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KABITAR ANUBAD O ARO DUTI PRABANDHA
Translating Poetry and two other essays
[I Trenslatlng poetry pp 17-126.
Il llladhusudan Datta and the French literature pp 121-143
III Arun Mitra: the literary tratrsletor pp lU-1761
Pushkar Dasgupta
December199E
RupeesEighty Only
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Let thosc who feel that they have sprlng of fresh thought In them, fly to
their mother-tongue... I Crould scorn lhe pretensions of that man to be
cdled 'educated' who ls not mader of his own language.
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Je seray la tene et fantosmesans os,
Par les ombresmyrteuxje pendray mon repos;
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Regottant mon amour 6t vostre fier desdain,
Vivez, si m'en croyez,n'attendezi demain;
Cueillezdls aujourdhuiles roses de la vie.
Pierre de Ronsard
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THESICKROSE
O Rose,thou art sick :
The invisiHewom
That.lliesin the night
ln the howling stom
Has tound out try bed
Of crimsonjoy,
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.
William Blake
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rose. tt es malade:
le ver invisible
qui glisse dans la nuit
quand hurle la temp6te
a ddcouvertton lit
de pourpe jcie
et son amour sombre-secret
d6truittravie.
P. Boutang
LA ROSETIALADE
0 Rose,tu cldp$ris:
L'insecteinvisiHe
Qui vole la nuit
Dans le vent qui mugit,
A ddcouvertton lit,
De joie empoupr6
Et son amour secretet cach6
Rongeet cldtruitta vie.
M. L. Cazamian.
\,.
LA ROSEMALADIVE
O Rose maladive
Le ver que nul ne vcit
Qui dans la nuit s'active
OGnO forag foudoie
A d6couvertta fieur
Bos6 et ouge de jcie
Et son d6sir d'honeur
T'aimecommeune prcie
H. Gobard
D.
LA ROSEMALADE
0 Rose,tu languis!
L'invisiHever
Qui vole dans la nuit
Et le vent hurleur
A trow6 ta couche
De jcie cramoisie.
Sombreamourcadr6
Qui rongeta vie.
P. Levris
q.
LA ROSEMAI.ADE
0 Rose,le mal est en toi :
Le ver invisible
qq
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Dans la tompCte et dans le bruit
A d6cowert ta ccrrche
De jcie cramoisie
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Charbs Baudelaire
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folqv he $ip gtidirEacrossrheoor,,1"j,.1i*o"
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tollowtheshipas it glides
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tl. Sometimesfor sport he men of bafirg crcws
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pb"tt
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q. Often as an amusement,crewmen
. Catcfr albatrosseshuge hirds of the sea,
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fle ship glidirg orer the salty deeps.
Wallace Fowlie
. 9. Often the idle mtrineF at soa
Cabh albatrceseb,vast Htdg of the deep
Companiorrswhicfr fdlor lazily,
Across the hitter gdfs tr $id[ng ship.
Joanna Rbhard*n
6. ln ryort a veseefs cretv often bke
.. The mrstrtv albalross,who on lhe Ueeze
Doth idly sail and lollow in the wake
o' ships that glide upon the O,o"t *Xl;n
Conder
{. -Often,to pass the time on board, lhe crew
Will catcfr an albatross,one of those big tids
Which nonctnlantly chaprons a ship
b'b
Across the bitter fathoms of the sea.
Richard Howard
g. Often our sailors, lor an hour ol fun,
Catch Albatrosses on the after breeze
Through which these trail the ship from sun to sun,
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ri. Catch
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hrge tirds of the sea,
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T. Haunts me the dim tace of that vanistredvillage-belle,
Aruima Sanyal
O fly, fly, my phantomdrcks ! Undertris winter moon
lEt them silenty all
Gather and fry. And when these earthly colours, thes€
sor.rndsars no more,
O fly, let themfly undera silentmoon,n rt *"n"rrffi#!f;;0"
{.
Suddenty the lace of Arunima Sanyal swims into view
Rising out of a dim past in foqotten villages.
Fty, ffy in silence, in this winter moonlight,
.O you swans of fancy ; keep flying after all the noises ot
the wodd have fled
Fly deep within the moonlit silence of the heart.
Chidananda Dasgupta
tl. ll me sowient alors du visage ouHi€ dArounima
Sanyal, la jeune villagecise ;
Qu'elles s'envolent, qu'elles s envolent silencieuses dans
le clair de lune hivernal
Toutes ces oies imaganaires ; quand tous les sons, toutes
les couleurs de la terre seront effacds
Qu'elles s'envolent, qu'elles s'envolent dans le clair de
lune silencienx du ceur'
France Bhattacharya
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rl. Suddenly...swims of a dim past in
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villageoise,
q+FlncFfriFglq;
dre dim face of ...
ArunimaSanyal
fre face of Arunima
Sanyal
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q<-<fictmcrcs'ttmrqQfrcnfr<:Rtvt
tgmQcuqqcE
sfuvtt csr,q
\r{Em'M q-sre|sl\r{cQ rqt< 6q{cd$RsK\s"Fnqcv(q,
<q q<(q.<
cq{-rnqqnrny-fi-o"ttb-+s
rq?qcflE-dlrqm-*
c&vfr'ot
elrdfis<rF cFBfitc.{Q I
::t
fr'{CE qRqqt
q€&&+ (qc) syllabie
q{bFe metalinguistic
!f,t{S attribute/ attrlbuuve
sf:FF translation
q{sq/sFrf{{d
assoclation (of
thought)
intra'nonvetbal
uq*tF+
qc€lft{ Inbalingual
qg:ctqFs Intracultural
\!R{tiFF\5Ftindicative mood
q{G?Fnon'vcrbal
q&rqtqr Phatic
hyportsxt
ffi
qFKErtthypotext
q'gn-q{Ge ;nter-nonverbal
ctg6tR'+ htcrlingud
Intertoxtual
q|{':nt({RtT intcrculhrral
qtrilg rlRF surface stsucture
ql8rtns?f cmoUve
qor|{l{< localisation
qFlfi \5Flsubiuncdvemood
qffifrt
rime Platc(q.)
€& utterance,enonc6(q')
Bqcsn$ source language
Ftffi{qc narator
1ft work
t|cfcategorY
6qq+rir+imPreesive
Sft{Q conauve
qF l'f{ ryfrm
sEl system
firRrfi diphthong
{fr1;t phonerne
lfu1aF phonematic struchrro
q{+fq sadist
6tt onstrative
ffi4
fifrfi determinative
fifu! rtti prsive readlng
rltr reading
aRMFtrangcendance
tBtlq5frlFfanstextual
rfnfTfrn transcultural
'kf{w tsanscreaton
rlfidr$ recePuon
qRt< receiver
{ffi{modilier
{Rstqt termlnology
'$FTdfut masculinerhYme
${preposition
eFrF*Pect (ol the verb)
@rellef
q&emq / dEFr referential
efiF sm / qq stqt tatget language
dGTr{FF/ BttFF cognitlve
Gcqt{addreoser
dfuttfimsl synonymltY
E[cns addreesee
e|Rl{t corresPondance
decoding
Bfiffi
qvl|tR fill(f horizon ol exPectation
B?FrEf paratext
drM context
Bq'm <fg clliptic scntence
dtmFFcxtenslon
e4fiKhg colonlzed
dl1fqschool (of lhough$
€"ilfr{ marglnal
dtTF{fu naturalgondol
qR'q poeticlty
<a parole (+.)
rFliflfr Poetic tuncdon
itd gcnrc
ffippocsc
?[fFtdlscourse
rFfFGskTsynchronlc
<tufriFdiscursive
el|'rqsfr{ diachronic
{tFE verbal
TtaEFcftense form
<ldt message
dFr+ te'mPoral(denotingtime)
s.q.-tr
fir.tst-tlceq noun phrase
FB?fu : rime crols6e(rF.)
1& lunction
hrrEF sn conditionalmood
{I{{R'{ lunctlonal
{t€fqiv frd grammatcatgender
sR mood (ol the vcrb)
sFmils?Fexpressive
sRff+l obsasion
Efttt langue (v.)
qRt<FR[{ language,langagc(l)
Clg 't5i mlsreadlng
{'Itc subl€c$vs
c(R{i code
clfu|sr{tF distributonallsm
cGF& encodlng
tl(Eldlstructure
frT "tii actvc rcadlng
rFFFt clrculation
F€pl n**","
trffi geneatve
tilntil|\5t parallcllem
ryFT complemont
q?tlFr$ cmlttcr
tfr€|qq embslon
lFil roglstcr
Afrt fitt fernlnlnerhyme
{fu spaUal
rcflexlvc
fsq6 lqwtF
T[rrPl accsrt
EZltiFRF (5) acccntual
rFrtsiGfu Gti) toncmetc, toncmlc
]SFI{ i"- - 1'., Intonaton
'$Ff{t / futs|'l Gaonanco
ailqfu stess
.{llFg autonomoua
{qe&{ (Ec) quanttatlvc
frqltF{t Intoraction
6qPqq contact
l6rTitcxt
?ER\dauthor
$16 s1111nn
hfr style
CqQchss
q(gRFappositon
tREltFl communlcafon
rKQt.€ Tr"rtqllcnr
BRftuqR-qrn{c{0qFKtfr{Fs srr+O.rrln rutrtrt
qrsrsfr{rcrfi{qmcqr
*lFI{a banslatlon : sqrrRqql mn, ?fcqktgrfGF banslation{dnq{, ilaTE q:Kl
'ql<Iq'
vI6F
ir€Il <T
<rq q&fte
s{lfrcv
+r{Rr
{r$
taduction,q{F obers€Eung
I
ErstRsfi ec'{ qBrIffifr@ qp :
q|c+qtlil 'ranstation'{Fr pn Wr qdv'tlffl sriloFrp
ffiao
{-{SstIq, ttrfifq'.g1 6q6Eurfnfi srFnnI TranslationrFtN 6{F$EI
6'Fs ltF[ q?F[ {t6q.q$aF R'e.I{ cqcFw{t ?Irq fir{ {NTl -
qcfiq,,{$F
er{fufrr{'{trs (text)wr srns:[+fucn qR
qfrT|m
"fffqfi , t+6'ts't,lplw - fi&q afrqvm {11|q{o*
{'a lFg qc<i c$R qcswR qsRatrF €&cl merl Ttr qt, csfi qE<
Tc{lrts ccfc{QcRs {f6 | qel-ct @'{c61ft?tN?€f'<lqFlss
"[aFc{5i-n
banslation*ql afigffi
Tq vtl sfR { | isFlet,fieflg-q.t {dfcs {fft
6sl <q 6q"ttt cqrs'tttNz{s{q3[e1-{ttrctfr {ffi Crq-fu{,
qs{, srfi { Bru4rq in I stqn ,+r qcd transla66n.qi
q0<F{Kdfl
qGI'"tKEI6l'l
\ \ Q
ERq|TF{R(q: qdrFF,cqeeFF,\5tTd3tTsvfslwt rtc" : vFrtsq
s sftdRsr{ | :rG"ilFt : qft{q {EqER r crGfitl r :ttl, r
.cqn eRlM
€ql Tt-dFqtransla[on"tq-F6sRrd {6T{r {qqjqE ?oR+r*cqr r&fi
translation.qt1FI' qdcqr6 s <w Bqfu €TcS vt qFfcnr :ret qq-{fr {'&€
]'rcqw€q q<\ Er{qI rqcEE-d&sFu, iiis&N <r-{sstanslationrIr.R TtI qd' qqfs
BET<Rff c<RTrscurnrF r >.qfu Aqqfrrc (uanslatio< transfene)qdr t. Rr<&
sm<?r{rq &Rq|fra FqGr{{ {tsc{ {qFr sarfih qdr \r.q{r fi5q{ qllIq,-dffRo
BttrBrstc4fEr?qftca sF qflrr, kieF
RjnR q{vcE-rq{Ri-{qrr .fr( fuff{
qcd
cnfu
qsq&Bfu
tanslationrnftr {-{crd qffi <6:nr r frE
KFr GF mCq
qKBHetclIbanslation.Ir<Et&&{FFF fur+* \t{.rc er(Tlqfrqqd t6r : 4F eFiljtfi ,
{qsl, qrtq { <FrK grq q qd6<;qa e|qR er$[ r$nl-{ q-{ilq' T{r\rg fr qv{l vR
'"t|5tm q{t efrtn ':Ffu
qn' <nR'qR qfr.qfr:rstrrfffi,
c$<tR {r stqq
6(tR t, "gqw - R&d a6qvFslqrg'-,Q €fu qg$ lsrr er{tfr qrqcrtit W1a
qFFcTstranstation<FrcTF -'E qgtd fuF'tv qcmq ft r er{Ts €q{EK <Gtq{
cfit@...'ce<I$Rt{crFR? {c{ casfiT{F
t"Iv{q'(= trqruir?)?rF{nt
.E[{|frcR, rrcqq-'6fu qFm
ffr q|T tfi <t B"fqpF'ft
ilefR ?
Cq.:r{KilTcv fanslation{crcs \r$id 6{FlR ?r I €E|t eFrc{s{:{{tr' € \r-{{fR5'
rfr.i-?ts€t {FRI-?[
3E{E{t GIrF :
6rf{ms q-dRrFF
{fr q 1ro ofu... (1. tov), <tidlErWFIE-F6R!'g
tth... (1. rov;,46f,g qBrfimwfifqGE{ct{r{... ('1.to\r), Q rmr*s
(1. ro r ), vc<<Rgilq... ("1.
sEE .. ({. l.o r), q+{qr€
"ft€...
qsrtq...
(1.
tol),<Fts nrce{(Em
ror) rftmqlstGrdwd?ilqcq6F...
(1. ro b), {6 fi'|{ {"'F \{T{a... ( 1. \ ) o) Tdillfr 4FFr qd<tFF...
({. r,>o1,q+qtqRwsqfu qfufl...(1. r>o)
qR trM {|gtFq { | qFIIcK Eq, Rc{g Brr{R qa qt-qt Ra& ranslationrf6c?3t
Tdl
q{' qqr'.m
Em emHcrt {Fr { qqrdr gK {<sv lsr{E{q'fi st3rt&F ff c<r+ns
orffcg ?rqes,t t${ilE'm&t aaflfu1q <prmfirs qqRBfi ls{flq' If[q< *r{F
g&.fqRcqr{ randation.ffiF<0rpF<{fiqi : ?rF qqtE{q (plainproseFanslation)',
(academictanslation)'(1. t >o) rorefo banslationrf[f3tcFfqRcIE
ffilq{qlE
\r{qf c' {r{id v-{qrr+dorq ff r qnm Rfi FrrF'{r}d
{Ktrcq q{ilF6€ cnrq E6
qfifd'nF.s
?Ff
qi
(1.
o)
\5r{{IR'
!s{tr{
c<lq.{
c{tEI'
{crcq
Tfq
t>
fftFlO
.
{r.R r0<ql icrcq - cstqrs'{ilnq' {q fia{d cslqfi ("tKfss r ) {q<s qs fi 619rr
q&q|r{ qr{t4q{TIRfufl"tc banslates rlrtelqtranslation*gRFdqd(nr{lTFr :
banslato y. t. f. (alsoabsof a (oftenfoll.by rntolexpressthe
sense of (a word, sentence,speech,book, etc.) in another
fanguage.
b do thisas a profession
elc.(translates
lor UN).2.intr.
(of a literaryworketc.)bs banslatable,
beartanslation(doesnot
translateweil).g tr. express(anidea,book,etc.)in another,esp.
simplerform.4. lr. interpretthesignificance
of ; inferas (translated
his silenceas dissent).5. tr. move or change,esp. from one
person',place,or condition,lo another(wastranslatedbyjoy).6
i'ilfr.(foll.by ,'hio)resultin ; be convertedinto ; manitestitselfas.
7 tr. Eccl.a, remove(a bishop)to anotherseeb remove(a sainfs
relicsetc.)to anotherplace.8 tr. Bibl.conveyto heavenwithout
death; tansform.9tr. Mech.a caus€(a body)to moveso thatall
its partsfavel in the samedirectionb impartmotionwithoutrohtion
to. otr translatable ad7.translatability n. lMe t. L translatus,past
' part. of transferre'.see TRANSFERItranslation n. I the act or an
instance of translating.2 a written or spoken expression of the
meaning of word, speech, book, etc. in another language.
ootransfational ad7. transiatonally adv. lThe Concise Oxford
Dict.l
qqfitF&fusqzcf<
Translate fu'fl"F e translation Tf{"f[EI s"t|3EfrfuRFd
{c{i
q <|qr{ q{m' rwr<mt* qc{ frrEqlsrfi&t qtrqns
cl v{1 rrz1wurn-qqIrEnEi
vFt rfppJff{ :
tranelatlonn. ... 4. the act of furningintoanotherlanguage;
q{c, s[qwd, v6| t ...[Anglo-tungatiDict.- C. Guha]
qsFll (tanslation)Fft{
q{ER. : 9FNI{ elry-$aFT
;sI{ttg-?tGtcf,
rl{f,$Ft : lRu<'q rvnW<, wmq perfu+|]| eFltvsFlst{,v{q.qt t{fiq
<Fffal|VFvfi | Translation[sanskit - EngtishDict. - MonierWilliamsl.
q:f!5'tc.Ftranslate/tanslation
rfr.R ?fr$E-fi6dftqRErFqctrd {R{t qrdt*E qgqfr
qFv<rr< {tst etlmqls :
ffiita&frfi
translationn- a taduction... b (Rel)fbrshopltranslation
; [relics]
transfert; [conveyingto heaven]nvissement.[Robeft-Colins]
wtq +{|Fa\5translation
{aIN m qcdtaduction <Frqvq{ <|vtf{ ormq ft{<t?fqR
q$tt
ntil fidR-s
Tm-d <FrqrdlrFnftr snq lfuao {6r qmrqr {saBlv s
{ftGs/q!.fts qd{efu{ mrq €rl-<tl,cs<qc]'T{ qcdntr{r rrd qdilE -s qfu
''{K||Ict'Trq{E{ q'$F
efcTtlfrhqdqq :
e|vR$r{Cq{t.€ffi{
"nffi'$fi
,tREr{ fi. : ) q1-Gr
flq, qKqR ; \ qfi C?N qv q{s sftr{Cq
e d{fr-{ qfl<ft ws q{v "ttb 's 6tt-*pf
C{FI{JIFI;
{q"f} r
a.rFFtil Ffrr fir$]s : qRF"tlr Goingover,readingthrough,
perusing,
studying;readinga Puranaor causingit to be readthe
whole, totality; the complote text;.../Sanskrit-English
Dict.-Monier-Williamsl.
rfrri-{ {Fn Rc{R q:rfl ?E.{l'.tqfi q€{ $KRr {REF
{Eil : Text .cQ{ffi$
sl{nRqfu text $ apnq ft6qz<!TF' { 'qrt ?r-{q<sr{[F Iqtr{t R 1fu(s ?D-{t'
.rqF ?u-{ct-{
sl.qRq q :
q{(,RRfrsn-fi6
:. qtlfrovmRsn s qG<FSRBFT
ctFJvrK-text '|qF
Rc.tq\md{<qlr crqs ffi effirir
{RqRs .|'q Rccrs?sR q{ f, t q|{r6r text
,qt Wat.tqtrlq; {Tqlrfi lt<in 'ttfuft"s qsq{ fr,€lt qcrcqr mfu cq6FsKdTl'{
d*t s6{ Rets qqq{ fi'qrt {tfr r@Tq{fmr cG{{cTcqrffi
$rqt ffi'.FrF
.rqB v<qf +ni dlt|
"flq'
{fu Rclr< textrnrr<Tqetfuirenq fu"n $r+r | {r{K <Frclrirt
i&qcc vqqfr l.+{T{ ewvdTn, qqlv-t ?r{'.fqF ten rr{i?r {qq&is tt?tqlcq6F
rg -l-<St
lmwa vtnr
i.. ?fla'(<cF{/R-ficf/vp6{) {t'"fl't ("tg/lesson)- qiREnc<rd ffirE textqn'flfiqRiFvtsrd cFgTKwi.|qtfts
cEfu qd ccrcs{osl q'n fRfr{ €Fq{ I
?D{'.r{i <tstfi "na.q smr1<rqfl{F6rsn< {fu { qfrs Fdq 6arunI ,Q qlqqc+
ivd affiqfr'+' .fr:qq
t6xt{d {RstR's qq"r6f< fivl<t cqs$T0q ir Ivlqle-f
"F{t'rl-qF
RqqQF?sft$6sqt1
-Iq fri(q text .f.'iF emRsen-&fro qqFa T|Rst-sq .(R5F
.e. {ffis
qfu1fl-eq o$crjtfrfu-r | ?Ear{c.K TF Rtrq E+crf{/q<( eruj'{iFtrt<qTBr
TlrFrd
qB'rq {t{ $Sq <| <tvtftd rE{
$.qo r ?fla' {'nrl' .rrq< ffiF ql aR-q'cNe@d
qtteR-q r ?6-{I< ffirs \rei[{rrs <l{Fl $q l
text
<5-{r
textual
ilEFs
textuality
{t6fttsot
qli
meta
''|?tl
trans
qtss
inter
grf
ci
\{tr
wt
stT.
aaB
pafa .
archi
hyper
hypo
lteno
pheno
,cqq qNrK ffin :r6aFqq.?[<rRF waR : cFrFt(cTBq| T'r <E{) fr"|.
lst{Ff (q-fifr A q-{ilqsffl Bs{fu <u-cl)
;Eafl<Ft (sourceten) Rq.qT' TFi qt
text)R{. {FdfS(Fl (receiver
text)
EfiFqE{ (targetbn) ;:rtqq{{El (emitter
q$o s|s|Rqq e c|fu\zE qtst {-{r{s ?Fr'l-qtrd c(Bdqr{s trrQw'E r
q:Fn {Frt <aw {arcgR{|fu <l \tr{|fu qrssicFr W+ qqF 1T{!sqqBI'FFqFF
{T.ff w{{l?3r{Fa <t qfrE qiwpnffi
Rrqrqrr0 <En{Rrqa1fi'wnr*
1\$r qlrsfd
trfrqm .{aFsFi <lTtI cqtflvslr<vmRew wltmr+<ffiaaFt
qc"g !fi+ €I <fF (discourse)
,{{ri
futrf
| {Er{d "F{q {E"KsttF {F{t |
"rr<fl
.sstwlcT{Tn rqwnqefc<
<artq|l, {t6-{qa wFri '{f.F fiTrl{
{ 4ftsin ffif
qqEsrq€fu <tEbqsm rwtd{rtrri{ {tirflirr[? F{nR' {Rq|rsFnT{qrcvcq
vR <ort:m'&&qfr+ <t6{',
{tF', ?tfuT qtx', qr{nFs {tFr' (nanative
discourse)
{t{, c<gl'Fs.Fq;Rarin<turs rFR fursn fi-6 org
fulfi | a{c{s qqt"Ffli's
q.rr RuK-&fusfrqil wE aFlsvtdq|<.flrs"R rsRgnt s {v6asfiq .c{Eft{ c${
qrs {Irir qet<|dts qr"v'rcr lqtn q6sqfn qlF 6ad<t Csm) qFFJ
fi\{t .ffiRs
ltcEan:FrttrI:rgt (:TTfqt BqqE)ffi qrr$tr{E-{,qRsrfi{ig n$s c+F l|uqqaRt
.qqfts {r-r+dq:rq|{qcgqn{ rwJfrTs <tuq.fsF <6aBr
fl q q&cq Ec<.qqfr+<u-+r
qrycs
fivr*ans
"fr{ t
ilFt dlscou?sc: Rfrd&discourse
TC{BIen$nfiq qd.$F|k$ :
dlscourse n. & v - n. 1 titerary a conversation; talk. b a
dissertaUonor beatise on an academic subject. c a lecture or
sermon. 2 linguisticsa connected series of utterences;a text ...
[The Concise Oxtord Dict.]
discourse 'fqF{
Tl|R
efF[q discours*qt qde .Eefc<qqRorq:ril
eRtRqi,
qq|Ffi s {fuvre' {-{<\se'rc{ €frfte fifr{ (2)qc{q|6r
"l-trFa-aqqa6g\n|{R1
Discourse-Glq? \c.cef?q€ '|rqT <FfqfdqNI(r{ 6Dfc{?fry(ql qqqwfr< {g||{
?q€ -fqF Oiscouse-s{tr Oqcd€frq qw cansq-irq\t - vR m16 ( Descartes)4:t Sq Discoursde la M6thode(Discourseof the Methodlq<{l€Ttq{ilq'q6&
(discursive).rqF
6q{s T{<, 1qq<t 3'6a,Rc{T fiFs qffi Rc,rq.fQ1q1<ffi
qr<"n
qetr4
as-*'
*er
eTTrs
?tu-i
ftfE ftot &i r
v<qr<+r<& r
rt(EF Structure : {tgteFtBt qT|R'qq, *qfr'$ RsF, tilRg!re.s<( qiKNRstri
fiffi) s R&{ qF['l
<'fbRT|,
T{<\5 structure-rqfr{ fi&{ qefi ,o. ot5, ah, w<a-<,
rff,<Bl
qd(framework
q:II[Et
qFI
qrq
qcs(q?Kr{&
structure
rl{lltc{
st,tc{l) .c<i
fiq
I
srtGt $?tr{l eT|w \ri& v4t( {qt qisld shuctures structuralismtr.rrc6
qfqRqir{Fr6fl-<
ffi<
+nq r q{il q{r{ €Frqdqrs4 tE €5F e"rqlF|v €R:
structurallsmn. 1 the doctino that the structureratherthan
psychology
3 structural
functionisimpoitant.
2 structural
linguistics.
oostructulalial n. & adj. [The ConciseOxlordDictionary,1990]
.. ="*
c+F firy<nftqFp3n"r6{t<ql
"14f4govmRqr-+<
q{ 't}{Ms
{ q{TfiA (stuctural) e|{|RsFt I
q{cd e|{R qdqlfrf udasr.fiSrccro|g
frr{F €qfr qn men qr r..
qf{rq?FststRB|G< s c<fi emtfu (extended):nq thtw <t
qEg-€fi (sfucturat) ewfurr< {5{ qtri <ar qcfcq, Gfr tt}q
qffir<
(sturuchrralists)
W qqsjF.f$qcqq1firyt ...
... 6mi .qq,-$dcgf F{.c.t "flf{F <1qc5 - nqfrqr {q---q{e
q6s <q d€ e{<ortCFcqrqcd< fiq .s{rn €'crfrs I
"mfi fi c{
,g"trtrffi {rnt"IR'sructuralist'<1
lffi
r
qfutq|r !d3
ffifu qr€qF$ r efm : sl{W€
TF ffFd: lftiqTq{E|?r cffifrtrr >ttrr
sftrtfu|i I
reF-<I[Er RFa erqn s tGfl?tczsr lEtTrrK qtftt nrscqt $R wq $q!r'rd
qeF{tfrcr{ q<?tqq-'rfts q-?m.f{ {{ | I'tn cQIrrK -c'$Effirq a(wd cneTtTfr r
wlRFs ep{cfi Gvm:rcgfrqrKFl {6ft {dlq "tlsil TI{ | qetm qn?rt<iF q\Nrt#{
rrqpr?Efi qrs {fi rw+{ qnEcs crrcr-<rE {r{ furs vqqtR+ r,s{ rffi s{v frSl
cq6<s{rqI
"r<ft{x"t
qqlcqi v<qfrs l..stdsqrfK :
cfsnr{F
r(qqrFr,{{Fa|N € fiT{frqas(fr{ w Iwusfr{<art
qftrw{
qsflq
q"'I6
e'k"4HF6
flfu
fiGqB"ttqtrt<
<r
1k
rq({r€ ndiftnqqtdqxc{ qqfu
TFIrqrtcv€tt q{FTsfr
ctqnofu {TqRr q'Ff w frF qffi cc'r{qfrt qtfu rRq
c,&.rw'nn nt{m{ qRqFnfiREB,ttFirR* qprl{cq
ffi{Fft{ n"'ir* {rrr|s€ rn?st .ft mBm R&rqaq vtd€t
e llfitwlr|R c€8,'F tgd
crtcarclrt'toF
c<EfG{r:rrnqRciq
g'R fiftibt .1q1
q"'tfu t
qgr6r:Trq
rRfrF cqGF
=qgKQ
qaF<lfoT-{
{R.tFq. lT{RK{'q}rnnl {'nm:r{ - qdTsr,"F.'r<fi-g<
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t:
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B e r l i nG
, n v ,1 9 8 6 .
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TlvqTtI
I have been for monhs like a ship becalmed in France, though
thank God, I have had the strenghth of mind and resolution to make
the best use ot my misfortune in learning three continental
lauguages,viz. ltalian,Germanand French Languages,which are
wordr knowing for heir literaryworth .. tre knowledgeof a great
European language is like the acqui;ition of a vast and well
cuttivatedstate - intellectral of course. Should I live to retr.rrn,i
hope tamiliarize my educated friends with these languages
hrough the mEdiumof our own tongue...Europeanscholarshipis
good in as much as it renders us masters of the intellectual
tesoutces of the most civilizedquartersot the globe; but when we
speak to the world, let us speak in our own language.L€t thos€,
who feel that they have spring of fresh thoughtin them, fly to their
mother-tongue...lshould scorn the pretensionsof that man to be
'educated"
called
who is not master of his own language.
>t^raq-Frf,w-4 qHstRceqft c.rr <q ctrr3rra
{rTtscs6{{ qsF
GftF s?€fu srflF{fi?Ffifhs, qtfur,R+,ffi,
egltrmn,rp-ffi s
:9rr
qfi sme€ q{Tm I
ft{l
>.qR"rEqR{t{ |scq "fGrcF"ltstn c{ s{f{' dqF<{ stc{ ? frq-s qdq{ qca r
.cr crnsfrnglqf qm,G6F m{q6{h 5vs5 Tnffi{6-.qfrEqfra l\cFIfcKq$F,
Rqv oqfl ?'F[rs4' (L'Art po6tique){ERltt GilsnFr|< (Nicolas Boileau,
)vev-) 1 ! ) ) <s{1a-r6 <t6irt17{ q-€fu TGR6q{ |
c 6& wq cft<rR Etmro m.[ .cFF"rrqd( e-(- >vc r ) wq] f;rw qqst c-fr6
Itl[n @Ttr6;
I amthatman,thoughI havenofrather,
I am,besidesengagedin...
But n' importeas the Frenchsay ...
:Fq;cft {ET €fficlr t<s fr{ ?rcr )t'v) qftfi q{r6 q-fi {tq*nrq {{rs Gr{l
.s.ttF vtR1fr 6frrs Hinoup.g;o1 qfur< q-'fiqs S{FE {c"lt"llst{.4l IF [\,
c{T'H cqrlF:
Harishis dead...I lovedandvaluedthatman...Valeas the Latins
usedto sayor au revourasthe Frenchsay.
qRF|& 'fifr Bg{"wn <n
\. Rr€
rytqq qcg<ff'fi Efid e'q1&<
-{F1IIF
q-{ffu
ilcfrqfi Tc.n"fiqlcsdcrltr{
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EF
1c{ldrtrt{r
trcqcq:
French which was tre vehicle ot conversationwith his wife and
children,he may be said to have completelymastered.To the b€st
of my recollection,he spoke French,far morEfluendythan English.
Moli*e, Racine, Fdnelon, Lamartide,and Victor Hugo were his
favourite French authors.
qqfsjFF Rfi qG cq'rr6l{Tarff qrrfi Rsrl firqrci :
The French, whom peftaps he loved more lhan his own nation, he
eslimated lhe most refined dilettante,in th€ world. The English he
called boors.
stcq qFFFE6Tc{lFrfi
cq.x GFrgS SK {Tfi-ftfta
{REr fislqr cs{fi
c{BF
RqrnlFc+FFtt.sGBcrc(a-v->vs8)ffifrc.rcc{ :
Youwill be pleasedto hearhat I havebeensavedthe disgnace
of
a Frenci Jail by a young,beautifuland gnaciousFrenchlady,
whoseacquaintanoeI madein a Railway-carriage
and who hag
eversincetakengreatintereslin us,consoledus in ourmisfortrnes
and assist€dus with her purse.She wentwith me to our Land
LoAand spoketo lhe manas onlya Frencfiwomancan speak
and got him to oonsentto take the secrrityof a friendof mlnein
Londonandto let us remainheretill the endot the currentmonh.
\mi qF 6EF (tll-: o->uvs) lKcfico{ qfu rrnq ffi fifE€ vf <rt{tilqlre lkn
rttFl c{ sftgqF ilFFr$ frr+cqa :
Youare,no doubt,anxiousto knowwhyI amherein France.lwill
tell you. Londonis not half so pleasanta placeto live in as this
country.
e. qfE-\nT?|ll) b s >qtrq {{{iq *aers c+.fftq:rcffi <E-{+r-qqr&F <tsdTt
eRR
getqqld {;;tl a4[i ) trvo qTcdr
I T6frF{ {q ffi-:rveril' | .6cT{rqqq' rfir{< Vftr
)eb
wfwam lll
(>t vo) rEryqrrsnrnT6f
<1m c+F GFro caraa:
I want to introducs tfie sonnet into our own language and , some
mornings ago, made the following...
,sr {i &f, lftqtV-'tst'sffi
.
€Fv oc*r rFfi qss:pcra :
What say you to this my good friend! In my humble opinion, if
cultivated by men of genius our sonn€t in time would dval the
lialian.
qlrr** up.fqft sftuFfr{ wfr tFtsl' cGfifi "tf{€YteR-cFEt{f $fiqr
q6agg s'rffis
(st snn, RentfilvtT,.[t, : r q>) qfuis $!F
sq I'qRlg'.lrai'
et<ffidqtc qtr!I|6t ffi
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qt"Nl Rnn rfitrl Rmmftr
s. qrqqn,€!6Rf.{'Hrda c{l1m ffirfinr
g.FR.€ q?rMTc.rcq
- ?nrEt<tR(qt{nq s{-{.Rq?, rFGEqt.{el-j rrqfiqfr
{cr|{For{l'qRrc cQ{|{Ft, m l{1ni RLfi €FilTsq <dndlt:n mifrnqrTn cFftT
EEoKrrd
Rcq|Afrm Iq{rvl qi qqfrwl cqr€ B|fr Versaittes-GF
ffi
.s qfuSrtrcF I
c. )Ev8{ t \r-<tqrfr+<cfiarrryr+cr{| .{q'GsF rfic{q|RrsF R et|fr Fb
qqf&6s
e
! Mvef lmp6raticer qot qF{F
fiH frfi GwFssnd'ViveI'Emp6reur
q|Fc{rF I eoaqsrdFmqr*rr:ttq3FlscF cnl F66orrlpF{qf;rrcq :
A lew daysago I had the honourof salutingandof beingsaluted
in refurl bythefamousEmperorol the French- a tuly greatran.
I amusedmysetlby shouling'ViveI'Emp6reu! ViveNapol6on!'
{c''ftcats"rr"{16 wFcrd Efu qn aE{n6rd 6{mqi( q"'r6 €qn:ne "r*q cRTs
"R
GT | )trce qRrrsqFlg fte Anglo- Saxonandthe 11ie6uftf<F?ifrfr<FrmnftF
ffircrq:
...Empiresand kingdoms,such as would have gratifiedthe
boundessarnbitionof thatearthbomTitarl-NapoleontheGrand;...
see he gnandestol waniors, the lofti€st of mortals,lhe most
glorious,themostawful,lhemostmystical,
themostinconceivably
suuime Brim ol hereworshippers-t€ son of lhe Corsican
Attorney- sunoundedby his eagleswih theirtenificbeaksdied
OtebloodtonentEwhlcfi llou/€dat AusterliE,at Jena,at Wgram,
at Fri€dland,at Borodnoandhen piningawayin thesolitudeol St.
Helen*-lris ielan4prisonh the midstof the vaet Atlantic...
s.G&S1v q$&i 'r#r rrFBaFr
wr :
...1havealso commenc€dltalianand meanto add Germanto my
- if notSpanishand Portuguese
stod<of languate's,
beforeI leave
Europe.
,qqv.lr{Tnrd qrcrt & SEcv tK Tilfr € \mnit fu{q{
s!fi frlFld rrJrlrilfiq I
crtIFI:
I hope to be a capital sort of EuropsanscholarbeforeI leave
Europe,l. am gettingon well wih Frenchand ltalian.I must
commencsGermansoon.Spanishand Portuguese
will not be
dtfic{lt after Latin,Frencfiand ltalian.ll lth July, 1864.1
I havegreatertacililiestor masteringFrenctrand ltralianhan there.
)8o
To thesetwo languageswhichI alreadyreadandwritewith great
ease, I arn going (in fact I have alreadyb€gun)to add German.
lfrth October,18641
You mustnot fancy,my goodfriend,that I am idlinghere.I have
nearfymasteredFr€nchand ltalianandamgoingon wiih German,
dl withoutany assistancefrom hir€d teachers.agrdNovember,
18641
I havehad stsangfih
of mindand resolulionto makethe v€ry bsst
use ol my mieforlunein learningthe three great continental
bnguaggs,Viz, ltalian,e€rmanand Frenefilanguages,whidr are
wellworthknowlngfor theil literarywoith.Youknow,myGour,that
the knov{bdgBof greatEuropeanlanguagsis like the aoquisition
ot a vast and well cultivatedstateintellectual ol course.[26fi
Jiltualy, 1865:l
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t1re par une liaison magique, afoce, av€c la r6alit6 it avec le
danger.
Pos6ede la sorte,la questiondu th6Ate doit r6veillerI'attdntion
gr6n6rale,
6tant sous-entenduque le th6Abepar son c6t6 physique,
et parce qu'il exige l'expression Mns I'espace, la seule r6elle en
fait, permet aux moyens magiques de I'art et de ld parole de
s'ex€rc€rorganiquqnsnt et dans leur 6nlbr, comme des exorcismes
renouvel6s.De toutc€ci il ressortqu'on ne rendra pas au th6Atre
ses pouvoirssp6cifiquesd'action,avantde lui rendreson langagp.
C'6t-a-dare qu'au lieu den revenir.i des textes consid6r6s
comme d6finititset oommesacr6s,il importeavant tout de rompre,
l'assujefissement du th6ate au te)de, et de refower la notiort
dune sorte cb langage unique d mi-cfiernin enbe le geste et la
p€ns66.
Ce hngago, on n€ p€ut le d6finir que'par les possibilit6sde
I'expressiondynamiqu€etdans I'espaceoppos6esat.o(possibilit6s
de l'expression par la parole dialogu6e. Et c€ qu€ le tMitie peut
,cncore arrachqr.d la parole, ce sont ses possibilit6s dexpansion
Trors des mots, de d6veloppement dans l'€Spac€, daction
dissociabiceet vihatoire sur la s€nsibilit6.C'est ici qu'inte.rvi€nnent
les intonalions, la prononciaton partfuruliAre
dun mot. qest ici
qu'intervient, en dehors du langage zudilif des sons, le langage
visuel des objets, des mbuvgments,des attitudes, des gestes,
mais A concltion qu on prolonge leur sens, leur physionomie, leurs
assemblages jusqu'aux signes, eh faisant de ces signes une.
maniAre dalphabet. Ayant pris consciencs de ce langage dans
I'espdoe,langagede sons,de cris, d€ lumiAres,donomatop6es,le
th6Ate ee doit de I'organiseren faisant avec les personnagss et lss
objets de v6ritables hi6roglyplles, et en s€ sdvant de leur
symbolisme et de leurs correspondances par rapport a tous les
ofganes et sur tous les plans.
Anbnin.fuIaud : Le thdAte & Ia iruauti| (premier manifeste)
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il3rErq {r{l'lt{Iirrd
We cannot go on prostitutingthe idea of theater whose only
value is in its excruciating,magical ielation to reality and danger.
Put in this way, the question of the theater ought to arouse
general attention, the implication being that th6ater, through its
physicafaspect,sincs it requires expressionin space(theonly real
' expression,in fact), allows the ma$cal m€ans of art and speecfi
to be €xercisedorganicallyand altogether,like renewedexorcisms.
The upshot ot all this is that theater will not be given its specific
i
powers of action until it is given its language.
That is to say : instead of continuing to r€ly upon texts
considereddefinitiveand sacred,it is essentialto put an €nd to the
subjugationof the theater to the text and to recover the notion of
a kind of uniqde languagehalf-waybetweengestureand thought.
This languagecannot b€ definadexcept by its possibilitiesfor
dynamic expression in space as opposed to the expr€ssive
pqpsibilitiesof spokendialogue.And what the theatercan still take
over trom sp€€ch are its possibilitiesfor extensionbeyond words,
for developmgnt in space, for dissociativeand vibratory action
. upon the sensibility.This is the hour of intonations,of a words
particularpronumciation.here too intervenes(besid€she auditory
languageof sounds) the visual languageof obiects, movem€nts,
attitudesand gesfures,but on condilionthat their meanings,their
physiognomies, their combinations be carried to he point of
becoming signs, making a kind of alphabet of trese signs. Once
awate of this languagein space,languagpof sounds,cries, lights,
onornatrpoeia,he theat€rmustorganizeit intoveritablehieroglyphs,
. witr the help of characters and objects, and make use of their
symbolsimand interconnectionsin relationto all organs and on all
levels.
Mary Caroline Richards
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:
Pos6ede la sort€,la questiondu titdAtse
doit r6veillerI'attenlion
g6n6rale,
queleth6Atre
parsonc6t6physique,
6tantsous-entendu
et parcequ'il exige !'expression&ns I'espace.{e"liv qt B1|l9F
!n-q,.{i
.61 {rl
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ficsqa s aFcEaqq $q Rtr m rFs crrqdEr*r 6fic{ e!-iia nR
' rFBt,I Putin ihisway,the questionot theheateroughtto arous€
genetalattention,the implication
beingthat theater,throughits
physicalaspect,sinceit requiresexpression
in soace
des text€sconsid6r6scommed6finitifsRFts .fqsfrr+ qqfs GEat
qcnfic{I textsconsidered
definilive
I lespossibilit6s
deI'expression
{namique et dans I'espace I ron'l {fuftq efficrK T:rq I
)c\
possibilities
for dynamicexpressionin space I
le th6Atrepeut encore arracherA la parole,ce sont ses possibilit6s
d'€xpansion hors des mots, de dgveloppementdans I'ospace,
daction dissociatriceet vibratoiresur la sensibilit6ITFTTFi ccfcs
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.gfu
from speech are its possibilitiesfor extensionbeyond words, tol
d€velopmentin space, for dissociativ€and vibratory action upon
the sensibilityI
Ayant pris consciencede oe langageI dans I'espace, langage
de sons,de cris, de lumidres,donomatopges.I Q c?u|tTdsF{1,:tsL
fiq$K,\trfrtil e wglr.n eF$, qF l-rc6qcsq
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of this language in space, languago of sounds, cries, lights,
onomatopoeia I
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