the Unit ed Stat es in ,·iolntion of tho laws
resp ectin g the reven ue.
"Fo r the purposes of secti ons 432, 433, 434,
448, 585, and ~86 of
this Act, any vesse l which has visite d any
hove
ring ve•sc l shnll bo
deem ed to arriv e or have arri, .ed, as the case
may be, from a forei gn
port or place ."
REo. 202. Sect ion 436 of the Tari Act of
1930 (U. S. C., S upp.
VH, title 19, sec. 1436) is amen dedff by
omit ting the perio d at tho
end thereof and add in~( the follo wing : "nnd
, if the vesse l have, or
be disco vered to have had, on boar d any merc
excep ted ), the imj>(?rtation of whic h into the hand ise (sea store s
hibit ed, or any sprri ts, wine s, or othe r a lcoho Unit ed State s is prolic liquo rs, such mast er
shall bo subj ect to an addi tiona l fine of not
more
than $2,000 or to
impr isonm ent for not more than one year ,
or to both such fine and
i rn priso nmc nt.
• Ever y mMt er who prefients a forg ed, alter
or pape r on mak ing 41Dtry of a vessel as requ ed, or false docu men t
4M of thiR Act. know mg the some to be fo rgedired by section 434 or
, alter ed , or false and
will out re-·e aling the fact , s hall, in addi
lton t o any forfe iture to
whic h in conseque nce the vessel may be subj
ect, be liabl e to a fine of
6
IPn. :ISLI
not mor e than $6,000 nor less than $60
m<>re than two year s, or to both such fineor t.o Imp riso nme nt for not
and imp riso nme nt."
Sr.o. 203 (a! Sect ion 681 of the Tari ff
Sup p. VII , tit e 19, sec. 1681 ) is ame nded Act of 1930 (U. S. C.,
t.o read as follo ws:
M
SEC. 581. BOARDING VESSELS
"(u) Any oOicer of the cust oms may at any
time go on boar d of
any vessel or ,·chicle at any place in the
Uni
ted
Stat es or with in
the cust oms wate rs or, as he may be auth
oriz
ed,
with
in a customsenfo rcem ent area esta blished unde r the Ant
any othe r auth orized place, with out as well i-Sm uggling Act, or at
exum ine the manifes t ll.Dd othe r docu men ts as with in l1is ilist rict, nnd
insp ect, and sea rch the vessel or vehicle ondand pape rs and exam ine1
anY. per son, trun k, pock ofc, or ca rgo on boar ever y part ther eof ll.OCI
d, and to this end may
ha•l and stop such vesse or ,·ch icle, and
use all necessar y force to
comJ?cl com plia nce.
"(b) OOicers of the Dep artm ent of Com
auth orized by such depa rtme nt mny go mer ce and othe r pers ons
on boar d of any vess el at
any plac e in' the Uni ted Stat es or w1thin
hail , stop , and boar d such vessel in the enfothe cust oms wate rs and
rcem ent of the navi gation luws ond arre st or, in case of escape
or
atte mpt ed escape, pursue and arre st any pers on enga ged in the
brea
ch or \>lolation of the
navi ~rotion laws.
"(c) Any mas ter of a vessel bein g exam
who pres ents nnv forg ed, alter ed, or fals ined as here in prov ided ,
the exam inin g officer, kno win g the same e documen t or papl lr to
fals e and with out re,·e alin g the fact shal to bo forg ed, alter ed, or
feitu re to which in consequence the vessel l, in add ibon to any forto a fine of not mor e than $6,000 nor less may be subj ect, be liab le
$600.
"(d) Any vessel or vehicle whic h, atthan
any
auth oriz ed place, is
rcqui1·ed to come to a stop by any offic
er
of
the cust oms, or is
requ ired to come to a stop by sign al mad
e
by
any
vessel emp loye d
in th e serv ice of the cust oms chsp lnyi ng
tho ensi gn nncl penn ant
pres crib ed for such vessel by the Pres iden
t, shal l com e to a stop ,
and upon failu re to com ply, a vesse l so
requ
shal l become subj ect to pu rsuit 11nd the mas ired to como to 11 stop
to n fine of not mor e t ha n $5,000 nor less ter ther eof sha ll be liabl e
the duty of th o seve ral oflicers of tho cust than $1,000. It shnll br
whic h may become subject to purs uit, and oms to/Ul'SUO nnv vessel
sam e, and to exnminll any person or merc to boar ond exoni ino tho
hnnd isa on board, with out
as well as with in thei r respective di,tr icts
the high seas or , if perm itted by the opp nncl at any place UJ?On
ropr inte f orei gn nuthor~ty,
elsewh ere whr rc the vess el may be purs ued
as well as at any othe r
auth orized place.
"(e) If Ul>On the exa min ation ot nny
app ear thnt n brea ch of the In ws of U1e Ycsscl or vehicle it ehnll
has been ~ommi lted so as to render suchU nite d Stat es is bein g or
mer eho1ndisc, 01' any part thereo f, on boar vessel or vehi cle, or the
Uni ted Slat es by, such ,·essel or \'chicle, d of, or brou ght into the
secu re nny fine or pcmn lty, the 6flm o shal liabl e to forf eitu re or to
l be seized und any pers on
who has enga ged in sucb 'breach shal l be arre
sted .
"(f) It sbal l be t11o duty of the seve ral offic
ers of the cust oms to
lleizc nod secu re any vesse l, vehi cle, or
merc hand ise ,~hich shal l
rr... ml
•
-
7
become liable to seizure, and to arre> t any per!!On
liable to arres t by virtu e of any law respecting thowho sbnll become
revenue as well
witho ut as. witl1in their respe ctive distt·icts, and to usc
nU ricccssnry
force to se•Ul or arres t the same.
'~(g) A.ny ''esse!, .wit.hin .or witho ut the custo
ms walet-s, from
~vhlch any '!ierc hnnd •se JS be111g, or has boon,
unlaw fu lly intro duced
1nto the Umte d States by mean s of any boat belon ging
to, or owne d,
controlled , or mana ged m comm on witb, said vessel,
sliall
to be ~rnployed withi n the U nited. State s and, as such, be deemed
subje ct to
the r.rovisions of this section.
" (b) The pro,•U.ions of this section shn II not
conRtrued to
autho rize or requi re flllY office r o{ the Unite d Stutebe
s
to
law of the Unite d State s upon the high seas upon a enfor ce ru1y
foreig n vessel
in contr aven tion of any treat y with a foreig n gove rnme
nt enabl ing
or per·m itting the autho rities of the Un ited Stute s to
bonrd
, exam ine,
searc h, seize, or other wise to enfor ce upon said vesse
l upon the hlgh
;;cas the laws of th& Unite d SUites exccf t llS
autho rities are or
may other wise be enabl ed or perm ittee undesuch
r specinl nri'Unj:,-ernent
with such io•·~igo gover nmen t."
(b) Secti on 30i2 of the R evised Statu tes (U. S. C.,
title 19, sec.
!106) is hereby re~n led.
S£c. 204. (n) The lnst pnral (mph o·r sect ion 5&1
of th& Tarif f
Acto{ 1930 (0. S. C., Supp . VII, t.itle 19, sec. 1684)
is
nm~nded to
read as follows :
"If nny of such mer·chnndisc so f ound cons ists
phint>. or cocai ne, the master of sucb ,·e>sel or persoor hero in, morn in charge of
such whjc le or th e owner of such ,·esse! or vehicle shntl
be linble to
a penal ty o{ $50 f or each ounce there o f so found .
If flny
merc hand ise so f ou nd consists o£ smoki ng opium or opinm of such
prepa red
for smok ing, the mnster of such ves.~ l or person in
chnrg
o
of such
veh icle or 01c owner of such vcs!;e ( ot· vehic le sha ll
be riablc to a
pennIt v of $25 f or ench ounce I hereo f so f ound. If
any of such
merch imdis e so found consists of crude opium
, tbe mnst cr of such
vcs.~e l u•· per"So n in chn rgG of such veh icle or
o owner of such vesse l
or vehiciG Fhn ll be liable to n penal ty or $10thCor
each OlUn<:e there of
so f ound .
uch pennlti~s ~hal l, notw ith<ta nding the pro,·i so in section 594 of this Act (rl'ln ting to the immu nity of vesse
ls o1· vehic les
used n~ common cn rrrers ). const itute n lien upon such
may 1M' enfor ced by n libel in rem; excep t thnt the mnst\ 'el''SC.' I which
cr or owne r
of a \'~>-•cl nsed by nny per'!oOn us ~ common cnrl'i cr .in
the
of buqine~s ns such rom111011 cnrt'W r shn ll not be hnble tron~nction
alties and th~ \ 'e;<S('( ~ha ll nol be htlrl ~nbjc>ct to the lien, to such pento the Mlis fnct ion of th~ ronrl thnt neith er the mm.tc if it nppen rs
the ollicc rs (ineln ding lit·{·n~d nnd ttnlicen•cd offic<• r nor nny of
officers) nor the owne r of the ''<'<~1 kn~~: and cou rs uod petty
ld not, by Ute
exercise of tho highe st de).(n'C of cnre nnd d rhgenrc, hnvc
known, thnt
such narco tic druj!!! were on bonn !. C lenrn nce of
nny
such vessel
may be withheld until such pennltic• nrc paid or uoti
l
s
bond.
satis(nclory to the collec tor, is giv~n for the pn;vment
ll~ercof. The
provi R'ions of thi• pn rHgru plr o:hnll not JU'e':e ~t the forf~t
turo of any
sucb ves..~l or vehicle unde r nny other prol'ISIOn of la'"·
(b) Secti on 584 of the ToriJ f Act of 1930 (U.
C., Supp . VII,
title 19, sec. 1584) is amen ded by nddin g nt thoS.end
there of the
follo wine new pnro~rrn
8
(Pvo. 2:11 1
" U nny or such mcrch dis
e (sen stores esc cp led ), the
tio n of wltich into the Unn11
im po rtn ·
ite d Sta tes is pro
hibited,
of nn.y sp iri ts, win es, or oth
er alcoholic liquors fororthewhich consists
of wl11ch into the Un ite d Sto
im po rtn tio n
7 of the An ti· mug~ling les n ccrtificnt e is required un de r section
Ac
t nml the 1·equi1·cd cH ti6
sho"·n, be so found upon
cn te be not
ton s, tho "es.-ol shu II. 111 odan y ,·cssel no t exceeding fi" e hunrlred ne t
lnw provided, be seized nn<hlion to on y oth er penalties herein or by
d forfeited. an d. if onv
chundise (sen stores ex
ted ) con<isting of no y sucma nifested me r·
or oth er alcoholic liquocep
h spi rit s, wine•.
rs
l'l'<)Ui1-ed ce rtifica te be not be found upon an y such ,·essel nn d the
liublll to the penall~· herei Fhow n, the mnotc1· of the ''csse l Fhnll be
du ly mnnifcstcd: Pro1•idrn provided in the cnso of mcrchandi~o not
U1nt the certificate re<tuircdd. T ha t if the collector ~hnll be S3ti!'6NI
or oth rr alcoholic liquors wnfor the im po rta tio n of un y sp irits, wi ne ,,
intcnlionn l fm ud . or· wa ~ i&.ued an d wn s lost or misloid wi tho ut
reason of clerica l err or ors defaced by accident, or is inc orr ect by
othe r mistuke, said penn ltic
inc urr ed ."
• sh all no t be
tc. 20.;. Section 586 of the
VU , titl e 19, sec. 15 G) is am Ta rif f Act of 1930 (U . S. C., Su pp .
ended to rea d as follo,vs:
"S EC . 586. U~LAWFUL
UNLA DI NG OR TR AN SS
ID Pll EN 1'
"(u ) Th e ma ste r of y I'CS
!>cl from a foreign po rt or
all ows an y merchttndisean(in
place wh o
!iUCh \'eAAel at an y time nft clu din g sea stores) to be un lad en fro m
an d before StiCh ,·cssel ha er its u 1·rivr~l with1n U1c customs waters
chnr<>c of such merchnndis s come to the prope r place for the dis ·
un laa e, sha ll oo liable to e, an d before he has rcceh·ed o. pe rm it to
a penruty equal to tw ice the
merchandise bu t no t tellS thn
,·alue of the
an d the ll1C<'chondi<e so un n $1,000, an d such I'CSSel an d its car go
lud
''(b ) Th e ma ste r of y ves en shall be seized an d forfeited.
sel f rom a foreign po rt or
allows an y merchandisan
e
(in
clu
din g sen stores) . th6 i mp place wh o
wh ich in to the Un ite d Sta
ort ati on of
tes
sp iri ts, wines, or oth er nlc is pro hib ite d, or which consists of aDJ
oh
oh
c liquors, to be un en
vessel nt an y place upon
fro m his
hig h seas ndjncent to thelad
of tho Un ite d Sta tes to the
cus
tom
s wa ter s
be
on an y vessel of an v descri tra ns sh ipp ed to or pla ced in or recei ved
pti
on
, w1th knowledE!e, or un
stances ind ica tin g the rpo
se to render it possible, tha de r circumchnnd ise or no v po rt pu
t such merreo f, mny be introduced,
be int r;\ uc ed , into thethe
or att em pte d to
Un ited Sta tes in violat
ion of
lia ble to a pe na lty equal to
twi ce the value of .the me law , sha ll be
no t less tha n $1.000. nn
rch an dise bu t
is so un lad en , an d its cndrgothe vel!Sel from wh1ch the merchandise
an d s uch merchandise, sh
an d f or feited.
all be seized
"(c ) Th e ma ste r of an y Vel
alloW11 an y merchandise (mc !Sel from a foreign po rt or pla ce who
S tates, the im~rtat:ion of !udin~r sea stores) de shn ed to the Un ite d
hibi ted , or which consists which into the Un ite d Sta tes is pro of an y sp iri ts, "'ines, or
liquors, to oo un laden, witho
oth er alcoholic
ut pe rm it to unlade, nt a~
the hig h seas ad jac en t to
plooe up on
the customs wa ter s of the
to be tra nss hip pe d to or pla
Un ite d State6,
ced
in or received on on
Un ited Sta tes or anY. oth er
''es.•e l which is owned byy veswl of the
citi:r.en of, or domiciled
an y person a
inc orp ora ted in the Un itein, the Un ite d St ates, or an y cor po rat ion
d Sta tes, sh all be liabl" t n
t
r
I.Pvo, 231,1
9
to twice the valu e of the merchandise
the vessel from whi ch the merchandisebut root less than $11000, and
is so unladen, and 1ts carg o
and such merchandise , ~haU be seized and
"(d ) If any merchandise (inc ludi ng sea forfeited.
tion of t he pi·ov is ions of this section Ill transtores) unl nden in violaor receh•ed on nny othe r ,-esse!, the mas tersshi ppe d to or placed in
of the vessel on which
such morchnnclis() is plnced, nne! anv
ther ein, shnll be liable to a pen alty equapcr~oo aidi ng or ossisting
mer chan dise, but not less thnn $1 000, andl to twice tho valu e of tho
such vcsse.l, nod its cnrg o
1
ami such merchandise, shnll be sc1z
ed and
''(c) Wh oe~·e r, nt an,y plncc, if a citi_ forfeited.
zen of the Uni ted Stnt cs, or
tlt uny place 111 th~ Un1ted Stat es or WJtb
m one league of the coas t
o( t he Uni ted State.•. if n foreign nnti onnl
nssi st in nny un lntli.ng or transshi pm ent , sha ll enflnge or aid or
consequence of which ony vessel becom~s of nny 111Hchundise in
tho pro,•isions of I his ~ect ion shall, in l.tdd subj ect to forf eitu re und er
prov ided by luw. IX' liable to imprisonmeition to ony othe r pen alties
nt for not more il1an two
year;;.
"(f) WheOCI'Ct' uny l?'ut of tho carg
o or stores of a ''esse! has
been unladen or transsh1pped beca
use
of
or othe r necessity, the master of such acci den t, stress of weather,
el and tbe master of any
vessel to which such cnrgo or stores vess
has
as soon os possible ther eaft er·, noti fy tbe been transshi pped shaLl,
collector of t ho dist rict
with in which such unla ding or tran
pment bas occu rred , or the
collector wil hin tho dist rict at whicsshi
h such vessel shall Arst ar rive
ther eaft er·, and sbal l furn ish proo thnt
sucb unla ding or transshi pmen (. was mad e necessary by accifden
t,
um\Voidnble cause, and if tho coll~ctor isstre ss of weather , or othe r
or tran.,hipmo.nt was in fact due to accisatisfied that tho unla ding
dent, stre ss of weather, or
othe r necessity, tho penalties desc ribe
d
in
this section shal l not be
incu rred .''
Sw . ·206. Section 687 of tho Tar iff Act
of 1930 (U. S. C., Sup p.
VII , titlll 19, sec. 1587) is ame
nded to read as follows:
•sE C. 587. EXAMINATI ON OF HOVERIN
G VES SELS
•
"(a ) Any ho,·e ring vessel, or any vessel
which fails (except for
unavoidnblo cnuse), nt any place with
in
within a customs-enforce men t area esta the customs waters or
blis hed und er t he Ant iSmu ggli ng Act , to display ligh as
Nl((Uired by law, or whi ch
bas become subject to purs uit asts prov
Act , or which, being a foreign vessel ided in section 681 of this
to which subsection (h) of
said section 581 applies, is per mitted by
a f oreign ~overruncnt to be so examined special art·angement with
of the Um ted Stat es, mny at any ti me bewith out the customs wotera
any officer of the customs and the prov boar ded and exam ined by
shall app ly thereto, as weh with out as isions of said section 581
with in his distr ict, and in
exam ining tho same, ony such officer may
also examine the master
upo n oatb respecting the carg o and
voy
ma:y nlso br ing t ho vessel into the mos age of the vessel, and
t convenient por t of the
Um ted Stat es to examine the cargo,
and if t be mas ter of Mid
vessel refuses to comply )Vith tho law
or does not tru ly answer such qucst.ioD.II ful dire ctions of such oflic er
tho vessel, its cargo, or voyage, he shalas are put to him respectinp:
l be hab lo to a penalty of
not mor e than $5,000 nor less than $500
. It, upon tho examination
10
11'111 •• . ,
of any such ,-esse! or its cargo
by any officer of the customs,
dut iab le merchandise destine
any
il
to
discovered to have been on boa the Un ite d Sta tes is found, or
sha ll be seized and forfeited. rd thereof, the vcSSlll and its car go
chandise (sea stores excepted) I t sha ll be presumed tha t any merUn ited Sta tes is prohibited , or , the impot'tation of which into the
or oth er alcoholic liqu ors, so fouwh ich consists of any spi rits , wines,
board the reo f, is delltincd to the nd 1 or discovered to have been, on
"(b ) If a ny VC!SSel laden Witb Um ted States.
cargo be fou nd at an r pla.ce in
Un ite d Sta tes or within the
the
cus
toms waters or wit htn n custom
enforcement are a established
sund
er
the An ti-S mu ggl ing Act and
such ves..<;el aft erw ard s is fou
charge d its car go or any po rtnd lig ht or in brillast or liaving disg ive a due account of the po rt thereof, and the mastet· is unnble to
or place at which the co rgo, or
pa rt thereof consisting of any
any
me
1
mt o the Un tted Sta tes is prohib rchandise the im por tati on of wh ich
alcoholic liquors, was law ful ly ited or any spi rits , wines, or oth er
discharged, the vessel shall be
and forfei ted.
seized
"(c ) Nothing contained in this
any vessel liable to for fei tur e section s.hnll be constru ed to ren der
which is bona fide bound fro
foreign po rt to ~~nothc r for
m one
eig
n
course, wind and weather per mi port1 and which is put"b-ning her
ttin g.'
Sto . 207. SecLion 616 of the Ta
Ac t of 1930 (U. S. C., Su pp .
vn, tiUc 19, see. 1Gl5) is amendedrili
by inserting a comma in p lace
the period at tho end the reo f
of
to the following rules of pro of:and add ing the following: ' sub jec t
"{1 ) Th e testimony or
osition of the officer of tho cus
wh o has boarded or req uirdep
toms
ed
or vehicle, or bas arrested a to come to a sto p or seized a vessel
per
son
, sha ll be pri ma facie evi dence
of the place where the act in que
stion occurred.
"(2)~farks, labels, bra
nds, or sta mps, indicative of for
upou or accompanying mecha
eign ori gin ,
sha ll bo pri ma fac ie evidenndiso • or containers of merch andise,
ce of the fot·eign ori gin of
merchandise.
such
"(3 ) Th e fac t tha t a vessel of
any dcseription is
co,-ered to ha,-o been, i n the
nd, or disvicinity of any hoverinfou
g vessel and
undct· any circtunstances ind
ica
tin g con tac t or commumcation
with, whether by proceedin
thereto in tho vicinity of such vesgsel,to or f rom such vc..sel, or by com ing
such veRSe! uny mercbrUldise, or by deli,·ering to or receiving fro m
oth er means effecting con tac person, or commwJication, or 6y ony
t or communication therewith,
be pl'imn facie evidence tha t the
vessel in question bas visited shall
bo,·eri ng vessel."
such
S.ta. 208. Section 3062 of the
19 sec. ~83) is amended to rend Revised Sta tut es (U. . C., titl e
as follows:
lc Soc. 3062. (a) All vessels, wit
h tho tackle, app are l, nnd fum
tur e thereof, nnd all vehicles,
iani
ma
ls, air cra ft, and things with tho
tackle, ham css i and equipment
in, or to fnci itato by obt ain thcrof, used in, or employed to aid
unlading, bri ngi ng in, import ing inf orm atio n or otherwise, the
ntion, lnnd.ing, removal , concea
har boring, or subSequent tra
lment,
nsp
the samo or oth erw •so unlaw ort atio n of any merchand ise upon
fully introduced, or attempted
introduced into the United Sta
tes , sha ll be seized a nd for fe to oo
ited.
• So In orlefDa_l.
[PVI . ....J
11
"(b) !utY mem ber o! the ere'! of any ~uch
v!'ssel and any pers on
who ass1sts, finances, d1rects, or IS other
w1so conc erne d in the unl~td­
ing, brin ging in, impo rtati on, land ing, remo
val, concealment, huborina1 or subs eque nt tran spor tatio n of
any
such merchnn(lise
excee:fmg . $100 in value, or 1nto whose cont
rol
or posse«sion the
sam e shal l com e with out lawf ul excuse, shal
l,
in
addi tion to any
othe r pena lty, be liabl e to a penal~y eqmtl
to
tho
volue of such
~oods, t.o be I'Cco ,·ere d in any cour t of
com
rmp rison men t for not more than five year spete nt juris dicti on, or to
or both ."
SEo. 209. Sect ion 4197 of thCl Revised Stal utes
, as ame nded (U. S.
C., titlo 46, sec. 91), is ame nded by r;trik ing
out
the second sentenoo
and inse rting in lieu ther eof the follo wing :
" If any vessel boun d to a fore ign port
yach t not enga ging in any trad e nor in any (oth er than a licensed
way \'iol ating the reve nue laws of tho Unit ed Stat esl depo rts from
tbe Unit ed Stat es with out a c earnnce, or if nny pol't Ol' plnco in
false man ifest , or d()('s not answ er truly the the ma~icr deliv ers a
him, or, havi ng rece ived u. cleur·ance ndds to ques tions dem nnde d of
the cargo of such vessel
with out havi ng men tione d in the repo rt outw
do so, or if the depa rture of the vessel is dela ards tlte inten tion to
day nfw1· obtu in ing cleurance with out repo yed beyo nd the second
collector, tbe mast er or othe r pers on havi ng rting tho dela y to the
of such vClSSel shn.ll be liabl e to a pena lty ofthe cltar ge or com man d
nor less tban $500, or if the carg o consists not mor·e than $1,000
in any part of narc otic
drug s, or any spiri ts, wines, or othe r alcoholic
fiquors (sea swre s
exce pted ), n. perutlty of not more than $5,00
0
nor
less than $1 000,
for each offense, and the vessel shal l be deta
1
ined
in
any port or the
Unit ed Stat es unti l the said pena lty is paid
secu.rcd."
SEo. 2!0. Sect ion 1 of the Act appr oved or
June
7, 1918 (40 Stat .
602; U. S. C., title 46, sec. 288) , is ame nded
by
addi
ng at the ond
ther eof the follo wing new sente nce: " \Vhe n
o.
num
ber
is awa rded
to a vessel unde r the pro" ision s of this Act,
a certi ficat e of such
awa rd shal l be issued by the coll ector, the snid
ficaw to be nt all
times kept on boar d of s uch vessel and to consocrti
titut
e a docu men t in
lieu of enro llme nt or I icense."
TIT LE Ill
•
SECT rQN 301. Sert ion 434 o{ the Tari ff
Sup p. VII, title 10, sec. 1434) is ame ndndAct of 1930 (U. S. C.,
word s "as indic ated in the regi ster. , a com by inse rting a rter tho
mu and the follo wing :
"or docu men t in lieu there of,".
St:e. 302. Subs ectio n {3) of section 441 of the
Tari ff Act of !030
(U. S. C., Sup p. VII, title 19, sec. H H (:I))
is ame nded to r·eud ns
follo ws:
"(3) Yachtll of firteen gross tons or unde
to carr y merc hand ise o: passenger~ for h!ror not penn itted by lnw
hove ring vessel nor hnn ng at any time or, 1f and. not visit ing _nny
Stat es or to a' fore ign gove rnme nt, nt any forfm ted to the Umt cd
become liable to seizu re and for!eitut'G for anytime afte r forfe iture ,
viola tion of the Jaws
of tho Unit ed Stat es."
S&e. 303. So much of $ection 1585
the 'fnri ff Act of 1P30 (U. S.
C., Sup p. yu, title 19, ll(lC. i585 ) of
as comes a:fle
12
IPOa. :a&. I
is amend ed to read as foUows: " and any such vessel or vehjcle shall
be forfeit ed, nnd any officer of the custom s may cause such vessel
vehicl e to bo nc·restcd and broug ht buck to the most conve nient or
port
of t he U nitoo States ."
.
SEo. 30!. (a) Sectio n 591 of the T ariH Act of 1930
S. C.,
Supp. VII, title 19, sec. 1691) is umcmdcd by insetti ng(U.
after
words "or aids or procur es tho makin g of rtny such false statemtho
ent
as 1.() nnv mntt~r mater ial theret o witho ut reason able cause to believ
e
the truth of ' uch >tntement," tl1 e follow ing: "whet her or not
the
United Stale; , :.ha ll Ot' may be depl·ivcd of tho In wiul d uties, or
any
portio n thereo f, uccruicl$ upou the merch andise, o•· uny portio
n
thereo f, embm ced or reterre d to in such invoice, declar ation,
affi·
davit, letter, paper , or statem ent;".
(b) Section 5ll2 o£ the Tn r· ifT Act of 1930 (U. S. C., Supp.
title 10, sec. 1592) is amend ed by insert ing after the words " or VII,
aids
or procur es the makin g of any such false statem ent as to any matte
mot.cl'inl theret o wil ho nt reasonnble cause to ooli eve tho truth of suchr
statem ent," tho follow ing: "whet her or not tho United States shall
or may be d~privl'<l of the lawfu l duties , or any portio n t hereof
accrui ng upon the mec-chandisc, or anr portio n thereo f, embraced ,
refe rTcd to in Ruch invoice, doolam t ron, nflid nvit, lette r, pnpor, or
or
~oiotemcnt; ".
Sw. 305. (a) Sectio n 619 of the Tariff Act of 1030
S. C..
Supp. VII, title 10, sec. 1619) is am ended by insert ing(U.
after
wot·ds "customs la.ws" where ver they o.ppen r in t hat section the
the
words "or the naviga tion lnws ".
(b) Sectio n 619 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (U. S. C., Supp.
titJo 19, sec. 1619) is amend ed by addin g nt lhG end thereo f theVII,
foll ow ing new senten ce: " If any vessel, vehicle, mcrcb undisc , ot·
baggag~ tS forfei ted to tho Unite d States , and is therea
fter,
lieu of
sale, destro yed under the custom s or naviga tion la,vs or in
delive
to u.ny govc ,·nmcntol ogency fot· official use, compensatio n of 21l red
per
centum of thG upprn iscu value thereo f may be award ed and paid
by
the Secret ary of the Treas ury under the pro,•isions of this section
,
but not to exoeed $50,000 in ony case."
SEO. 306. So much of sect.io n 621 of t.he Tnl'i ff Act of 1930 (U.
S.
C., Supp. VIII title 10, sec. 1621) as precedes the provis o is amend
ed
to read as !o lows: " No swt or action to recove r any pecun
iary
pennlt y or f orfeit ure of prope rty IU:C t'uin~; under tho custom s laws
shall be institu ted un less such sujt or nchon is commenced within
five years after the lime when the allege d offense was disco,•ered:
".
SEO. 307. Sectio n 3008 of tho Re,·ised Statut es (U. S. C., title 18,
sec. 122) is ncncnded to read as f ollows :
"SEO. 3068. If tho maste r of any vessel shall obstru ct or hinder
,
or shall intent ionall y cause any obstru ction or hindra nce to
any
offioer in lawfu lly goin~t on board such vessel, for tbo purpo se
of
cn.rryi ng into effect any of the rovcnuo or ntwig ntion lnws
of t he
Unite d States , he shall for e'•ery such offense be liable to a p<'nnJt
y
of not more than $2,000 nor less than $500."
SEO. 308. Sectio n 2764 of the Revised Statut es (U. S. C., title 14,
sec. 64) is n.mcndcd to read as f ollows :
"SEO. 2764. (a) Coast Guard vessels shall be disting uished from
nt_hof' v~1·
13
dent shal l prescribe, the sam e to be ftown as
If any vessol or boat not employed in the circumstances require.
service of the customs,
shal l, with in the juri;;diction of tho Unit ed Stat
carr y or hois t any penn ant or ensi gn P.rescribees, with out auth ority ,
re8Qmble any ponn ant or ensign prescribed fot· d for, or intended to
the muster of th& vessel so offendintc shal l be 1.Const Gua rd vessels,
less than $1,000 and not more than $:5,000, orliable to a fino of not
not less than six mon ths nnd not more than to imprisonment for
two years, or to both
such fine and imprisonment.
"(b) F or tho purposes of this secti
any plac e in the Un ited
States or with in the customs wate rs of on,
the Unit ed Stat es as defin ed
in the Anti ·Sm uggl ing Act, shal l be deemed
with in thG juris diction
of tho Uni ted Stat es."
Sw. 309. Whosoever with out auth ority shal
badgo of tho Coa st Gua rd, or thG Customs Scr\• l use the unif orm or
revenue service, or nny unif orm , clothing, or icoJ or of any foreign
ba<Jge resembli ng the
same, while enga ged, or assisting, in any viola
law of tho Umt ed Stat es, shal l be finlld not tion of any rovenuo
moro thnn $000 und
imprisoned not more than two years.
SJto. 310. Section 41 9 of tho
ised Stnt utes (U. S. C., title 4G,
sec. 60) is amended by strik ing Rev
out the words "no t entit led to the
benefit ther eof" ·
SEo. 311. Section 4218 of tho RGvised Stat
utes , liS amended
~U. S. C., title 46, sec. 106) , is runended
by
inse
rting
afte r the word s
' exce pt those of fifteen gross tons or under "
the
word
s " exempted
by law1"·
SEO. 312. Section 4336 of the Revised Stat utes
(U. S. C., titJe 46,
sec. 277) is amended to read as follows:
"S~:c. 4336. Any officer concerned
in the
ction of tho revenue
may at all times inspect the regi ster or enrocolle
llme
vessel or any document in lieu ther eof; and nt or liccnsG of nny
if tho mu~ter of nnv
such ' 'cssel&ltall not exhi bit the same, '"he n requ
ired by such officer,
he shrill be liable to n pena lty of $100, unless
the
will ful in which case ho shal l be liable to a pena fnilu ro to do so is
fino of not more tl1an $1,000 or in1prisonment lty of $1,000 and to a
for not 1nore than one
year , or both."
Sro. 313. Section 4377 of the Revised
sec. 325) is amended to read as follows : Stat utes (U. S. C., title 46,
"SEo. 4377. Whenever any licensed vessel is tran
s ferred, in whole
or in part , to any pers on wl1o is not at the time
citizen of and resid ent with in th o Unit ed Stat of such tran sfer a
any othe r trad e than that for which she is lioenes~ or is employed in
any trad e whereby tho revenue of the Unit ed sea, or is employed in
is foUJid with a forg ed or alter ed license, or oneStat es is tlofroudcd or
vessel, or with merchandise of foreign grow th gran ted for any otlter
stores exce pted ), or uny tnxablo domestic spit·or man ufnc ture (~>rn
alcoholic liquors, on wh1ch the duti es or taxes jts, wines, or otlu> r
secured to be paid , such vessel with h~r tuck hnvo not been paid or
lc appa rel 11nd furn iture , and the cargo, foun d on boar d her, shal
vessels which m11v be licensed for the mackerel l be forf eited. DuL
such forf eitu re by eogagi n~ in catc hing cod fishery &hall not incu r
description whatever. For the purposes of this or fish of any othe r
bran ds, or stamps, indicnti1·e of foreign orig in,section, mar la!, labels,
ing merchandise or containers of merchandise upon or accompany·
foun d uoon
14
(P<:a. m.)
~hall be prima facie cvidencQ of the f oreign origin
of such merchandise.'
Sw. 314. Sectio n 7 of the Act appro \'ed June 19, 1886 (ch. 421
24 Stat. 81; U. S. C., title 46, sees. 317, 310), us in pnr t repeal
by the Act of F ebrua ry 28, 1933 (47 Stat. 1349) , is amend ed ~
strikin g out the period at the end of the first senten ce nod inserti by
ng
a comma in lieu thereo f, and by strikin g out the second sentence
and
insert rng in lieu thereo f the follow ing: "nnd if she have on board
nnv merch andise of foreig n growt h or manuf acture (sea
stores
excep ted)' or any taxabl e domestic spirits , wines, or other alcoho
liquors, on which the duties or tnxes have not been rnid or securelic
d
to be paid, she shall, togeth er with her tnckle, nppnr e and furnit ure,
and the lading found on board , be forfeited. Marks, labels brand
s,
1
or stamp s. indica tive of foreig n origin , upon or nccornpanym
g
merchand ise or contai ners of merchandise found on bon t·d
vessel,
shall b<l pri mn facie evidcnc<l of tbCl foreign or igin ofsuch
such merchandise. But if the license shall have expired wliile the "esse! was
at sen, and there shall have been no oppor tun ity to renew
such
license , then said fine or fod<l iture shall not be incurr ed."
TITL E IV
SI'.CTTo~ ~01. When used in this Act :
(n) The tet·m "Uni ted SLate s", when used in o. geogr aphica
sense, includes all Territories and possessions of the Unite d Statesl
exc..-pt the Philip pine Island s, the Virgin Islands, tho Canal Zone,,
Am erica n Samoa , and the island of Guum.
(b) The term "oflicc r of the custom s" menns any officer of
Custo ms Scn·icc or any commissioned, warra nt, or petty officer the
the Coast Guard , or agent or other person author ized by law or of
by
the Secret ary of tho Treasury, or appoin ted in writin g by a collector,
to perfor m the duties of on officer of the Customs Service.
(c) '!'he term "custo ms water s" means, in the case of foreig n
vessel subject to a tteaty or other arrang ement between aa foreig
n
go,•ct·nment und the Unite d States enabHng or permi tting
the
autho rit ies of the Unite d States to board, examine, search se11.e,
or
otherw ise to enforc e upon such ,·esse) upon the high seas, the
laws
of the United tales, the waters within such distan ce
coast
of the United States as tho sa id author ities nt·c or mtly beofsotho
enable
or permi tted by such treaty or arrang ement and, in the case of everyd
other vessel, the '9\· oters within f our leagues of the coast of
the
Unite d States .
(d) '!'he term "hove l'ing vessel " 100aos any vessel
is
f ound or kept off tho coast of the Unite d States within orwhich
witho ut
the customs wnters, if, from the history, condu ct charac ter,
or
locatio n of th() vessel, it is reasonnbla to believe thnl such vessel
being used or may be used to introduce or promote or facilit ate is
introo uetion or attem pted introd uction of merchandise into the
the
Unite d States in violat ton of the laws respecting the revenue.
SEC. 402. If uny clousc, sentence, pnmg rnph, or part of this Act,
or the applic at ion thereo f to nny person, or circumstance
s, is held
invali d, the applic ation thereo f to other persons, or ci rcumstances
,
and the remai nder of the Aet, shall not be affected thereb y.
St:o. 403. This Act may be ci ted as the "Anti-Smug gling Act "·
Approved, Augus t 5, 1935.
Les Etats-Unis et Ia loi de 1935
sur Ia contrebande.
Etude de Ia zone contigui et des criteres
de « raisonnabiliti ».
Extrait cle la Rtwt dt Droit inlemalional el dt Ligislalion comparu
(n• 2, 1939).
BUREAU DE LA RE.VUE :
22, rue cJ.,. Pami•iena, Bnucellea.
L ES ETATS-UN I S ET LA LO t OE 1935
Sl ' R LA COI'\TREB ANOE.
Etude de Ia
~o11e
co11tigue ct des critines de '' misomwbi litc o,
par Herbert W. BRICCS,
Professeur de droit international ll 1:. CorneU-Unhersity.
La rl!ccnte legislation l'Ur Ia contreba nde (') au.x Etats-Uni~ souleve diverses questio ns interessantes pour le lcgistc internation;~l.
Les difficulte.~ que s uscitait pour les ;~utorites amt!rie<~ines Ia prevention de Ia contrcbanclc sou' l'ancienne lui de prohibitiou ~ont
bicu cun nucs: celle loi :1boutissait finalement i\ une strie de convcmion~ ~ur l'aleool. Aprcs !'abrogatio n de Ia loi de t>rohibition,
le 5 dcccmbrc 1933, et aprcs l:1 lej~islation de Ia fabrie<~tion, de
Ia vente et de l'importntion de boissons alcoolisces •. on s'attendait
a ce que cessat le trafic de contrcba nde. En cffct, les instruction s
donncc:. :. Ia Garde de, cotes de, Etats-Uni,, • Ia premiere li.~tn e
de defense contre lcs rum-runne rs a, furent rCduites d'une manicre
drastique pour l'annce 1935. En fait, le Secrctaire de Ia Trcsorcrie
estimnit (le 8 mars 1935) que Ia pcrte causee au fisc amerie<~in par
l'impm1atiun illc~ale de l'alcool au' Etats-"\!nis apres l'abrojlatinn
se chiffrait a t>lus de 30 millions de dollars par an ('). Tandis que
le nombre de bateaux de contrcband c, rOdan t t>res de Ia cote des
F.tats-L'nis, bait seulcmcnt de deux en mars 193~. en mar" l!l.l:1
trcntc-ncuf bateaux. ctrangers cwicnt • co nn us r>ar Ia Garde clcs
cOte~ pour ~Ire rc)lulicrcmcnt enga~:cs dan!> lc tmlic illicite de
l)u ;, nout 193:.: ~9 t'. S. Statui~$ al i, C. H8; 19 L'. S. Code tlowotol•d.
titJt .. 17t 1. Troilii brdlrll :u"liclc~ '"r relte legislation ont t1t publif!<C au\
Etnos-Unis : J . H. RnoiiNI'SO' tlnns 3.1 Michigan Low Re11iew (1937), 1146-llj7:
P . C. .l•sso• dans 31 l lmc.-icon Journal of lnteruoliollol /,ow ( 1937), 101 .1116;
et S. J. SP"G·' "·' · citt' plus loin. Le te\lt compkt en nnal•i• de la loi de 1933
contre lo contreb:uule -e trome dan• 31 A. J. I. L. (1937), Supplt'ment. pp. I8J. I97.
( 1 ) Hearings on the Anli·Smugglin,l( A~t (II. R. ~96) before the Conmoiu
.... on
Wnys nnd Means of doe House ol Repreknfath es. i4th ConiJTess, bt S.,.,ion.
Go,,trnmeru Pr'intins Orfkt•, \\'ashin~ton, 1935, P. 1. Dans Ia suite c.it6 de lr.
ntnni~re i ui\'ante: c Htorings •·
( 1)
St!<'S.,
!18
JIEIIO~RT
II', llR IGCS
l'alcnnl "• et roda nt preci semc nt en tlchor-. de Ia limit
e de,. duuz c
mille~ de,. cus tmus water.< ('). I.e .;ystclnc
ctupl oye par Ia eontn.~
baml c tl'alcnol ct Ia wchn iquc Jc, contrcb:mdil·rs ont
ete tlccr ih
par un fouctinnua ire tlu Ge neral Counsel 's Office du
l)~partement
de Ia T re,or erie : c La plu part des batea ux de't int!s
a Ia cont re·
b:mtl e de l'alcool sont d'o1·iginc elran gi:re, em· cel:l
leur assur e
unc certa ine imm unite . lis ~ont r~1cilement reconnai,.s
ables par Ia
con~truction, pt)un•us de mot curs Diese l, de
profil bas, en moy enn e
:m-dc:;sous de 125 tonncs, d'un type t!troit • demi
-chas seur • ·
peint s d'un c sale coule ur de guel't'c, on lcs re1u:u·quc
:tisem em de
pre,, nmi' il,. MHll mcconnai~sable~ ;, <tuclque distance.
l~cmpli"
d'alc ool ju"tu ':'• plat-hurd (i l,. -;on t g-encralcmcnt chat·
,~;es de 12.000
;', 1 5.000 ,1(:ti lon~). ils tra va illcnl entre lcs t>orts de' caux
c:madicn ncs
t·l tfc, ba~' "'",., cesM: chau gees am: In des occid entales
ou en Amerique ce ntral e. il.; font e n nwye nnc des tournt!cs d'un
mois. En r/l..
dant au lar~tc tlc no" cote" ;, chaq ue tournee. en deho
rs, prcci semt·nt. de n o~ e: tltX tcrriiOriales, penc bnt des juurn~cs
enlic rcs. cl
parfui~ de~ -.cmaincs. il-. allen dent nne occa.ion d'~chapper ;, Ia ,.ur,·eill:lllcc pcrm:mcn tc dt·s g:rrtl cs-d\ tcs, et glisscnl leur·
char gcm ent
:'1 tl·rrc ;, Ia favcur d'une nuit hn•m
cusc el ~:ms lune. P:1rfois il, condui,c nt eux-m cmcs le urs char geme nts a Ia cote, mais
d'hab itude
de, bateaux de conta ct vieun cnt :'t le ur rcnc ontre, :~pre
s ente nte
prt!alable. Prati quem cnt tous les batea ux de cont reba
nde ont des
poste s emct teurs ct reccpteurs de radio ;, ondes cour
tes. La plupart d'e ntre e ux, bien qu'ils fi~urent nomi nalem cnt sur
des re~is tres
etran~crs. appa rt ienne nt ;, des Ame ricain
s ou sont cont roles par
em:: leurs mou,·crnc nts et leurs cout acts sont clirigcs
de Ia rote
par des stntio ns cland eslin cs de T. S. F. S'ils rcuss issen
t i1 mettre
a terre leur chargement tfalcool, ils prenncnt alors un autre
chargcmc nt. S'ils n'y reuss issent pas, ils pcuv ent mcne r
le ur ch:lrgement d'alc ool dans quelque port etran ger, ou, ce qui
est plus probahlc, le clechar,ll'e r sur un a utre mwire de cont reba
nde, fraich e·
rncnt appr m•isionne. o u ""r un navir e de depc)t pilL"
impo rtant .
qui SC trOU\'e plus cloi,llnt et Sert de base d'approvis ionn
emen t et
cle charg cmen t. II resuh e du rap1><>rt que de va.ste
s oper ation s
S) ndi cales se cach ent derri ere ces
faits. La Tres oreri e surveille
(•) HearinqJ, p. I .
3
Lf.S f:rAT S-ni S ET L l LOI ll t:
103:) srn
L l tOXT iifiJAXD&
21 0
ccs opera1inns de tr<,s pres. Dcpu i, plusicnr
s :lllncc~ Ia Gar de des
ctue ' a ~1:1hli un do" icr cum plct >Ur l'hi,
toirc, lc,. cha n;cm euh et
Jc;< IIHII H C lil Cilh de dJaq lll! hai C:I LI l'(~pc ni
CCIII1111 C Cia Ill CII).::J).:C
d:on> l.o cuu trch :md c d'ak uul. Elle l':o fait
gr{JC<' au' iulo rma tilll h
rccuci llic,. p:or dl.!s cuu sul~ ct des a,lleuL'I
du Trt!so•· :'1 l'ctran)ter.
p:>r l'int en:e ptio n de' ond es de T . S. F.,
ct par diffcrentes :ou1res
me thod es d'cspionna,qe » (').
)l:oi' awe un c c1itc a~ an i pJu, de 111.000 mill
cs d'ct cnclm:. il eta it
pralique om:n l imtlossihle cl'emt~Cchcr que
les bate aux rOdeurs ne
violent Ia loi ('). En r:1i.son de Ia natu re du
probli:m c e n pres ence
duq ud il <e trml \•ait. lc O"tl artc mcn t de Ia
Tre sore rie pn!para. vers
In fin d e l'ann cc 193 1, u11 c nouvell e le_q i$l:at
ion pou r prl!venir Ia
cun tn·h:mdc. I.e proj ct de lui. qni fut allc
ntiv cme nt redi ge par le
Dcpa rtcm cnl de Ia Trc~nrcric. fnt ' 'Ole par
lc Con qrcs et prit force
de lni lc S rooi1t 1935.
Llan~
le b lll d'cm pcch cr radi cale men t l'im port auo
n illicite d'alcoo l aux Etats-Unis, ven ant de Ia hau te
me r, les dispositi ons de
fa loi >llr Ia colltreb:ontlc com pren nen t Jiiie
rent s ordr<~' de
:-. u rc~
:
me-
I} Des mes ures t>our l'cx ten, ion >Ou
ole tlu con lrole dou anie r
dans Ia zo ne de contl'i)le con nue sous le
nom de « cust oms-enf or( ') S tcpht.·n .1. St'I\G AN\ : « Tltc 1-li .. tOr-.)
nuJ l{e.. ulb or th~ SmuRJ,tling Act ••
3 Fedrrol Hor , l$.10€ro1Joll Jour nal (193
i), 1'1'· ~I.
t•) \'uici un CXt'111fllc donn e jmr lc s~rt!cnire
,lc Ia Tr~on:ric, Mur$(t•nllHIU,
Aa CA,ruil~ de b. Chm nbre des RtoprC!r-<nt
1
. nb:
• L'nn dcmi er, nuus "'" a\On s eu un eM·m
plc :wee lc ,\/oq ,/ t, l:t l'Lirc me1·i ~
dion ale dt: In CaJih Hnie. lis rn:.ie nt r nutln
cc c.k 111(: .~IC:xr;IJ)hier:. Si \OU~ ne
nous 1-:.i~se.L p.1.s erure r cl .;i HlUS nc
lni ..~~
di)UOtlc,, no u--. Ia (cron s <-•ntr•c•· f:tnr n 'impo r)a, JY.1~~ · ct:Uc mati tre J>ar le'i
rlc CJucl mo.) en. • Ceh1 c()n.) tituai t,
n mun :nb. un tel ,lflront pour le GOU \crne mcnl
tkfi: Etats-.l:ni .. QUe nons ptin~~
Ia dtd, ion d'cmo~er On).C hntcnu\: des
Gardu ..cOces, hors de In Jiotic e tics
tl mi lle~. l>t'UI" t:ntuu~r ce n:n ire: nou
... n'cm s emplo~-:. do. "'io n' de I~ floue
tt mi ... ce b.:ut•au ....OUI\ 111le su1
'e•llnn.._c: t>crmnnc•ll c: e l rinalc mcnt nous
l'n\Orts
eu J).u' 1:1 luim. 1dors qu'il ~t:.it ccmtrniut
de quitt er lc~ emu~ el c.le ~ll.'\rtir
pour le ,\te,i<auc.-. M:1is tc fut une cr«-s
\U!ole oJ)t-rntion et nous n';won~
JXlS
1"Cc1uipement nl-Cb "'!lire pour ato:ir de men1
e cfHUI Ut' foifl que nou.s appr cn On§
In prCsc nce d'un • 1 umm ) • t'lt clchu r"
c.le In limite de~ 12 mill~ ~ou .. n~ pou\Ons p;\~ en\O \cr tHute Ia nouc pour cntm
ucr ce hrtttnu ct nous J')Q"'tcr en ctt
c ndru it, l)m•"' ce <'fl" parti culic r, cd n n
pri" de~ mois ttUier~. mais nou~ onon_
,
uflnmC k bncenu. • 1/~armgs, p. t6.
uo
HERBERT W. llfliCCS
c~onent areas'' t« supe rficies soumises au c<mtrOic de Ia dou~ne ~>.
Ces mesures constituent Ia plus gra nde innovation de celtc loi
et l'examen de leur validite dans le cadre du droit international
constituc::ra Ia partie principale de eel article.
2) Des mesures rend;Jnt illeg;lllx certains actes contrai•·c, ''u"
intt!rf:ts des Etats-Unis, commis n'importe oi• et par n'importe qui.
Par exemplc, Ia section 3 (a) (' ) de Ia loi soumet ;, Ia confiscation
n'importe quel bateau equip,) Oll possede « aux Etats-Unis ou
ail leu rs, dans lc b ut d'i!tre employe pour detourner les revenus
ou pour laire Ia contreb;mde de n'importe quelle marchandise
aux Etats-Unis "• si ce navire est trouve it quelqu e endroit soumi$
a notre controle douanie•··
Cetle rnes ure, <Jui fut appliquee au c;~s du /?eic/uu ('), fondc
Ia juricliction sur Ia theorie de Ia protection. I.e l-ltiTuard l?csc:arcli
ecril "U sujet de Ct: principc de Ia juridiction :
pa rt quelques
I(
t•) La sect. 3 esl n!d igt-e d" ns It'S
170.\) lTrmluction (rantai.sc]:
h~ ··mcs 'Ui\' lllll~
,\
(-19 Stttl. ~ IS~ 19
r. s. C. A.f
St.'CL
.: Sect. 3. a) T outes les rois <ru'un n:'' ire (.'c>n~i ruil, :tchetC. C<tuipC cnlii-n.:m e-nc
ou en parlie, ou hmu. :lUX Etnt~4 Un ls "'"'u nilleun.. da n~ It: hut ~r~l rt: t.>l11plo)t!
fX)ur fnwdct lc li:-.c vu p<Jur fa irc Ia contrchandto d'une mar(•handise qudcm-.t1u c
nu ~ EHns Uni..:, ou pm u· Pll!:•Sf'r e n <·m atrt•h:mclc unc nmrchundisc dan~ lc tet • i...
toil'c tfun ~ouvcrn~•ucnt CU'tHlger en 'iola nt lcs Jois t n ,•igueur duns cc te n·itoire. si. d:tns Ia IC~islado•1 de cc gou,·c rncmt:nt t.~tran.)lt l', il ~:M J>r~v u uut:
:u11cndc uu unc t.Oilrisc:ation pour ltl ' iolntion tie::. lois £iscn lc.; des Euu~·Uni-..
On toutcs lcs (ois <an'un ml\'ire <ltti n .:tC t rHU\"e on tlt;.~OU\ crt c(mmlc ny:mt
CtC ClllJ)Iuy.;., o u tc.-n.! lf t-trc cmJ>Io.)C ltu~ Emt_s..Unis d::w~ un tel but. !lOu r )'
a ider de CJtte k JUl• nmniCre que ce soit. ou tontcs Its (ois (au\ 111 mwire des Elltt .. •
Unls (JUl ll CtC truu\'C 0\1 tl-:cctu\'crl comme :tynnt etC cmph)~ c.. on ((>nit.: tl'C t r~
employe, da n~ que lque endroit que t.:c ~oit. t.bn:oo un td hul, I)OUt ~ :!ide•· d~
quelt.) Uc manit:l'e que ce :.oit, s'il n'n rms \·tC nltt'·ric un:mcnl co nfi"IU~ m"
r~\'CIHIS de I'Etal, ce tlit nnvlr.; c:•1 sun dl:.Q;cmcn t doi,·cnt Ctrc :-.<,,,j, ct
4
cunri~que~.
b) Toul na"ire <aui ~:sl cnrcgi:-.tn:. 1 >0~,ct1-: ou c:ontr,jiC mt$ Euth-Uni~, cl u•ut
enregi!!otrC :\ I'Ctr:w',~otcr c1ui t.~l, UireclctHt.'nt ou ind irt."t'U:mcnl, In J'f(lJ)I iCt~
en fnit cht so us lc contr&le d'uo cico~ en. d\me a s~ ochuio n con :-titu~c sou... l.t
formc tlc sociCte, posst£d6 ou contr01C. :"UIX Etnt.s-Uni~. d(,;\·cnt, d :\nS lc.:
J~
ect article , Ctre considC.rCs tomme mH·ires des Etats..Unis:.
n~l\'ire
* '""
c) Dans le
\rue~:.
SCJ'IS
de cet article, un navire qui est soumis aux poun.uitC!S ptt.:..
l,nrtic lc 58 1 dtt In loi des ta ri rs de 19311 h:l tru'il t:.SL nwdifiC, ou uu nn\ in.·
qul r&Je. ou un n:a\·ire tlul. en n'irnporre <auel c.n droit dtuh lett cnu' dou:mil·rt.~
runC•·icaines ou dnus unc " cuscoms.~cnrnn:cnu:nt area ''· oubljl.' tl'c~ po...._,,. '<'"
lumiCrcs C:(111U I1 C In loi re.:xige, doi\'cn t ~lr(: prbu mCs Jin'ma fadr, i:trc fl\"Yi r Ca\:
ou essa\'er d 'Ct re ClllJlloyCs pour rrnudcr le lise ti e-~ Etnts-Un is.
(') Cfr. plus loin, 1>P. 250 et suiv.
LES l:TATS- t'-;1$ F-1' L\ L01 D£ lfl3:) SLR L\ CO:>TRF
.8 .\~DE
!!t
rarcs cxccpuc•ns. les codes t"ll!naux o:uion:tux conti ennen
t des
di,position,. ha-te s .. ur Ia conception que les E1r11s som comp
etent;, pour lc,l{ifercr pour Ia protc clion de leur secur itc
et de
leur credi t contr e de~ acle~ dclictueux, mcme qu:tnd de
tels
:tCiel> sont comm is par tfes ctr:lllj lCI'S en lerrilo ire etran gcr.
J.a
base d'une tclle iuridiction est plutot Ia natur e des tntcrcts
viol~s
<111e l'cndr oit oi• le fait :t tit comm is ou Ia nationalitc du
dt.Hin<tu:tnl ,, ('). t.a iustilic:ttion du principc de prote ction se
trouve
dans • l'insulfis:tnc e de Ia t>lup~trt des lt!(i,fation" nationales
en
ce qui concc rne Ia punitiun des contr avent ion, commiscs
dnns
le territ oire contr c Ia sccurit~. l'integ rite ct l'independancc
des
Etat, t!trangers... En raison du fait qu'un e m~1joritc ccras
ante
d'E1ats :1 adopt e unc lcgisb tiun de ce genre, it est diHic ilc de
soutcnir qu'un e tclle lcgi'ol:ttion soil ncces saircm ent llll execs de
pou\Oir wl qu'i l est rccon nu par le droit interna tional conte
mporain ~ ('). En gener-al, les Ewts-Unis ont base leur ll!gislation
sur
les theories tcrritorialcs ou personnelles (na tional e,) de In comp
etence ptn:lle. m:tis, dans d e numb retLX cas, comm e ceux
de Ia
contrela~on ou du faux tcmoi gnage demn t
les fonctionnaires consulaires et diplomntiques anu!ricains ~ l'ctrangcr, lcs EtatsUnis
ont appliq uf Ia juridiction aux personnes qui sont en eHet
aux
Etat~l'nis pour de~ infractions eonnn ises anter
ieure ment, " indb
pcnd;lllllllcnt. du lieu de !'infraction uu de Ia natiunalitc du
cuupable • ('•).
3) Un troisicme ordre d e mesures, que l'on trouve dans Ia
loi
cuntr c Ia contreband c. est destine ;\ contribucr a l'Clirninatio
n de
ct:ttc legislation protccrrice que nous venon s de discuter. La
section '1. (o) (" ) de celtc loi punit toulc I'IC'''o nne (iutcr alio)
pos,c(•) lton'd rJ #.(t'.feorclr m lntctuat•tmal Law, Jurisd;ctmtr
ufitlr r._•,pect
Cdme ( 1935), p. ~U.
I()
(') ld . pp. 552, 556.
('•) Cfr. td., 1' \H.
I " ) '-' ~"''· 2 (a) "'' ro'dig<'c ,.,. """ ll·m>es (4q Stot.,
51~: 19 t'. S. C. 11,
•~t.:l. l i02) LTr:~tlucliunJ
:
• Srt·1. 2. o) Tuute lkf"~onne ax•,...nlant «'ll lOut uu
en I)'U1ic n 'itna)Orle qud
n:t\ire do Ec .• b ..rni~ qui cmpi<Jit:. ou pn-ntl p.'lrt ;·,, ou
prmlt:: t remploi de «'
0 ,1\·ire tfttu._
lc hut de
):MI'\:oot"r l'l' \.Htl lrebru, tlt.•, Oll
de
tenttr
de rairc
():tSS-er t.' tl
C.Oiltl"eb.1ndc. OU «lUi uidc .\ raire t.•tllrer ~n COnLrt:bande
n'illli>Ort.: c:audJe m:tr·
th:mt.li~ ..ur I~ t~rritoirc d'un SQ\1\rr fkmenc
r,r;,n •r en \iolanc a,., k1i~ e-n
'i~o:u~ur
tlans c:t't
£101, ,;
1,, lt--xi,f.uion de '•·• Ec;u Jlr,:\ oit une J'k'ine ,rnmendt:
IIEII.BEIIT W. DIIIGCS
6
da nt en to ut ou en pa
rti e o'i m po rtc qu e I na
' ire de s Etats-Unis,
qui conploic cc na vi rc
da ns le bu t de ,;o le r
les loi~ :m r Ia co nt re ba nd e de n 'imJ>O rte CJU
cl go uv er nc m en t ct ra
ng er . c si Ia lcg~la­
tion de ce S~ouverncme
nt ct ra ng er pri!voit
un
c am en de ou Ia co nli~tion po ur Ia ,;o
la tio n de;, lois liscales
de
:.
Et at. .-l'ni... "·
L:t m em e in vi tat io n doun
(-c :UL'I: go m· er ne m en ts
ctrangcr~ d'adOPte r un e legislation rcc
ipr<XJUC, puuis:.:mt leu
rs nationamc en ca s
de \io la tio n de no , loi
;, lix:alcs, >oe rc tro li\ C
da u, Ia bCCtion 3 (a )
de Ia loi ( ' ). l.a ...cc tio
n 2 (a ) de Ia loi est iai
te bUr lc m<Xiele de
l.o loi no nc ):i en ne du
25 ju in 19:!1i. II par.oit
qu 'au cu ue rcpon..c n'a
cl t laite, SO liS Ia fo rm
e d'u ne legi;,l:nion ri!
CiJlroque. pa r un go u\'C rn em en t ctr an l{ er
de pu h l'ct:abli:.semcn
t de Ia loi :unC:ricain
co nt re Ia co nt re ba nc le
e
(" ).
-1) Cn e au tre cliSJ>O
sition de Ia loi m er ite
un co m m en ta ire sp ecial. La :;cctiou 3 (b )
(" ) :.tipulc, nu t:u nm
eu t. qu e • da rh le ,e ns
ou dt• C01lfi"4":•ti•m
t·n
1.
l e 'io hu iou de-. lui.-..
rt'\eDU~ de s <f..>u
t1t'~ l:t ah.. l"ni~ rd:
an~ et 10 ut dc o,e
ttl\ c.. , rtU\:
n de-... Et:u..,.l:rw•• tou
tou lt '-Ot.i~tC ~.:o
te ~nn~ ' h;~
rbtitut~c: iiU~ Et r.t
hit::uu.
' Lni.s. qu i cu mu ik
!\11 C<Hiln~k: tk ce na
ou pa rti dJ) t' eli ect
' ir~. tlin.•('ten-Knt ou
hc
:m nu
imlirt'Ctean~nt. ,oi
lln~tC.
t ':t.!!t
dt: Jl·'"' to11Ktht·~. '-O
t so us lorlllt.' lie prt
l..
it d e wutc:" au tre m:m
c.Jit n:n jrc l·a uo tit.''
i\:r~. et ~rn"'-t
hu~ &~indi<auC
fem1~)j du
, ec toutt.' pet 'OI
b ~e aotrrit'1Jre
Hl e tro u't c: fa ho rd
t.:'l c.IC:C:omertc
ou da nt
;, bo rti c.lu dit mn i1c
"'~•se. ct co mm
emJJiu,.._:
c parcicipant uu nid
un tt-l
;m
t
;,
la rf: ali ,:u ion de ce
tom J.a mm;_,. :'a un e am
bu t. pru t rlu:
dX k qu j nco pt- ut c..
l~l~•s~r S.CMlH c.loll.a
wn ne mt "ll l qu i 1\11! fle-U
~ ou :l uu empa
I etr e SUI,e•itur tle
j.
ux :m~ ou ;, lOU ie''
~it luthunt:mcnt.
l'a me nd c et l"<'mpri'(
pt"i~..
)nn
cm
t•nt.
I;) Ooit t-tr~ t·oo,i
c:kre co1 um e infractiH
n :•u ' di,INJ'itic.m~ de
fnit de lou er OU de fr.:
ce ue "M."(tion. krer llll na ,;n ·, ~· le
b:t ilk ur 00 raffrc-Ct"U
ou ..,_j tc mn ire ot
r a ronn:tl_,, .ule:c..-.
luu.; oo :.Hr..:t~ tb n ...
tit.... drcml'-tnnc.~ (lU
nablen)ent clunnt"r He
i d1•iH· nt rai ..on ·
u de rro ire qu e It•
pre ne or ou Ia pen..o
tlll \ir c 'W! flf'UJMI'e tl
nn~ 3ft r.;t an t k·
..•mpiO~(:•r lt! Oa \il'
e po ur lin tit: '
'ub liu •). d ' ' c-~
U"'!l~t.-... J)tc hu" ' t"in:l \ ire t.""o.t, en n;,,lit~.
.dc..,..ll'
c ct :~Hn~tcnlt'nt, t•m
pt:"mlarH Ia tlurt~ tk
plcH ~ il n~l u<ii::t)te.
t.t! h:ail ou tk
(It ) \'o ir f,(~ b>t
Ut, p. 710. lli.=u ttll
c t-cl.a nc 1~mi'""t"
intC"ntit•nndlc_.u•t'1lt Jl:l
I'•' ' ;n~lir et~ \CIUIU
r le ICwi,J.tteur, tclt t.•
....._-t:tion 3 o) ren d Jl!O
lio n <iit li\: Hll l': un
nm irc t''l «iuip.C en
'...,ibk L ...ttu:a·
Rt_.l'lli(Jue rw•ur fr. luc kr
~ :'\Ot"t-1......-: b So
((.""~. (oj.., ~tou.IOil:t"
n~e a. UOl" lc;s...t...
e'
lat iun vuni~;mt ~
httiHn tl.:~ loi"' tlnun
nn lim l:w ' en lOI .. tk
nii·n.....: dt"l!o Et: ll ...· l ' ni
,jo..
... : ~i c:~ 0;1\i-n: bdJtf
trOU\C:. :m , Ec: u ...~l:
' r ... t. da n, r.- \en ir.
ni ....
po urr :•it ~trt', :w mb
k·+ H. ~j,j ct t-Onri ...qu
l 'ni , \.i on pt'f "nd it Ia
r flU ' F.wa...-lcu re 1.• ....._..u. J
( ' ') M. c;r l'tl l H. ll
nc L" orl ll, ('flll~illt•r
jur hli qu e :IU lh~p.lrt
fir ha it Z. t':~~uteur. ;,
\'11lC..'f1t d F.t~l.
b d:l lc dn 2J jui n 19.\
.~: • Au ~uicc tie
tn e ii (;l lt~~ti..,J..Iiun 1
\O trt· en(au<-tl" rt'l a·
fiiprcl(lUt" Ct•-an.x~rT.
ir 'ou "' J)f'ito ~~~ no tt'r qu r.
t1ue ic ,uj.., inlunu~.
pm n a ut anc
uu e nc tto n \I.e ear ..t·
ten : M-i(W"'(Il~ n'.J
fQT ' l~ Jo.'(KI\ l'm
I'·•
t·tl lt'M h ~r:tnJ,:~
'
Cte
- inh :IH t.; :
(k'ttUi~ fnd op cio n
14
(
) \', It- te\ te
tk Cl: 'lte k~i,l..lCI On •
tie rtl ll' ke tio n Jb }
plu s hn ut, .,. 120.
a
a
a
a.:, Uc_.,,,
7
LP.S tT.ITS•liNIS 1':1' I,A 1, 01 tH;
193:i
Sl'll L I CO\ Til P.ll.INOF
!!3
de n·tlc ..ectiun • tout n:wirc enrc~is trc ;, l'etran~er. doni Ia propricte OU lc COillrolc hentfic iain: Cl'l :nnericain, doit eire COnSi·
dere comno e nmcricain. Cettc di~position, qui a cet effet malheu reu' de sub,tiu oer Ia proprie tc ou lc contro le :"o l't:nregi,ll<:ou.:nt
cornru e critcrc de Ia n:,llionalite d"trn navire (" ), est visiblement
b<t.Ct• "~~' le c:" du 1'111 Alcme! ( " ). En l'espi.:cc lc I'm rllo111: « Llll
na,·ire britann ique enre~istrt! au Can:.da • · :l\'ait eu! emplo ye pend~nl plusieu rs rrnntit!S :'r la contrc bande de l'alcool rrux
Etats-Unis.
11 al'ait etc d ecouve rt e n 1929 e n dehors de Ia limite d es trois
mille,, mai~ ;, une di,t:rrrce d'unc hcurc de navi~atiun de Ia ccite
des Etrrts-Uni,, et coult! aprcs une pourMrite acharnt!e e n haute
me r. Les cu rnmissa irc~ :rmericains ct ca nadiens, nuxqucls ce cas
fut soumi s 1>our arbitra~e. el>limi:rent que la destru ction voulue
et ai'OLU!e du na1•ire c:rn~dien n 't!tait pas justifice dans lcs circonsl:u a:cs de Ia ca use. ct ils accord hent 25.000 dollars pour cette
de.truc tion. Mais, en ce qui concer nc lc dcdorn magem ent pour
Ia pcrtc du navire e t de la cargaison, le>. cornm i;.saires adopti :rent
la these amer·icainc, sc ion laquclle, bie n que le navire fut d'enregistrernent canadi en c t appart int it une societe c:madi enne dont
tou" lcs actionn aires ct:rient des sujets britann iqucs d'origi ne canadicnnc, cle fucto Ia pruprit!te et lc contro lc benc lici:rirc du Jravin:
appart enait effcct ivemcn t ;'1 un ~roupc de citoycn s amcric ains.
Aucun e indern nitc ne fut done accord ce pour la llCrte du n:wire
et de In carg:1ison.
I.e but de Ia ""ction 3 (b) de l:r loi de 1935 sur Ia conu·c bande
parait clre cl ':rutoris cr les tribunalLX des Etats-l 1nis :. consid erer
l'cnrc~i,tremcnt d'un nm·irc sai•i pour contre bandc unique
ment
COIIIIIIC prcu\'t' flriuw facie de Ia natiomrlitt!. Le!oo :rv:rnta
~cs d'trnc
telle di~position, limitec • :lLLx huts de celle section • n'appa raissen t
r>a' cl:rin:mcnl, c:r r l:r section 3 (11) cit! Ia lui sou111Ct il Ia co nfiscation :ru~'i bic11 le~ nrr1•ircs ctnrn,qers que ceux des Etats-Unis. Ce
( I ) Cfr. Rube• t Ru..\C) \\', II Tht• Tc)t ur the N'atiunalih· uf n Mcrch:H
i t \'l.·-.,~1 ..
(Columbia L'11i1•cr,~tih Pre~. HJ37), lklllr une ciCfcn-.c hi.cn tlt"'""'cntCc ~~~
rcnr~­
!ti.),treuu:m cummc t.:ril~·re ,(c Ia n:uit•u.dirC d'un nmir~.
(") l '. S . DcJuJrltnt!tll o/ Slatr . lr-lnttati on Sen~··'• n• 2 ( t.i), 1931 · 19l.l.
Pout
I:• rril itiU~ tlu rttlliKlrt tl~s t'<Hilllti.S,nir"':- dan~ 1e t•as du I'm rlltme. (1, (;,
FITl·
At\t'NifE. • The t'U""l" of t il.: /'w . lluuc •· 1i 8,·,,.~},
)·~arbouk of llll«!rtUII,.unal
l.nw (1!1.16). 1!2· 111.
ll
IIEI\Ilt: nT W, URIGCS
8
qui e~t certain, c'cst lfUC cel le
:.tipulaticm (Ia ..ec tio n 3 (b) de
Ia
loi nationalc ne peu t avoir, sur
le plan internatio nal, l'effet de
priver un Eta t thra ngc r de tnu t dro
it legitime sur un navirc jnu ant
de
enregi~tr ement.
Voyon s :'t prt!scnt Ia 11lus gra nd
e innovation de Ia loi sur Ia
con trc ban de - lc " cu~ toutsenforcement are a » {Ia sup edi
cie
soumise ;~u contro}le des douanc
s).
"'il
II
Ocpuis 1i90, les Etats-Unis on t afli
rme, par une lt~gislation narionnlc gt!ncralement con nue sou s
le no m de « hovering law s », le
dro it d'e xer cer Ia juridiction sur
lcs n:w ire s etr ang eo·,; Cll .Jestiuation des Etats-L' uis, dan s J'c,t>a
cc des dou ze millcs ma rin s de
Ia
cot e, en vue de fairc exc cut er
les rt:glements dou aniers. Da ns
Ia
loi tarifaire de 1922, le Co ngr es
des Etats-Uni'l stipulait que tou
t
n:'J\'irc, qu' il soil destine ou 11011
pour /es £tats-U11is, pnuvait ~trc
a bor de d:ms l'espace de 4 lieues
( 12 mille.~ mar·in s) de Ia· e<)te. ct
qu e les ionctionnaires des EtaL<;
.-Unis po m·aient « faire usaste de
tou te Ia force nccessaire pou r con
tra ind re le navire i'l Ia sou mi ssio n, et s'il devenait apparent qu'
unc infraction ou un e violati on
de:; lois des Etats.Unis avait etc
com mise, pou r laquelle ou en
connaissance de laq uelle ce navire
... ou lcs ma rchandises ... it bo rd...
po uvait etr e expose it Ia con fisc
ation, ces lonctionnaires avaien
t
le dev oir de saisir cc navire et
de l'arrl;tcr, ciU, en c;os de luit
c
ou de tentative de fuite. de pou
rsuivre et d'a rrc ter tou te t>ersonne
coupable d'u ne pareille infractio
n ou violation » (") .
Bie n que l'on n'a it auc un som•en
ir d'u ne protestation fon nulco:
p;)r un gou ver ncm ent etr ang er
con tre les anc iens • hovering
act s » (") des Eta ts-Unis, Ia saisic
de n:l\'ires de con tre ban de britanniquo:s au del:·, de Ia limite des
3 milles J>Our violatiun de Ia loi
de pro hibition, pro vaq uai t, en
1922 et en 1923, des protestations
diplomatiqucs de Ia par t de I' An
gleter rc (") . En con~tquen ce, les
Eta ts- l 'nis ne.wuei:.ient, ent re le 'J.2
mai 19'24 et lc 25 no,·cm bre 1!130,
(") S« . :.Ill, ,ter of Sct>r. 21. 1912
; 42 Sror:
9i9.
( ") U. S. For<iqn Relori<m.•,
lg7~. Pt. I, Jl. &19: irl<m,
19 12, p. 12N7.
(It) c~'S: prOlt:"'lnlinns n'nh
uutirt'll( :', UU4,."UI14.! Cunclu~itnl.
9
LES tTAT5 -l \IS £T L\ LOI DE 103.~ SlR L\ CO\TU B\\DE
des lrait~s avec seize Etats (") pour prfvc nir Ia contr cband
e de
fortes. Ces seite Et:tts :1\'nient com·e nu. par ces traitb ;,
Ctu'ils ne fernie nt nuc:nne objec tion il l'nbordage de leurs
navircs
pri,·es dnns l'espace comp rcn:mt Ia distan ce d' une heurc de
n:wigatiun de Ia cote de~ Etat~· L'nis, pour s·a~surer si les navir
es ct
le:s perso nncs :1 le ur bord ne cherc haien t pa~ a imr>orter des
boissons alcoo liques aux Et:us-l 'nis, en ,·iolation de Ia loi en
vigueur
d:ms cet Etat, ct, si de justcs motifs devaient e.~ ister·, ft Ia
perquisition, ;, Ia saisie et ;, Ia mise en iul!cment de ccs navires.
I.e, trihun aux amcri c:rin, UJll cepen dant juge (" ) QUe, CClllll
llC
m:ttico·e de cli'Ciit coor,t itmioorncl. ce" traitc~ ne confcr:rienl
aucw1c
autor itc aux fonctionnnire.. amcrit':ains pour :.aisir des
navires
t ll':lllR CI'S Cll clchors des 12 milles de Ia cote
d es Etato;-( lnis. Un
des bu ts de Ia loi de 1935 cuntr e Ia contr ebnnd e Ct:rit de comb
ler
Ia lacun e e_,i.,tam daor' Ia juritliction entre Ia limite des 12
onillcs
et b limite d'une hcure de navigation et d'nuto riscr les foncti
onnain.-,. ami!ricain~ ;, ~ai,ir de., n:l\'ire~ - dit, « trea ty ,·e..se
l~ » ( " ),
- .:onfurm~on cn t :rux tr~itc,, en dehor s des 12 rnilles . Ct:la
dcvcnait cnlit: remen t rn:uit..re de clroil intern e. ;, laquelle aucun
Ewt
·'~ant 'i,11ne 1111 tel tr:oirc nc iX>urrait "" ,,>U,traire.
Toutd ois, lc but lc plus impo rtant de Ia loi etait d'en finir
avec
Ia cnntr eband e org:rni,t:e, (:rite par des navir es etran gers,
conn us
boi~ ns
( 1 )
t;rfiiH.I c-Hrl'I0 $1flc, ~Or\l-t:e. l)uncu' lark, ,\ ll('ma,~o:
th.',
Suh.lc, ltn lie, P:umm;l,
Pa~.,..H."t, Cub:t, f.,J\."1,\,tl\t'. Frant-e , 8cls,:it1Ut", GM~,
J.tpron, Poloxn e t·t Chili.
P our k tc,le d~ l'articl e II du u·nice :'1\t.~ Ia Bd.wic-tuc.
qui
t"'•l lc mociCic dt•
l':.rticlc II th: IUII"'' lei :tUi ft'OO 1 n1 hC~. d •·· plu ... luin, p. 22't
11
(
) \'oir. d'tUit' manier e ,w:e_,,er.tlt•,
Eth,in I)_ Utu~,, ~,: • Ar~ 1h~ Lic,uor
T re-:ui(' ~If-F. 'rt-utin g f •. W rlrnc•ncon Journa l o/
I nl~ruall(tnal l.ow { 192&),
4H-452. IX:posam de' nn1 lc Ccu11i1t~ dt· In Clwn•hr~ dt,. Rc)ln.:
M:ntnnt~, lc I>··· lie....
..:-1 \'nh~HH' dl-chlrnil :\ J.H"OPO"' d..... • cmicC.. tie liqu~ur~ •:
• 1.-: tr;·•it-.! nt: confC.re
~ucun pou' oir ;, a)er<M>nnc. II ~ bunt~ !t dire
'l"e le tfou' ernrnt~m britann iquc
n·~mend laire :nu.un e ohjt-ccion. ~i ~ ertaint •, t:ho'l><i:
nrriH·•H ia dt.·.,. n:t\ir~ hri·
tnnniq uc" :'a unc l't.'t' t:aint! ,ti~tnnce •, clr. lh•t~riugs~ ••· U.
lk mCtnr. C. ~1 . H~ccr tll~lamit taue • 1~, lruitC' ne sont
Jl!IS tie nntu~ ,)
s·e,&-u lt'r ct'eu~~m(;mes.- Ainsi no~ fonctionn.lil't5. d4.•,
c.Jo.u:.nr" ne pc'U\CIH IM~
imr.,u~r fl' r~pelC tie nos loi~ t!n ddwrs dt- In limite
de~ 12 .uiflell'. Au"'' un tlt•til
buts cJc t.'c;: pro~ t tit: Joi ~•·if lk cun1hler CI(Ue bcunt'. Si
La tli"itance tl'une heure
d'- na,ist.ation efliil cnkul tt :'a Ia ra()itlitC du n .... irr. c:t '' lc
n:a,ir-e file. p;ar '"'cmp k,
A 25 miUc1 IJ:lr heure. it rr ..lc unc hrkh~ de U tnillt·""·
rt un dt" hue .. ~t" <:c
~ P• ujr1 t,:M tic Jernlt'l' ct•t l c hr~"hc. 111 I d., p. JC;.
(") Sou" k lt'nnc • l.rt":U' ,-~~~' •· on doi1 l"Otnprc-ndrc
k·~ na' ire, ..
n:.nc :UI\ f. tnl-. :t' t ' le...qud" le~ f.t.u,--t 'nb ont condu
tie.. tmH~ ponr 1;, J'l•r·
\ 4tl"'lliun tl\• Ia t.' OIUI dmntft • ~f....., buj,,un N rul'(c!(.
,,.,_,tte--
•
IIEABEAT W. BIIICCS
IU
CU IIII II C I'<J011111
a u Je li1 des CUl lll: J ou:lltiCrCS :llli
Cric:oinc-.. C'e st
ici (tuc Ia loi s ur l:1 con treh and c
\'Otee e n 1935 pre scn te l!n aspect
nOU\'CaU.
\'oi ci lc tcx tc du titre I, NCCtion
I de Ia loi :
• Sf:<"l 10x 1. - (a) \Vheu c\'c r
the P res ide nt find~ a ud lkc l:ore'
tha t at :Ill) place or within any
are a on the high sea s adjace nt
to hut out sid e custom;. wa ter s an~
' 'eso;el or \'CSsels ho \'cr o1· a re
hciug kep t o ff th e coa st of the
United Sta tes :mel tha t, by \'irt uc
of the pre sen ce o f :m~· suc h "cs
scl ur vessels at suc h tlla ce or
wit hin :,uch a rea, the unl aw ful
int rod uction or re moval into or
frono the l 'nit ed Sta te' of any
mcrchandi~ or per son i'
hein)l
o r ma y be occ asio ned . pro mo ted
, or threatened. the place or
are a so fmmtl and decla red shall
constit ute a cu~ tom s-cn forcen1en
t
are a ior th e purpo~es of thi~ Ac
t. On ly s uch wa ters o n the h igh
:.cas shall be wit hin a cus tom s-e
nfo rce me nt are a as th e Pre sid ent
fin d, and dec lare s are in suc h pro
xim ity to suc h \'CSSCI or "es sel s
tl>;ot Moch unl aw ful int rod uct iou
or rcm m•al of merchandis~ or
t>cr!-on» ma ) be car ried on hy or
to or from suc h \'CSsel o1· vessels
.
No cus tom s-e nfo rce me nt are a !oha
ll inc lud e an) wa ter s mo re tha n
ouc hun dre d nau tical m iles fm
m the plac~ or imm edi ate are
a
wh ere the Presid e nt dec lare s s uc
h vessel or \'cssels are h ove ring
or arc bcin11 kep t and . notwithst
:lll din!! the for ego ing pro "is ion .
:<hall not inc lud e any \\;ll~'" mo
re tha n fifty nautical mil es o ut·
wa rds from the out er li1nit of cus
tom s wa ters . \\' hcn e\'e r the Pre
'idc nt lim.b tha t, \\ ithi n any cu~
tollls·cnforccment are a. the
c ircun J,tancc~ no lon,11er ex
i•t wh ich )1:1\'c ri;,c to the dcc la
r::ni
o n of
~uch are a a' a cu, tom s-e
nfo rcc mc nt are:t, he shall ~o dec
lare ,
and thc rca h cr. and until a fur the
r findin11 and dcclar:otion i" ma de
under I hi~ ,ub ..cc tion wi th rC,tlCC
t to wa ters wit hin ~uc h area,
uo water:< wit hin 'lll'h are a >-hall
con,.titut e a tXlrt of s uch cu, to mS·
enf orc em ent are a. Th e prm·i,iu
n' nf law aptllyiug tn the hi):h
:.Cf!N adj ncc nt to cu, ton
iS wa ter s of the l ' nitc d S tate "
,.ha ll be
enf orc ed in a cu,tcml,....,nforc enw
n t nres upo n any ve-scl. me rch andise, ur r!Cr~on fou nd the rein.
n ( b) At any place wit
hin a cu, to ll1""'t!llf orccnu.'nt are a the
'c" cra l
offi cer s of thl· cu, tom s ma y ~o~o on
boa rd of any \'Csscl :mel e;.; uni ne
...
II
•••
1lu: \'C~"'t'l :•ud nn~ mcrclmnUi~ or llefMH1 o n bu:1rd,
a nd bl'it•g:
du: "'ntc huo I>Ort. und ...ubj.c=a w re~ul.uion~ uf tht'
Sc\:rcl .lf')
of 1hc Tre.l"tUI"), it shall Jx· 1heir dul) 10 pu ~uc :1ml
:oeizc or a rrest
all(l otl1c1'' i~ en force l iSJQI1 .,uch ,e.,.sel, lll~rchandi"C
", or l)ttf-.Qn,
tht: a•ro' j ..ion' of 13'' '' hid1 ar~ m;•de effccti,·c theret
o in pur·
l!IU.III~:C of ..uh~clicua (a) in I he , ,1111e nMnn<.·r
·" ~ucl1 nfl it•t:r .. a r~
or 111:1) lw ;~uthol'ilt"(l or 1t~•1nircd tO do iu like c.:.hl"
at 311) place
in the Cnitcd Stu.uc-. b) \ieeue or ~U\) l;m l"<"'oi)(:C1in~ the:
1"(!\CO Ue:
f 'l'm,itlc d, Th:lt nu1 hin.~o: 1.UI1Uii nl'tl in t hi!'l :o.t:cl inn
or iu :u1y o l fH• I'
pro' isiou of law rt"'Pt"c tin,~ot th~ rt' enuc: ~hall be con..w
ued to
authori-LC or lO rc(&Uire 311) offtttr of the enitcd St~lles
to enforc e
:m) l.1w tlu.>rco r upo n the hi)th seM upon a rorc i,gu
vessel in conu·u,en Lirm o r an) treat} \\hh a (On:ign gO\ Crmnc
nt etJablin[; or
pcrn1i niru: the atuhoriLtc ... t1f the t •uitt-d St.&h.' ' to lxMrd.
t•,,uni ne.
~e;1rch, ~<tCi ~t:.
or
hi~h sea_, t ht·
L'l''' uf
Uthcnv i~e to
c nfOI'CC
UIHm
'\UCh \'t:-oscl
lii i Citl
t he
lhe l tuited Stmes eM:cv t =•~ ~u(h 31..Uiu.Ot iH
nn: or m·'~' othcn\i~ be c:n .• bJed or JX::rmiiiL'<iu tx.lct•
' llCCia1 nrr.m !IC'In t.:ul \dt h !!toUCh fnrt::iJ._tll ,1.10\'CJ'I UUcnt
: f'YmJide!tl flntftt' r, 1'h:1t
noue of th~ pro' h·ion.;;. of this .A u \hall be con~nu!d
t o rclie'e
the Secrt.•ta.-)
Commc:rct' of tHl) 3Uth.w iry. rt.-·~JKmsibilit~·. or
jul'i-,(_liction nuw ' 't· ...ccd in or impo.••.(•d on tlult ortiecr
• (... ).
or
l.v Till"(..' 1\',
Sc..·tl.
IUJ dt.• I'Actc: :-.l i J'UIL".
nul :~ lliU it'lll, te ((lti
:o.uit:
\Vhen u-.cJ in thi ... Ac..t : •••
• (c)11 •c tcl'll l •
subicc t to a
\\,ller:-.,. me:-~ns, in1he t:ll't' ul n fcuciJ,: n
or uthcr utr'311J:CIIH: nt be~,,een :1 foreig n
sro,en uncnt and the enilc..-d Sto1tt·.., c.n.ablinJ: or
vermiuin~ the
authnr itie.;;
the lluitcd State~ to board, c:x:uuiu c, se ~rc h. ~i z.e.
ur Hthcr\ \ i~· tu enforc e UIMIIt ~uch \ b-.'4!1 UJlUn the
l•i~h ~...... the
...," or the l-"nited Stat C', the \Y!IIers within such di3<tn.n
ce or tbe
cua!'ll of thl· Un ited State... as the ~:•id :IUtho ritit-..
:ll'e or •nay be
\ l'...,~l
Ct hlu lll"
l r~ty
ur
so emlblc."tl or 1>ermi ued h> ~uch lr~t) or ai'T3t1Stement
:and. in
the ~ or t;\ 'er) other l t:,···d. the ,,·ate~" ithin lour
leotguc . of
11ic ~ua-.t uf tl1c Uni[etf Swtc..'S.
C J ~ 9 ( . -" \ Hrt., 117; 19 l. ~' ' · 1,. ~"' 11~11 .
II
11£RBERT W. HRICG
1:!
,. (d ) Th e ter m « hoveri
n~r vcsl>CI » me an • an
y vc•sel wh ich i~
found or kept off the co as
t of th e Umted St ate s wi
thi n or wi tho ut
the cu stoms wa ter s, if,
from the hi, tor y, co nd uc
t, ch:1rac ter . or
loc ation of the vessel, it
is rea so na ble to believe
tha t ~uch vessel
is being lL,ed or ma y be
us ed to int ro du ce or pr om
ote or f:.cilitate
the int rod uc tio n or att em
pte d int ro du cti on of me
rch an dis e int o
the l 1nited St ate s in violat
ion of th e l:.ws res pe cti ng
th e rev en ue . »
Sc ion !e,.. tcr me s cmpluyt!
,. pa r Ia ~ection 1, it est
pr~vu qu e ,i
le P res ide nt de ,ig ne ce rta
ine s t>artie s de Ia ha ute
me
r co mm e
" cu,tom!H:nfo rce me nt are
a » (superfi cic so umise au
co
ntr
ole de s
douanes), les Etats-Unis
aff irm en t leu r dr oit de sai
>i
r
to
ut
na vir e
~tranger da ns ce t c'p
ac e et d'imt>Oser les lois
fis
c:.les de s Et ats Unis i1 tou t n:.,·ire, :'1 tou
te ma rch an dis e ou . :'1 tou
te t>erso nne
tro uv e da us ce t est>acc,
de Ia mc me manit:re qu
e
ce
s lois so nt
in1po.ec,.., da n' d~.; ca s pa
rci l,, ;. tou t :1utre en dr oit
lilt.\· Etals- l lni~.
On s'c xp liq ue ce ttc rc,·en
dication de Ia jur idicti on
su r des n:wirc s
~trangers qu an d on
considt:rc !'extension ter rit
or
ial
e
de s" cu stoms en fo rce me nt :1rea... .. La di,
po~ition de Ia ,..ectiun
l (11), selonl:t<tuclle
au cun cu .<l mi i.H !II{ orc cm
eu t llre a • ne do it
co mp ren drc plus de
supcrficie ma rit im e <tUe
100 mille... marin~ i1 pa rti
r de l'end roi t
on de Ia sutlerficic im me
dia te qu e d~sig ne lc Pr~si
dent et ott un
n:l\•irl' uu de s n:l\·ire"
rtKicnl ct so nt pr~ems..
.
" au tor i•c :'1
I'C I'Cndictuer· le dro it de
jur idi etiun dan~ till e;. tla
cc cle 2()() millt·~
parallt=lc~ :'• Ia cc'lte
- I()() mille., dan.; tou te"
lcs
dir ec tio ns , au f
au tiel:'• de., na,.ircs qui
rc'ldent (" ) - , ma b, co nti
nu e Ia phr:1;.c,
no no hs tan t Ia pr~c~dcnte
di, po ,ilion au cu ne supe
rfi cie soumise
au co ntr ole de s do ua nc s
ne cloit rcn fer me r • plus
de su rfa ce marilim c que 511 mille.; marin
,. en dc hu rs de Ia limite
ex ter ieu re de '
cam: dou:micrcs "· I.e~
ca us do ua uicres ..ont dc
!linics pa r In
lui (' ) <:<>mme ctnn t " lcs
ca u~ da n' l'esp:1ce de
-4 lie ue s ( 12 mi lle ,
marin") 11 pa rti r de Ia co
le ell-s Et:tts-U nis • po ur
les Et ats san.;
co n,·cntion. Le s 11:1vircs
ap pa rte na nt :1 de~ Et als
qu
i
n 'on t Jl: l' de
lnlitc! a\·cc les Etnts-Unis.
en ~:e <tui co nc em e Ia co
ntT
eb a nd e dc!l
bo i,s ons fortes, peuvc nt ctr
e ,;~isi~. ,.cion It.'S ter m" " d
e
Ia
loi contTe
Ia contrchandt•, da n, rc,
.pacc de 62 milk'l> en dd
tor ,. cle Ia ciitc
de~ Et ab -U n is.
err.
C"J
Tile l(eiduu, II 1-'.J. Sut'l'
Ct9.1b). iit , ii.\.
(' ) Voir. plu.!ro hnu1. -.cu
. tUI (c)
,
II
ia
ut
or
,.
te
to
IIi
e
ea
e
e
t
13
LES ~TATS·l'IIIS ET 1..1 LOI ng
1033
Sl'll 1. 1 t0:-'1'11~:U.I:<IJ~.
H9
La saisie de llll\'irc' uppartcnant 11 de,. Etat ~ qui ont conclu de~
tr:tites a\'CC les Etul,· l 'ni, au sujt:t de l11 contrcb::mde de boi.sons
forte~ est limitcc it une distance cl"unc hcure de na,·igation de Ia
c<>te, {mur Ia ,;,e ti c.>c,ulirm de.' /oi., tie~ £1ai.,·L'ni.< coulre l'im/KJrlalion de lmi.,_,ou., alcoolique~, en rai:-on de Ia clau:-e in:-crite
;, Ia :.ection 1 (b) de Ia lui cuntrc Ia cuntrch11ndc: • que ricn de
cc qui est prc,·u :·, cc:tte ~cct i on ou dan' unc autre disposition de
Ia loi fiscale nc doit ctre in1erpnitc d;m' lc scns de pcrmcllrc
ou d'enjoindrc :'t lilt functiunn:oin· de~ Et:tts-l lnis d'impo~er lc
rc,Jiect d\one de ccs loi~ en haute mer :'t un n:wire ctrangcr eontrc,·cnant ;, un traitc conclu a1·ec un gou,•ernement titrangcr. traitc
autorisant ou pcnnctt:nll aux autoritc:. de:. Etats-I.Jnis d'abordcr.
d'examiner, de fouillcr, de s:tisir. ou, de toute :tutre manierc, d'impo»er a ce n:wirc en h:tute mer lcs loi:- des Et:tts-Cnis, sauf :.i
CCS autorites ctaicnt Oll pottrraient ctrc habilitecs it le faire en
vcrtu d'arran~cntCill' 'peciaux conclus m·cc cc gou,·cmemcnl
Cl ran.g~r ... »
Ccpendant, :.auf en cc qui concernc l'csccuti<m des loi' des
Etats-Unis contr·c !'importation de boi,.on~ forte-.. des na1•ircs de•
Etats qui ont un tr:titc pem·ent 'Ctre, th cntuellement. sail.b en
\ Crlll de Ia lui IIICIIlC 80 ()ll 90 mille, au del it de Ia cote des Etat~
l 'ni,.. puiS<JliC le, caux douanicre:. JlOilr le, Etat:- ,tyant un trait.!
sont, scion Ia dHinitiun (" ), le!< caux dans une di~tance d'unc heurc
de n:wigation a p:trtir de Ia cote, et Ia loi admct qu'une « customscnfor~:ement are;J " puis.~ s'crendre :i unc di~tance maritime de
50 mille> au ddit de Ia limite extericurc de,. caux duuanicrc:-. cc
qui l"'lll iairc 30 un 10 1nillcs dan, le c:" d\m tta1·irc rapide appartenant ;t un Etat ayant signe un traitc.
En e.\.amin:ntt It· tc\.tC de !"article II de' dilfcrcnts traitc~ pour
Ia t>rheution de Ia contrebande de boi,sons alcoolique; (" ). on
(") Sec. ~01 (c). ci--dusus.
C" ) t.•nrtidc II de.: In CoiHcntion t.lu 9 t.li-e~mlwe 19lj cnt1·e It•' Eutt,·l'ut .. t:1 In
Belf(ique pour lf1 prCHIHion tic lu contrcbandc de boi"'f)l"'t\ :,lc.·Hctll.... t.:...· .. (qui JM:Ut
l-tre consid,r.; COIIHIIC! l)llic)lltr :\eel C,q:.rd) esl re~ligC CCIIIHHC 'uil ( ..t'j Swt. 1Hi ) :
Art. II . (t) S• Moj.,>J~ lc Roi dt$ Belges neee(>IC que In l:ldl(iquc n'oili""
nucunc objt.-<:tioa' i1 ce ClUe le-t mnirrs pri\t-:!1-. ~ou~ pn\illnn hcl\fc, ...oi~ut :-.hnrd~ ....
tn dehots des limict,. de-.. t:tu~ cenitorlnle~ par k• aucorit~ tics EcaL<~~-·Cni-...
leurs territoire-s Olt 1)()4~ssion,. afin que des question-.. lluissem C:trr poor.~' :ut\
per~nn~ 5c CrOU\ :ltlt {.
botif et QU.UO
e~amton 310it fait (ic') r:a1,lers ife borJ. en
fl \'
II
m:n o£R T W. ORICG'
peu t pcn•c:r que. wu t en con -.cn
tan l it ne pa,. !.tire d'o biec tion
;,
J"nlwnl:agc. :'r Ia ,.i,i tc ct ir Ia
sai~ie de -.c« n:w ires da
n, l'c-; p~u:e
d\11tc hcn rc tic n:rvi,s.:ation de
Ia cot e des Etat~· Unis pou r l'cx
ccnt ion de,. loi~ de ' Et ;u,..I.Jni~
con trc !'i mp ort ati on de boisso
ns
:rkooli~tut:!>. un gou vcr ncm
cnt a~:1nl un trai t.! ne <'OnM:1
11
pa-.
ir
Ja -.:ri,.ic en dclror-. tic Ia lim
ite des 3 mil lcs pou r i11lr.oct
ion :,
cl'tw trc., lui-. tic,. Eta t,. L'ni,.. M:r
i• on pcu t c)la lcm ctll c-.tirn,·r
qnt·.
pui'><(Uc le~ t~ritcs nc c:on c:cm t:n
l que l'cx ccu tio n des lois sur
J'alcoo l, il n\ :111mit ;lu cun e vio
lati on d'tr n tr:titc si les Etn h-f.
.lni,
-:ri-.i-.'oaicnt de-. 11:1\ ire,. ctr an) lcr
, :lp[):lrtcll:tlll :. Ull Eta t a~ .Ill!
nn
tra itc. e n dch nrs de l ~r tli-.tam
:c tl'u nc hcu rc de 11a' igaticm
tit· l.t
colt:, en rai, on d'n 11c violati
o n d'a utr es lois su r· Ia con lrl'
bandc.
Le tra ite n'c tan t pas ,·iolc, Ia ,·al
iclitc intcrn atio nal c d 'un c tcll
c
-..ai-ic dcp cm lra ir tin dro it int
crn :lli ona l cou lum icr . Or, Ia
d:
nr-.
c
de Ia sec tion I (b) de Ia lui con
trc Ia cun trc han dc n'c:o.clnt I"''
l.r
po,.~ihil it c de Ia ~a isic de
nav ircs :rpp art cna nt a ties E1:1
t>. a~ant
1111 rraitc, dan ,. rc,.p:rcc ck :>O
millcs au del:, tic Ia d istan ce
d\ml'
heu re de nm·iga1io11 it ():trtir cle
Ia ciit e pou r l't·x ccutio11 de~ lois
;,ur Ia cnn trc bau d!•, exCC/Jic cd
lc con tre l"int(lortatiun cit· hui
...... uth
nlcuol iques (" ).
'uto tic H!ri fier ,j It• ua' ir(." ou
It:, pet-,onnlo(t :, hor,t. s'dr oru ·m
d'im JlotUh.'t ou Hill
illiJ)IIriC tic .. bui~:o,on' ak~Joliq
ut-. a ni\ E1nt ~-Unis. leur s
tcrr itoire' uu pt•.."4.~....j, ,..
t.ontr-,tin:menl :tu\ loi~ qui '
...ont e n \igu~ur. l..o~qoe de
c..•lle~ (flll.',ti .. th t•l n.t ·
me n .. tlon utro nl t l~.:s cuu~'O
r:ti, onn ahll ', de $U, tliri on.
une ,i,jh · tJu u.t,frt"
puu rra e.cre
dk-ctu~t.
(2 ) S'il t·-'i.Sic un~ c au~ rui.s
onnaUie tic croin.- •auc lc " "''ir
e ,\ cvm mi ... .au . ...1
t: 1 trai n tic t.:Hmmcu~
ou cl'eS .. a>e r de t•om nlt.:Hrc
u uc iu(t· nction au' Jui .. .J, ..
Et;l t,.l ,ni ... l..,ur, tt•rr iiU irb ou
JMbSt''J-"tions pro hib am l'im
J)()r1;Uion <k·.. hui ....uth
nko uliq ut·, , 1..- n:n i•·c J:Hmrm
tit re sai, j ct con duit d:an" Ull
por t tic-' Ec.u ...l' H'
le-ur' tt: rtito irt:' ou JlO'~'ioru..
pou r qu'i l en ,oit dCcitl~
con fon nt!uwnt .Ill\
thtc ' lui,,
(3) Lc~ ,tru ih tunf~rt~S r.•r
c-t•t :u1 ide nc ~rom J);l,
~'e t"('C, it IIUt• tli .. t .IIIH '
de l.t cUt~ cit"" E1:1h~Uui ... lt.:u
rs tt:rr itoi re, ou JXr..~~iun~
'uJk riru rc ;'t u-lk ttU•
Jlt'Ut t-trt · tf".t\tr..._~ '-"" une heu
1c pal' lc nn, i•·r !'>11'1X'Ct C dt!
c:;cht•r cit• com mdt l 1'
ccll t' inf•·ncticut. l).m~ te c.'"
· tuuu:foh.• nia l'int etui on -,er;
•it qm: k lic1ui,k ti•t
trnn,rKn'tC :tu' Ec ••c..... t:nis, lt>ur~
"~ terr iwi rco\ ou J>()_o.M>s!tion"
' par un n." irt· nutr\'
c.tue n•lu i ctui nur:•it Ct~ nbordt!
uu 'l ... icC:. ce Sl·rah In 'ices~· t1c
t•et .ml tf:" "·'' ire
ct nc'n tt:l1c 1lu n:n ir(• nbo
nJC {tui w r\'ir nit :'1 ..J~termincr
Ia tli3t.mu.~e ;, 11.1flir
cit: 1.1 lVIt' ju~tu'oi• k tlroit tJer
h .ant cle cet nni clc JlOUrr:tit etrt
• e~c i Ct~.
(' ) II rnut, tCpc iHI: uu, u ocer Que
fc hut IXI.fticu licr de Ia J,oi !!~Ur
la (.(Ul\ft h IIH.k
e;rait • l't•r rd t.k l.• con trt!b:tnd
r d'ak ool "'" Etat..,· Un i' •
C llt!arit~y.~. p. llll: rt
M. C. M. lft•s lt•r, tlu Dt!sutrtcm~n
t de In ·rr~!ll()rt'rit-. n nrfinl1~
. :, pluslt·u,.,_ u llfi" "''
dt!' ·"" lc Com ite t.ll' Ia Ch: unb •l1
tt~ Rt:lll'~nc.mt!'O tlliC " 1:.
IC.:,Ili.. l:uitu' JII UJ'IU....._~e
14
~3 1
It:,
dlis
an
l.t
le.
Ue
Man ife,t emc nt, cc> di•p ositi ons de Ia loi
con tre Ia contreb:~nde,
de 1935, rend~nt poss ible Ia pret enti on Ia
pluo larg e de jurid ictio n
sur tics nal'i res t:u·a ngcr s en haut e ntcr
, io l'epo quc actu elle. Lc
Cml Arc ' amc rica in n'cta it pa' imliffen :m
aux cli,J><>-itiuns du droi t
de, ,llCn' dato., CC'- mat iere ,, mai , il ~wai
t CIC COIH'aincu par le
Ocp arte mt-n t de Ia Trt' ,ore ric de cc que
l'cxc cuti on de Ia loi nc
scr:oit p:o~ en cont r.1d ictio n a'cc lc droi
t de" geth ("). l.a \'aliditt!
de l:t met hod e en\'isa.qcc p:u· In loi s ur
Ia cunt rcba ndc, au rega rd
du droi t internation:~l, doit ctrc , ;, pres ent,
exnr ninc e ,·, l:o lum iere
de> :orgu n•ents fonn u lt, par lc Ocp artc
men l de Ia Tr~$orcr ic, ct
en rela tion :wee Ia prnti<tue itote rnat iona
lc.
La ju,ti fic:tt ion de Ia loi. don ncc par le
Dcp arte men t de Ia T rc·
soro.·rie, :wai t etc b:~~tc. en rcsu nu!, sur
l:t ,·:olid ite, en droi t inter ll<ltinnaJ, de Ia " hove ring legislation
•. ;, cond ition qu'il y ait
nccc ,sitc rt:elle et qu'u ne tdlc l~trislati
on ;,oit ra ison nnbl eme nt
applique e.
l.tt
....
n•
M•
~
.•
,
ui
,.
re
ill
IT
lir
t'lllitlite cle Ill :one umt igue .
La cJi,t incti on entr e uuc zone de' eam : terri
toria les, dan s laqu elll'
to ut <:S le:. lois de I'Eta t de Ia ci\tc JlCU
\'Cnl c trc re mlu cs npplicahl es. ct une zone contiJ{ui.' au del:a, dan
s laqu clle un Etat peu t
excr ccr un droi t de jurid ictio n spcci:a
lc sur des navi res pri,· es
ftrn nger s, a etc appl ittuc c dcpu is longkmt>
S nu cou rs de l'his toire
et ~-t. :i pres ent. trop bien ~tablie pou r
ncces~iter un long expo se.
II >nffi ra cle don ner ici un rc>~trnc de Ia
t hcor ie ct de Ia prat ique
con tetn pora i ncs.
L. F. Opp enhe im ecri t :'1 ce prop os de In
" ho\' crin g » le!(is latio n :
• Puis que lc droi t inte rne. de J'c,t>Cce
indi quee t)rec cden uncn t,
exi, tc dcpu is plus d t: ccm an> ct n'a pas
~uulcvc d'op posi tion de l:1
n"nlf.lil
P""' :lU tld:'l
Ia limite d'unl' 11c.•urc de U:H i.u•uinn I) r~~nr
d c.lcoc p:·~~
ces lr.ai ta • (fbi(/ ,. p. 18.) l':auiwdc prise
l)."lr ll. llf"'t tr
pc:ut l·tre inttrJ>ri-lf.e comm e indi(JU:tnt
ou~: Je I>Cp:,rlcmcnt tie lu ·r,·c.
..(,rcrie
n'n puim l'imN Hion d'imJ KlSt'r In loi
rm' • lrt.'fU ) n.-ss.tl'\ • 'HI c.lel:\ ,It Ia limit.:
des lr'uitk. m~i.J n'uC'hU nulkm~nl l'iott•
rPf'dacion que j'ai clonnl~ plu" hnut.
('•) l_.e prujt-1 de 1oi n Clti c.".lnhorC t·l nulplf
.!mt:nt rttl isc~ p:1r Jc I>Cp;wtrmc nl
de In Tr~.soreri~. I.e o epnrl t.IUt• nt ti'Etnt.
IOUI en n'da ru pa._.. lli'!opo~ .\
s'oll~r
kri~u-.emcnc ?t ce projcc, ne fut
vi.Mhlement pas cr~~ cnthou .. ia ..te tlt•oc lcl'tu
c" tit<
lu t,i, Cfr. 1/<!ariiiQS, PI>· 10, ll'i, 12$ ff. 156
/1, I~
a\tc
lt.·~ud~ nou~
tit•
O\ons
l
'
llfR BER T \\'. 8R1CC5
16
11.1rt 1f:n nrc ' Eta t,. on pcut dir e
qu' il y a unc ri:j!lc coutu11ticrc d
u
1lm i1 de ' gcn'< qui pcr me t
aux Eta ls cliticrs, da n' !'in tere t
de
leu
r
16: i~lation li-.calc t'l 'an ita
irc. cl'impo..er ccr tain e, obligatio
n, aux
navires ctrauget·s. en des tination
de leu rs por t,, et qui <;'approchent
,
san~ y ctre dcj it, de le ur ban
dc ter rito rial c ma ritime " ("). Ce
point
de , ue c't parta~tc. apr cs un ex
am en tri:s auc nti f de Ia legislation
tlouanii:rc, par \\'. E. ~laster,.o n
(" ). qui arrive it cet te con clu ~in
n
que Ia dis tinc tion c11trc Ia juridi
ction gC:ncrale d\m Eta t sur une
banclc etroitc d'c au le IOnjl de
Sa CO le el unc juridi ctio
n St,eci.tlc
plus large destince it prOtcger ~t:S
intcr& t:> fiscaux , :J Cte SOu tcnue
dep ui' tan t d'annt!c~ par Ia plu
par t de.. Etats ma riti mes qu 'cll
c
finit par de,·en ir une ri:~le cou
tumit:re du dro it des gens. pcr
me tta nt it un Eta l cot icr d'e xcr
ccr Ia juridictio n s ur des n:"·ire
~
ctrangers au dela de scs caux
tcrrit o~i:lles. De mc mc Philipp
e
C. Jc,.~up. ap rb aHtir ci1c re~sai
de justification du Ch ici J usti ct.
J oh n M ;~rsh;~ll dan,. le cas de Ch
urc h v. Hu bba rt - selo11 leq ucl
'i
de scm blablcs prc tcn tio ns it Ia jur
idiction « sont de nat ure it vex er
et il tro ublcr inutilc me nt lc com
m erc e legal de l'et ran ger . te.. Ew
ts
ctr ang er" re> iste ron t it :.on exe
cution. Si cllcs sont rais onn abl
es
et ncce~aires po ur Ia pro1ec1io
n des toil> con trc tou te viol:'ll ion
.
it~ s·) 'so um clt ron t • ("). conclu t : « ll tl:lraiL cctlcndant
)
:wn
ir
des pre uve> suffi<ant c~ d'acquie~
ccment auA pretention~
r:li
son
nables pou r justifier l'opinion sci
o n laquellc une regie coutumier
e
du dro it de-. gens C>t nee en vcr
lll de laquelle Ct$ act e• t>Cuvcnt
(••) 0/JfH:ulu·,m·~, l lllc•rnulftm
al taw. 3- 00. l l..\t'n a
...\UtT ). \OI. I (I~Ui).
«<t iun 1911 li).
P' , \\", 1:. M ''n M'll•'· Jurr ..illf:lton m
,lltu ymu l ~c·a..\
I I ~11111(}1/llllq ( 1~2'1 1. Jlp. 37l ,l.'i41
.
ll 'itlt ,,fJt!.CUJI rt•/t •r''" u
(") Chu rch ' . ll ubb.on, l '. S.
Su1>1<tn
~ Cou rt C181» ) , 2 Cm nch 187.
njou1ui1 : • l>!llh n:naith
M. ,.,.l •.oll
.'~ 11W h 1:t ..ur dl~ot•f''t."'
c.:•Jtl"',. 00 tt."nd it adnwllr\c"
Jt.ll"\-00,.... pJu... 1111 mf•in
un
.. limHt~ ttm .. lt.•(IUd ~·c\ t'f'C:C Ia
~undllanc~ du sou u.·ru t-uu:nt. Ain ,i dnu.. lrc Mnndtt•.
ol• unt.• tr(.... Jlt"' nde parttr du 1~1i
c ciC"'tine ;, tnt
\ C"II:t tlf tie l ttul 1... rwrct cle
t'f.urop...• l>a ....c 1'1 crn\'cr"'
une me r cr~.. t:ctoitr. Ia
d~ · n:•~ irt-4. lo"')u'u
.... i...i e
n '-'UJIXOnn~ Ut'H: trru:ui\e <k
trn Fic illicite. tloit nk:c ....,t.ii C'menc ;.,re tt•.;;u cintt• ;, i lt•" li1ui
h.·" ar\· .. ~ta·oite~: mui.... uu cou
trni rtt. lc long ~ h
e(Ht: tltt l'o\ 111t~l"itJue du \\ud
. r.lf\ 'IUt "lll fn~uenh.~ (Y.\r tl..~
nr" in:.·.,. :!>~WI ~~out I-.·
eomntt.1f'Ct illit•itt•, In ,•i.wil.ln
t't• du ~OU\ cl"n t·m~nt pourl"!''
it C.tre un l)e'U pfu ... ~hn·
due : ,...... nati on .. e-u.m{liolt'' """
..(ltllll('IU:~nt a de pareil.$ r(.s
lcments IM)U r uutn ll\
(lll"il- ..oit:lll roi ..oon 'l hlt•, ct
r~llemt•nl nt!.ce:sui.~ ('lOU
r pn>ce.s:er le! mtmupult'
tlu comm~t'(C: colonial tiUe rM.
Iumt'rll toutes les nntion.s a)a
~loign{·C<s. Sl C\' droit de\
ail i·trt• trop Cteodu. ~)n ur'PI:k;n nt de... ~~~... ion ..
ion semit COI1
1t'"'t.:C • •
17
!!33
t!tre co n~ itlcrf, co mm e
lfl!:tm.. ,.·it~ so nt etubli
• clrc raisonn ahJc , • ( ). L"u piniu n, 1
rb ~ ricu,.cmcnt do cu mc
ntcc, de Gilbe rt
Gi de l da n~ 1'011 tm itc mo
nu me nta l • Le Dr oit int
er
nalion;~l pu blic
de Ia me r •, est que •
si <tuelqucs Et ats tri::s
ra
rcs
ref us cn t de
re conn ait re w1e zo ne co
nti11u c d ou an icre, !'a tti tud
e obser vee pa r
Ia presq ue un an irn ite de
s Et ats pe rm et de co ns idc
rer Ia zo ne cootigue en ma tie re do ua nic
re et ris cale co mm e un
e
ins tituti on du
dro it co mm un int ern ati
on al • · II njo ute : u II co
nv ien t de re ma rque r e n e He t qu e le~ « ho
ve rin11 laws » on t fait trc
s ra rcme nt !'o bje t d e disc uss io n t>ar
les vo ies diplornatique s.
L'l
validite de s
c ho\"ering laws •
n·a f tc mi se en questio
n
4u
e
ve
rs
le milie u
du XIX' sicclc pa r Ia
Gr an dc -B retag ne . On ne
rc le\'e qu e pe u
d"e xe rn plcs de pr otc ,t:uio
ns m&rnc it pa rtu· de ce
mo me nt • (" ).
II fau t no ter qu e plusie
ur s prqjct s de co nven tio
ns, qu i sont le
r~ ultat de rec he
rc he s en tre pri ses e11 co
mm
un pa r de s gro upes
de dis tinRu cs lcgi, tes int
ern ati on aux , rec om m:md
en t de dis tin guer
en tre un e jur idicti on gc
n~ ral e su r lcs ea ux
tcr ritoriales et de s juriclic tio lls st>Cc ial es su r un
e zo11e co nti gu c. L'a rticlc
20 clu projet de
Ia c llar\":trd Re se arc h
» su r le dr oi t de s ea
ux
•tc
rri to riales (1929)
prev oi t (" ): • La na vigati
on en ha ute me r es t lib
re
po ur tous les
Etats. To utcfo is, ~ur Ia ha
ute me r p1·oc he de Ia me
r
•
ma rsrimole •·
un Ew t pe ut pren dre tcl
lcs mc su res qui lui pami
tr:Uc nt nc ce ssa ire s
pour !'e xe cu tio n d ans so
n ter rit uir c ou cl3nS scs
ca ux tcr ritorial es,
de scs lois ou rc~ le me
ms en ma tie re de
do ua ne, de na ' ig:otio n,
cl"h~ gic nc o11 de
po lice, o u tm ur sa pr ote
cti on im me dia te. • La
• Ha n·a rd Rc..earc h • aju
ute cc conmocutairc (" )
: • l 'n cx amc n de
Ia pra tiq ue de s Et ats rf
,·c lc de s ex cm plc s frequ
ent~ cl"acte s d"autor itc, ac compl is pa r I'E
tat lim itr op hc en de ho rs
de Ia limite de s
3 rnilles. II t><l urr:tit par
:.oitre im possible d\ odop
ter
Ia limite de s
3 millc s 11011r l'~tendue de
Ia noel"" " ma rginate • et
de rcj.:tc r Ia
po~s ibilit c d 'exerc
er qu clque au to rite su r
Ia
ha ute me r ad jac en te.
Pa re ille ide e ne co ncor
dc rai t pas 3\'CC Ia co utu
me intern ation ale
ac tue lle et ell c nc co ns tit
uerai t pa s llii C mudifica
tion dc~irabl e du
(" ) P. C. J~n. TJa~ La
w o/ T~:rntor~al u·a
lcrs one/ Ma rHimr )ur iJcl
( 1927), PJ>. 92. 95; elr. egn
k liOir
lement. ch. II.
(" ) Vol. 3, 1'1'· 1.19, H6.
(" ) P. 333.
(") /d., p. 251.
•
II r
11
!34
IIEIIO£RT W.
BAtGCS
18
dro it ,1ctuel. II p<~rait, toutcf
ois. pos sible d'a do pte r un
de , poims
dl· ,.11., ~uivant' : a) La m~r
" nwr~inal c" do it ~Ire
definic de tdk
fa~on qu'ellc cou ' re cet
t e bupcrficie ma xim um da
ns
laq ud le un
Eta t co tie r pe ut cx erc er l'a
uto rit c de n'i mp ort e qu ellc
f:t(•on. et
cet te definition pe ut <,tr e joi
nte au rd us clc tou te espcce
de pou.
voi r ~n dehor~ de Ia limite
de Ia me r ter rit oriale: ou
b) l:o 111er
ter rituri:IIC doit c tre dcfinie
CO IIII llC cta nt un e
b:U
ldC
bll
r lattiiCJie
l'Et:u ditier cxc rce Ia plc
inc :w tclritt!, ma is il pe ut
O:tr
t adcnis
q ut' I'E tnt dl tict · J>l.ti>c acc om pli r ce rta ins ac tes
d'a uto rit c >Ur b
haute: me r arli:•cc nt c, au de
ho rs de cel te lim ite ... Po ur
le; rai-ons
<tui on t etc incliqu~es a ntc
ric urc mc nt, c'c st ce de rni
cr
point de
"" ' • qu'adut)tC Ia • Ha rva
rd Re sea rch " :
De mc!mc. l'l nst itu t de Droit
int ern ati on nl da ns sa >CS'io
n de 1928
;, Sw ck ho lm , rejeta, pa r 3.J
,·oix con tre 8, un :H11Cndcm
cnt aux
t~rmcs duquel Ia jur idi
ction spt\ciale s ur un e zo ne
co
nti
gu
c
devait
C:trc bast!e su r des co nv en tio
ns particulit:res, et ad o1>ta,
tla r 32 voix
con trc 8. Ia disposi tio n sui va
nte : « Art. 12. - D:m" un
e zone supplc me nta ire contiguc it Ia me
r tcr rito rinle. I'E tat co tie r pe
ut prendre
le> mcsures ncces., nir es ;, sa
scc uri tc, au res pe ct de sa
ncutrnlitt,
i1 Ia police ,anitaire, do uan
icr e, et de Ia 1>t!c he. II est
compt!tent
po ur ~onnaitre, d:m ' ccllc zo
ne MIPI>Icmentaire, de s in[r:lc
ticm ' :IU.t
loi> ct rc~lcment s con cer na
nt ccs ma tie rcs . L 't!te nd ue
de
1.1 zone
-uppiC,mentaire ne I)CUt dc ll:b
ser 9 milles ma rin s. " ( " ).D
e
l:c
m~rne
ma nih e, le projet de cO
n\'eo tion amend~ pa r Sc
hikking, de
Maga lhacs et Wicker>h am
110u r le Co mi tc de s exp ert
s pour Ia
codification progrcssi\'e du
dro it int ern ati on al dis tingu
:cit entrt
un c limite de so uv era ine te
de 3 mille s et un e zo ne com
i)!ui'. ttl
de cid:m t da ns son art icl e 2
: " Au de la de Ia zo ne de souwr:
1ine1E.
lc-. Eta ts peu ,·e nt exe rce r
leu rs att rib uti ons ad mi nis
tr:t
tiH
-; londe es bUT dCb raisons do ua
nih cs ou de neccssit~ vit
ale
.
Y
SOD1
inclll!\ les dro its de juridicti
on nc ces sai res a leu r pro tec
tio n • ("~
Que l'un co usuhe eg ale me nt
l'a rt iclc 12 du pro jet 12 de
l'lrhtitul
am cri cai n de dro it int ern ati
on al : .. Le s rep ubliq ucs ~lm
C:ricninrs
11
(
)
An~w~ir~ de rl~r.Uitut de Oro
ir lut eru ufio nol, t9"lS.. pp. 66j
~oon c con11,wut! tie
, fit·''· ~~. Lt
cotol. t2 mil tts. 9 nnlk'S fur =-jout~ ;, I!\ limite <In, 3 mille-s. fni ..unt 11111\
1, liP
(H) Soc. •les ,\'ut., C.
196, M. 10, 1927, \', 1, pp.
29..75, ).
•um>l. >J>c.'< i• l :i
Rl~in11•
20 A. J . I. t. (1926).
0•
t4L
1
n.
rim~
C'1
t8
• IS
tellc
leWt
rn. et
pou-
mc:r
JUdie
Mlmis
~=·
de
• 1928
t
aux
~~
! voix
' IUP -
e.dre
raJite,
f-tt
aaux
aone
19
cten drc leu r jul'idictinn au del:'• ''"
Ia 111t:r tcrr itur ialc .
p:m•lli:lcmcnl :'• c"tt c m<:r. >Ur unc
distanc e supvl~mcntairc de ...
millt:, ma rin, . tl<ntr tic-. r,ti" "'' de
-..icurit~ ct dan s lc hut d':o.sur
t·r
l'oh -crm t ion des rc$11"mcnt. ..ani tair
es et dou anie rs • (" ).
Enfin. Ia • B:" c de di~c u ..ion " n•
5. pre sen tee par le Com itc
pr.:t>aratoirc :'1 1:~ Con fere nce pou r
Ia codification du Droit inte r·
natiun:t l ten ue :1 L'l Ji nyc en '1930
s'ex prim e en ce~ tcrm es : • Sur
Ia hau t e me r comi~u t: aux t:alLx terr
itoriales, I'Et at rive rain peu t
pre ndr e lcs mc~ure~ de eon tro k
necessa ires en \'IIC d'cv itcr sur
<oil tcrr iw ire o u dan ' SC> cau x tt:rr
itur iale> soit les contr>wcnt ion s
:'o "" lois de police tlou ani crc ou
san it:tirc, soi t les atte intcs it sa
sion: tc de Ia par t de na,i res ttm ngc
r,. Ccs mes ure s de con trol e
nc pourrooH etrt: pri' "" au del!t de
12 mille> mar ins :\ cnm pte r
de Ia C<ite ~ (" ).
A Ia Con fere nce de 1..:'1 li a) e de
1930, les Eta ts ne par vin ren t
1>3> it , ·en ten dre SUI' r.:te
ndu e de l:t me r terr itoriale ou sur
Ia
questio n de I~ zun e co ni i.l(uc. Ccp cnd
nnt . le Prof. J esse S. Reeves,
con ,eill er tech niq ue de Ia dclcgm
ion am~ricainc :\ La H:tye, fait
:'o cc prot>Os les comoue nt:tircs sui
\'an ts: • Le~ Eta ts qui n'e:oq>rimai cnt 1>as le dcs ir d'u nc zone con
tigu e pou r l'un ou !'au tre motif
ne form aien t qu' une pet ite min orit
c. Les raisons pou r lesq ucllcs
il fallnit rec onn ailrc semblable zon
e, et Ia rn esu re de Ia juri diclion !t cxe rce r par I'Etot l'iverain
don s cett c zon e, soulevaicnt
l>eauco up de di, cr~tence>. E:o.tcution
de Ia lcgisi:Hion dou:m ii:rc,
surveillance ct m.! mc contri>lc de~
P.:ci>Crics. et scc urit e de I'Et.tt
river:oin, cc fnreOH lit lcs onotifs prin
cipa ux invoqu c!s en favcur de
l:.o thc orie de Ia zon e con tigu c: un
im.istait sur l'un on !'au tre de
ce> mu tils tl'npri:~ Ia t><>liti<tuc ou
le point de ,·uc adot>te par un
Et:ot par ticu lier " ( " ).
l'ne e tude de> repon~ atlre•..Ces
p<tr les gOll\'erncments au
Cw nitt! prcp:tr.t to ire ( " ) et de'
proci:s-,·er baux de Ia Con fef>Cl l\'t:l\ 1
("') Sup pkm. ~pc;cial au Am~n'cu1
1 Journal ()/ ltr~trnattOnoi
iAu •. 1926 , ''ol. 20.
(") 5«. d•J Sao. , C. i~. ~L 39, 1'129.
\ ', 2. p, ~.
( ' 1 ) RuvE.I) • TI1e codi
ficurion of the Lnw of Ttrriturial \\':11
1
~rs •. 2.f Amen'cdn
Jour ttal o/ fnon naloonal '-'ru• ( 1930
). -186. ~94.
(d) S.-K:i~te dts NulionJ, Conr~rem
•c: pour l:·1 coc:laicaaion du dr.>i
t intem::u lon"l.
R:u< • de di~llUion, t. II, Eau ' o~rri
tori•ks, C. i~. M. 39, 1'129, V,
2, pp, l<l4- t9.l.
p. 32~.
! SG
IIEII8ERT W. DRIGGS
renee ( " ) rt! v~ le que lc~ Etat• suivants etaient di,po~'• ,uit :11·:mt
~uit IK·ndalll Ia Conference, ~uit avec des reserve, ,oit "IllS rc~cr­
ve,, :'1 accepter c•• principc, o u n'etaicnt pas OJlposes en princ iJle
:'t admcttrc unc zone cuntiguc pour di,·cr~e~ •·ai~mh : .\ llema):nc,
Etah-l 'nis cl'.\meriqnc. RciS(iquc, Chili. Cuba. Dane mark. E!:~ pte.
E'pa~nc, E~tonie, finlandc. France, Gr~ce, lrl;mdc. h ali.,, J apon.
Lcttonic, P:t~s.- Ba:-. i\uncgc. Per-c. Polognc. Portugal. Ruum.m it:.
T urquic. L'ruguay. l '. R. S. S., \'ougosla\'ie.
II faut noter que lcs points de vue exprim cs par lcs go u,•crnc·
lllellts ;, cettc Confe•·cncc e n cc qui conccrne Ia va liditc, Ia nature
ct !'extension d 'unc zone conti,~fuc, ne corrcsponcbicnt p:ls toujour:. :wee !'opinion <1u'ils :waicnt cxprimce :\\'ant Ia Conference.
ni :1\'ec leur prati<1uc antcrieure ("). Par cxcmplc, Ia Grande-Bre·
t:tS(IIC qui :wait etc lonS(tcmp:. un c hampion <lc Ia • ho,·ering legi<lation •· dans sa rcJ)()II'Ie au Comite preparatoi•·c et ;, Ia Confe·
renee :-'oppusait :'1 Ia zone conti!:uc. maio; reitcrait •a bonne \'oluntc
de nc,llocier des con,.e ntions spfciales sur )'extension de Ia limi1e
de:- J 111illcs ("). l.'l'nion Snd-Afr·ic<•inc cta it d'accord :n·ec Ia
Gr:~ndc-llretagne, ;, pa rt qu'cllc dcclarait, dun~ sa reponsc au
Comitc prcparatoirc, que lc, Etat~ peu,.ent cxcrccr, en dehors de
Ia limite des 3 mille,. • )c, dmit~ ~11<.:Ciaux qui Jleli\'Cnt ~11·e cnu·
vcnu .... 011 qui onl LOUIQUT.._\ t!tt! rccouuus . c·>. L"lrl.,ndc rccunnai ..:.ait « que dans certain~ p:t~s et J}()ur certain, but' existent les
nccc~~itcs du genre de cellc, CXJ)()~ces dans les Bases de discu'sion n• S " ("). La Rou111a nic, l'Uru){Uay et Ia \'ouAoslavie « rcscrvaicnt leur attitude • dans Ia quest ion de Ia zunc cunti,qul'. cc
qui indique, pcut-t:lrc, <JII 'il' n'ctaient pas oppth~' en principe
~~ parcillc zone. Lc J apon, tout en t ta nt, en princiJlC, ncttement
OPJ)()sC i1 l'idcc d'unc zone contiguc. manife:-tait i1 Ia Confcr.·n•~
( '~) It/, Minme~ of the ~oml Commiuce (Tcniwri.tl \\'nh·r-.). C. .UI
M. IH (b), 1930. \'. 16, ponjc,uli<rrmrnt I'P· t23-to.
41
(
) En ce qui conceme Ia ..uneillam~ d~ 1;, pnuic1m.• tit'""' E~ou .... '"t'C n;r":,....,
~) Ia Jlt'c':u~ntion ;, Ia juridietiun tl.m .. l lflc 70nt." eurui~ut:. , 0 ir (;uut "' of'·,,
vol. 3. lh re I, dwpitrc II, ~lk.':ciAil•ntcnt llll, 9~\..1 24; Jr~1 f', 0}1. rtt., dwp. II ; 1\l , ...
Tll:liWS, 0 }1. Ctl.
('' J S. d. N., C. 74. M. 39, t929, 1', ~. 1'· tfl2: S. d. S., C. l'lt (/>). M. tlj 1b
1930. \'. t6, 1'· t26. Cfr. ~snle111en1 nol t• GH, rh" I"''·
(") S. d. N., C. 74. M. 39, 1929. \ ', 2. p. l!lli. t,, i1nliqu..- nc liQurcnt P.~> ,J,,,,
l'ori.winnl.
(") S. d ,\'., C. .!51 (b), M. 113 lbl. t9JO. \ ', 16. p. tH.
LES ET\TS·l~IS &T L,\ LOJ PE
e
e,
'·
1035 S~R
L\ CO'ITRI~UA:->IlP.
!37
Ia bon ne vulonu~ de dis cut er Ia
question d'u ne zon e com igu c
pou r c deb pou "oi rs dou ani ers
el sanitaires. pou r aut ant qu'ils
-.oicm rcc onn us par les U!>:I$CCS exi
Mants » (").
En conclusion, o n peu l cite r Gid
el : c Des indications fournies
pllt~ hau t (liv n: pre mie r, ~:ha
pitre deuxit:me, II, 4•) sur
les dispositions 1-:giblati•·e s ou rt!glcment
aire s des diffcrents Etats, concer nan t l'et end ue d<.'S e~paces ma
riti me s adj acc nts sou mis ;, leu r
cu niJklcncc. il rbu he CJUC M:uls
Ia Grandc-Breta~ne el !'Empire
bril:lnnitJU C, le J apon, les Pays-B
as. le Portul{al. Ia Yougoslavie
ct Ia Colombie n'o m pas ins titu
e de zones spccia lcs douanit:rcs,
les lrois derni/:res de ces Pui ssa
nce s sem bla nt d'ailleurs ne pas
:1l'oir procede :'• cel le inst itution
pou r des rai~ons de fait, san s
~Ire ho~tiles en principe
r1 Ia rec onn ai&-ancc de telles zon
es, . (").
E~
te
Ia
~u
ie
R•
sea
c:e
pe
!at
lCr
(b),
Lll thCori e d e Ill « T olti mn ce "·
Si l'on peu t con sitl crc r que l'cxiste
nce dan s Ia pra tiqu e et. par
cons-:quem, Ia •·aliditc com me cou
tum e lcgaJe de Ia zon e con tiguc SOi ll. Cn dro it inte rna tion al,
bien ttab lies . on est mo ins d'a ccurd en ce qui concern~: l'et cnd uc
territorialc et Ia nat ure juridique
c ~ac te de ct·tJc zone. Co
n,id ero ns tout d'n bor d ce dem icr
voi nl :
Lc , )luhlici,tc" qui ont dcfcndu
l'cxercice de Ia juridiction dan s
unc zone cuntiJ.tUc peuvent ctr e
classes com me sui t: 1) ccu:\e
CJui MHII iennent <tUc ct:t excrcic
e de Ia juridiction e't un dro it
,do n lc droit inte rna tion al. et
2) ceux qui le dcfcndt:nl en sc
fondan t sur Ia the ori e de Ia • tole
rance •· En ce qui con cer ne
Ia defen..e de Ia com petenc e dan
s Ia zone con tigu c com mc droit
ba...: sur le tlroit inte rna tion al cou
tum ier, que l'on con sul te les
opi nionb, citc es prc ced em me nt
(..) de Op pen hei m, Masterson.
Jest.up, Gidcl, the ' Har var d Res
ear ch », l'ln stit ut de Droit inte rnational, u Th e Am eric an Ins titu
te of Int ern atio nal Law », el le
Co mit e prct>:muoire de Ia Pre mie
re Co nfe ren ce de cod ilk atio n
de 1-"' Haye, dan s les « Bases • n•
S.
'
L:1 the orie
de • tol era nce •· def end ue par
Sir Tra \'er s Twiss,
( .. ) /J . p. 126.
I") Gm 11 , op. cit., vol. 3, p. 442.
(••} V. t i-dC'''us. pp. l.ll ~I !tUiv.
! 38
lffRBERT W. DRICCS
••
Lo rd l'h illi mo re. W . E. Ha lle
t Sir Charle~ Ru ~ll. en tre
au tre , (').
e~t d~finic pa r T wiss de
fa ma nic re qu e .-oici :
• C"c~t un iqu cm cnt ,.ou" lc
co u,·e rt do Cm uit e tie.• .\"c
11iou. t:l
m:uic rc co mm c rcialc ct ~an
itairc qu 'un Eta t pclll
se pcr nu: ttrc
de ren for cer un po im de sa
loi civile co nce rna nt )(!, u:w
irc s ctr ange~. tlui n"o nt JY.b encor
e au eim lcs lim it cs cle sa
con
w.: te"nce
nta riti mc . Vn Et:ll cxc rcc
en ma tie re co mm erc iale po
ur
Ia pro ·
tcc tio n de sc-. rc,;,ourcc> ma
riti me s. ct en ma tie re s.m ita
i rc pou r
Ia pro tec tio n de Ia l'ie de sa
po pu lat ion une co mp ete nce
tol enie,
do nt r ext en>ion nc par:tit
pa ' c tre bo rn te par on e
lim
ite
bien
m arq uee . De plu s, clle ne
J'>t!UI -'tre exc rcc c dan
~ le~ eau x juri·
dic tio nn cll es de qu elque au
tre Etm . 111:ai~ un iqu cm cn
t sur ses
pro pre s na l;r e!;. el ~ur ce
' u:l\·ir es ctr ang crs ..euls
qui
on t l lll
ch arg em cn t po ur un de ~
port>. Si. do ne. lcs loi s iisc
ale s ou Jc,
r cgl em cnt 'l de qu ara ma ine
d"un Eta t sont de nat ure ll
t:tr e I CX.I·
toi re:. o u :'o tro ub ler inu tile me
nt lc co mm erc e etr an ger , le.
nat ion >
etr an ge re, s"o piXlseront it leu
r applic ati on. Mais si. par co
nt
rc. jl,
so nt rais on nab lc, et re1>0n
dt: nt it unc nece..sitc n~e llc.
ils ser on t
:od mi ' ob reciJ~rocam uri/ila
lem. D.on~ lc~ ca, ord in: oir 6.
lorsqu "un
n:IVire ma rch and a etc s.'li,.i
en ple inc me r pa r un c roi scu
r d"une
pu i,sa ncc ctr :m gcr e. alor>
qu e Ct: n:l \·ir c app roc hai t
de
Ia
cote
d e cct te pui ssa nce a•·e c l"in
tenlio n de faire uo co mm erc
e illi cit e,
Ia nat ion do nt le p~IVillon com
me rci a l a ~tc viole. ofie~
pa r Ia
~i-ie. rcnooncc. en pra tiq
ue. :'t t:~e rce r :.es droit> :'1 des
rep
ara
tio ns,
!>On nm ire cit a nt co nsi derc
co mm c :1~ ant agi al'e c ma
la
fide
• ct.
par ccm~qucnt. com me <I)
.m t iurfait. et pcr dan t tou t
dro it :'o l.o
prott•c ticon de sa nat ion •
( " ).
Cc:uc th&oric de • tole ran ce
• e't critiqu~-c pa r Op pen hei
m (" ),
Pi,llilo tt (") et C. C. H) de.
En se rcft!rant it l"ar!!lJntc: nta
tio n de• e·
lup llt t p:tr Sir C har les Ru
,,c l dan< lc • Be hri ng Fu r
Sc
.tl .\ rbi·
lra t ion • ~I on !:~que Ue il
c:.t cnt cnd u que lcs loi~ "
ho1
·cri ng •
ad me ue nl • qu"cn principe
au cun Et:lt civilise n'e nco ura
ger
:1 )e<;
inf rac tio ns aux loi s tl"un au
tre Et:tt. loi s do nt Ia ju, tic c
c~t rec on ·
11
Crr. 1"upinitm \lu Dr. \''-n:"'·
Uun~ llco ring ... pp Ill et ,uh
.
Th~ lAw u/ -'"•tooru (1116t
). I'· 211.\.
( . , /.<>e. "'- """· 1'10 (i).
( •) ,\ otional•h t t'i'l i). I..H , t
II. llJ). fth; l
(
(
)
1
)
T,.,.,_
~f.S f.T~TS·CNIS U LA 1.01 Dr
s ('').
en
ettre
Iran ·
ence
pro-
tMmr
&ee.
bien
jurilieS
W1
ties
~exa­
'ons
• its
ront
~·un
'uoe
c:&e
cite.
!r ia
ons,
1 et,
11 Ia
("'},
herbt-
...
lea
193;1
S~n 1. 1 CO.'<TIIf.Bii 'lll'
! 3!)
nue • et qu'il • peruoct Lr.,, volo ntier ' qu'u n
Etat C:tran~cr pren nc
des mes ures raiso nnab les de prevention. dan~
une dista nce limi tee
en deho r., des eaux territori:.les ... •, lc prof csse
ur Hyde c!crit : « II
(Sir Char les) nie. cepe ndan t. que de tels acte
s rcnc ontr ent, tou·
jour ,, dan, lou~ le~ cas, ra:r;s enlim cnt gtnCf'al,
UO[tt UUllC Hl sl on
a tcolle de fairc exec uter des l<>i, ;, une
di,.tancc con~iderable de
Ia terre fcnn e; il nic que dans 1111 tt:l cas on
puisse lcs defe ndrc
coniiiiC C.\ crcic c d'uu droi t :1 l'cnc ontr c d\on
Ewt <tui eli:venoit dc,
obje ction ,, En adm ctlan t l':~cquicsccmcnt des
Etat s :1 l'exc rcicc
cl'un c tellc juridiction, mtm c d'un ch;n np tr<,,
limite, l'enoinent avocat pose lc fondcmcnt le mcil lcur pour l'exi ,tenc
c de cc dmi t dan te droi t intcrn:1tiunal • (" ). Dan ' le m.:m c >-elL~
. lc prof c,sc ur He,.
set E. Yntema, qui prep an; pour lc Departct
nent de Ia Trcs orcr ic
des EtaL.... l 'nis, une • Opin ion' on the Validity
of llo,·e ring Lc~i,Ia­
tion in Inter natio nal Law , ("). ecrit que Ia
theo rie de Ia • tolt!ranc c • " resle le droi t toler e ou perm is
par l'acq uies cem enl
gene ral <tui, ainsi que It: juge pert incm men
t Hyde, cons tituc 1:1
meil leure base t>Our !'exi sten ce du droi t. • II
ajou te : • L'ex ercic e
du droi t ~$l coud ition ne pat· le cam ctc re raiso
nnab le atlri bue awe
tnel-Ures etnt>lo~ ces, ct ,, l'cte ndue soumi>oe ;,
Ia .Otn·cillancl'; unc
fautc honn ctc d:ms !'execution n 'c~tpa~ unc ..:xcu
~t:: si. dans 1111 ca'
particulicr. Ia Nti,ic c~t e:.tinoec inju,tiliec, die
pcut donn er lieu 11
unc prot c,tat iun de Ia part du gouv crnc men t
etran~o:cr: ~oi ccttc pr<>testa tion s'a,·e re !ond ec, elle doit donn er lieu
io repa mtio o. II est
difficile de resu mer lout cs ces observation~
en un sim ple mot.
La theo ric de • toler ance "• en decr ivan t
eel cnse mhl~: d'ide c"
con11nc un dl'<lit wlcl't1, si d lc souli~nc bien
sc' cmocter i,tittuc:.
qualifiees. e,t, cet1Cntlant. defc ctuc u"' en cc
qu'cllc ,u)lg crc que
l'exi,t c m..., du droi t det>cnd de l'ah~nce de t>ro
te,tation. S i 1': "-en timc nt c•t Ia prcu ,·e irnH utah le du droi t, cel:o
ne \'cut p:os dire que
le drui t pui•sc di~par:oitre d~,·ant une prot e•t:l
lion non fondee •· A
<tuoi nn t>t:Ut :~jnu ter les mot ' de Gidel, qui, a pres
a voir cite Ma rshall
dans Chu rch ,., Hub bart ("), ecri t: • Cett c
m:m
icre de voir qui
•
(•') C. C. flu>t. lmetm .uion al tou• du~/h uc iuUrt
•rt:lrd uud uptrli~d bl llae
l'nilt..t Statt~. fJ. 420.
(••) lmpr-imt! dans Heutluy.~, Pll.
\'oir plu, haut, p. 2Jb.
( ' 1)
N2~1 2...
121.
\I
Jt£RIIt.RT W. JJJI IGGS
s'ac corde particulicrcmcnt avec
In con ccp lion que Ia zon e coutigui! dou ani cre repo;,e e&sen tielle
me nt sur Ia cou rtoisie i ntern~ ­
tion:•le et sur J'a,sen timcnt dfe ctil
on prt sum t des aut rcs Eta l'.
do it t!tre retc nue egalemcnt dan
s Ia con cep tion qui est Ia not rt!,
que Ia zon e contiguc dou:micre pro
ccde cl'u n veri1ab lc dro it fond~
sur Ia cou tum c internationale • (").
I.e critere de
u
rai.w mw bilitt! ».
t::n ce qui con cer nc l'et end uc terr
itor iale de Ia zon e contigu c.
les Etllts-Unis, dcpuis 1i90 jusqu'
nvant Ia pro mu lga tion de Ia lni
con trc Ia con treb and c de 1935,
ont est imc qu' une dis tan ce clc
12 mi lle> nm•·ins con \'t:nait parfait
emcnt 1>0ur l'applic:Hiun de leu .·
leg islation douanit:re ("). Bien que
Ia Gra nde -Br eta gne , ava nt 1876.
ait ctabli dt.-;, zones dou ani hes alla
nt de 2 liencs jus<1ue 100 lit:Ul''
(.300 mille<; ma rin ,) ('") , peu d'E
tats cntrcprir.,nt d'e xcn:cr k• juri
(") Gro u., op. cit., 'ol. Ill, p. ~~9.
(n) Dur ant 1..-s n~~ociation) rcl:u
i'es au prem iet trnit .f ,aur feet
liclut•ur-.
cdu i nn:c: 1:1 Grrmtlc-Brctnt-:•·•
c t:n 1922- 1923 - fcs Etu t~Uni.s
prov o .. t:rtn t 1.1
reconnai.bance.. dan s 1e craite et
par b deu x Ecats, d'un e ~on
t dou nnit·rc- ,,,.
12 mill cs. Cct h· propol\iticm fut
rcjtoc~e 1•ar 1.• Gnmdl"· Rrt:>
lllgllt> pou r b rai,u.,
(IUe le fn it d'Ct nbli r une limi te
t"O mill e, pou rrai t etrt: de natu
rt' i1 nffa ihlir 1••
ptin cipe de In li111i te tie: .. 3 u1
il1cs des cau~ cc•·d tori nlc'.
l.'1 Grtu1dc- Rr'-·H•J·:U'·
prop o,ni t. C\eUtuellcme.nt. l:a rorm
uk de « Ia di.M:\nce J)3r (0U tue e
n unc ht'U
dt· na' ig-
: ltion • (limitCe c~c)u .. ivct l1en t
if.•
pou r les Jiqu eurs alcooHqul"-')
nu li-.·u
tk:fi nilh e <k- 12 mill~••\u ,.urp
1us, nuc un druic rt;.i prot lllc th'
c::onft~rC J):.r 1t: traitC. I....;
ful
qwd pro quo briuanniqu~ perm
ettnic :w~ ntni rt", hr•
tann i(IU h d'a\ Oir de\ JiqUt'U.ts
it bnrd . '-OUS M:ell;~. forsqu~if!to l~l aien
t
•lc l;t
10 ne
porr• <lcs
r:,,.•.tJni<. Clr.
Coo <.' · U.S . 288
t_l:nh ~~- ..
U. S. (l!ll 3), Hl'l. Clr. <s:.l<tn<'"
Jo ssn , op. ci1, <h. \'1: M•S TU"
"· up. col ,, llP· 326-:152 .
En M: rc!fCraJH fl l' t {/uld pru quo
, il t.-..t incCrc'"'ml de noc er (luc.nt(>nt ,Je 1.• Tk-..ore~ t&e, Ec:u
It· ll~r~lltt
s-Unis Ctablit qu'u n t.lc, objt.-ctir
s tl~ Ia wet. I
dt• In loi tiOU r Ia t,:on treb~uu.Je t!wi
c • de J)Oul\·o ir :\ une OO<r< ~Ht<
:the pou r "
n~s:ori.ttion' :. cntr ept'c ndr e
3\tc le~ ~ou,crncmt:n
t' ~ll"ll l',llcrs en cc qui cotiC
1'c.·X lt'fl.,ion ~lu lc rtnO U\'c lltm
CIIIt
em dt•' crai tts ,ur ~ liqu eur
' l,.e~ trniu!-l!o ... ur ""'
JKaueu.-... ~taient inspi~ par 1:. loi
dt· proh ibic ion qui rdus nic 1n1~ J,;,h
·. Hu' .~tnm
Mtrs It cJroh de cr:m ...porh•r tie'
liQuc.-un.. t'e hord d:m s I,\ limite.- e1e
n()'o. 3 mil k...
Dan~ b trni te... ~nr ks 1ic1u
euN:. 1cs brllt11ll~ dt!i part ies cunt
rnec:mll"~ ;1\a il'P'
J'nutori\f1tion tic- trarl ,por tt'r dt~
li(aueur~ c:on une l>ro, i ...ion tie
bate :n1 d.m , "'""
t"RU' ttrrltori~Je,, A'e c l"nbroga
cion c.lt:' Ct'lt t' loi, il sc 1~ut que.·
lt""i J)ui ..<iuttu ..
tcrun.fl~rc~ C':ontrnctant~ ne
dr~irc-nt plu< con tinu er :- nprl
iqu~r b tr.eitl' ...,,
'""' li~;,ueu"· tlt'J)Uis (IU·;. lt·ur poin
t Je \U~ ) .,..,. rui~n.s .;our l~squcii
C" t'O uai h ...
t1nien1 (ondes ••e~l$1e:n 1 pluoc• .,
Ht•aring'. p. tlO.
(&•)
Loi de Gt'fJr$fc' Ill , c. CXXI (12
juiii
,,,t\. Jl f:uu notc r li.U.t:n dt~pit t.lt• 1'ol'Nll0S1~6). Voir i\lA~rLRSO'• ojJ. cit
iuun brit ann iquc :'t l'itli-c cl'u lh
PP 7i c:·t
!4
onti-
t=:
&tre,
t>nd~
iauii.
a Joi
e de
leur
876.
eues
juri-
,. -
!5
l.ES ETATS·UNIS ET LA LOI DE
193iJ
SUn 1..1 CO~TR£8.\~0F.
!41
tlictitJn tlou;m it:rc sur lcs b:ttcaux etrangcrs il plus tic 12 millcs
marins de In cote. Lcs repon ses des gouverne;ncnts au Comite
prcparatoire de IH Conference de La Haye (1930) pour Ia Codilic:uion a mencrcnt le Comite i1 adopter Ia limite des 12 onillcs
clans ses « Bases » n• 5, d'apri:s !'accord de !'opinion ("). La zone
de 12 millcs <!tait tg~ lc mcnt recomnwndee 1>:or l'l nstitut de Dro it
international e n 1928 ("), ct est celle preconis~e par Gidel (").
L1 « Harvard Research », d'autre part. comonente en ces termes
!"article 20 de son (lrojet de Droit des Eaux territoriales (") : « La
d i~tincti on entre Ia mer marginalc (de trois milles) qui est smamise
ia Ia souverainetc de l"Etat cotier. ct Ia haute mer, est delinitivement adm ise. Au cours ties siccles passes, maints Etats ont pris
conliJUtC :, Ia Conft!n: nc~ dt Coc.liricn rion (La t-l:lye, 1930) . Ia lt ,L:iiil:•tio.-,
bri1:umiquc :1c1ndle J >~:rm t t Ia :-.ai.!<Oit". ~ou:.. ct-rtairlh condition .. , t.les hatt:nu 'O
trran,:~ •"l' ~111 dt-1:1 cit: Ia limite d~ .l millt>l). Un t.•x:'wwn c.lt,.-,.. 'eeL li!l. 1811 t l 2UU
tit l:t • British Custo•lts ConsoJidotiO•l A<'t • de U)l6 (39 et -10 VitL C. 36) a
ccn"aiucu l':tull; nr de c..: que lc Dr. \ 'nten1a a t'Uison lor84·1 u'il (~crit c c1u e Ia
Custom s Consolidntion Act de 1876. qui tOilStituc !'actuelle l~gi·d:uioo t.lc Ia
Cr:Hlde--BretaA-:Ut, l"C <rui n Ctt! tk~ la n.!c conrormc nu.· principc.s tJu tlroit inter..
nnticmul. cCmticut :IU uwius 1rois ~tct ion.s sug~eslh·c~. Cflli impll<rucm lc! clroil.
fOlltt'fo i!ii rHI"CiliC1ll CXt:rCf a u CO ll i'S ttc;r: cJcrnit-feS :tnnttS c tl f~l iSOII cit- rahscncc
(f,. con trebanJt:, d'ettntkc It: Ct) n tn11c tlounnit·r :\ um: d istance ind ~finic e n
hmttt' mer :tu t.ld;\ cJc 1:. limite cit·~ J millts ;)U' balt:ll• ~ l"l :lli :O.: su j~:ts Ct rnu~o:cl'~,
droit limitC: c.hlll~'~ It: ens de b scc:cion li9 pal' In JlrCci.sion CIUC '-'es n:n ires
.nu n•..; Jkrscmnes cle\ rnient f!frc tmu\· L~ cn1 clrc.·l)u \'erts nu com·~ du m~rnc \'O~= ·u~.
s1 lc lmtcnu n)lf')tlrt icnt c 11 f'lrll'lie 1'1 des sujt-ls britnnnitau-.:s ou :-.i In moit it-~ du
J'ei'Sonnel :, bord <:s-t brit:umique, clnns unc limilc: de 3 lieues de In cOte du
Ro.~:tu mt·- Uni. ou. t:n tl'uut rcs l'nS1 : . une li~uc. ct. Jnn:, lc ca.s c.le b section U~U.
limitC :w x h:ltcuu).. app:,rtcnnnt m~nle en pnrtic i1 dt.-> s nit•ts hritnnnique~ uu
dont In moili.~ du JWr!S(,nnel :, borcl rst brit:Lnniqu.:. Voiei un J1r~-c~tlc nt amrti- .
culiCrc iHen.t fr.,pp01nt. confinnC Jl:lr nne l~sisbtion tlcux (oi~ s~-cul:tire. qui sou·
)ign-.: ct.: princiJX! fau'un Etat est en d rnit, selm' st~ l>t",.,nins, d..: Jl rcndrc tuuccs
mcSUI'eS c.le rCJJrt-s....ion ccmtrc 1:1 rr:uuJ~ dans ses eaux territo rinle,;., en dehors
0..: In limite c.lt In mer c{)cit:re. Lc: rCsulu\1 s is nificatif de Ia loogue expc!rit!Jlt:e
des lois brlrnnnicJut'!!l: tit l'onu·Oit est cJuc lc~ diSJ)Ositiont nc:tuellement e n
viguc:ur s'nppli<tuent nr>JlMCUIIlltnt, s:ws limit:ttion tit: dillottuu·c, au~ b:1tc:tU.\
n llcintS J'):\1' ce~ dispos,itions ClUi :mruut t tt! trom r:!l ..J;HH" Ja tliSWilCC inc.Jiqu.:c cfe
Ia c."c)tt! b ritnnnifam:. pe u importe l'cnliroit oi1 lc.: d~lit tlom ils :tiOnt coup:1blt"!' a
~1t cununls ou Ia plnce tit: b oo."'i.;:ic.. • ll ettrifiJ).'C, p. R!t. Cfr. 1-g:tlement Jr.ssu •,
op. <it.. p. i9.
lOIH!
( 41 ) \'oir plus hmu. Jl. 235.
( u ) Voir J)lus hnut., p. 234.
(U) Op. cU., Jl. 4-49. Gmr.t est chhtin·u:.. , cl'a lil"~.f'ln plil' Ia rloulc ties 12 milles Jlar
J:ot rl·glc :d tcrnmi\t! tic In tli.. rnnt"c !<oUtilC'f'J>Iible d'i:tre J:),1rcourue en une heurc Jl~l r
J,. n:t\ire o;,nJiiJ)Ct'l ( n:~\irc ma_wa~in 1111 tm, ire dc contm:t). • Jd., pp. .J-49....J5().
(U) llonldrtl Re.w:arclr ( 19'2!)). J1. 334. err. lc IC!<.It' tic l'nrtic lr 10 t•itC plu.. hnul.
IIEABEAT W. PRICG'1
certaineo mc ,ur cs en hnu te
me r ho rs de s lim ites de Ia
tiler mar·
ginale. Ce t article ,·oudrnit
res tre ind re )'adopt ion de scm
bl:ol>le,
me sur e. :'e ecu e p.ertie de Ia
hau te me r adj ace nte ;, l:t me
r '''·" ·
11in:.h:. II ..cmhle inutile de
ten ter de fixer ce qui c~t
adj:eccut
en notttbrc de miJc,, pui'<tU
C les pOU\'Oirs dei ini s da n'
cct
art idt
nc dc1len dcn t pa• de Ia suu
,·crain ctc sur lc' /ic ux et ne
-.on
t ll•''
lienitt'' ;, un c t'tenduc )lcu,~:r
a t)hiquc qui pn urr ait
ctr
c
th!t,·nuincc. J.a di>t:ence :1 11artir de
bq ud )e ee~ IIOU\'O ii'S llt:U\'el
lt l'tl'c
c\crc:C... c~ tl.:acrtnin~ nuu
t•n ., rnilea$lc •· .n1ai,
pa r Ia nCct·....
~itt! de I'Etal cc1tier et -elc
m Ia rda tiu n en tre lc> im erc
ts du t<·rritnire de cct Et:11 l'l k> :eetc'
post!, en lw utc me r. I.e fait
de n·con·
uaitrc qu e de tcllc~ lnc ,ures
son l cor rec tes lnr squ 'un tJCU
t tlcmun·
trr leu r nt!cc--itc )lOUr rc~ccu
tion tic~ lui~ r;,c ale •. d~s
loi ' ''" '·
n:e,·i)latiun, de~ loi ' ~anitaire
,. ou de police. uu tmu
t·
lllt
e r:1i"m
de ~curitt: inu ued iat e. cc fait
modiiie. en un cemoin pui
ut. lc•
principe" )!lincrau~ de Ia Iiberti
! de n:l\'iJ-.-:ttion en hau te me
r. m:ci,
cct tc 111udific:•tinn est ici cxt
rcm cm cn t limitt!e. et ell c par
.eit
tuut
;, fait rai-on11able t·n •·ai "o"
du fait qu' cll c rctlrc~hte
un
t·
m::longuc pratique sui ' ic par
bc:1ucoup d'E tat s. "
le rni~onncmcnt dt: b " lla
r\•a rd Rc se.. rch • coincide.
dan,
un e lar11t: mc surc. :1\cc lc, ,·uc
s des autcuo·s de Ia loi sur
Ia
lUl l·
tre ban de. M . C. ~1. HeSter,
du Oc par ter nen t de Ia Tr6so
reric de.
Et:ets-Uni'i. <tui partici11.1 lar
gem ent il Ia red act ion de
Ia
loi. ini·
s.tit rcm nrq ucr :tu Coonite de
Ia Ch arn bre des Representan
t~ lor..
de l'exarncn du projct • ...
l't!cr:L~nte ma jor ite de
s na tio ns ci,i ·
Ji..c!es a ctc nd u l><l COIIII>t!t
cnce !)OUr Certains bu ts de
l\Ccuri tt
ju..qu·:, une distan ce variab le
mai~ eo nsider :1blc a u deJ
a
des
eaux
ter rito ria les . Ce tte zone plus
lc1intaine est par fois des ign ee
conome
c eau x iuridictionnell
e~ •· On a eon tes h! ici
qu
e
bie n CiiiC: les
lirnite s des emu: tcr rito ria les
soicn t lixcies dan!> Ia pr:otiq
ue inte r·
nat ion alc (ct ceci e~t. com me
on I'a prc ced em mc nt ind iqu
e.
cctiCn·
da nt do ute ux ) il n'y ait pas
de ri:glcs fix~ dan:. les us
et cou·
tum es des nations qui prcscr
i\'Cnt lcs limite s de . eau x
juridic·
tio nne lle s si cc n'eM Ia rcl(lc
de rai.~nnabilite, et qu 'uo e
n:1tion
puisse e:.:ercer son mn ori tc
en ha ute me r s ur l'ett•ndue
et
Ia
dis,
tan ce qu 'elle iu11e rni -on nah
le ct nece..saire I)Our se
pru ti-gcr.
cllc-mcu u.- t't .c ' n;ttionaux.
cun trc tou t sC\'ict•. Ce princi
tx·. qui
!7
•marllblables
em
t lll'tid<l
~~ p:l>
r'_er..•nil
ctn:
nece,.
u terri~ r«on-
dimonsur !:.
raison
int. b
er, mai..
-.It tout
me tri:>
, dans
Ia conerie des
U:S ETAT$-~ ,\IS ET L.\ LOI og
193:1
Slft L\ CO'<TR£8\\0 1
!43
doil ill,llires· b lui uujourd'h ui en discussion. [I et~ etahl i dans lc
droit :11nericain p:u· lc Ch ief .lu•ticc M:trsh:•ll dans • Church"· Hubbart • (2 Cranch lSi (ISO~) • (' ).
'
l..11 /oi sur /11 cmllrebamlc e t lc critl:rc de raiso111wl1i/it.i.
Loo·squ'on part de l'hypothb c que lc crit l:s·e de raiso unab ilire
est le prineipe de ba~ intern:ttio nale, en relation avec Ia • ho•·ering • ll!gisl:uion, ct lon;.:tu'on ~ rappcllc l'a••is de Sir Franci,
Pig)lotl ( ..) selon lc(tUel • lcs luis hoverin$1 sunl, en t>l'incipc.
valab lc, ct an t uri~cCio par le druit des gcn,. aussi lon)ILConps que
lcs conditions esscnticll es sonl rempl ies: que les dispositions de
Ia loi el que Ia di~tance dm, laquelle les operation s en hnute mer
sont aotori~e.• ..oicnt raisonnab les », Ia raisonnabilite particuliere de Ia lui om ~ricainc de 193:> sur Ia co ntrebande pe ut se
dcfendrc par les argumenL~ suivants :
I. 1.:. • Clbl<lll\'-t'llfllrCCIIICill area o pclll eire procl.uno!c >eUICJIIt'llt ~i lc' n:n·irc~ • ho,·ering • . . ont en cffct :~1 un ctu.lroit
qui ne
soi l 11:" >illl~ ;, plu' de 5() mill e' en ddwr, dt: Ia lim ite cxt rc onc
dt:> cau x douanil:re~ (" ) . l.a lui enlcnd 1mr cr hovco·iuu .-csscl •
(ti tre I V. sect. ~HI (d) • tout uavire qui tC'L truu•·e ou s·iid:nu ,ur
Ia C<itc de, Etat,.l'n i,, en dc.,:a uu au ddi1 de' cat~:~: douO\ni;,r., ,;,
d'aprh lc, :tnt~ccdcnts. l'attitutlc, lc car:•cterc uu Ia po-itinn du
navio·c. on lll:lll rai•mnnableosoenl esti oncr qnc cc bntcau est ut ilisti
t>OUr intmduire . fa\'<Jri..cr OU lac iliter J'int roduction Ull tenter d'inlr<Kiuirc de:, marclwndiMo!'~ au' Etats.l'n i' en contr:n cntion ;tn .-c
les loi' relati•·e, :ou-.: re,·enus. •
2. De plus, lc commerc e lc.~titime e.~t tlrotc,qe par lcs dist>Osi-
tion~ de Ia loi qui nuturiscnt l'cxn mcn de~ navircs ct. • ~i quclquc
marchan di-e dmllt:II>C dc.tint:C aux Etat,..l'n b est trull\tt: ;, bard,
eepen-
et
..-.icC:OU•
ou ~i ,.a Jlrl!sence antcrieur e e>l cun>t:ltec i• burd •· Ia confi..c:uion
de, b:ucanx maui/e.,tc ment ·' "·'/•eel.,. Dune, scion le> di,pu,itic uh
de Ia scctiun W6 de Ia loi. lc~ navires qui pr~sentcnt de, i ndicc~
Jl:trticulicrement >U'llCCts de cunt reb:ondc >Ont: I) It:> • ho.-cring
•·cs._<;cl' •. tel> qu'il' -.unt d~fini, J)lu~ haut ; 2) tout na• ire qui umet
(U) llt•tln'ug:~, J). (;2.
( ..} Pu:t.nrr. NatlouoUh , P1. ll, Jl. 5 1 U.undrcs, HI07), lite! '-l::m.. lf•·uriuy•, 1,._ Ill.
( U ) Voir ~•· 1 (d) Lot 'lot."t lion 401 (c) tic- Ia lui, tiot.lt"'""U'· Ill~ 126. 217
-umUP111 \\', BR IGGS
· d'a llu me r ..e• fem: cn nfurm
cment ;, Ia loi. ;, tou t en dro
it qu elc unqu c
da n• lcs e:mx douanii:res
ou dan~ un e cu sto ms -en for
c.:
mc nt nrc.1;
11 u 3) tou t ua "ir e ttui se ref
use i1 se laisser ex am ine
r el dc "ien1
>Ujt·t de pour·•uilcs: .J) ou
tou t ua ,·ir e qui es t so um is
pa r un tr.oile
,', l'cxamcn (") .
•(tt ) Sec tion 2(.:i Jc Ia
loi wr 1.1 coulrrb~,.nd..-. rrtl
is:d : com nae ,ui l (T r:.t.lmt
S..-cl. l06. • l.n S«o1iou :">S7
iun J;
tie l:o lol mri loir e de t93
0 (U. S. C .. Sup pl. \ ' II,
1itrt> 19. ~. t~i) "'' :un
em l« tot mn e ..uit lTr.u1ucd
onl
• Sccl. 58'7. - E.r
:
omcn Jes tiDI '•'rt J hm·~r;ng.
• (D) •r out nA\ irt: h O\t'r
ii"'IJt HU h!U t h:ll crW
C~lli CUllt.'l (~;a ur pou r
inC' itablt"i) de u:nir nllum.
:~ .it'S reu ' com
li'-"' r,li ""m '
me Ia loi le n;:quien, c:t ce
(Inc! enc.ll'oic a.oi t dans les
:i
n'im porce
euux dou:ani~rts. '-Oit dan s
l'espace sou mis au contr;•
Oou:m~r Cuthli l);lr 1l1
1oi con l rt: fa ('On m:b.• ndt
k
·. ou t:.!!ot soumi.s a t)ue lc&U
!ooUil~ par aa>pJirution de
C JlOt lr·
Ia "c."Ction .>XI tk 1,, lui,
Otl tou t n:l\ in· Ctr:lll,
r.• WU S...M:C tinn {IJ) tie If, tlitt!
N~r llllllllel
~•ion SMl eoot nvs,Jic.
-ab~
el qui J)letll. en \'1.'r1
du n nrt: ut)(t•mt"tll ,pe cht
U
l lHt•c un xuu \cJ 'uc iHc nt
tt,. :mg er, ~tre e;x~minC
des etuJ\: dom uti hes dH
h\»'"'
F.tat~Uni!o.. Jli:Ul iotre.
rn tou t
JMr nim por te ;,u d orfidt·
r tics dounues. et lcs Ui~prr.i tem1h<. uhor~M ct c': u ni lh,:
tiuns 'k l.t dit e -.rt""tittll ~\1
ionuru UJlplitJ•U~: ~~o••tus 'i bte
orlic.:ic: r nt nututi..e !t r\:! n ~n c.ldwr~ que "'"' "' S<Hl tli~trict. d lon,(jU
c trt
llnint•r u· bateau. il J>f'UI
C~-:~1em ctll intt.·l't'iJ~t·
"-l·rml:"nt ~on cap itai nc it
r ~uu ..
pro pos tic ...~l ('nrg:•i-.on
t'l
du
'u~;JJlc du bal t•.u t. t•t
condui~ le h;tt rau tlan
f.tirc
... lc (JOr t dt•, l;tnt~-Uni~
cur wci HUH lc 111ieu\
111en de l.t cnrgal-.on. tl
: puu r l'c' ·'·
.,.j lt.' ma hrt (ca pim ine
)
tlr
~ batt OIU ~fuse tl"n
tm lro r~gulit·rs dunth::o.
t't--t-c.l,· r :u"
p~• r cct orli t·h.•r ou nc
rl-lKlnd p.'l ..... honn~ce:mcnt
i~n-tne1;11. nu~ <tU
t'Siiona qui lui ..one Jl4t~t'S
t"l , in
nu M l ~t tlu bul c.au. tic ~on
mc u t, uu de ~ton ''1\.l~e
t. h:~r,:,~­
. (t' cup it..•in e ptU t
iotre t·on d.u nn. ; ;, unc :un
"'"' JH..UI \·lr t au~ricurl,!
c:mlr q11i
li :).H()U dulful ~ ni tniC ril'u
rc :xi(J doll<ti'S. Si, dan
mt' n ele t.t' b.'ltr-.-u ou tte
... l'e\ ,)•
~ t...-J')I'.ti...ou 11ar un
ctrricit•r
t •Om t•r :'1 hurd une:o HHirtho
andis.t• :oou... pn le des.cirk.: nu tlc-t dou :uu.s. on tle, uit
' E~:us-Vois, ou :~<i In pn·
~tt·oc. (" :mt~riem·c• d'u ne
edit~ m,u,·lmnd i..._. ""'
cuthlnt~ ;, bor d. ce
CUI't(.1i-...m KI' On t ~j.,.j,_ et
bate-au ~ ....
C"'nfi~u~ Tuu ce •m•n.h
tuuliM! (;\ J'c,t't.:Pt ion (IC!Io
Jln ur In traH·P~c~d dum l'ini
'i'r '"
JI•Urlntiun t"'ol prohibt'" ;u"
f. tac ...... l.;ni .... uu tlui c•w~•
tn .. ,,iri aue u,, 'in s, HU fllll
..hll"li! hoiot.,nu .. u1t·oolictllt."s.
c1ui
\ert t• {a boFlJ, tk\ r:t t-tr-e
1,.-i..umt-=e \.ouune ttrult dt, sen• it arou\fE-c ou ,lr.t·H''
tin Ce uux Etnts-l lni~.
• h) $i 1m balt<au duarg~
J'un~ c.•rs.::~•i...cJn. drt -ou
,en en nim rlO rte qu d end
tl~ t-:cai•·Cni..., ~.uit tl:m
rtut
.. It•' cnu ' tluu :mi hcs . sui
l d.m~ Ia 70n t! wtu ni" <'
c•>nlrt,l~ dou nni cr C.ut
bli~ >t:k>n b loi 'ur
·'"
Ia
tun
lr--e
b:mtle. ~~ e:n~uitc rctrOu
Jc,tt~ uu ''>n nt tlt~t·hou·gC
H
lou t Uti JXU'ti~ 1lt: ':' ('arsr.•
i...on, !'ti lc co.picainc at
tie ~tl~ t·om pte tlu purin~ .•
r ou de l'cmlroit oi1 la
cnr,¥:aiwn ou un~ ~,..,;,
tk.• cd lt:~i. con~h~canl tl:m $
tb m:u..t.ho.mtliM:-, t.IHOI l'im
por-u.1ion nux l-:tui ..... L1ui
t:'~~l lli"'hihc;;
.. ou t•n •virilu~u\, 'in...
ou :tucre:, hoi ,"" n' :tkooliq
liCr~mcnl tkh an1 utt ,
ue4i1 a C:tC rt~)lu
te h;ttc:tu -..:r n ~nisi ct t'Q
nri~~•
• c) Aucunc .~ di<itMbdtio
n... ,le tt'U t• M.'<cion lit' I)C)u
rrn ~Ire inlel"prt!tt:(,.• d
ma ni\- re ;, r\IW"'"r 1' 1H
conO~iieuliun un b;a lr.t u
qui ~ r~ntl. lk bonn~
por t ~tn1n~ :, un nurrc:
foi. d\1•1
1.10n Clr.m}lt.'r, cl taui I"M»
~t.·nt d lc· lt'lllJ-,.., k lui
a,....uic ...a ~ou......._.. comn~oe k
l"'rt nt'll t'"IU . •
Ln ~1iun 2fl.' tit' l:1 loi
"-lli' 1•• f.:Hnlrt'b:.nde t."SI retl
ru.mi<-re ... ui'·'"'._. [Tr::uJooi
isE4:. par~llement, de Ia
onJ :
a
,,.,bJt.
! IS
a it~
n ):
\ 'II,
-.
_,
-·
porte
ltr6lc
ft1'1U
lion
mine
581
..,,
....
·-
"-""
II;
qtli
r.....
.....
....
......,
deftit
""'"
......
]. Par ceue onetho<lc tic ha-cr l'ctabli,sement d'unc cu~h>nt,.
enforcement ar.,a sur l'c\'idcncc tic, laib cxi•tanLs, en etabli>>:ntl
cell c zone uniquemcnt aux endmit~ uit ties bntealLx ho\'ering
particulierement sust.t ccts s.; tt·ouvcm en cc moment, le critcre
de r<tisonnabilitc est ctabli a\'a nt que Ia zone soum ise au contrtllc douanicr soit etablic. Si, ~HI lieu de suivre cetle methode
prevue dans Ia loi, lcs Etats-L1ui., dcva icnt, par leur droit internc,
O.:tt-ndrc Ia zone tie lcur~o caux duu:111icrcs ;, une etenduc unilorme
tr. s. c_
SecL 203 (u). c '--"' M"Cliun .5."11 d.: '·• loi l.triloire tit< 193ff
Sulll••- \II.
tirr..- 19. ~·. 1:,0'-it) ~~ arueml« 4.onuue 'ui1 :
• Sc-c-1. ;)\l. - AborJag~ Je uut'lf<'
• a) Tu ut ofGc~r db dmtan(' r~ul :. tuut moment )oC ~t)tlr-e t. bonl t1 un
lt.'ltt<a u on d\m ,ehi.cuk t•n lout t'lld•oit t i l ' I:I.IC!t~t:ni!loo, nu d.m, b t"o.U' duu~•·
nii·•-c:o' ou, s'il ~ hi ~mluri..e, dalh 1...... /Ont·, ..Otuni~ :111 cantr\ •IC" duu.mier
ltrahlie .. par t:. Jot sur Ia corurchandt", ou en tout :tutre t"ndroit autori~. uu
ddHJr.. de comme t.l:m). ...on di .. trkt, ""' fiu, tfc\.:uniner lcs p:-r J>ieno ct :aut r'-...,
dfK:Umcnl<li, d'c~arniner, d'in'llf:('l\~1 l'l th· f:-rirc tit•-.. recht"rCirt!.-.. :m ....... i hicn ~u• 1~
h:uc:tu QUt! da nto n'imrorte qudle Jl.ll'tit.> tie rdui-ci, :ru.:-.~i bit;n (ltlt" UJUi e l:k:r'•
~()llrtc, l OUh.• mafl t, lOut l)i~(JUt' l UU IOUH' C:! l'ltUi.,nn :'1 horcJ, cl, JK'I UI' ~C fuin:, il
l)l'Ul II JlJ)Citr (!I (nirc ~IHJ I JM'I. ("~ hah:liU 0 11 H~hku lc el b irc: U~ase clc 10 11' ICI!o
lll( i~t·th O~ti.;;;ni reS IHUir COlli I :1intl1C Ct h,llt'll U it ol>t!_ir•.,
• t/) Tm rl n:t\•irc: cur ,·t:hieu lc ttui, ,·, un c ndmit S\utnri~'>t, c:-t rcctni!!> de ' ' t'l>lk'l
JMr un nfficicr de I:• douanto, (tll tJIIi ..... , f('q uh,. tit' )tO)}Jkr p~tr till toignal r~rit ......
1111 h:ueau m r ~rvic.e de- Ia clumurt:. IMH"tunt l'in._iJo111c ct le pconnanl J>l't''>{'rit .. JIUIU'
H"!lt h:ue~lliX P=•r lc PrC..ident, ce b:Heau doit a/nrrete:r, raute de quoi. s'il lui e~t
tt·flui .. de ~·urnher, il pourra &rr l'ubjc-t de pour,uite-, d le: capic:•inc du b.iu mcru kf'!\ pas~ible d'une ame1u.l-.. ttui n'f',cdlc:-rn pOlS 5.ti(J() doll;u•, tot nc ..._.r., .,.. ...
i n l~rieure ;, 1.000 doll:ar~. It ._. .., du tl.,-,uir de' dirttrenc., ctlraciers de-o. dounne-de puur...ui' re IOU I 'abse:•u CIU• M:n lil fl''-'""ible clc pou~uite' Je l'abonkr e t tie
!'~'\,lfllillef". rt tl'e:\:ltnint-r lOUie J)ri"''UUIIe Ob lOUie tuarch:mdi~ ;, bonJ, nu ddtunt
., .. ,..,.j bien (IUC cbnr,. leu" di.).tt'it.t-.. f\'""J)(t'lir.!oo t'l l\ lOUt ent.Jt'Oia t'll h:tult" Uk:l,
o u. ,j In chQ.).f' est permi-"'= Jlar le.. ::nuoait~.. ~crnclgC.t't." .. irn~~m. JY.trwuc uU
lc• b;ate~tU J>t!Ut ~tre pout'suhi ~'"'"'j blt'n Cttti. IOIH nutre endruit :mtori ..C•
• d Sl lo~ de l'cMuucn du h:.cc;ur ou du 'C:hi.c!Jic, il apperi qu'uoc inrrauum
!1 In lt,'(i .. l:uion tie~ Euus..Uni~ n ~h.t c.:ururui'c em est en train de M: cuuunt•lll'e
n:mlttnt -nins i lc b:Hrau ou leo ' ~l1 iculr:, uirh.i ctuu l:t mnrch:mdi~ c.u tllll' smrti.:
tic cdlr-ci, ctui ~~ :\ bun I u u CJUi n Ctlo introduitc uux Et.:tt!il-1 ,ni .. par t'l' lwlcftU
flu ~o·e v~laicule, pntosible! de conri..cut iuu ou cl'unc umc-ratlc, ce b:Henu ou ec ,.:.hi~
r ul\:, (IU ccs rm)rchantllse!i sctOIIl !!1-Ui._j._ t:l toucc J>cr~onrlc rt>~punsahlt! cl'un ..•
tdlc inrruction ~r.a urrf.tl-c.
• /) Lcs dilrCrt:nts orficlcr~ dt' cluu"ne._, tl~\r(lnt :oo.ti,ir et s':1:o-Mar-el' totll h;tlr;.u,
\l,!hit:ule ou marchandi.ses qui ~raitnt pa~iible-s de u lsie, et a rrC.ter les pt:Nionues
taui seraient passibtes d'a.rrtstation, en 't:r•u d'une loi quekonque sur ld re' erlut.,
aui.~i bien hon tole &eur di,uicc que t.l.1n .. 1-tur c.li~t rt'Spectil t:l U"tf:r de wu-..
'"' lllO)ens n«:es~ires pour In arrrcrr t:l le\ l!oal,.ir.
• g) T out na,ire. darts ou ho•" d.,.... t-3U'\ douaniC.rl'.), dont b m:..rch.andi~
UC ou a tt~ illeg;~len-.ent introduit~ {IU'\ l:tac~Cnis. ~\t'C k COnc.-otl" de qut:lque
b:ueau appanenant :m~ Ecat..,L*n~. CKI qui appanit:ndraic. ou serait conlr.)lc;
ou st!rC e.:• comnmn :u « ce dat n:H i~. k dit n:u ire $ern consider.: ronm1o
•
I
IIER0£1\T W, BRIGGS
30
de ~0 CHI de Ill mill e' de Ia dile , le' n:uions clr:m
J,:cre:<. deda rait
M. !~ ester tlcvant le Com ite de Ia Ch::uubre. pour
r:tient obje cter
1111c ectte f:t\'tm de iaire "iolcmit lc droit inter natio
nal, car elle
nc corr cspo ndra it pas au critc rc de « •·aisonna
bilite ». Au lieu
d't!tendre notr e conrrOie dou:mier Mlr une large ur
unif orme , continuait-il, • 11uu~ l't!te nd ons uniqucm e nt :i Ia zone
dans laquelle
nous trou ''""' de' co11trcbandien.. c;tr nou~ pen:
.ons que cela
nc soulcver a pas d'nbicction de Ia part cl'un pays
eu·anger , et que
ccla ,era couf nrmc au crite rc de raison11abilite
sous !'em pire du
droi t intcrnatinn:•l " (" ). De mi!me, lc prufesscur
Hessel Ynte ma,
dont !'opinion eM tie poids. ~crit (' ) que dans
Ia loi cont re Ia
conll·eba nde " il n'y a aucu11c prise de cont rule
sur une surfa ce
bien dclim itce en haut e mer, mais uniq uem cnt
une exte nsio n
nccessaire, :'• un mome11t donn e et ;, u11 endr oit
donn e, du contriile de Ia cont reba nde le long des cote s des
Etat<>-l:nis. ~ Oe
plu~ il aHir me que les dispositions de
Ia loi « assu rent au com mere\! mari time lcgitimc Ia meil leure prot ectio n
possible cont re
les inter ventions du contrOie cffectif de Ia cont rcba
nde; perm etten t
:·, ces mcsu res d'ctr e ext!cutt!cs <l'une man icre corr
espo ndan t exac teme nt :llL'I: hesoins variables de 1'~1dministration:
prcc isen t l'autorit e des officie•·s des Etats-Unis en ce dom aine
; renj orce nt les
obligations cont racte es par lcs Et:~ts-Uni~ dans les
traitt!s: et respect ent les cons idera tions qui ont cond uit ~~ l':~d
option de u Ia
dista nce J>arc ouru c en une heur e de n:Jvigation
par le bate au »
dnns ce qu' on a apl)l!le les « liquor treaties », nota
mme nt l'apprl:hens ion expr imee par certa ines puissances et selo
n laquelle une
dispo~ition pour l'applic:uion des mcsu
rcs cont re Ia cont reba nde
Crnm ~mplo~l~
OU:\. f.tm.;;.Uni~ t'l conun~
tomhant, tie ce (ait,
sous lcs di'J')()Sitirtas
de ceue St'ction.
• h) u.~ di,JWhilimh cle u·uc M."t:tion ne ~cront I),,S
interprt~tecs clan,_ 1e !ttllS
..fnutori.!tt'r ou cl'onlunner it 1111 orri ..·icr des Et:at*i
Unis t.l'applic1uer lc~ loi~ lks
E~:u.s·Uni-. en hau1e: mer fa un batt~au C:trn.
n~r en contn '' em ion a'ec le, trait b
cl'un gum crntn 'ltnt ~trnn~r nutor i,ant ou permc
:ctnnt nu:< autorite& des Etats Uni~ ..rnhurder. tl'exuminer, tic :-ai ...ir ou cl'npr
liquer au b~H(":\u t·n h:uut mer le'
loi~ tin ~Htts- l'nis.. ;--~ul si en autorirC.s )
'One ou J)t:u,ent ~ ~Itt- au1mi-..tes par
un nrr:U1l(t'l11ent !r>~C'ml concl u "'~c c.•e ~011\~
mclllt:nl Ctran .(ltl',,. )t
(") llt•oring.J, J)J').
de :.U miiiC"S hors
tJ.. ... ~• .
c••J
iJ..74. Soumis~ naturell~mrnt.;. un~ limitation. dan*"' l't.'SJ)
ace,
eaux
t:k:~
douanit-r-c~.
•
•
St
l
LES £'TAT5-LSI~ ET L\ LOI 0&
193;; srR L < CO\TRU"O&
sur unc diswnce bien de!inie en haute mer ponrrait constituer
un prtci!dent indesirublc •·
.J. Pour ce qui conccrne les reclamation s portant ~ur un bateau
sai,ic dans Ia zone soumisc au contrOie douanicr, Ia dcclar:llion
du Pr6ident au.x terme~ de laquelle un bateau C•t • ho•·ering •
a•·ec nne intention illc,.-ale ho"' de' c:mx dou:miere' des Etat,_
linb "'' unc dtclar:uion puremcnt fJrima facie rcndant seulcment
po,~ihlc de juger Ia c:HtSC du plai)ln;mt dcv:mt 1111 tribunal.
Ain,i IIUC fe dtcl!trn it M. Hester dcvn nt le Comitc de Ia Chnmbre (" ): • I.e plaignant se presentcra devant le tribunal et conte\ler:t que le gouvernem em ait le droit de sai,ir le bateau a
l'cndroit indiquc!, c:or, cn droit international, le gou"emem ent
n':wait pas fe droit tl'~tabl ir ce controlc douanicr lo l'endroit oit
le b:ot enu a ttl! saisi... Alurs le tribumol aura i\ dire si, oui ou non,
en ..:oi~issan,t le bnte:m. le gou•·ernem ent a etendu son controle
douanier au deto tl'une djstance rai-onnable. •
;,, Enlin. nat~•relle111cnt, le caracterc raisommblc de Ia le)li.,_
lation hovering. lc car:tctere raisonn:tble d'une saisie d'tm bateau
ttran!!Cr ou de b pt·octidure employee pourra fn irc !'objet d'une
discussion diplomatique entre I'Etat du plaignant ct les Etats-Unis.
II est bon. toutelois, de rappeler ces mots du prolesseur \'ntema (" ):
• l'excrcice du droit est conditionn e p:tr le carnct~re raisonnable
des mcsures employees ct de l'etendue de Ia zone •oumise :\ la
~ur\'ci llancc: unc fatllc honn~tc d:tll> l'cxt<cution n'cst pas u11e
excuse; si. dans un cas particulicr, Ia saisie est estimee injustifiee,
eUe peut donner lieu io une protestation de Ia part du gouvernement etranger; si Celie protestation s';were fondee, eJJe doit donner
lieu :) r eparation... La theorie de • tolerance •· en dt!crivant cet
,ensemble d'idecs comme un droit tolcre. si elle souligne bien ses
caractcristiques qunlilices, est. cependant. d-'fectueuse en ce qu'ellc
SIIJI,t;:ere que !'existence du droit depend de l':obsence de protest:t·
tion. Si l'as_.;entime nt est Ia preu•·e irrefutable du droit. cela ne
signilie pa~ que le droit puisse disparaitre de\'3nt une protestation
non lonclee. n
Pour les raisons exposees ci-dessus, I' auteur de cet a~ticle estime
( ") ld., I'· t.;!l.
(") ld., p. 121
(
•
11£1\l lfiiT \1 , 81111.1.•
que l'idc e de Ia 7.one wumi--c au cont rolc doua
nicr tellc qu'el le
c~t prev ue dans Ia loi conl rc Ia c011trl'b ande
n'cst pas cont raire
au droi t inter natio nal.
A/1/llication cle Ia loi coul re Ia ccmlreba ncle (" ).
L':1utc ur csti111c. en outr~. que l'tlpplicution et
!'adm inistratio n
d~ Ia loi cont rc Ia cont reha nde au cou
r' d'un e pt!riode de trois
anneCS Ont cgaJe me nl etc co nfol'lnes [Ill Cl'itc
re de « raiSOilll(lbiJitc •. Jusqu':i tm!s ent cinq 1.ones sotn ni...es au
cont role doua nier
ont etc proc lmnc cs conf onuc mcn t :\ Ia loi. dans
Ia pcrio de com prise e ntre le i aoiit c t le 2i dcce mbre 1935. l)cpu
i!- 1935, aucu ne
zone nom·cllc n'a ere anno ncec. I.e nom bre dc bate
aux cont rcba ndiers , <tui etait de 39, :wan t que I'Act e n'ait force
de loi, est tomb e
:\ zero en juill ct 1936. Depui~ lor!-. le nom brc des
bate aux hO\ cring. s iWJal£-s o u reco nnus de Ia d'ite des Etats -L'ni
s, a etc le ~ui­
vant : e n aoiit 1936. un; de scpt cmb re tt dcce mbr
e 1936, aucu n:
en dcce mhr e 193(i, deux ; d e jail\ ier i1 :wril 193i,
un; avril 1937,
tmis ; mai 193i, deux ; juin-ao('tt 193i. un: tWill
193i, deux : ~~~­
temb re 193i, un: octo hre 193i i1 :1\·ril 1938, aucu
n; avril 1938,
deux ("). II n' a pas ~tc jul(c neccssaire, cer~endant
, de proc l:nnc r
de nou,·elle~ zone s de cont riile doua nier depu
is 1935. Citn ns ici
M. Olip hant , Con-;eillcr gcn~ral du Dcpa rtcm
cnt de Ia Trc, o-.
rerie (" ): • C'es t !'opi nion du Dcp artem ent de
Ia Trcs orcr ie que
Ia loi cont re Ia cr>ntrchandc a, au micu x, attci
nt le but qu'el lc
rech erch ait. Elle a etc exlrc mem ent cHica ce
en :.upp rima nt Ia
coot:reha ndt• excr cee au moy en de bate aux ho,•c
rinR et d e bate aux
de cont act au larjle de no~ c{'>tes. S'il ~ a eu de:.
infraction~ lopora diqu cs de Ia part de bate aux ho\'c ring dcpu is Jc.,
e nviro ns de juillet 1936, o n ne doicom rc aucu n ~i)lne d'un reto
ur nux o~rations
de cont rcba ndc entre prise :.ur unc gran de cchc
llc, ct l'org a nisa("
) Pour •.. r•rC,tanlliun tit C'Citl.' M'Cliu n ~t~Ur rnstiJ
iiuttiun de In lui, l'au lclll
Jl ~t6 hcurt.•U\ t.l c JKHU'Oie· ccun(H cr '"r
It• R~ntrl•U). t..Onc-our!l tl.: l'huour,,hl~
u~rau ~m Olia~tuuu, (Oft'llot'illt"r gCner-al, DCtM
rtt>nlt'nt de Ia Trf.!tt)rt"rle u~., Etnh·
Uni~ cl de l1•onoruhlc Grctu 1-1, tlack "ur1h,
con~ttCilll•r juritlic1uc. J)~pa •·tcntt.••U
d' Et:H tits Euw-·Uni~. raui hal onl lkrmis de n."C:ueilli
r des inrormation.s 5UPI)Itmenmin.·~ quil n"aunit pu uhtenir autrtl
lh~l\1,
(H) fnrol"tttillinn fournie
ruuh•UI" IHir lc l)t!,Mrtclllt!lll de hi T~..tllcrit•
tic'
l~laL"'"l'ni,,
a
(") 1..,11..., d• M. Oliplmnl ;, J'ou1rur tn dnle olu 13
mni 193S.
LES tTATS-UI<IS P.T LA LOI IJE 1 93~ SUn L,\ COXTHEB.\ SD£
249
tiou de grou1>e•ucnts pour Ia lraudc de lique<n-s, si actiis dans
leurti Ot><irations au lar,gc des cc>tes avant Ia mise en applicatiou
de Ia loi, jJarait ne plus exister ... A mon avis, Ia loi contre Ia contrebande n jouc un role impo1·tant dans Ia s uppression quasi totale
du problt:me de Ia coutrebande des li<tueurs. Le total des reveuus
annucls pcrdus i1 c:ntse de Ia contrchande des liqueurs qui t!tait
estimt! it 3() millions de do llars, tncme apri:s !'abroga tion {" ), C't
virtuellemcn t dcsccndu it z~ro depuis l'etablisS<; ment de Ia loi contrc Ia contrcbandc. L'cx6cuLion plus d iective et plus coordunnee
du travail du Dct>:trtcmcnt de b Tn!sorerie durant les trois dern i~res :"nn6ts a ~l"f. iru.hahitablcn'lcnt, un gra nd Faclcur dans cc
rtisultat: ma is on ne il" "L cunt"ster l'ciict proclu it par Ia loi cllcm&me couu·c Ia contreb:mde. L'eiiet lc plus importa nt a ~X'ut-clre
et6 d'ordre l"ychologiquc; Ia crainte produitc par Ia loi dans les
cc•·clcs org~ uistb pour Ia contreba nde de l'a lcool. •
En cc qui concc rn c lc nombrc de navirc~ saisis, M. Olipha nt
ccrit: • Sui.-:mt lcs rapports dispon ibles au Service, il ~· " cu
seizt: navir·es sa ish; par application de Ia lo i contrc b contn.:..
bande. Douzc de ceux-ci iurent confisques, trois iurent relachcs.
et un cas est encore pendant. • Les seize saisies eurent lieu entre
le 7 septembre 1935 et le 23 avril 1936, d;tte de Ia dernicre saisie
or>Crec: coniormcmcnt it Ia lui. De ccs seize n,lVircs. onze etiticnt
am~ricains et eo nsisraicnt, en grande part ie. en petits batirnents
de contact, de i a 13 tonncs. Aucu n pro bleme de droit interna·
tional ne iut soulcve au cours de Ia s:•isie de ces onzc navircs
americains.
Quant aux ci nq autres batimenl s sai<is par application de Ia lni
contre Ia contrebandc, trois d'cntrc cux Ctaicnt brit:mniquc:-., un
norvl:gicn ct un mcxicnin. Parmi ceux·ci, un navirc britnn niqu(:,
le P o{X>ca ta{Jc lt iut saisi it em•iron 10,:.! milles marins de Ia cote.
Un autre n:wirc bri1anniquc, le Pro nto, iut s.~isi ll 7,5 milles de Ia
cote. et lc troisibne n:l\'ire anglnis, lc Miserinko, lut sa is i a envircm
36 mi lles de !:1 c<1t"c. Le "'"'ire norvegicn Rcidun ct le navire mexi.:ain, ilfolokai iurent, taus deux, saisis au port.
Dans le cas du Reidrm, et dans oc ens seulemcnt, Ia tl6cision
prise par les tribunaux a ete publicc. I.e> rc1"cignernents fournis
•
lll:nu enT W, BRIGGS
34
par lc Oep artc men t de Ia Trc sorc rie nou
s font con nait rc l:t pructdl lrc suiv ie ct Je, decbion!> finales pris
e, pou r les bme aux d:tn s
lcs qua trc autr cs ca~ :
~lex ic.rin M/ V ,1/o/okai. - Sai:-.i
au port de l.os Angelc:-., Californic, lc 18 m:rr s 1936, pou r lc mot if que ce
bate au ftai t sou1~·onne
tl ':wo ir pou r des.~ein de ~e livr cr :'t b cun
lreb antl c de l'alcool aux
Etat,.t 'ni~. Ciw tion depo:;c;e au
Trib una l du Di~trict de~ Etat sUnis pou r le District de Ia Cali forn ie 111c
ridionalc, Division centrale , tend ant :'1 s:1i~i r lc bate au t>ou r infr
ncti on :'1 Ia sect ion 3 de
Ia loi con tre Ia con trcb aaule. La proc edu re
cle sai~ie fut susp cnd ue
~()US l'or dre de I'Atto rney Gcncn1l
, ct lc bate au rend u au plaignant.
Brit ann ique 0 S Po/Jt/C<IW/Je/1. - Sttisi
le I ,cpt elllh rc 1935 ;,
env iron 10,2 lllilles de Ia dltc . Cita tion
tlu 2.J fcvrier 193i au
trib una l de di»trict des Etat,..Unis pou r le
dist rict de New -Jer sey
:'r Cam den , N.J ., pou r infr acti on ;, Ia sect
ion 3 (a) de Ia loi con tre
Ia con treh and c, et :) diff eren tes disp osit
ions de Ia loi tarif aire
de 19JO. La pmc&.lurc en sai, ic c.'t enc ore
pcn tlan te.
Brit:mn iquc 0 / S Pronto. - Sais i lc 20
janv ier 1936 it cnv irun
i,'j mill e, de Ia cote . avec l'alcool tlrm
·cnatH du l?cidrm. Bate au
imm etlia teru ent co nfisquc t>ar un age nt
des dou ane s ;'r Cha rles ton, S. C., llOll l' violalion des sect ions 3
(a) ct i de Ia loi cor1lre
Ia con1reba nde el diffe rent es sect ions de
Ia loi tarif aire de 1930.
Brit ann iquc 0 /S Miseri11ko ( " ). - Sais i le
14 mar s 1936, ~~ 36 milles env iron de Ia ct)te. P roci:!>-verbal du
13 avril 1936 au trib una l
de di..,trict des Etats-Unis pou r le dist rict
sud du Mai ne, :1 Por tland , Mai ne, pou r violation des sect ions 1
(a) et 3 de Ia loi con tre
Ia con treb and e. B:11eau con fi~que le 1i avri
l 1936.
I.e cas du Reid1111 ( " ) doit ct:re exa min e
ave c plus de details.
Le R eidurr, un bate au oon·egicn, quittait
Arwcrs en 1935, ave c un
char gcm ent d'er wiro n 120.000 litre..; d'alc
ool beig e :. deb arqu er
dan s des port s cana dien s. En nov ernb rc,
il arri vait ?r env iron
120 mille." a u sud de Sain t-Pi crre -Mi quel on, et
:'r cet end roit, en
hau te mer . :l un point « cloigne de plus de
500 milles et d'un peu
IIIOin~ de 600 mill es de Ia cote des Etats-L'
nis Ct de tout.e cust oms (" ) Pour une di.~ussion de re c:t,, \Oir
plus loin.
(~') ( 1 ~36. l>i•:ri<t Cou n. Ea•t ern Di>tr
icl N. Y.) H F~dernl Sup1>lem~n1, 111:
I} od.• 112. Clr. exale ment SP~>I.U,, toe. cit.,
p. S2.
LBS ~T,ITS·I 'SIS £T LA LOI DE
1933
SLII 1.1 C0~1'1\Hil.ISDE
t•nrurccmcnl :~rca uu de~ c:tUs tluuaniC•·ctoo ,., illivl'ait « <.le grandctoo
quantiu!:-. tfalcuol hcl!lt: • :·, tlc!'o .. rum .. runm...-~ ., britunniquc!)
(UOIIl lc bateau .'1 l'"•CIICC hritanniquc /1rm1111) qui J'~· :lliCIIdaicnt
~uh~lllt cc <lui :0\ait etc llrCcedcmmcnt concertc. Ces navircs
r:11Jide~ • 'l)rt•;tcl f,mwi'C • (~'cparpillcrcnt Cll ch·cnt:oil), \'Crs
diifcrenh endroih de Ia drtc de, Etat.,.( ' ni,, depuis le Maine
jusqu'en Floridc, d'aucuns firent prO!{rc~'i'·cmclll cnlrer, en con·
t rcbmtdc, de l'alcuol aux Etats-Unis, d'mrta·c~ sc fi 1'cn1 saisir. Lc
Pm11lt1 iut sa isi l'l confi><tUC '" ' janl'icr 1936 ("). lku.x 1110i, p lu<
lard. en mar~ 1936\ h: l~ciduu arriv~lit il New-York. avec un ch:wgcmcm regulicr de 'liCI'C de Cuba. II fut ,;,;,; d:ans le pOri tic
New-York Cl pou~uh i. inler ,Ilia, I>OUr \'iol:uion tic Ia '(.'"Ctiun 10:,
de Ia loi sur Ia conlrcb.ltldc prohibant lc dcdmrl(cmem illegal de
bui,....ons alcouli<IUt..•, C ) • ;, n"iiiiJ)Urtc qud cntlruit t'n haute- me-r
adj~•ct:ntc :HI\ t~Ju\ duuaniCr~
des Et;u.,. Pui, • ·
(n) Vni,· p lu.. hnm.
('•) Sc.-cl. 2113. - • 1.:. ''--~ 1. :J..sG d1· b l.,i uniruin.· ,It• I~.W ( l'. S.
tili'C 1~., M~.
<.:.,
SupJtl. \ ' II,
1)1\6) t' !OI h iiH' IId loe,.• t' t)UitiiC :.-uit ('J'nullll'litUll;
• s~l. 5'«i.
f)(lc!lorg~mc.•m ou trnnsbord~m~nl
illla'te.
• a) I~ capicain\' d ' uu .unin.· \cnnnl c.l'un IMUt till d 'une.• pl;1cc ~tr:mwi•tt•
qui nulori!Oool.· k <l t~lmrJ,:t'IIICI11 tic m::trdutrtt.Ji~ () rompri" le~ 'hi'H de mcd de
cc bateau. l. nintJ)OMt <aud moment ~.,,..e., Qn :u·,.i't"\" tl_.m .. '"'" r..u ' dQu:mii·r• ..
t't a' ;ant <1~ « hMt"~U n 'otil .a lh:int rc=ndroit d~..iJt•W puur lr t.I«<MJ'!,~Il•elll tic.•
('~ m:u·chan.fi~. n on.ml <1uil n'ait ~~~ I.• pcrmi .....ivn tk tln:-hars:~• ..,..ra
.
p._l.-;-.ibl-e tl'une nm'"m.k t1c;Jir ;, tku~ f(Ji,. l.a ' al"-'ur tl~ l:t m.•nh.• miL~ et 11ui n.peut Ctrr :nr~t'ieurr ;, t nnu c.lull;,~: C!C h.·u~;m...., car\1.1i~n l'l b marcho111di-.e
ain')i dCb~lt"<IUic -..·r•mt ,,,j,.j~ t·t conri!!>Que...
• b) Le Jlropri~t.tirc d'un hutt.'~IU \'tmant tl'un JM~rt uu tfune pbC'e t-trun'Cl·n:
<1ui pc:rmct ttu'nuc llliH't hnruJi~t: (~ compri, lc.., 'iHc.._ tic mer ) tlunl llm1Mt1ln·
pmhill1!t• fill' Hl : th~Uni-., o u qui ~(lll"'i"l t• t.'ll "lliriHtcu,, vin.i CHI uutl't'"
litlut·ur~ alcool i~t"'- .. uil, ~ n'in•JKtl'lt.' ttlu:l endr,)il l!ll hnutc tllrr udj:accnlc It\"
1ion t~t
eau( Lloormiert'~ d~: <i l•:tou.,...llni ... trnn~hcmlh::, nu p):,t•t\: nu ,-~uc p:u· (lttdqu'aull c
b:tte:.u QUCI CJu'il SCti!, n iOI'!<o tiU 'jl conuniL. OU "Jors que k;. C:ift"OnstAned lui ronl
hut L-~ d(' f't'ntiR: rossibk rintroduuion. ou In tenlathe c.rin ·
connaitrc qur
trotluctiot\ <k crtlt' m.tnb:mda'!oC" Otl d'unc par1"' tk t'~Ue marchnndb.c au\.
EtalS--Uois. tn \iolation tk l:t loi'. o;;n':t p;b~ibk d'unf RntC'ndC' e~=·k ;, dcu\. Soi ..
La uk-ur ck lot martlmntli'<. t'l qui nc M"rn pa~ inr~rk-urc 8 1.000 OOib\"· ct k
b;.teau d'ola Ia m.trduuult~ a C::tt- nin.Q drt-h:.r$ftt, ":• tar~;ti"''n t:'l "'" m~r·
w
r.hnndlses ~ront !'>tli..._j, t'l U lftfi..c.tuf,_
• c:) Le cnpit:.inr •l'un hnh:ttu ,·cnant d'un pori ftll ,rune 11lnec t1r:1nql·~
qui pennct CJu'unr nmrchumli.se b compri'i lc~ 'hrt's tie mer) destinie au"
Ec:tlri-Uni.s, <'I doni l'i tniK•rtntiou null: E(:lb-Uni!'> ""' lltHhil~. ('lu <1u i con'i"'tc
eu spit-illlcm. , 'ith flU tutlt'C~ bok..ons nlcooli~Cc"· aoit dk 1mrgee s.anJ permit
de dkharacrnen~. U qudc1u'rndroit e •l hnutt· m~r ntljncttnte nu" eaux dnun.
nit~ dd Euu ...~Uni .... tr.ln~I>Ordk-. J11Acrr ou ~ue :\ bord t.lr qudque IJ..-.h•AiJ
de~ Et:us--l'ni~ uu
•le tom nulr-c bat("~u. pr'OJ)riCce d'une J>t'rsonnt citoy~n d"
I
112RB£RT W. 81\ICCS
D:lns un jugcm cnt pro,•i, ionnd . lc tribun al refus:1 d"adm etlre
Ia va liclitc de Ia saisie faite ;, New-York pour le motif allegu e, ct
dcclar a qu'il ct:lit « irraiso nnablc ll de Croire CJUC lc mot « adj~­
CCnl ,. dans Ia M:ction 205 J>OU\':tit inclur e une
distan ce au d rli\
de' caux tlou:~nieres qui ~oit plus gra nde tjUC In di~tancc p~·r­
.mi'c dan' Ia cu.• tom~-cu/urceureu t aretr, soit ~) mille~ au tlclio
de' eaux duuan icre,. De plus. di~ait le trihun al , '' o n pe ut observ
er
que le Statu i contre In cont•·c b:mde, pmu· autan t que cela conccr·ne lc~ nation~ ay:mt un traitc. n'a nullem c nt pour intent ion
d'ctcm lrc les tlroits juridic tionncls des Etats-Unis au dcla de cc
qui a etc admis pnr les nations aynnt un traitc "i l'cndr oit du transbordc ment indic!uc au tlroct:s-vcrba l n·e,t 11as dans Ia limite d 'une
hcure tie navi)!mion st ipul.;e au traitc du 24 mai 1924 entre le~
Et:~ts- l'ni~ cr Ia Norvc~o:c. puisqu ' « il n"est pa:, contes
tt! que lc
l?cidwr a it unc 'it esse dt• ;;()() millcs ~~ l"hcur e "·
Bien que Ia decis ion du tribun al parais se io11dcc. Ia n!it!re ncc
Et.u.,..l:ni, ou domitil irt' :.m' Elab-l 'n i,, u u d'unt: MJeie1C t•on,
tihll!.c..· :m!\ Eu•h,..
l 1ni .., St!l u pa .... iblc d'unc :IIUl'IHh· c~~all' ,) de u x lois Ia \'tllt.•ll'r
dt.: Ja llllll·ch:nltli ....•.
ua:ai .. qui nl' ''-·r:• l}tt~ in£Crieurc :, 1.000 dollars, cl le ba1ea u tlont
Ia mnrcha ndisc
.1 l~l.: drth;lr,t.:c.:c el l~ltt." m.lrth:mt.li-.e ~·I(UI1 ~.,j,j, t:l lOilli"''
m:....
• d) Si <lut lque uHlrt:handiM: (y c;ullll)ri;;; lc~ ,j,•rcs) d(-chnrg
Cc conlmircoHit•nl
:.u ~ d isa>u,idu ns tic t't'IIC M.'cl iUII c~l u·owsl)(m iCe.
ll b cCc o u 1"1!\'Uc :i hor'-1 d'un
1
.win: batr:ua. lc c:upituinc du halt";lU ...ur lctauel l:1 umn:h. uu_Ji'* e'l
nin-..i ch;u·s:,:...-.
,1in'i. <IUt" touh: llt"r'MIII Ilc lHf\C:ott r.UlC ,,U p:1r1iti1l.1n1
i't
tt: t•h ttfltl'IIH" Ill wrunt
p;,..-.ih1o J 'unc :1111L'IId c Cg;lll' ma '-louhft: de lu ' :al'-·u•· de 1a rn:-.n·hu
ntli,c. ,., (I IIi
Ill' scru ,.,a, iu f,;ricu l'l' :a 1.111141 dnll ru·~. '-'t f.'c hah::au, ~a
~o;ar):ni.,.nu l'l l:t<Hc au.u·~
t•la.unli-.e "-'funl ,.,j,j, cl cunri...q tu;,
• e) Tuull' Jlt'r.unn c ' lui, nu\ Ec:ah-l 'ni .. ou t' l1 dt."\':1 trunt•
liem· de l.l '-'i•tt' , ,,.,
E• ··· ~~llni ... t•:o-1 c n,t.::a,t.:t>c puur. U ll ;title on Jl:articip
c llll uc. : IHII',Ilt'IH ('IIC (Ill 1111 trllll' •
honlcm cnt . _rune marcha ndi, e. t'll cu n~:•aucnc~ tic quoi le hale:tu
.._.,, ...muui .. t, Ll
tunriscacinn '4!1on lc~ di.-,poor.iciuns tl~ ccue ~tion. ceuc prrsonn
t•, t•n phh tit:..
;"Hres J-,en:,litCs pt·C qu._-s par Ia loi, sera passiblc t1"une pcine
d 'enlJ>risonnemtnc
m· tl~ p:-.~:<o~nnt pas dcu~ :mnt:c....
• /) l..c:U-.{JU' une partie tie I.J t.•.-argai~m ou d~ 'h r~ d"un
bateau a etC cl{-chnr·
gtt ou cr.u"bortlloe J),'lr suite d'un :.rciden l, trunt tem1·k-h! ou
J)Our un uutn·
mocif tcnd;uu fa r ho...: n~·..... ~,ire. lc (:AJ>itninc de ee h:ucnu
cl lc capi111im•
clu hareuu !Our lcqud cettc c:u·x:,is un o u t;I."S ' h rt.:s ont Ctt
lrnnsbo rdCs nor Hit.....
ff!Ol, au ....i,tGt que pt.-.~hl~. c~l nt:te nu Culleclor" du tli,crict
ol1 It tl(.churMeo
mt•nl ou lt..• tran .. txntlcm t'n' cm l c:-u lien, ou fU I Collet-t
ur 1lu tli,t r"iet nit It"'
h-H ieaux a rrh crolll t•l nho nk•roau t'fl pn.·mier lil·ll. en lui rnurni~
..OIII In Pfl'U\ C
It lit' cc/ UJ.trnt ioa'~ mu t!1C r"cuthu,·s n~t·c.-,s.1
irc& ,,_,.,. acd1lcn t. tcruaW:h• t.lll hmte
:'IUire c.:at~'\or tk rot'C~ majeure . \'l ~i le Collt<"tO
I" nconna ia <auc I~ d.;dl:lr'J (\"lUt•nl
uu lc lmn .. hordentent ~~ rttllem eot di1 ."l un nc.:ciclent, ;, une
ce:mf}Cic ou :\ unc
Qutrc nct•,.,.,; ,,~. It·~ l'k:incs tlt:finit·<i ,tau~ ccut: ~.-..l ion nc hcront
p:1~ npplilaau,!t'"· •
I
37
LES ETATSot'~tS £T LA LOt DE
193J
Sl' K L.l CO~TREHA~DE
faiic au tr:til~ avec Ia Norv/:ge semble etre ;, cote de Ia question.
Le tribunal a oublie de distin~tucr entre Ia saisie en haute mer au
deli; de Ia limite du trait~, ce qui sera it illega l, et une saisie faite
:\ New-York pour une viol~tion antt'rieure :, Ia legislation des EtatsUnis qui eut de l'effet extr" tcrritorialcment. En effet, dans une
seconde decision provi~ionnellc, en cc qui concerne )'affaire du
l?eidrm ('' ), cette distinction Ftn suulc1·<'c iKu· fe tribunal. Dans
ce cas subse<rucnt, fe Gouvcrnerncnt des Etats-Unis avail modifie
ses conclusions ct invoqu:l it unc nou\lclle catL-;e de con£iscation.
La confiscation ewit basec sur fa viof:uion de fa section 3 de Ia
loi contrc Ia contrebantfc ("), et, notammcnt, sur le fail que le
/?cidurr. ;, Arwcrs. :ll'ait cte cquipe, en partie, tl ans fc hut tl'cu e
employe pour frauder lc lise amC:ricain et avait ete employe dans
ce tlesse in. La sa isie, :"1 New-York, fut pro1·isoirement adm isc par
le tribuna l, landis que le jugemem etait l Cilll en suspens, sur Ia
base de Ia section 3 de Ia loi contre Ia contrebande qui dispose
que certains nctes cornmis hors du terr-itoirc soumis
a Ia juridic·
tion des Etats-Un is, mais · portant detriment aux Etat.s-Unis, sont
pu nb.snblcs, bien qu'on nc fasse ni saisi\; ni ~ss~•i d'execution: snuf
dans le territoirc tombant sous WlC jut·idiction. Le juge Galston
dit notamrnent: a II n'est f)as ici question d'infraction nux droits
des traites. II n'y est pas question de fouillc; ni cle saisie en haute
mer lwrs de Ia zone soumise au controle douanicr, ni au clcla de
Ia distance d'une heure de navi~tation ;, partir de Ia cote. Les termes
• ~•ux Etats-Onis ou ailleurs », tels qu'ils sont employes dans Ia
:ooc n•~...set:tiun. so• ~t. t.el"taint::mt:llt. sans '-lliCunc ambigut'tt:. L'absence
des mots « ou ailleurs • dans Ia legislation d·autrdois connue sous
le norn de • piracy-statutes • est hautement significative; et pour
autan t que cela conccrnc lcs batea\L~ etrangcrs. il n'y a aucune
prl!somption d"tme limitation :"1 Ia diswnce d'une heurc de navigation, ainsi que erda existe dans les autres sections de Ia loi. Le
Congrcs peut fort bien a"oir eu !'intention tie punir les personnes
qui conspircnt, hors do territoire soumis il sa competence, pour
' 'iolcr Jcs lois nationales, dans lc but de les apprc\hender et de
les punir lorsqu'clles sont trouVt!cs sur lc terriLOire sur lequel il
( H ) 1936. lj f'ttch:rol SufJjJlr!mcnt, 1l2.
("') \ '(Jir lc
lt.\ t t.' ~.It:
In .. ect• •l pluto lmul. 1•· ~.
I
!1H
•
H&IUIERT W, DRICCS
38
est com pete nt. Si lc Neidw1 t!tait cquiJX:,
com mc on l'a ::.uut~:nu
polll' pas ser des mar cha ndis cs en con lreb
and e et pou r lcs intr odui re aux Eta ts-Unis, ct cc con trai rcm
cnt aux lois fisca les de ce
pa)s , il a cuu ru lc risque d'i;t rc pun i en
arri van t dan s Ia zon e de
con tn)lc douanier. L'nc dt!ci~ion au fond
dan s ce scn s fut rcnd m:
par It= trib una l.
Ccp end a nt cc ju,~:clllcnt nc fut j:unais rcnd
u. Lc Gou vern eme nl
norvcgicn J>rutc,ta con trc Ia s;1i~ ic du
l?ei dun et assu ra que
le Guuvc rnc111C11l norvcgicn s'efforccrai
t de pn! vcn ir Jcs na,·irc'
norvcgiens :'1 nc plu;. sc n1 ~ler, i1 1':1\·enir
, ;, des cntrcpr·i~e" sill liJaircs: Mill S l'ord•·c de 1':\t torn ey Gt!ner:•l
. Ia pro ced ure fut intc: rrom puc cl le l?ei dun ren du aux plai,!,•lu
mts (" ).
II sem ble (Jll'i• ce jou r !>CUI Ull n:l\'ire etra
n!fe r ail ClC ,ai, i p:tr
applicatiun de Ia loi con trc Ia con trcb aml
e, en hall ie mer au ddit
de Ia li1nitc des 12 mille~ de, eau.x dou
:miercs. Cc hatc au ctai t lc
bate au hritannitJUC Mis erirrko (53 tonn
cs, :1\·ec une carg ai,u n
de 98-l cai~~oe~ cl':•k oo l). ct, par con seq
uen t. un u trea ty vessel •
qui n'ct nit pas suu mis ;, Ia saisie a
une dist anc e sup erie ure
a cell e d'un e heu re de navigation it par tir de Ia cote
. Ce cas n'e, t
pas rapp ortc dau s les rclbtion s officiellcs
et l'en dro it de Ia saisie
n'a 1>as ete nett eme nt fixe. Le Dt!part
ement de Ia T reso reri e a
infunut! ]'au teur de cc que Ia ~aisic a
eu lieu o: pres de Ia cC>tc
du Maine, it un poin t situ e i1 env iron 36
millcs E.-S.-E. du pha n•
de Boo n Isla nd •· mai;; Ia cop ie du dos
sier du tribunal, obte nuc
par ]'au teu r, ~tablit que Ia s:.isic c ut lieu
«a un poin t en hau te mer
situc i1 15.5 mil le, ... de Jcffre~ 's Led.~re
Buoy ,. dan!> Ia zon e dt·
con trol c dou anic r n• 5. L'au tcur n'a pu
verifier :.i le Mis criu ko a
et~ saisi dan s Ia limi te d'un e
he ure dc.: navigation a par tir de Ia
cote . S'il n'cn a pas ete ainsi, il faut pres
urn er que Ia saisie a ctt
faite en violation, a Ia fob du trai te des
liqu eurs ave c Ia C.randeBrc lagn c ct de Ia section 1 (b) de Ia
loi con trc Ia cun treh aud c.
Le Gou \'er ncm ent brit ann ique n'a pas pro
test c con tre Ia saisie.
(U) l:nc inlm m:uiun ohh:nue tlu
·~·)artcmcn t tit! Ja TrC.)Oreric t'l
tin llt:p.ut.I'Euu. Vuir .:~nlcuu:nt St•I\C ,\tt\, Inc.
cil~. p. ~2. I.e te,te de 1,, ()I'OI~'t:
uiun
nonc!gi~nne ~• non f«'t'\othk, n1o1i
... , I)Ui3Qur lc Rcid uu fm ,.ai~i en r:ulc tit•
Sc_•" \'urk au cour~ J'un inn(I•Ccnl ' 'O);I)Ct',
tln f'CUI croir e ClUe Ia prote
!,lnti on ~ rurICIII{ 'Ill
l)()rtnit plu . . i~ l'npplit.:niun ~'1r.1 ..tcrri1
orl:.l
re,crcicc: tit• l'muurit~ d:llh In fHI)c l'Ont t" du llroit lk~n:tl ,le-; E1:11~-l'n i~. •tu'i•
i ~tuC.
39
LKS ~TAT$-ll!<IS F.T L l LOI ~~~
193:)
Sl R Ll CO,TII£U\~U,;
II Ialii :ojuutcr '''"' le ,1/i.•<•rmku. quoiquc cnre11i'trt! comme na\•ire
brilanni<IIIC :, Bridgetown, Barb"docs. lndcs occidentales britan·
ni<l""'· ct:oit Ia propriC:tc, tic facto, c:t sous le contrille d'un cilO) en
de, E1:11,-l '11i~. :oinsi <1ue 1~ dccouvri1 lc tribun:ol ct, de cc fail, lc
Uc\'a it ~trc ccm~itiCa·C. dit lc tribunn l, com mc n:l\'i•·c
de' Et:ll,·l 'lli,. d:ms lc sc11' cl~ Ia section 3 (!>) de l:o loi cuntrc
Mi.~oriuko
l:o coo11 reb:u1de. La copic de Ia decision du 1rihun:ol .;r:oblit que
• lc llrOIIricwire et 1>laigna111 de ce na,·ire rt de ccue ca r~:o i,on
a acccptoi l.o confL-cation pronuncce. •
II y cut pcu de prote,lation~ diplommiquc' conlrc Ia loi et son
:opplic:o liun. l;:outeur a c1c i11foronC: par M. ll:ockwurlh (" ) de ce
que " des notes. en dme du 17 juin 1935 cl du 'l. juillct 1935 unt
etC: rc~·m·' de l'amb:o~~:odc hl'itannique et de Ia legation canadicnne
dc:mand:mt dt::ot ecJairci,1'-CI11t.'tltS sur Jes di!o~JlO,it ions contenues
dan' ccu e lc~Cisl:nion. :olur- qu'clle ewit en di-cu"ion au Con~rn':~.
IJnc note d:olt!e du 6 aout 1!!35 fut egalemcnt rt'\'liC de l':unba,~a­
deur de Grantlc-Brcta gne ;, ce sujet. On peut ajouter que le Mini.,_
trc de NMvc)(e protesta con1n: Ia saisie du steamer norvegien J<eiduu, qui ful ordonnee cunlor1nemeot aux di~positions de Ia loi.
Aucunc cum1nuoic.1tio n n'a Ct ~ r~ue d'un :1utrc gouvernemcnt
C:tr:u1,11cr tl<our .oule,·er que lei"" objection ~~~ 'ujet de cette loi. •
A part Ia ,cule excep1ion th·entuelle du Miserinko, on peut done
conclure que !'existence et !'application de In loi contre Ia contrebandc, ct ce pendant une llcriode de trois :ms. ont. a,·ec succes,
mis fin :t toute Ia contrcbande d'alcool orgnnis~e de Ia haute mer
vcrs les Ewts-Unis, et snt" violer les droits de, Etats clrangeo·s
oj le critere de • raisonnabili1e "·
P') A Ia tl.ttt' .Ju 13 juin 1938.
I
--
;~f
THE WHITE HOUSE
WASMIHGTON
:
•
__•
·.:..·_
:..
~
-
_, 'f
lfUlJOU ~ ~ M
F • D. R.
!!l:UiibY CCJ:rtrwrrr nx l!FriOHANDOM
Ootober 4, 1939
TO :
Tbo Proa16ont
PROII:
Jer=e !I . Prank , Chairman,
Seeurl tie a and. Exchange Ccec1aa1on
Although thoro .,.,. be no great l1kol1hoo6 ot 1 ta
oceur~once ,
it
wo~ld IO$m
tho consoquenool to tho
unwiae not to be
ocono~
p~epared
tor
ot the United States or
a peace 1n Ew-ope in tho near tuturc .
With tho.t in mind
I am hiving ao:ao ot the at&.ff prepare a highly contislrnt1nJ
-
cemo (which I ahall review and reviao, 1r neceaaary betcro
een41.ng lt. to 70u) •• to tho possible .rteote on tho aocur1ty
markets or su.c h a peace ( 1n the 11ght or tbe current condi-
tion or the market) together
to be adopted in euoh
w~th a~eatlone
olrc~ataneoa .
tor measures
I eball eond you such
a momo in tho next tew dnya .
I r oopoctt'Ull7 suggest that it might bo woll 1t same-
one ,
per~pa
Secr•tary Worgenthau, were to call t ogether
tho repre.sentat1Yee
or
aeveral govern=.ent Departzonts and
aaeneles to conalder that gerteral problam Jolntl7; 1n such
a conference , epeotal conalderatlon ought probabl7 be
g~ven
to the neceaaity ot incre•eed government apend1ns, 1n the
event or auch a po•oe , in the light ot the preeont invent ory
altuation and the poealble ceaaation or armament programB
abro&d .
I' I
I)
f
J
1
THl ICC,.lTA.-V OF' TM£ TRC .... U"'Y
1
WA I~IN(If"ON
In
co~cttoa wit~
reetnt cocYer.atlona
1~
ree&r4 to the
~4l1e&
of che Britlab officlal account tor tht purc~Aat ot -or -aterlala in
t,he United Statu , tbt t ollowiJ:II datt. tu"e of htutt'- .
On Oetobtr Jl pa)'llltntt nr• ca4e to tM r e4.tra l a..erve li&nk o!
tiew York, tor tht o.ccou.nt of tho Bo.nk ot lnglaa.d, at tollowa l
!y order of
~
$5,000,000
1,000,000
5.000,000
3.000.000
2,50(),000
10,000,000
18.000,000
krolaya Bank
MuU.c.a BIAk
J&rclaya Bank
laabra 1'r.at Co.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•••t.tAater
• •
11<>7&1
•
~
•
kolr: o! Sc:otW.!
ltataiAtter Bank
Cbatt hUo~l ~
J'trat lat'l Baclc;, !oaton
Ouaraa.t7 zrut ~ .
1114lao4 3&ok
ltat1o.a&l Pro-;1nct.at lank
lr?lAC fruat Co .
Bo)'al llank or Scot l&n4
•
•
•
tt.-ttonal 01 t7 lia.nk
Wtatalnater B&Ck
Wettmioater
a.ak
It wou14. appear that the a'kv. ~Dtt reprenDi. the aawabl1nc o!
d.ollar ~•• a\1fr·ta4trt4 to the 3r1thh CoDtrol. lD. aceorOance with t he
l.:l.ctU:c\17, tbett 4e,oetu i.DB:-1U~ De1'e:ue (?ia&ot) R.eculat.lona.
c.reas.e the ea.ah b&l&Dcu of the IMk o! ~l&D4 whh the :reUral Keatrft
lta.rlk of we-. York to ta:>o, gsa, ooo •• of tbh ao-raloc.
()D. Oetober )) the Sr1Ueh ~.,. 4tUnr.4 to . . a coc-.urlca~loa 1D
Clch th• Ch&n.c:ellor ot tM S~que:r tUte4 tbllt. he r.a4117 *Cc.ep!e the
propooaal to optD a ~clal t.ccOUAt with tM 7t4eral Rtetrft Jaek ol tzew
York;, -.ad &lglll c.b&t U~e S.creta.r"7 of t.he TrMIW'J' abaU peraonall3 aa4
co~l~nt1all1 h&~t
aect11 thereto.
1\"Alle t.bh tpeoial account: b.ae not yet 'beeo tl\.abl hhe4, t.bt prtJ)tlr•JrlLleh ott1c1•1
tlo~ \herefor obY1ousl7 l t betnc ~AI tbrou&b conctDtratlng
dol~ 'ba.l..ancts 1D t.ht h4eral B11erve 'Bank of llt• 1'or:C.
-
jt. '
1.1'
Hoveo ber 3,
\
1 0 ~9
COtii'I D&!InA L lltliOIWIDUM POR
tc . M. Jr. •
Plea• • r eAd a nd r-etur n. \1\.t '
Co JOU t h lnk I ohoulC 0&7 to Bull1 tU
r, D. R.
Enolo oureo
t dr /tmb
Let to the Preolden< 10/18 /39 troa Ambaoeador Bulll
tt
Pereo nal and Str1o tly Con f1den t1al encl osing attree
=on t
dr awn up by the 8r1t1 eh Government and
Jean Monne t cover ing economic coope rat ion
I
COPY
THE WHITE HOUSE
November 9, 1939.
MEMORANDUJ.I FOR THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.
e of the obstaoles to the proper equipment of our country
for nati onal defense is the disparity between the rate of production of air plane motors and that of the a i r planes th&msel ves.
Thia muat be aynohronized aa aeon as possible.
On
You are hereby di rected t o work out a policy of depreciation
al l~noe by whi oh the abnormal investment in plnant expansion that
will be required of the airplane manufaoturera wil l be absorbed over
the life of the contracts or during the emergenoy per~od .
You are further direoted to oonsult with t he appropriate
committees of the Congress for the purpose of devising a permanent
pr ogram whereby the faoilities thus cr eated will become a permanent
part of the nat i onal defense ,
( Initialed)- F. D, R,
For the above memo and other material concerni ng itSeeaRaw File(War Dept folder)Drawer 4- 1939--Kemo of Deo 26 , 1939
to Aaat Seo of War on
FOREIGN PURCHASES IN U. S,
db .
'9 1
. IBI IS SSE
aw.
!o 1
!laa Pr..14ft t,
l'roe 1 !laa leor otaz T of tbe !roa nr:r .
!laa follo wiac J111or11CNP1uo a-1 with
rela Uou kt•8 Jl tbe tra1t e4 Stat ea aad thro e oete cori.. of 'buil loaa
f oro ip cOUDtrteal
(1) !laa Obu ooll or of tho k1U all ~ho
qur bt.o Uto nood tho
S.or otaz T of tho !r•n r:r that he r •411
T
acco
pta tbt. laU or•a
prop o.U tbat a opoo ial aocOUDt M opao
d with ibe h4a ral
Ro. -o ~ of . . . Tork , aa4 acrM o
ill& llacr otarT of tho
!roa1111r7 para ou.l lT aa4 ooll f14f tUal }Ttbat
ban aoco aa tllw oto,
!hh ...aoce •• rooo 1n4 tll.rDQCII \be llri
Uall llall aaq tou oiJI& oOil fti'•U oaa 1a 1flliah U • • 1D41oata4
of a411 1Jlh troU aa pol1 o7, ibe !roa1111r7 wal \bet , •• a •He r
4 k plao e4 t o aM
tbe llriU all Oo uru •t'a aoe out tor wr
paro
U'ai\ ad Sta tu CIIU'J'iad wiUI tho Jocl.oral llooe baao a ill tho
rTo :loal t at low Tork
'b;r aa4 ill tho of t11o ~ of :bc aal, ia\o *iolt . aooO'IIDt ,
rau . of tho k1U all CIG Y•- •t wal l 'bo
aoo out ofti oial ~Dh wal l k .to , 4opo oiia4 u4 tr.. 1tbioh
It • • aUJII&].atad \bet
oraclt. acc...t Un l4 k o•lu inl. T
tor tllo
•ter iale , !be 4odr a'b1 1U;r wa wao otad paoo baM of war
atfi oial 1a thh OOIUI\r7 4oo ipat a4 h drawof ba't'iJic a BriU oh
ciiH D ••' ut ihh
wr •tor iala - t . ftoo Jlr1U all
~
a irall aUo r;r llrftii&OIIOIIt wUh tho hcl.o ralt baa al.~ .to
.leMJ"Yo lluk of 1 . .
York •ro' b;r - " " • of ibe Jlr1U all Pvob
aaiJI
& o-lo aio a ...
1a thh ooa tr;r oro aail lorh ad to Uro
ot 11a ito4 ~h troa
tho rapl &r _ _, of ibe lleal t of hcia
a4 wUit. t11o hU ral
RooerTO ~of low York . !lie tiaa l aa4
4ati a1U n arra ec- ata
for tllo apoo ial - t allot ll4 'bo oo. ._to
4 allor tl.T.
!lie
l'rao lt. CIGYorueat 11a11 appr on4 oacll a
plaa 1a pr111oipla oa4 h
parf Mti ac iha 4ota tlo tor 1h o• opoo
1al aoc nat.
(2) !llo Olt.u cello r of tbe b~~Mqur h
aoa4 tec to tbe
U'alt ad Stat.. a Lo114oa .... -r to auh t
illo :lr1U all Allbae .....r
ia U'J'IIIIIilll 4ota tle ro,r 41a c tho a'bo n
0114 oleo to act ao t11o Jlr1 Uell 110c11r1 t:r -uo u4 -ou t,
Klrp
wi tit. \be leor otar T of tho !roa nr;r aa4 iha ori 1a 41ac ruate c
loow i Uoa aa4 :bollu p o-l odo a tllo tuoU oa of
ibe Uap ooal at Jlr1U all _ ,
doll ar - t u.. oe tlt.ia ara t. !lt.io
tho Jlri U ah CleToraMat of 1 h 4oa1 ro \betCIGYorDMnt ha4 iato r.ad
lenr 1Uo a u4 :r.,. ..np O~eoion r"oi Yo tho !roa~~VT 011.4 illo
a'blo 4ota tl, u4 k apt 111fo rao4 of proa kilT r.po rta 1D nU poo Un plu a, w1 tit.
- 2 -
reepeet to the di.pooal. of tb.oee dollar 11curiU11 which tb.e
!ritilh GoYeroaent contemplate• eelling in the United Statee.
The !riUeh Oonroaent b&e et&ted tb.&t one ot the CazwUan
b.uke b Bew York rill be appointed the !rHhh agent for the
&et'D&l l1qul.4&t1on of ouch eecuri tie e. It 11 duired tb.&t
&rT&Ilge•nh 11ailar to tb.ooe of the !riHeh CloTeroaent be
.a4e i f and when Jrance, C&na4& or other belligerent countriot
MoT plan to eell their United Statu dollar eecuriUu,
(3) !b.e folloriDC &lT&ngeJlent 11 eucgeeted to C'QTern the
contact. blt... en tb.e 1ntereeted foreign goveroaento and repreaent&UTeo of th1e GoYernment w1 th reference to tb.e purcb&ee of
w.r •teri&le in tb.e United St&tee: .A.n inforal coiiiDl.ttu rill
be eet&blilhed to repreeent tb.e .._rie&l1 Ooveroaent, eonaieting
of the followiac: (a) The Director of Procure~ent, !reaeury
Depe.rtllent; (b) The Qllarter~~&eter a.neral of the .A.nw; (c) The
P&;paeter General of the lr&vy. Thh COIIIlllittee rill eerve ae
the ux:luoive liahon ri tb. reference to proeur...,ent • t tere
bet ... en th1e Ooveroaent and tb.e intere eted fore ign gover1111ento,
It rill bold ee11io1111 at l&&et once "ekly, and at lliCb. acre
frequent intervale •• . .7 be neceeeary. At tb.eee eeoeione, it
rill recoin an accredited repreeent&tive of tb.e eab&uy ot any
intereeted foreign goTerllii8Dt for the purpoee of gi:ring con•
dderation to tb.e requl.reiHinh of lliCh govern~H~nt for ea,ppliee,
equl.pMnt, and Mteriah, ill relation to: (a) aT&il&bility of
the 4&11r•d &rtiolea, (b) prioriUee, and (c) priceo , The
committee rill eubmit a complete report of ito proceedinge,
ach ..,d recc-n4&Uone, at ll&et ... ekl)', to t he Preeident
throucb. llr. llolle711olde.
\
\
ntc at:etiiCTAitY or nu: rttcA• u ~tv
~
Xr>.............
J
!<.7 Cl,.nr t'r.
rov~"%ber
P~et1dcnt :
For your
1n~
)Ou
:?9 . 10.:13
h~~t~lth
1nro~t1o~,
e
oo~y
I
~
T ,.
Protttd~'"t,
4
or ny letter to
tl"r Aot1nr Secretary of ti.a U&vy .
S1neerely
•tnd
y~rc ,
110¥ 89 193t
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T..., \l"'ll7 J'OIU'O ,
I Signed ) H. MOr-RellthaU.. Jr
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