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Papier - Irfu
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tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
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relativistes
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THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL, 472 : L111–L114, 1996 December 1
q 1996. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A.
INFRARED OBSERVATIONS OF AN ENERGETIC OUTBURST IN GRS 19151105
IGUEZ,3 S. CHATY,1 M. SAUVAGE,1 E. GERARD,4 P.-A. DUC,5 A. CASTRO-TIRADO,6
I. F. MIRABEL,1, 2 L. F. RODR´
AND
P. CALLANAN7
Received 1996 July 5; accepted 1996 September 13
ABSTRACT
In the course of an intense X-ray and radio outburst of GRS 19151105, we observed a pair of radio-emitting
clouds emerging from the compact core in opposite directions at relativistic speeds. At near-infrared wavelengths
we observed the time-delayed reverberation of this radio flare/ejection event. Five days after the radio outburst,
the source became redder as it brightened by 11 mag in K(2.2 mm), which suggests the appearance of a warm
dust component. The enhanced infrared emission was close to 10% of the X-ray luminosity of the source and
amounts to about 0.1% of the typical kinetic energy in the bulk motion of the relativistic ejecta in GRS 19151105.
Subject headings: infrared: stars — radio continuum: stars — stars: individual (GRS 19151105) —
X-rays: bursts — X-rays: stars
Table 1. The radio light curves show a large rise in the radio
flux in less than 3 days. In fact, Foster et al. (1996) report that the
rise from a low-intensity plateau to maximum flare took place
between TJD 9938.1 and TJD 9938.9, namely, in #18 hours.
The light curve in Figure 1a also shows a rapid drop of the
flux. At l 5 21 cm it decreased by 60% in 24 hours. The radio
light curve of GRS 19151105 for the period 1993 December to
1994 April by Rodrı́guez et al. (1995) revealed the existence of
outbursts with this type of time evolution. For instance, a flare
on 1993 December 11 showed at l 5 21 cm a drop in intensity
by 45% in 24 hours. These short-lived flares are unlike the
long-lasting radio outbursts such as the one on 1994 March–
April, which Mirabel & Rodrı́guez (1994) followed for several
weeks with the VLA.
In Table 2 are listed the J(1.25 mm), H(1.65 mm), and
K(2.2 mm) magnitudes of GRS 19151105 at epochs close to
the 1995 August 10 outburst. The magnitudes for the four
epochs of 1995 August were derived by us from broadband
images using relative photometry with nearby stars, and applying particular care in removing from low-resolution images
the confusion from a star nearby to GRS 19151105. The data
reduction techniques and calibration procedures are described
by Chaty et al. (1996). The K magnitude on 1995 September
4 was estimated using the 2"46 slit UKIRT spectrum by
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
1. INTRODUCTION
During the year 1994, Rodr´
ıguez & Mirabel (1996) observed
repeated relativistic ejections of twin pairs of plasma clouds in
the galactic superluminal source GRS 19151105 (Mirabel &
Rodr´
ıguez 1994). In the course of a multiwavelength study of
this source carried out in 1995 August, we observed with the
Very Large Array a relativistic ejection associated to the most
prominent X-ray/radio outburst of that year (Sazonov, Sunyaev,
& Lund 1996; Harmon, Paciesas, & Fishman 1995; Foster et al.
1996). Besides radio observations at l 5 3.5 cm with the VLA in
the A configuration, and at l 5 9 cm and l 5 20 cm with the
Nançay radiotelescopes, we have followed this major outburst in
the J(1.25 mm), H(1.65 mm), and K(2.2 mm) bands using different
infrared facilities. The infrared observations were aimed to
study the long-term variability of the stellar counterpart of
GRS 19151105 (Mirabel et al. 1994) as well as the relationship of the infrared emission to the radio and X-ray emission.
The time delay of the infrared response to this major radio
flare/ejection event, together with the reddening of the source,
provide evidences for thermal reradiation from heated dust.
From the infrared lag due to the light crossing time and the
enhancement of the infrared luminosity in the H and K bands, we
infer the mass of warm dust and its distance from GRS
19151105. We compute the energy radiated in the infrared and
compare it with the X-ray and kinetic power of GRS 19151105.
TABLE 1
2. THE RADIO, INFRARED, AND X-RAY OUTBURST
RADIO OBSERVATIONS
In Table 1 are listed the integrated radio flux densities of
GRS 19151105 measured with the Nançay and VLA radiotelescopes during a period of 1 month around a strong radio
flare on 1995 August reported first by Gihgo, Waltman, &
Foster (1995). In Figure 1a are plotted the fluxes listed in
OF
GRS 19151105
FLUX DENSITY (mJy)
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
Service d’Astrophysique/CEA, DSM/DAPNIA, Centre d’Etudes de
Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
2 Instituto de Astronomı́a y Fı́sica del Espacio, Argentina.
3 Instituto de Astronomı́a, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 70-264, 04510 México,
D.F., Mexico.
4 Dept. ARPEGES, Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 5 Place
Jules Janssen, 92195 Meudon, France.
5 European Southern Observatory, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 2, 85748
Garching-bei-München, Germany.
6 Laboratorio de Astrofı́sica Espacial y Fı́sica Espacial, INTA, P.O. Box
50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain.
7 Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA
02138.
1
a
L111
VLA
Nançay
DATE
UT
(hr)
TJD a
l 5 3.5 cm
l 5 9 cm
l 5 21 cm
Jul 26. . . . . .
Jul 29. . . . . .
Jul 31. . . . . .
Aug 07 . . . .
Aug 10 . . . .
Aug 10 . . . .
Aug 11 . . . .
Aug 12 . . . .
Aug 13 . . . .
Aug 14 . . . .
Aug 17 . . . .
Aug 24 . . . .
21.0
21.0
...
21.0
...
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
21.0
...
...
9924.9
9927.9
9929
9936.9
9939
9939.9
9940.9
9941.9
9942.9
9943.9
9946
9953
...
...
1.2
...
423.0
...
...
...
...
...
3.1
0.1
90
70
...
75
...
390
130
110
50
60
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
610
250
180
70
50
...
...
Truncated Julian Date (JD 2 2,440,000.5).
p
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
L112
R+b
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º
MIRABEL ET AL.
Vol. 472
FIG. 1.—(a) Radio observations of GRS 19151105 around the 1995 August outburst/ejection event as observed with the VLA at l 5 3.5 cm, and with the Nançay
radiotelescope at l 5 9 cm and l 5 20 cm. (b) Infrared K(2.2 mm) magnitudes of GRS 19151105. Note the time delay of the infrared brightening relative to the
time of peak radio emission. TJD 5 JD 2 2,440,000.5.
that GRS 19151105 had brightened by 1.1 mag in K and by
0.8 mag in H, but no significant change was observed in the J
band (see Table 2). Three weeks later, the source was observed fading in K, and in 1995 October, it had returned to the
preburst magnitudes observed in early August.
In the X-rays, the outburst was followed by GRANAT/
WATCH in the 8 –20 and 20 – 60 keV bands (Sazonov et al.
1996), and by BATSE in the 20 –100 keV energy band
(Foster et al. 1996). After 4 days of more or less steady
emission in the 20 –100 keV band, on 1995 August 10 the radio
Mirabel et al. (1996), whereas those of 1995 October are the
magnitudes as reported by Eikenberry & Fazio (1995).
The infrared reverberation of the radio flare/ejection that is
shown in the K-band light curve of Figure 1b had a time delay
in the range of 2–5 days relative to the peak radio emission.
Table 2 shows that the J and K magnitudes on August 10 and
August 12 (TJD 9939.4 and TJD 9941.4), obtained respectively
10 hr and 60 hr after the peak radio emission (Foster et al.
1996), showed no significant change (see Table 2). However,
on August 15, 5 days after the maximum in radio, we found
TABLE 2
INFRARED MAGNITUDES
Date
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
Aug 4 . . . . . . . . . .
Aug 10. . . . . . . . .
Aug 12. . . . . . . . .
Aug 15. . . . . . . . .
Sep 04 . . . . . . . . .
Oct 16 . . . . . . . . .
Oct 17 . . . . . . . . .
OF
GRS 19151105
UT
(hr)
TJD a
J
(1.25 mm)
H
(1.65 mm)
K
(2.2 mm)
Telescope
Reference
5.0
9.5
9.4
0.0
8.7
0.1
0.1
9933.2
9939.4
9941.4
9944.0
9964.4
10006.0
10007.0
17.8 H 0.1
17.6 H 0.1
17.6 H 0.1
17.7 H 0.1
...
...
17.8 H 0.2
...
14.9 H 0.1
...
13.7 H 0.1
...
14.9 H 0.1
15.2 H 0.1
13.4 H 0.1
13.3 H 0.1
13.3 H 0.1
12.2 H 0.1
$12.9 H 0.1
13.5 H 0.1
13.4 H 0.1
ESO 2.2 m
UKIRT 3.8 m
Lick 3 m
ESO 2.2 m
UKIRT 3.8 m
Kitt Peak 2.1 m
Kitt Peak 2.1 m
1
2
2
a
Truncated Julian Date (JD 2 2,440,000.5).
References.—(1) Mirabel et al. 1996; (2) Eikenberry & Fazio 1995.
º(º
No. 2, 1996
GRS 19151105 ENERGETIC OUTBURST
L113
flux was observed peaking at the beginning of a sudden drop of
the hard X-rays (Foster et al. 1996). A correlation between the
hard X-rays and radio fluxes was also observed at the time of
the 1994 March–April outburst-ejection event (Harmon et al.
1996).
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
3. A RELATIVISTIC EJECTION
The major outburst of 1995 August took place at a time
when the VLA was in the A configuration, providing the
instrument’s higher angular resolution. The array remained in
this configuration until early 1995 September. For an interval
of 3 weeks we were able to follow the large proper motions of
a pair of bright radio condensations emerging in opposite
directions from the compact radio core.
Figure 2 shows maps of GRS 19151105 at l 5 3.5 cm for
three epochs 1 week apart. On August 10, at the time of a peak
radio emission of 431 mJy the source was unresolved. On
August 17 when we measured a flux density of 3.1 mJy it
exhibited an elongated structure, and on August 24 two
distinct condensations became apparent. The angular resolution of the observations was 0"2, and the positions were
determined by absolute astrometry with accuracies of 0"02.
Because of the rapid drop of the radio flux, the errors in the
kinematic parameters of the ejecta for 1995 August are
relatively large. Using Gaussian fits, on 1995 August 24 we
measured flux densities of 0.12 H 0.02 mJy and 0.13 H 0.02 mJy
from the southern and northern condensations, respectively,
with angular distances from the radio core source of
0"16 H 0"03 and 0"12 H 0"03 arcsec, respectively, along a
position angle of 1408 H 108. Assuming that the ejection took
place on 1995 August 10, the south component moved at
11 H 2 mas day 21 and the north component at 9 H 2 mas
day 21 .
When compared with the four relativistic ejections followed
by Rodrı́guez & Mirabel (1996) in 1994 January–June, we find
that in 1995 August the position angle for the direction of
motion was the same within the errors, but the southern ejecta
appeared to be moving slower (compared with 17.6 H 0.4 mas
day 21), whereas the northern ejecta appeared to move, within
the errors, at the same speed. Furthermore, the south and
north components 2 weeks after the ejection event in 1995
August had equal brightness, whereas in the 1994 January–
June observations, 2 weeks after ejections, the fluxes of the
southern components appeared to be about 3 times brighter
than the northern component. This reduction in the transverse
apparent velocities and observed flux ratios from 1994 to
1995 could be due to a change of the direction of the jets
toward the plane of the sky, to a change in the actual speed of
the jets, or to a combination of both.
4. DISCUSSION
4.1. Origin of the Near-Infrared Enhancement
Because the infrared brightening had a time delay in the
range of 2–5 days relative to the sudden radio flare/ejection
event, the agent of the infrared response to this impulsive
event must be at $2 light-days from the compact object.
Therefore, the infrared response did not come from the cooler
component of an accretion disk with a typical size of a few
light-seconds.
Other alternatives for the origin of the enhancement in the
near-infrared flux could be synchrotron emission from relativistic jets (Sams, Eckart, & Sunyaev 1996), Doppler-broadened
FIG. 2.—Pair of radio condensations emerging from GRS 19151105 at the
time of the 1995 August 10 flare shown in Fig. 1. These uniform-weight VLA-A
maps were made at l 5 3.5 cm for the 1995 epochs shown on the top left of
each map. The half-power beamwidth of 0"2 is shown in the top right corner.
Contours are 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, and 100 times 4 3 10 23 , 8 3 10 25 , and
1.8 3 10 25 Jy beam 21 for the 1995 August 10, August 17, and August 24
epochs, respectively.
spectral line emission from entrained ions in the relativistic
ejecta (Mirabel et al. 1996), free-free emission from an
X-ray– driven wind (van Paradijs et al. 1994), and free-free
emission from an expanding high-density envelope (Allen
1984). The observed reddening of the source by J 2 K 5 1.2
mag rules out the possibility that we have seen the infrared tail
p
L114
R+b
/e/
º
¼
MIRABEL ET AL.
of free-free emission, since the latter would have produced the
opposite spectral change, namely, a blueing of the source,
rather than the observed reddening.
The 1.0 –2.5 mm continuum rising to the red is characteristic
of thermal emission from dust. Furthermore, depending on
the properties of the grains, dust is known to sublimate at
12000 –3000 K, and since it hardly radiates in the J band, the
cutoff of the enhanced radiation below 11.45 mm (see Table
2) is a stringent limit in favor of reradiation by heated dust
(Voit 1991).
We point out that a trend toward redder colors as the star
becomes brighter had also been observed in SS 433 (Catchpole
et al. 1981), the other high-mass X-ray binary source of
relativistic jets. However, those observations were carried out
before coming to the realization of the role of interstellar dust
in the dissipation of energy.
13 3 10 42 ergs, which is 110 23 the typical kinetic energy of
the relativistic ejecta in GRS 19151105 (Rodrı́guez & Mirabel
1996).
Finally, assuming that the source itself is optically thin in the
near-infrared wavelengths, one can relate the emitted flux to
the temperature and the total dust mass by
4.2. Heated Dust in the Surroundings of GRS 19151105
MJ of dust at
in solar masses, which gives 1.2 3 10
Td 1 2300 K. We point out that the mass of cold dust
components could be orders of magnitude larger, and it is
possible that in the near-infrared we have just seen the tip of
an iceberg in the surroundings of GRS 19151105. Indeed, at
a distance of 500 AU (3 light-days) and with an X-ray
luminosity of 10 37 ergs s 21 we expect an equilibrium dust
temperature of only 1100 K (Scoville & Kwan 1976). We
believe then that the near-IR emission observed could be
coming from small grains out of equilibrium with the X-ray
field, and that most of the dust is radiating at lower temperatures. Sensitive IR observations at longer wavelengths with the
Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) will be carried out to test
this hypothesis.
In the following, we assume that the variation of the
near-infrared flux is due to the appearance of a dust component in the spectrum of the source. In that case, the flux
emitted by this dust component in K is related to the observed
increase in magnitude by
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
K
f dust
5 f K0 102K
before
/2.5
~102DK /2.5 2 1! ,
(1)
before
is the extinction-corrected apparent magnitude of
where K
the source before the rise consecutive to the outburst, DK is
the magnitude increase, i.e., K after 2 K before , and f K0 is the K flux
corresponding to K 5 0, 1650 Jy (Allen & Cragg 1983). With
DK 5 21.1 mag from Table 2, and K before 5 10.9 mag using an
interstellar extinction A(K) 5 2.4 mag (Chaty et al. 1996), for
a distance of 12.5 kpc (Rodrı́guez et al. 1995) we obtain an
enhancement of 160 LJ in the K band. Similarly, it is found
that the enhanced luminosity in the H band was 1130 LJ .
The temperature of the emitting dust can be derived
assuming that its emission follows a blackbody spectrum
modified by the emissivity of the dust component. Taking the
ratio of the flux emitted at H and K, a dust temperature
Td 5 2300 K is obtained. Integrating over the whole infrared
band, the total dust luminosity at Td 5 2300 K is close to
103 LJ , namely, about 10% of the mean X-ray luminosity of
the source at outburst (Harmon et al. 1996).
Figure 1b suggests that the source radiated about half that
luminosity for a period of 120 days, which implies that the
emission from warm dust for the duration of the outburst was
Mdust 5
fn D 2
k n Bn~Tdust!
,
(2)
where k n is the absorption coefficient of the dust per unit mass
and D is the distance to the source. Combining equations (1)
and (2), one obtains
M dust 5 4.15 10210 102K
before
/ 2.5
2
3 (102DK / 2.5 2 1)(e 6524 /T d 21) D kpc
,
(3)
210
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is operated by
Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement
with the National Science Foundation. We thank C. Lidman
and M. Hawkins for taking infrared images on the 2.2 m ESO
telescope. UKIRT is operated by the Carnegie Observatories,
on behalf of the UK Particle Physics and Astronomy Council.
We are grateful to B. A. Harmon for providing us information
on the BATSE data, and S. Sazonov for the GRANAT/
WATCH data. We also thank M. Morris, L. Sage, and an
anonymous referee for useful comments. L. F. R. acknowledges support from DGAPA, UNAM, and CONACyT, Mexico.
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ASTRONOMY
AND
ASTROPHYSICS
Letter to the Editor
Accretion instabilities and jet formation in GRS 1915+105
I.F. Mirabel1,2 , V. Dhawan3 , S. Chaty1 , L.F. Rodrı́guez4 , J.Martı́1 , C.R. Robinson5 , J. Swank6 , and T.R. Geballe7
1
2
3
4
5
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
6
7
Service d’Astrophysique, CEA/DSM/DAPNIA/SAp, Centre d’études de Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
Instituto de Astronomı́a y Fı́sica del Espacio. C.C.67, Suc. 28, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
National Radio Astronomy Observatory, Socorro, NM 87801, USA
Instituto de Astronomı́a, UNAM, Morelia, Michoacán 58090, Mexico
Marshall Space Flight Center, Space Science Laboratory, ES84, Huntsville, AL 35812, USA
Goddard Space Flight Ctr., Code 666, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
Joint Astronomy Centre, Hawaii Headquarters, 660 N. A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
Received 23 October 1997 / Accepted 10 November 1997
Abstract. We report simultaneous observations in the X-ray,
infrared, and radio wavelengths of the galactic superluminal
source GRS 1915+105. During episodes of rapid disappearance and follow up replenishment of the inner accretion disk
evidenced by the X-ray oscillating flux, we observe the ejection of relativistic plasma clouds in the form of synchrotron
flares at infrared and radio wavelengths. The expelled clouds
contain very energetic particles with Lorentz factors of ∼103 ,
or more. These ejections can be viewed as small-scale analogs
of the more massive ejecta with relativistic bulk motions that
have been previously observed in GRS 1915+105.
Key words: accretion, accretion disks: stars: individual: GRS
1915+105 – stars: variables – Infrared: stars – radio continuum:
stars – X-rays: stars
1. Introduction
The discovery of superluminal jets (Mirabel & Rodrı́guez 1994)
in the black hole X-ray transient source GRS 1915+105 has
opened the possibility of studying phenomena in our Galaxy that
until recently were believed to be restricted to distant quasars
and a few active galactic nuclei. In particular, it has been realized that since the characteristic dynamical times in the flow of
matter onto a black hole are proportional to its mass, the events
with intervals of minutes in a microquasar could correspond to
analogous phenomena with duration of thousands of years in a
quasar of 109 M , which is much longer than a human life-time.
Therefore, the variations with minutes of duration observed in
GRS 1915+105 in the radio, IR, and X rays sample phenomena
that we have not been able to observe in quasars.
X-ray observations of GRS 1915+105 with the Rossi X-Ray
Timing Explorer (RXTE) revealed remarkable quasi-periodic
oscillations (QPOs) that are believed to arise in the accretion
disk around a black hole of stellar mass (Greiner et al. 1996,
Morgan et al. 1997; Belloni et al. 1997a,b; Chen et al. 1997).
Among the diversity of QPOs observed in GRS 1915+105 there
is a class of recurrent episodes with amplitude variations of
∼1039 erg s−1 (at a distance of 12.5 kpc) in the X-rays, in time
scales of one minute to tens of minutes. These QPOs have been
attributed to the rapid disappearance and slower replenishment
of the inner region of the accretion disk (Belloni et al. 1997a,b).
If the accretion is an advection-dominated-flow (Narayan et al.
1997), the disappearing mass will go quietly though the horizon of the black hole. Furthermore, if a fraction of the mass
of the accretion disk were blown away, one should see synchrotron emission from expanding clouds in the radio, and perhaps shorter wavelengths.
Although previous observations have shown flares with similar periodicities in the radio (Pooley & Fender, 1997; Rodrı́guez
& Mirabel, 1997a) and infrared (Fender et al. 1997), no truly simultaneous observations in the X-ray, infrared, and radio wavelengths have been reported so far. The observations reported here
firmly establish the genesis of expanding clouds of relativistic
plasma when GRS 1915+105 recovers from large amplitude
dips in the X-ray flux.
2. Multiwavelength observations and light curves
In this Letter we report observations made on May 15 and Sept
9, 1997. On May 15 at the UT intervals 6-10 h and 12-16 h, we
used the 27 antennae of the Very Large Array (VLA) split in
three sub-arrays to allow simultaneous observations at 2, 3.6,
LETTER
Astron. Astrophys. 330, L9–L12 (1998)
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
LETTER
L10
I.F. Mirabel et al.: Accretion instabilities and jet formation in GRS 1915+105
and 6 cm. On Sep 9, 17 antennae of the VLA were available for
this project, and the observations were done at 3.6 cm only.
The infrared observations were carried out with the United
Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT). On each date, sixty images with the IRCAM3 256×256 InSb detector array, with a Kband filter of 0.37µm width centered at 2.2µm, were obtained
continuously every 1 min for an interval of ∼1.1 h. The 2.2µm
flux of GRS 1915 + 105 on time bins of 1 min was computed
using relative photometry with several stars in the field and calibrated with well known standard stars. The infrared fluxes were
dereddened assuming AK =3.3 mag (Chaty et al. 1996).
The X-ray observations were done with the PCA on RXTE.
It consists of five nearly identical proportional counter units
with detectors sensitive to X-rays between 2 and 60 keV.
The results for May 15 are shown in Fig. 1. The RXTE observations exhibit large amplitude variations with sudden drops
of the flux into dips of ∼5000 counts s−1 that last for at least
40 min. The recovery of the X-ray flux from the dips sometimes
ends in sharp peaks that reach ∼10−7 erg cm−2 s−1 (2 mJy) with
typical durations of ∼25 s. These rebounds of the X-ray flux are
followed by smaller amplitude oscillations of ∼60 s period that
last tens of minutes. At the time of an X-ray gap around 14 h
UT, an infrared flare of 12 mJy was observed. The rise of the
X-ray flux observed after 14.25 h UT suggests a dip during that
gap. Interpolating the pattern, a sharp peak and sequences of
oscilations would have occured at ∼13.7 h UT.
The quasi-periodic oscillations in the radio flux are typical
of the optically thick radio core state, usually observed when the
source oscillates between 10 and 100 mJy. A time-shift of the
flux peaks, with the short wavelengths peaking first, is clearly
observed.
The results for Sep 9 are shown in Fig. 2. The PCA count
rates show large amplitude oscillations (∼1039 erg s−1 ) every
∼50 s for intervals of tens of minutes, which are followed by
sudden drops into dips. The recovery from the dips is slower
than the time of decay and lasts a few tens of minutes. In the
X-ray light curves of May 15 and Sep 9 we note the following
similarities: 1) both the ∼60 s oscillations on May 15 and the
∼50 s oscillations of Sep 9 disappear during the dips, and 2) the
low intensity value in both cases is about 5000 counts s−1 , which
is well above the background rate of 100 counts s−1 . However,
there are obvious differences between the light curves in the two
dates. 1) On May 15 the X-ray dips lasted longer than on Sep
9. 2) On May 15 the infrared flare had smaller amplitude and
duration than the radio flare, whereas on Sep 9 they had similar
amplitude and duration. 3) On May 15 the time-shift between
the infrared peak and the following peak at 3.6 cm is 40 min, on
Sep 9 it is 16 min.
The relation between the X-ray, infrared, and radio light
curves for Sep 9 is shown in more detail in Fig. 3. The X-ray
spectral index (13-60 kev)/(2-13 keV) suddenly increased at the
beginning of the dip. Despite the 104 order of magnitude difference in wavelength, the infrared flare and the follow up radio
flare are strikingly similar in amplitude, duration, and slope of
the increasing and decreasing fluxes. The infrared flare seems
to start during the recovery from the X-ray dip at ∼8.23 h UT,
when the X-ray spectrum softened again and an X-ray spike was
observed. The rise of the infrared flux to maximum value continues for a few minutes after the 50 s oscillations in the X-ray
flux appeared again.
3. Infrared synchrotron precursors
The radio emission from GRS 1915+105 during 1997 May 15
shows a behavior consistent with that expected for synchrotron
emission from an adiabatically expanding cloud (van der Laan
1966). In all four bursts observed in the period of 6 to 16 h
UT, the light curves at 6, 3.6, and 2-cm reach their peaks with
the characteristic wavelength-dependent delay (the short wavelengths peaking first). These delays rule out the possibility that
the observed events were produced by time-variable free-free
opacity, as proposed by Rodrı́guez & Mirabel (1997a) to explain
sinusoidal variations observed in 1995, since in this model no
wavelength-dependent delays are expected. When the formation
of clouds is faster than the decay of the flux, consecutive radio
events blend together and the integrated emission from GRS
1915+105 may appear with a sinusoidal modulation (Rodrı́guez
& Mirabel, 1997a).
In the van der Laan (1966) model, we can estimate p, the energy spectral index of the relativistic electrons (N (E) ∝ E −p ),
from the equation that relates the observed maximum flux density, Sm,λ , at a given wavelength, i.e, Sm,λ ∝ λ−(7p+3)/(4p+6) .
For this estimate we use the last burst observed on May 15 between 14 and 16 h UT, since it appears to be more isolated than
the others. Since Sm,6cm = 39 mJy, and Sm,3.6cm = 51 mJy, we
obtain p ' 0.
The ejection is defined to occur at t = t0 . The time tm,λ
since ejection in which the light curve at a given wavelength
reaches maximum is given by tm,λ ∝ λ(p+4)/(4p+6) . With p '
0 we obtain t6cm /t3.6cm = 1.4. Furthermore, from the data in
Fig. 1, we have t6cm + t0 = 14.95 h UT and t3.6cm + t0 = 14.70 h
UT. Therefore, t6cm − t3.6cm = 0.25 h, and t6cm ' 0.9 h. We
then find that the ejection of the plasma occurred at t0 = 14.05 h
UT.
In this simple model, the UT time of maximum flux density
at a given wavelength, for the particular event analyzed above,
is given by tm,λ (U T h) = 14.05 + 0.9(λ/6cm)(2/3) . Then, the
maximum flux density at short wavelengths (i.e. the near infrared) are observed very shortly after the ejection. It is only
in the radio wavelengths that significant time delays occur. We
note that the 2.2µm emission indeed reached maximum near
14.0 h UT. This result strongly supports the interpretation of the
IR burst on May 15 as the synchrotron precursor of the radio
bursts. To our knowledge, this is the first time in X-ray binaries
that a clear association is established between an IR synchrotron
precursor and the follow-up radio bursts.
4. Jet formation during the X-ray dips
Fig. 3 shows that on Sep 9 the infrared flare started during the rise
of the X-ray flux from the dip, when a softenning of the spectrum
and an X-ray peak were observed. Since at infrared wavelengths
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tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
LETTER
L12
I.F. Mirabel et al.: Accretion instabilities and jet formation in GRS 1915+105
the ejected plasma becomes transparent very shortly after the
ejection, the rise of the infrared flux to maximum indicates that
the injection of relativistic particles lasted ∼10 min, or less.
If we assume that the synchrotron emitting plasma expands
at ∼0.2c, as observed in a larger scale ejection (Mirabel &
Rodrı́guez 1994), 15 minutes after the ejection the clouds have
dimensions of ∼ 1013 cm. Using this dimension and the infrared
and radio flux density values measured on Sep 9, with equipartition arguments we estimate a brightness temperature of 1012 K,
a magnetic field of 16 G, an equipartition energy in relativistic
electrons of 5 × 1039 erg, and a typical synchrotron luminosity integrated from 2.2µm to 6 cm of the order of 1036 erg s−1 .
These parameters are comparable to those derived by Fender
et al. (1997) from observations on other epochs. If the electrons that produce the synchrotron radiation have a representative Lorentz factor of ∼103 , and there is one proton per electron,
the minimum mass of the clouds that are ejected every few tens
of minutes is ∼ 1019 g.
For the parameters of these clouds the energy losses are
dominated by adiabatic expansion and the clouds should have
a lifetime of about 1 h, as observed here. An infrared jet as the
one reported by Sams, Eckart & Sunyaev (1996), which reached
distances of ∼0.2 arcsec (2500 AU at 12.5 kpc) requires very
energetic particles, and a re-acceleration mechanism. We point
out that radio blobs with bulk motions of 0.92c and lifetimes
of several weeks have been observed (Rodrı́guez & Mirabel,
1997b).
5. Conclusions
1) At times of quasi-periodic oscillations of large amplitude
in the X-rays, relativistic plasma clouds emanate from the Xray binary. The time shift of the emission at radio wavelengths
is consistent with synchrotron radiation from gas in adiabatic
expansion.
2) The association of infrared synchrotron precursors to followup bursts at radio wavelengths is firmly established.
3) By the simultaneous observations reported here, we definitively confirm that the infrared and radio flares are associated
to X-ray dips, as suggested by Fender et al (1997) and Pooley
& Fender (1997). The onset of the ejection takes place during
the recovery from the X-ray dip of hard (13-60 keV)/(2-13 keV)
spectrum, at the time of a spike in the X-rays.
4) The expanding clouds of plasma reported here can be viewed
as small-scale analogs of the more massive ejections associated
to large radio outbursts (Rodrı́guez & Mirabel, 1997b). The
equipartition energy in relativistic electrons in the mini-ejecta
is of order of 5 × 1039 erg, namely, ∼103 times less energetic
than in major ejecta. However, the genesis of these smaller scale
clouds is much more frequent, and may represent an important
phenomenon in the long term evolution of the binary and its
environment.
5) The multiwavelength variations with minutes of duration in
GRS 1915+105 show how the sudden disappearance of the inner accretion disk around a black hole of stellar mass triggers
the formation of relativistic expanding clouds. Analogous phenomena in quasars with black holes of 109 M would require
thousands of years of observations. Therefore, microquasars in
our own Galaxy can provide new information on the physics
of accretion disks around black holes and are thus useful to
gain insight into the relativistic ejections seen elsewhere in the
Universe.
Acknowledgements. We thank M. Robberto and S. Leggett for the
UKIRT service observations on May 15, and R.A. Garcı́a for assistance with the graphic displays. We also thank S. Eikenberry and R.
Blandford for communicating results prior to publication. The NRAO
is a facility of the N.S.F. under cooperative agreement with Associated
Universities Inc. UKIRT is operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre on
behalf of the U.K. Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council.
J.M. is supported by the Spanish MEC.
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This article was processed by the author using Springer-Verlag LaTEX
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tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
IRAS 19124+1106
6 cm
4 860.1 MHz
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14 939.9 MHz
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tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
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1 425.000 MHz
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GRS 1758-258
Image J
4 860 MHz
-25 43 30
GRS 1758-258
Image I
DECLINAISON (J2000)
45
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15
30
ROSAT
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45 00
44 00
15
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18 01 17
ROSAT
16
15
14
13
12
11
ASCENSION DROITE (J2000)
Grey scale flux range= 0.0 75.0
Peak contour flux = 1.4798E-04 JY/BEAM
Levs = 1.2000E-05 * ( -3.00, 3.000, 4.000,
6.000, 8.000, 10.00, 12.00)
SIGMA
GRS 1758-258
45 00
Image K
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DECLINAISON (J2000)
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
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13
12
11
ASCENSION DROITE
Grey scale flux range= 2.000 4.000 Kilo
Peak contour flux = 1.4380E-04 JY/BEAM
Levs = 1.2000E-05 * ( -3.00, 3.000, 4.000,
5.000, 6.000, 8.000, 10.00)
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ASTRONOMY
AND
ASTROPHYSICS
A&A manuscript no.
(will be inserted by hand later)
Your thesaurus codes are:
06(08.09.2 GRS 1758 258; 13.25.5; 13.18.5)
September 1, 1998
Search for the optical and infrared counterpart of GRS 1758 258
J. Martı́
, S. Mereghetti , S. Chaty , I.F. Mirabel
, P. Goldoni , and L.F. Rodrı́guez
DAPNIA/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
Departamento de Fı́sica Aplicada, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Jaén, Calle Virgen de la Cabeza, 2, E-23071 Jaén, Spain
Istituto di Fisica Cosmica G.Occhialini, via Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
Instituto de Astronomı́a y Fı́sica del Espacio, C.C. 67, Suc. 28, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Astronomı́a, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 70-264, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
Received / Accepted
Abstract. We report the results of a deep search for the optical and near infrared counterpart of the microquasar source
GRS 1758 258. At least two possible candidate counterparts
of the binary star companion have been recognized on the basis
of astrometric coincidence to within . Our photometric study
shows that the brightest of them would be consistent with a
K-type giant star, while the weakest one would be a main sequence F companion. Follow up spectroscopic observations in
the near infrared and -bands have failed so far to provide
evidence for emission lines that may support an unambiguous
identification. However, the proximity of these two sources to
the sub-arcsec VLA radio position of GRS 1758 258 makes
them deserving further attention in the future.
Key words: Stars: individual: GRS 1758 258 – X-rays: stars
– Radio continuum: stars
1. Introduction
GRS 1758 258 is one of the two persistent hard X-ray ( keV) emitters in the Galactic Center region together with 1E
1740.7 2942 (Sunyaev et al. 1991; Goldwurm et al. 1994).
The two sources are known to exhibit radio counterparts with
double-sided jets emanating from a central compact source
(Mirabel et al. 1992a; Rodrı́guez, Mirabel & Martı́ 1992). This
morphological analogy with extragalactic AGNs and quasars
is part of the motivation for considering both GRS 1758 258
and 1E 1740.7 2942 to be members of the microquasar class
of black hole galactic X-ray binaries (see e.g. Mirabel &
Rodrı́guez 1998 for a recent review). However, the galactic
origin of GRS 1758 258 and 1E 1740.7 2942 has not been
verified yet by means of classical photometric or spectroscopic
studies of their optical/infrared counterpart, provided of course
that we could actually detect it.
For a successful counterpart search in the crowded fields
of the Galactic Center region, it is almost imperative to have a
very accurate X-ray or radio position. This information is today available, with sub-arcsec accuracy, through observations
Send offprint requests to: J. Martı́, [email protected]
at radio wavelengths for both 1E 1740.7 2942 (Mirabel et al.
1992) and GRS 1758 258 (Mirabel & Rodrı́guez 1993). On
the other hand, it is also required that the interstellar extinction does not completely prevent the observations. In the 1E
1740.7 2942 case, there is little hope that an optical counterpart may be ever found, given the strong absorption towards
this source ( !#"%$'&)(( cm *+( , Mirabel 1994). On the
contrary, the absorption towards GRS 1758 258 is estimated
to be significantly lower, i.e, -,/.0$)1 243 & 15$76 " $ & (8( cm * (
(Mereghetti
et al. 1997a). This corresponds to an extinction
of
9:<;
9?>@;
1 = magnitudes in the optical and to only
& 1A
magnitudes in the near infrared (Rieke & Lebofsky 1985; Predehl & Schmitt 1995). Thus, the search for an optical and near
infrared counterpart to GRS 1758 258 should be regarded as
a feasible project. Indeed, several observers have undertaken
such a search (Mereghetti et al. 1992; Mirabel & Duc 1992),
but the initial lack of a sub-arcsec accurate radio position did
not facilitate a successful result in this very crowded region.
As a consequence, most of the subsequent discussions on the
nature of GRS 1758 258 have been based on the bona fide
assumption that only magnitude upper limits were available
(Chen et al. 1994; Mirabel 1994).
In this paper, we address again the issue of the GRS
1758 258 counterpart by re-analyzing old images of the
field as well as obtaining new deep ones. The astrometry has been also revised and improved, with our attention being focused on the Mirabel & Rodrı́guez (1993) precise radio position, namely R.A.(J2000)=18B 01C 12.D 395 and
DEC.(J2000)= ?EF2)GH==)I 35.I I 90, that is accurate to 3 0.I I 1. As a
result, we think now that there are a minimum of two possible candidate counterparts for this microquasar source contrary
to early beliefs. The identification is mainly based at present
on astrometric coincidence, and further observations would be
necessary to confirm, or to rule out, the proposed candidates.
It is important to mention that one of them is the same stellarlike object with JLK $HA originally pointed out by Mereghetti et
al. (1994a). The rest of the paper is devoted to discuss the possible stellar types and luminosities of the normal companion
of GRS 1758 258 that would be consistent with the candidate
counterparts. Further details may be found in Chaty (1998).
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Martı́ et al.: Search for the optical and infrared counterpart of GRS 1758 258
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2. Observations and results
GRS 1758-258
I-Band
-25 44 15
20
'
25
(
30
)
35
DECLINATION (J2000)
Our observations were carried out using different telescopes at
the European Southern Observatory1 (ESO) in La Silla (Chile).
On several epochs between 1992 and 1997, we obtained , and -band images with the IRAC2b camera at the ESO 2.2 m
telescope. For the epoch 1998 March 26, optical images of the region were similarly acquired using the ESO New
Technology Telescope (NTT) with the EMMI CCD. On 1998
May 18, NTT spectroscopy was also obtained in the and bands with the SOFI infrared spectrograph and imaging camera. All frames were reduced using standard procedures based
on the IRAF image processing system.
&
GRS 1758-258
ROSAT
VLA D
VLA C
*
I-Band + 6 cm
40
-25 43 30
+
18 01 14.5
VLA-D
ROSAT
SIGMA
DECLINATION (J2000)
30
13.5
13.0
12.5
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
12.0
K-Band
-25 44 15
,
DECLINATION (J2000)
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
44 00
14.0
GRS 1758-258
VLA-C
45 00
30
1
20
25
-
30
.
35
0
ROSAT
VLA D
/
VLA C
40
18 01 14.5
14.0
13.5
13.0
12.5
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
12.0
Fig. 2. Contour maps showing in detail the location of the GRS
1758 258 central source at optical (NTT, I-band) and near infrared
(2.2m, K-band) wavelengths. The 90% confidence error circle of the
ROSAT position and that of the radio positions for VLA-C and VLAD are also marked.
2
46 00
18 01 16
15
14
13
12
11
10
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
09 08
Fig. 1. I-band NTT image of the GRS 1758 258 field with VLA radio
contours at 6 cm overlayed. The SIGMA and ROSAT 90% confidence
error circles are also shown. Their radii are of
and
, respectively (Goldwurm et al. 1994; Mereghetti et al. 1994b). Radio contours
, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 times 0.012 mJy beam , the VLA map
are
rms noise. The corresponding synthesized beam is 9. 1 6. 4, with position angle of 9. 5.
$
"!
# 2.1. Astrometry and photometry
The astrometry on these images was obtained in two steps involving the use of the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS)
1
Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile under proposal numbers 59.D-0719, 60.D-0514
and 61.D-0431.
digitized plates (Lasker et al. 1990). First, we selected ten
POSS stars in the GRS 1758 3 258 field being included in the
Hipparcos and Tycho catalogues (ESA, 1997). These objects
were used as primary reference stars in order to establish a precise astrometric grid. This allowed us to measure the positions
of six fainter stars in the ESO frames being well distributed
very close to the suspected position of GRS 1758 3 258. Afterwards, these fainter objects were adopted as secondary reference stars from which the final astrometry could be determined.
We estimate that our total combined error is such that the 4 0.5 5 1
radio positions can be located with a 90% confidence radius of
about 0.5 5 8 in the NTT and 0.5 5 9 in the 2.2 m frames, respectively.
In Fig. 1 we show a wide field NTT image of the GRS
1758 3 258 region in the optical I-band. The 90% confidence
error circles representing the SIGMA and ROSAT PSPC po-
()K
)g
G$*Zm-.g*($ ^
*(.
P+ 0-
Martı́ et al.: Search for the optical and infrared counterpart of GRS 1758 258
2.2. Infrared spectroscopy
Table 1. Magnitudes of the candidate counterparts
%
'
"
Date of
observation
1998 Mar 26
1998 Mar 26
1998 Mar 26
1998 Mar 26
1994-97
1994-97
1994-97
1st VLA-C
Candidate
2nd VLA-C
Candidate
# $
& $
$
VLA-D
Candidate
! sitions are plotted on it (Goldwurm et al. 1994; Mereghetti et
al. 1994b). For illustration purposes, we have also overlayed
the radio contours showing the extent of the microquasar jets.
These contours correspond to a deep radio image obtained with
the NRAO2 Very Large Array (VLA), to be discussed in more
detail in a future paper. In addition to the jet extended emission,
the GRS 1758 258 central component and another compact
source to the east are clearly detected. We will refer to them as
sources VLA-C and VLA-D as in Rodrı́guez et al. (1992).
In Fig. 2 we present an enlarged view of the target position at optical ( -band) and near infrared ( -band) wavelengths, in the form of contour maps. The location of radio
sources VLA-C and VLA-D is indicated on these images by
means of their 90% confidence circle. It is clear that at least
two optical objects (perhaps three) may be consistent with being the central source of the GRS 1758 258 radio counterpart or VLA-C. They are well detected individually only in
the NTT frames. In the infrared, the IRAC2b resolution is not
good enough to resolve them. A likely counterpart candidate
to the radio source VLA-D (R.A.(J2000)=18 01 14. 142 and
27. 08; 0. 1 uncertainty) is obvious in
DEC.(J2000)=
all ESO frames. The apparent Johnson magnitudes of all the
optical and infrared sources relevant to the following discussion are listed in Table 1. Those of the second VLA-C candidate may be partially contaminated by the proximity of the
first brighter one. No significant photometric variations
0.1
magnitudes have been detected on time scales of weeks during
follow-up infrared observations (Chaty 1998).
Note that in some previous works optical and infrared magnitudes and upper limits were reported erroneously, and seem
to imply long term variability when compared with Table 1.
The VLA-C candidate counterpart observed in May 1991 had
19 (Mereghetti et al. 1997a, 1997b; the value
17 was
previously reported owing to a typing error in Mereghetti et al.
17 and or
21 often quoted
1994a). The upper limits of
(e.g., Mirabel & Rodrı́guez 1993; Mirabel 1994; Chen et al.
1994) resulted from preliminary radio positions and astrometry
solutions and/or from misinterpretation of previously published
results that unfortunately propagated through the literature. In
conclusion, there is no evidence that any of the objects considered as possible counterparts has varied.
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
(
)
798 79:
<;
=7
*
(
65
* 6
VLA−D
1.5
candidate
12
) 6
) 6
2
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the USA
National Science Foundation.
16
C O
1.0
1st VLA−C
candidate
+ , -
(/.01223 3 3 4 3 3
) 6
The SOFI slit was aligned with a position angle allowing to observe the VLA-C and VLA-D candidates simultaneously. The
integration time amounted to one hour and consisted of short
exposures with the targets at different slit positions, thus allowing an accurate sky cancellation during the processing. Atmospheric transmission was corrected using the Maiolino et al.
(1996) procedure. This involves division of the target spectrum
by that of a solar type standard, observed at the same air mass,
plus a correction for the standard star absorption lines by means
of a synthetic solar spectrum. The final result is shown in Fig. 3,
where the main interesting features are the clear C O bands
in both the VLA-C first candidate and in the VLA-D candidate
as well. Feature identifications and equivalent widths are listed
in Table 2. All the observed wavelengths appear close to the
rest frame value, implying radial velocities of at most
300
km s , i.e., as expected for a common stellar object inside the
Galaxy. The spectrum of the VLA-C second candidate is only
very marginally detected with SOFI and does not contaminate
that of the first one.
Relative Flux (Fλ)
Filter
3
12
>
14000
?
16000
@
18000
D A
20000
Wavelength (A)
B
22000
16
C O
C
24000
Fig. 3. Near infrared spectrum of the VLA-C and VLA-D candidate
counterparts obtained with the SOFI instrument at the NTT on 1998
May 18. The continuum has been rectified and normalized for better
display. C O absorption band are the only identified spectral features. The huge gap between 1.8 and 2.1 m is due to the very strong
atmospheric opacity.
EGF EGH
I
3. Discussion
The fact that candidate counterparts are available now for GRS
1758 258 opens the possibility to investigate the true nature
of this microquasar source, as well as to extrapolate the preliminary results to its Galactic Center twin 1E 1740.7 2942.
In the following, we will always assume that only VLA-C is
associated with GRS 1758 258 and that VLA-D, being undetectable in X-rays and misaligned with the jets, is most likely
an unrelated source.
The observed magnitudes in Table 1, together with the recent column density estimate
cm by
J
J
J
KMLONQPSRT UWVYXZT[R\]^RX__ `a_
$ > R
,'(
$)'
4
"
"* %
Z$ .
%C 0
&
G * $+0
b
Martı́ et al.: Search for the optical and infrared counterpart of GRS 1758 258
Table 2. Equivalent widths of absorption features
Feature
Identification
1st VLA-C
VLA-D
Candidate
Candidate
(Å)
(Å)
C O(2,0)
2.294
8
9
2.323
8
11
C O(3,1)
C O(4,2)
2.354
10
10
C O(5,3)
2.383
5
11
C O(6,4)
2.414
12
9
(a) Typical errors in the wavelength calibration are
Å in the equivalent width estimates.
m and
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
Wavelength
( m)
Mereghetti et al. (1997a), yield the following dereddened absolute magnitudes assuming a 8.5 kpc distance. For the brighter
VLA-C candidate, we find: , ! "$#%& ,
'
( !&$#)! * , +,(- ./#01 , 2341 5/#61 . ,
7
. #
8 and 9
*:#
8 . The corresponding
'
< 5 #= > , ?@+
dereddened colors are, e.g., ;
7
*:#A * , BC2
DEF >:#GF H , =
I81 8:#= . ,
7
C 1 !#M1 , 2 9KC ! 5!#N! J 9K; 8 !#J . , 2L
7
9D% 1 .O#P! H . From these values, the most con
and
sistent spectral type would be an early K giant star (Johnson
1966; Ruelas-Mayorga 1991). The agreement with an early K
III companion is specially good for the absolute magnitudes.
The colors are less constraining due to errors, but nevertheless
consistent with this determination. On the other hand, the presence of QSR C QUT O absorption bands is very typical of evolved late
type stars (Kleinmann & Hall 1986) thus giving further support
to our classification.
If the association of this candidate with VLA-C is correct, GRS 1758 258 would be an X-ray binary system of
low/intermediate mass. This suggests an interesting similarity
of GRS 1758 258 with other persistent Galactic Bulge X-ray
sources with weak radio emission, such as for instance GX
13+1 (Grindlay & Seaquist 1986). The infrared spectrum of
GX 13+1 also contains QUR C QST O absorption bands believed to be
the signature of a late type giant companion (Bandyopadhyay et
al. 1997). However, the main problem with this interpretation is
the absence of observed emission lines. Emission lines should
be normally expected from the accretion disk of the system and
they are not evident in the spectrum of Fig. 3 . In particular, we
do not see any clearly detectable Brackett-V emission, while
other Galactic Bulge sources (e.g. Sco X-1, GX 13+1, GX 1+4)
do display it (Bandyopadhyay et al. 1997). Therefore, we cannot strictly rule out at present that this counterpart candidate
is a mere line-of-sight coincidence in the crowded regions of
the Galactic Bulge. From the images in Fig. 2, we find W 8 9 -band sources in a solid angle of 1000 arc
+ -band and W
secR . Then, the a priori probability of finding an object in our
astrometric error circle is non negligible and amounts to W 8 %
and W % in the optical and infrared, respectively.
Alternatively, for the weaker VLA-C counterpart candidate the approximate absolute magnitudes that we estimate are
'
?N >X#
" and + ?8! H4#
5 . With the same caution as
above for line-of-sight coincidences, these values would point
towards a main sequence F star as the most likely interpretation, thus implying a low-mass X-ray binary system. No reliable spectroscopic information is available for this source given
its weakness.
The two VLA-C candidates reported here certainly exclude
the possibility of a high mass companion for GRS 1758 258.
It is also worth mentioning that, if we could see them through
the same huge absorption as in 1E 1740.7 2942, then their
apparent magnitudes would be consistent with the present 1E
1740.7 2942 limits. This fact is reassuring that both microquasars are likely to have similar companions. Moreover, if the
VLA-C first candidate is indeed GRS 1758 258, its extrapolated apparent magnitude at Y[Z -band (3.8\ ) assuming the 1E
1740.7 2942 absorption is found to be Y ZW ] 14. This value
is interestingly not far from the possible marginal detection of
1E 1740.7 2942 by Djorgovski et al. (1992) long ago ( Y Z . #= ). In any case, we conclude this work by stressing the
need for further sensitive observations to confirm or to rule out
the proposed identifications.
Acknowledgements. We thank the ESO staff for their valuable assistance in obtaining and reducing some of the observations reported in
this paper, specially to Jean-François González, Christopher Lidman
and Fernando Comerón. We also thank an anonymous referee for helping to improve this paper.
References
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Astron. Astrophys. 332, L45–L48 (1998)
ASTRONOMY
AND
ASTROPHYSICS
Letter to the Editor
The radio counterparts of GX 354−0 and Terzan 1
J. Martı́1 , I.F. Mirabel1,2 , L.F. Rodrı́guez3 , and S. Chaty1
1
2
3
DAPNIA/Service d’Astrophysique, CEA/Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
Instituto de Astronomı́a y Fı́sica del Espacio, cc 67, Suc 28, (1428) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Instituto de Astronomı́a, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 70-264, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
Received 20 February 1998 / Accepted 24 February 1998
Abstract. We report the discovery of weak radio counterparts for the
hard X-ray sources GX 354−0 and Terzan 1. Based on the arcsec
accurate radio position, an infrared counterpart with magnitude K =
15.1 ± 0.2 is proposed for GX 354−0. For Terzan 1, its crowded field
prevents us from a similar unambiguous identification, and at least four
different stellar objects may be consistent with the radio counterpart.
Key words: X-rays: stars – Radio continuum: stars – stars: GX 354−0
– (Galaxy:) globular clusters: Terzan 1
1. Introduction
Both GX 354−0 and Terzan 1 are X-ray bursting sources well known
since many years ago. They are tentatively catalogued as low mass Xray binaries (LMXRBs) in the Galactic Bulge (van Paradijs 1995). A
firm classification of these sources as LMXRBs would require a knowledge of its photometric or spectroscopic properties, not yet available
since no optical/infrared counterpart has been identified for these X-ray
sources.
GX 354−0 (lII =354.◦ 30, bII = −0.◦ 15), also designated as MXB
1728−34, was discovered in the seventies with the SAS-3 and the Ariel
V satellites (Lewin 1976; Hoffman et al. 1976). The absence of optical
counterpart is due to the high optical extinction towards it. A possible
association with a heavily reddened globular cluster was proposed by
Grindlay & Hertz (1981), but additional infrared observations did not
confirm this suggestion (van Paradijs & Isaacman 1989). Observations
with the SIGMA telescope on board of the satellite GRANAT detected
GX 354−0 up to 100 keV (Claret et al. 1994). The source was also reported to display hard X-ray flares without significant spectral changes
as a function of intensity.
The globular cluster Terzan 1 (lII =357.◦ 56, bII = +0.◦ 99) was
first detected in X-rays as the bursting source XB 1733−30, by Makishima et al. (1981) and Inoue et al. (1981) with the Hakucho satellite.
Recent photometric studies by Ortolani et al. (1993) yield a probable
distance of 4-5 kpc from the Sun. These authors also point out that the
cluster is heavily contaminated by field population in the optical. The
lack of an identified optical counterpart in this case is mostly due to
the crowded field at the X-ray source position. Persistent hard X-ray
emission from the direction of Terzan 1 has been observed with both
the SIGMA and ART-P telescopes (Borrel et al. 1996; Pavlinsky et al.
1995). It is currently assumed that this hard emission comes from the
Send offprint requests to: J. Martı́
same persistent source of softer X-rays X 1732−304 detected by both
EXOSAT (Parmar et al. 1989) and ROSAT (Johnston et al. 1995).
In the recent years, we have been carrying out an extensive search
for radio counterparts of SIGMA/GRANAT sources in the Galactic
Center and Bulge. Our main goal in this project was the search for
new microquasar systems in the Galaxy. In this paper we report the
discovery of new radio counterparts for GX 354−0 and Terzan 1,
the two of them being included in the Goldwurm et al. (1994) list
of SIGMA/GRANAT Bulge sources. Although a possible microquasar
behavior is not evident from the current radio data, the existence of
radio counterparts for GX 354−0 and Terzan 1 represents a significant advance towards the understanding of their nature. In particular,
the availability of arcsec accurate radio positions makes feasible the
search for optical or infrared counterparts with much higher chances
of success than previously.
2. Observations
Radio observations were carried out with the Very Large Array (VLA)
interferometer of NRAO1 . Several different VLA configurations from
A to D were used including some hybrid ones. Each source was observed only at 6 cm, with two circular polarizations, and effective bandwidth of 100 MHz. The data have been edited and reduced using the
AIPS package of NRAO. The sources 3C286 and 1748−253 were always observed as amplitude and phase calibrator, respectively. The
flux densities measured for 1748−253 appear to be fairly stable at
the ∼ 0.5 Jy level. In addition, we also carried out deep searches for
optical and near infrared counterparts using different telescopes from
the European Southern Observatory2 (ESO) in service mode. All ESO
frames were reduced using standard procedures based on the IRAF
image processing system.
3. Discovery of the GX 354−0 radio counterpart
We observed GX 354−0 in the radio on several epochs in 1995 and
1997. As a result of this effort, a successful detection of a variable
radio candidate was finally achieved on 1997 June 25. This discovery is well illustrated in Fig. 1, where a new radio source has clearly
1
The NRAO is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under
cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation of the
USA.
2
Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.
LETTER
¥¥
' -*
¥¥¥
J. Martı́ et al.: The radio counterparts of GX 354−0 and Terzan 1
DECLINATION (J2000)
GX354-0
1997 MAY 31
6 cm
GX354-0 1997 JUNE 25
-33 48 00
-33 48 00
30
30
49 00
49 00
DECLINATION (J2000)
LETTER
L46
30
SIGMA
50 00
ROSAT
30
SIGMA
50 00
30
30
52 00
52 00
05
00
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
31 55
ROSAT
30
51 00
10
6 cm
30
51 00
17 32 15
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
'Z*UY}!'
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17 32 15
10
05
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RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
31 55
Fig. 1. VLA maps of the GX 354−0 field obtained at 6 cm on 1997 May 31 and June 25. In the second epoch, a clearly variable radio counterpart
is detected inside the 90% confidence level radius of the SIGMA and ROSAT positions. This object was not present in the previous epoch above
the 4σ upper limit of 0.2 mJy. Contours in both frames are −3, 3, 4, 6, 9, 15, 20 and 24 times 0.05 mJy beam−1 , the rms noise. The synthesized
beam, shown at the top left corner, is practically identical in both epochs and corresponds to 1100 × 400 , with position angle −10◦ .
Table 1. Flux density history of GX 354−0.
Date
1995 Jun 19
1995 Sep 05
1995 Sep 07
1997 May 31
1997 Jun 25
1997 Aug 11
1997 Sep 02
1997 Sep 17
1997 Sep 23
1997 Dec 14
Julian Day
−2400000
VLA
Configuration
S6cm
(mJy)
49887.8
49965.51
49967.67
50599.76
50624.73
50671.70
50693.61
50708.61
50715.48
50797.33
AD
AB
AB
C
C
C
C
C
C
D
< 0.14
< 0.22
< 0.32
< 0.18
0.49 ± 0.05
0.62 ± 0.10
0.36 ± 0.09
0.31 ± 0.05
< 0.32
< 0.20
emerged in the field, thus suggesting that GX 354−0 was in outburst.
This region of the sky is very confused in the radio, mainly because
of extended emission from the Galactic Plane. In order to avoid this
problem, the maps in Fig. 1 have been computed using natural weight
with visibilities corresponding to projected baselines longer than 10
kλ. The flaring radio source was confirmed later in three independent
occasions, being always well inside the 90% confidence error circles of
both SIGMA (Goldwurm et al. 1994) and the ROSAT All-Sky survey
(Voges et al. 1998). The source is also very close to the edge of the
90% confidence circle from the EINSTEIN High Resolution Imager
(HRI) (Hertz & Grindlay 1984). The estimated probability that we are
dealing with a background unrelated source is rather low in this case
(e.g. about 0.5% for the ±800 ROSAT position). Given such a positionally good coincidence and specially the clear evidence for variability,
we conclude that the identification of the GX 354−0 radio counterpart
is highly probable to be correct.
The 6 cm flux density behavior of GX 354−0 is listed in Table 1.
The positive detections are, at most, at the half mJy level, implying a
monochromatic luminosity of Lν ∼ 4 × 1019 [D/8.5 kpc]2 erg s−1
Hz−1 , where D is the distance to the source in kpc. The upper limits
given in Table 1 are also consistent with previous non-detections (<
0.32 mJy) at the same wavelength by Grindlay & Seaquist (1986).
Paredes & Ribó (1998) point out that the radio emission is likely to be
systematically correlated with flaring episodes in the 2-10 keV band,
as detected by the RXTE All-Sky Monitor.
In order to obtain an accurate radio position, we concatenated
the uv data from all epochs with positive detection. The resulting
map is presented in the left panel of Fig. 2. Here, GX 354−0 appears unresolved and detected with a signal-to-noise of almost 10.
The measured coordinates are αJ2000 = 17h 31m 57.s 73±0.s 02 and
δJ2000 = −33◦ 500 02.00 5±1.00 1 (1σ errors). Additional improvement
of the radio position will be possible by a future detection of the source
in the most extended VLA-A configuration.
4. Search for the GX 354−0 optical
and infrared counterpart
Previous searches of this type in the past (Liller 1977; Grindlay &
Hertz 1981; van Paradijs & Isaacman 1989) did not provide any precise
identification with a particular optical or infrared point source. Based
on the arcsec accurate radio position given above, a new optical/infrared
counterpart search was undertaken in 1997 July 8, i.e, soon after the
June 25 radio outburst. Wide field CCD images were acquired with the
NTT using the red arm of the ESO Multi Mode Instrument (EMMI).
The Johnson R and I-band filters were selected to minimize interstellar
absorption. Imaging infrared observations in the J and K-bands were
similarly carried out on 1997 July 13, with the IRAC2b camera mounted
at the F/35 photometer adapter of the 2.2 m telescope. The results of
the ESO observations are presented in the center and right panels of
Fig. 2.
An astrometric solution was first established using six nearby stars
present in the plates from the Palomar Observatory Sky Survey (POSS).
These reference stars were selected because their ∼0.00 1 accurate positions are available from the recent ESA (1997) Tycho Catalogue.
We used this primary astrometry to measure the coordinates of stars
present both in the POSS and the NTT/IRAC2 images, thus providing
a secondary astrometric link in order to locate the radio position in the
optical/infrared frames. The overall astrometric error of this process is
estimated to be ∼0.00 4.
No optical source is detected at the radio position, with upper limits of R > 23.0 and I > 22.6. On the contrary, there is a J and K-band
infrared source within one arcsec of the VLA source that could well be
¥¥
' -*
GX 354-0
6 cm
GX 354-0
EINSTEIN
50 00
VLA
EINSTEIN
15
ROSAT
30
50 00
59.0
58.5
58.0
57.5
57.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
56.5
56.0
17 31 59.5
VLA
EINSTEIN
15
ROSAT
30
17 31 59.5
I-BAND 0.9 MU
-33 49 45
DECLINATION (J2000)
50 00
15
ROSAT
30
59.0
58.5
58.0
57.5
57.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
56.5
56.0
17 31 59.5
59.0
58.5
58.0
57.5
57.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
56.5
56.0
Fig. 2. (Left) Natural weight VLA map of the GX 354−0 field at the 6 cm wavelength. This image was made by concatenating four different
epochs when the source was active in the radio, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio. Contours are −3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 times 0.037 mJy
beam−1 , the rms noise in the map. The synthesized beam is 11.00 1×4.00 6, with position angle of 5.◦ 4. The two circles represent the 90% confidence
positions obtained from the ROSAT All-Sky Survey and the EINSTEIN High Resolution Imager. The presence of a clear radio counterpart
candidate is obvious. (Center) K-band image of the same field from the ESO 2.2 m telescope. The additional smallest circle corresponds to
the approximate 90% confidence position of the VLA source, taking into account the combined radio and astrometric uncertainties. Only one
infrared source is consistent with the radio counterpart. This stellar-like object also lies well inside the ROSAT circle and it is only slightly offset
from EINSTEIN’s circle. (Right) The same field as seen in I-band with the ESO NTT. No counterpart is detected at optical wavelengths.
TERZAN 1
6 cm
TERZAN 1
-30 28 35
-30 28 35
40
40
45
45
DECLINATION (J2000)
DECLINATION (J2000)
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
GX 354-0
-33 49 45
DECLINATION (J2000)
DECLINATION (J2000)
-33 49 45
K-BAND 2.2 MU
L47
50
55
EXOSAT
I-BAND 0.9 MU
50
55
VLA
EXOSAT
ROSAT
ROSAT
29 00
29 00
05
05
10
10
17 35 48.5
48.0
47.5
47.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
46.5
17 35 48.5
48.0
the infrared counterpart of GX 354−0. The association of this infrared
source with GX 354−0 is not firmly established by now. Although
it seems quite likely, additional confirmation is still required. For instance, the detection of K-band variability correlated with either the
variable X-ray/radio emission, or a much more improved astrometrical coincidence, will certainly warrant that X-ray, radio and infrared
emissions arise in the same object.
In the following, we will consider that the infrared source is indeed
associated to GX 354−0 in order to explore what consequences this
would imply. An 8.5 kpc distance is adopted as this sounds reasonable
for a Galactic Bulge source. We also need an estimate of the absorption
towards GX 354−0. This can be obtained from: a) the total hydrogen
column density of NH = 2.5 × 1022 cm−2 , as recently derived by
Strohmayer et al. (1997); b) the NH vs AV relationship by Predehl
47.5
47.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
46.5
Fig. 3. (Left) Natural weight map at 6
cm of the Terzan 1 field. This map was
made from concatenated uv data of different epochs. The radio counterpart of
the Terzan 1 X-ray source is clearly
detected inside both the EXOSAT and
ROSAT 90% confidence circles. Contours are −3, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 times 0.021
mJy beam−1 , the rms noise. The synthesized beam is 10.00 8×4.00 3, with position
angle of 19.◦ 1. (Right) The same region
as seen in the optical. This image was
acquired with the ESO NTT in the Iband filter. The ROSAT, EXOSAT and
VLA 90% confidence error circles are
also plotted. At least four different stellar objects are present within the VLA
circle.
& Schmitt (1995); and c) the Rieke & Lebofsky (1985) interstellar
extinction law. Under such assumptions, the optical upper limits and
the observed infrared detections J = 19.6 ± 0.4 and K = 15.1 ± 0.2
translate into the following absolute magnitudes: MR > −2.3, MI >
+1.1, MJ = +0.9 ± 0.7 and MK = −1.1 ± 0.3.
These values immediately rule out as a companion any young massive OB star, supergiant or bright giant star (luminosity classes I and II).
However, they do are consistent with a F-K giant (class III) or a middle
B/early A star of the main sequence (class V). For X-ray binaries, the
optical/infrared luminosity may have an important contribution from
the accretion disk in addition to that of the companion star. This is
specially true for LMXRBs, where the accretion disk often dominates
the optical output of the system. Therefore, the stellar types proposed
above should be regarded as “upper limits”. This is to say, the true GX
LETTER
J. Martı́ et al.: The radio counterparts of GX 354−0 and Terzan 1
¥¥ LETTER
L48
J. Martı́ et al.: The radio counterparts of GX 354−0 and Terzan 1
Table 2. Flux density history of Terzan 1.
Date
1995 Sep 05
1995 Sep 07
1997 May 31
1997 Jun 25
1997 Aug 14
1997 Sep 17
1997 Sep 23
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
'Z*UY}!'
!"#$&%')(+*"#,-
Julian Day
−2400000
VLA
Configuration
S6cm
(mJy)
49965.53
49967.66
50599.85
50624.84
50674.67
50708.59
50715.49
AB
AB
C
C
C
C
C
< 0.28
< 0.40
0.19 ± 0.06
0.20 ± 0.03
< 0.29
0.21 ± 0.04
< 0.24
354−0 companion is constrained to be less luminous and less massive
than a middle B/early A V star or a F-K III star. Given that LMXRBs
with giant companions are very rare in the Galaxy (e.g. Cyg X-2), we
conclude that the most likely interpretation of our photometric data
is a main sequence companion with spectral type later than middle
B/early A.
5. The radio counterpart of Terzan 1
We observed the Terzan 1 field at 6 cm with the VLA on several epochs
in 1995 and 1997. In the three occasions when good sensitivity maps
could be obtained, a weak unresolved radio source was detected inside
the 90% confidence circle of EXOSAT (Parmar et al. 1989). This object
is also consistent with the more accurate ROSAT position by Johnston
et al. (1995). All these coincidences are illustrated on the left panel of
Fig. 3. The radio image in this Figure is made from the concatenation
of the three detection epochs. The VLA source is present here at the
0.2 mJy level, corresponding to a 6 cm monochromatic luminosity of
Lν ∼ 4 × 1018 [D/4 kpc]2 erg s−1 Hz−1 . The details of the light
curve are presented in Table 2. The object seems to be a weak but
steady radio emitter, with no clear evidence for variability. In spite of
this, the probability of having an unrelated 0.2 mJy radio source inside
the ∼ 500 accurate ROSAT position is relatively low, e.g., about 0.4%
From all these considerations, we believe we have certainly detected the radio counterpart of the X-ray source in Terzan 1. This increases to four the examples of radio emitting X-ray binaries in globular
clusters, with the other three being NGC 6624 (Grindlay & Seaquist
1986), NGC 6712 and NGC 7078 (Lehto et al. 1990; Machin et al.
1990). From our combined radio map, the measured coordinates of the
Terzan 1 radio counterpart are: αJ2000 = 17h 35m 47.s 27±0.s 04 and
δJ2000 = −30◦ 280 52.00 8±1.00 4 (1σ errors).
Unfortunately, this improved position, with respect to those
obtained in the X-rays, is not yet good enough to discriminate among
optical candidates. This can be seen in the right panel of Fig. 3, showing
the crowded field of the Terzan 1 globular cluster in a NTT image. This
frame was obtained also on 1997 July 8 using EMMI and the Johnson
I-band filter. In order to locate the VLA coordinates on it, we followed
a two-step astrometric procedure similar as in GX 354−0. The 90%
confidence position provided by the VLA can be approximated here by
a circle with 1.00 7 radius. This includes the combined effect of both the
astrometric and radio uncertainties. When plotted on the CCD frame,
the circle contains a minimum of four individual stellar objects. Their
I-band magnitudes are in the range 15 to 19. While the faintest of them
may be consistent with LMXRBs, the two brightest objects may well
belong to the field population. Further observations are currently being
planned with the hope of obtaining an unambiguous identification, as
well as more information on the radio emission mechanism of Terzan
1 and GX 354−0.
Acknowledgements. J.M. acknowledges financial support from a postdoctoral fellowship of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia at
the beginning of this work. LFR acknowledges support from DGAPA,
UNAM and CONACyT, Mexico.
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Astron. Astrophys. 330, 72–78 (1998)
ASTRONOMY
AND
ASTROPHYSICS
The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292:
a Seyfert 1 galaxy behind the Galactic Center
J. Martı́1 , I.F. Mirabel1 , S. Chaty1 , and L.F. Rodrı́guez2
1
2
CEA/DSM/DAPNIA/Service d’Astrophysique, Centre d’Études de Saclay, F-91191 Gif/Yvette, France
Instituto de Astronomı́a, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 70-264, 04510 México D.F., Mexico
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
Received 20 August 1997 / Accepted 18 September 1997
Abstract. The radio, infrared and optical counterparts of the
hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292 (lII =358.◦ 9, bII =+1.◦ 4) are
reported. The optical spectrum exhibits broad (> 1000 km s−1 )
Hα emission at a redshift of 0.0214±0.0005. The radio counterpart is a double-sided synchrotron jet of 5 arcsec, which at
a distance of 87 Mpc corresponds to a size of 2 kpc. The multiwavelength observations of GRS 1734−292 indicate that this
X-ray source is a Seyfert 1 galaxy behind 6 ± 1 magnitudes of
visual absorption.
Key words: X-rays: galaxies – radio continuum: galaxies –
galaxies: Seyfert – galaxies: individual: GRS 1734−292=NVSS
J173728−290802– Galaxy: center
1. Introduction
The observations reported here are part of our ongoing project
for the identification of radio, optical and infrared counterparts
of hard X-ray sources detected by the GRANAT satellite in the
Galactic Center region (Goldwurm et al. 1994). The original
motivation of this search is based on the fact that previous identifications of GRANAT sources have yielded to the discovery of
the so called galactic microquasars, i.e., systems whose physics
is regarded as a scaled-down version of the same processes (outbursts, jets, disks, etc.) occurring in extragalactic quasars and
active galaxies (Falcke & Biermann 1996). Their best representative examples known so far include 1E 1740.7−2942 (Mirabel
et al. 1992), GRS 1758−258 (Rodrı́guez et al. 1992) and GRS
1915+105 (Mirabel & Rodrı́guez 1994). A complete account of
our recent radio observations will be reported in a future paper
(Martı́ et al. 1998), while here we intend to discuss the particular
case of GRS 1734−292.
The original target source GRS 1734−292 was first detected
by Sunyaev (1990) as a previously unknown hard X-ray emitter in the Galactic Center direction. The coded mask imaging
Send offprint requests to: J. Martı́
spectrometer ART-P on board of GRANAT was used in this discovery. The spectrum between 4-20 keV was well described by
a hard power-law, with a photon index of about −2 and a total
hydrogen column density of ∼ 6 × 1022 cm−2 (Pavlinsky et al.
1994). From the same authors, the corresponding luminosity for
a 8.5 kpc distance was estimated to be 8 × 1036 erg s−1 , and the
best ART-P position was known with a 90% confidence radius
of 9500 . Two years later, on 1992, GRS 1734−292 experienced
a hard X-ray outburst from < 20 mCrab to 36 mCrab in the 40400 keV band. This was detected by the SIGMA telescope, also
on board of GRANAT, and both the rise and the later decline
took place in a matter of a few days (Churazov et al. 1992). No
additional outbursts have been reported since then.
From observations in 1995 by Barret & Grindlay (1996), a
ROSAT-HRI source was proposed as the soft X-ray counterpart
of GRS 1734−292 with a positional accuracy of a few arcsec. Unexpectedly, we found that a much better position for the
GRS 1734−292 candidate could be obtained from the public
databases of the NRAO VLA sky survey (NVSS), at the wavelength of 20 cm (Condon et al. 1993). Indeed, the inspection
of the NVSS field of GRS 1734−292, soon after its release,
clearly revealed to our surprise the presence of a strong compact radio source well within both the ART-P and the ROSAT error boxes. The corresponding radio source designation is NVSS
J173728−290802, with its flux density being at the 48 mJy level.
The a priori probability of finding such a strong radio source
within the ROSAT error box is as small as ∼ 2 × 10−5 . This
clearly implies that the X-ray and the radio source are almost
certainly related or identical, and the same is also very likely to
be true for the GRANAT source. The position of the NVSS object was available with sub-arcsec accuracy and an exhaustive
multi-wavelength campaign (optical, infrared and radio) was
soon started based on the accurate radio position. The present
paper will deal with the observational evidence, collected during this campaign, that suggests a Seyfert 1 interpretation for
both the NVSS, ROSAT and GRANAT sources.
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J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
3.5 cm
-29 07 54
-29 07 54
56
56
58
58
08 00
ROSAT
02
DECLINATION (J2000)
DECLINATION (J2000)
6 cm
73
08 00
ROSAT
02
04
04
06
06
08
08
10
10
17 37 28.8
17 37 28.8
28.6
28.4
28.2
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
28.0
28.6
28.4
28.2
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
28.0
Fig. 1. Uniform weight maps of NVSS J173728−290802 at both 6 cm (left) and 3.5 cm (right) showing the jet-like structure of this radio source.
The ROSAT 90% confidence error circle is also indicated in both images. Contours at 6 cm are −3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 60, 80,
100, 120, 140, 160 and 180 times 0.063 mJy beam−1 , the rms noise. Contours at 3.5 cm are −3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80
and 100 times 0.053 mJy beam−1 , the rms noise. The corresponding synthesized beams are 2.00 58×0.00 98 with position angle −1.◦ 4 at 6 cm, and
1.00 57×0.00 58 with position angle −5.◦ 5 at 3.5 cm, respectively.
2. Radio continuum observations and results
In a first step, the promising candidate NVSS J173728−290802
was extensively observed with the Very Large Array (VLA) interferometer of NRAO1 in a search for short term radio variability that could confirm its microquasar nature. The array was
most of the time in B configuration. The data were processed
following standard procedures within the AIPS software package of NRAO, with 3C 286 and 1751−253 being the amplitude
and phase calibrator, respectively. The results of our radio monitoring of NVSS J173728−290802 are summarized in Table 1,
where the flux density at several wavelengths is listed for the
different dates of observation. Some older radio measurements
of NVSS J173728−290802 also quoted in Table 1 could be
retrieved from the literature and the VLA archive database.
In all VLA observations (specially at 6, 3.5 and 2.0 cm)
the source appeared resolved with a clear bipolar jet-like structure. From the 3.5 cm map, the J2000 position of the central
core is found to be α = 17h 37m 28.s 35 and δ = −29◦ 080 02.00 5
(lII =358.◦ 9, bII =+1.◦ 4), with an uncertainty of about 0.00 1 in
each coordinate. Contrary to our first expectations, no significant proper motion in the jet condensations, nor day to day
variability in the source flux density, became detectable in a re1
The NRAO is operated by Associated Universities, Inc., under cooperative agreement with the USA National Science Foundation.
liable way. In view of that, we decided to concatenate the (u, v)
data of the highest quality sessions in order to obtain good maps
of the NVSS J173728−290802 radio jets. The resulting images
are presented in Fig. 1. The strongest jet-like feature emanates
in the NE direction and is ∼ 300 extended, while a weaker ∼ 200
counterjet is also evident.
Since our VLA monitoring lasted for about five weeks and
there was no positional change in the jet condensations larger
than ∼0.00 2, the corresponding proper motion upper limit is about
5 mas d−1 . We soon considered all these facts as a first indication
that the object we were studying did not behave as expected from
a microquasar source.
On 1997 April 10, the frequency coverage of the observations was wide enough to measure the spectral properties of the source radio emission. A typical non-thermal radio spectrum was observed and we present it in Fig. 2. A
power law fit indicates that the spectrum is well described by
Sν = (76 ± 4 mJy )(ν/GHz)−0.75±0.03 .
3. Infrared and optical observations and results
The radio position of NVSS J173728−290802 was observed
at both infrared and optical wavelengths using different ESO
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74
J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
GRS 1734-292
K (2.2 mu)
1.8
-29 07 50
1.4
55
DECLINATION (J2000)
log (Flux Density) mJy
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.0
0.5
log (Frequency) GHz
08 00
VLA
ROSAT
05
1.0
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
10
Fig. 2. The non-thermal radio spectrum of NVSS J173728−290802
from decimetric to centimetric wavelengths as observed with the VLA
on 1997 April 10. The dotted line corresponds to a power law fit with
the parameters described in the text.
15
Table 1. Radio observations of NVSS J173728−290802
λ
Flux Density
(cm)
(mJy)
05 May 1980(1)
6
18.8 ± 0.3
20
56
1989(2)
20
48 ± 2
23 Oct 1993(3)
28 Mar 1997
20
63 ± 1
6
22.8 ± 0.2
10 Apr 1997
50549.0
21
57 ± 1
6
23.7 ± 0.2
3.5
15.1 ± 0.2
2.0
8.7 ± 0.6
19 Apr 1997
50557.9
6
23.9 ± 0.2
3.5
15.7 ± 0.2
04 May 1997
50572.9
6
24.0 ± 0.3
3.5
14.7 ± 0.4
(1) VLA Archive Database; observer: Sramek R.
(2) Helfand et al. 1992, ApJSS, 80, 211
(3) NVSS maps; Condon et al. 1996 (in preparation)
Date
Julian Day
(JD−2400000)
44364.8
−
49184
50536.0
telescopes2 . All frames were reduced using standard procedures
based on the IRAF image processing system.
3.1. Imaging
Imaging infrared observations in the J and K bands were carried out with the IRAC2b camera mounted at the F/35 photometer adapter of the 2.2 m telescope. We observed on four
nights from 1997 March 23 to April 3. The infrared counterpart of NVSS J173728−290802 was preliminarily identified by
measuring offsets from a nearby bright star. Wide field CCD
2
Based on observations collected at the European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile.
17 37 29.2
29.0
28.8
28.6
28.4
28.2
28.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
27.8
27.6
Fig. 3. Finding chart of the NVSS J173728−290802 infrared counterpart in the K band. The little cross represents the accurate VLA radio
position and the circle is the ROSAT error box at the 90% confidence
level. The proposed counterpart is the only object consistent with both
the radio and X-ray positions.
images in the V, R and I bands were later obtained with the
Danish 1.54 m telescope on 1997 April 10, using the DFOSC
camera whose scale is 0.00 40 pixel−1 . An accurate astrometrical
analysis of these optical images was carried out using nine reference stars from the Guide Star Catalogue (Taff et al. 1990),
thus confirming our previous infrared identification. The total
offset between the radio and optical position was found to be
about 0.00 6. This is well within the astrometrical errors of the
fit (rms∼0.00 4) and also well inside the ROSAT error circle. We
therefore conclude that our identification is correct and that the
optical/infrared counterpart found is the same object as GRS
1734−292, NVSS J173728−290802 and the ROSAT source.
Finding charts at K and R bands to assist in future observations
are shown in Figs. 3 and 4. The two infrared sources IRAS
17342−2908 and 358.83+1.39 proposed by Cherepashchuk et
al. (1994) as counterpart candidates are not consistent with our
identification.
On the other hand, our identified source did not display clear
evidences of photometric variability during both the infrared and
optical imaging observations. Although we only had one night at
the 1.54 m telescope, the lack of variability in the optical can be
established from the similar R band magnitude derived during
the spectroscopic session described below. The photometry of
the source is summarized in Table 2.
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F"#!$`~'<)!,+-*$,+(+~# d+:F!:d-+:!-!# y ½ ´ \ µ
J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
GRS 1734-292 R (0.7 mu)
75
6
Hα
[N II]
-29 07 50
−1
erg cm s A )
4
2
[S II]
−16
08 00
Fλ (10
DECLINATION (J2000)
−2
−1
55
VLA
ROSAT
[O I]
[O III]
Hβ
05
0
Na I
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
10
5000
7000
Fig. 5. Optical broad band spectrum of GRS 1734−292 obtained on
1997 March 12 with the EFOSC1 instrument at the 3.6 m ESO telescope.
15
17 37 29.2
29.0
28.8
28.6
28.4
28.2
28.0
RIGHT ASCENSION (J2000)
27.8
27.6
Fig. 4. Finding chart of the NVSS J173728−290802 optical counterpart
in the R band with the ROSAT and VLA positions also indicated. The
field is exactly the same as in Fig. 3
Table 2. Magnitudes of the GRS 1734−292 counterpart
Filter
V
R
I
J
K
6000
Wavelength (A)
Observation Date
1997 April 10
1997 April 10
1997 April 10
Average all dates
Average all dates
Telescope
1.54 m + DFOSC
1.54 m + DFOSC
1.54 m + DFOSC
2.2 m + IRAC2b
2.2 m + IRAC2b
Magnitude
21.0 ± 0.3
18.3 ± 0.1
16.8 ± 0.1
13.7 ± 0.1
11.1 ± 0.1
3.2. Spectroscopy
Broad band spectroscopic observations of the GRS 1734−292
optical counterpart were also carried out with EFOSC1 on the
3.6 m ESO telescope, using the B300 grism whose dispersion
is 2.0 Å pixel−1 . As shown in Fig. 5, they revealed that the
optical spectrum is completely dominated by strong and very
broad emission from the blended Hα and [NII] lines. Other
emission lines from [OI], [OIII] and [SII] are also identifiable.
A consistent redshift measurement is obtained from all of them,
with our best estimate being z = 0.0214 ± 0.0005.
The full width zero intensity of the blended Hα and [NII] is
extremely broad, nearly 450 Å or ∼ 20000 km s−1 . Their total
flux in emission is 3.8×10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 . We have attempted
to deblend these three lines using Gaussian components at the
expected wavelengths for z = 0.0214. The results obtained are
given in Table 3. This table also includes information on the
other spectral lines most evident in the GRS 1734−292 spec-
trum. We wish to point out that the deblending procedure may
not be completely reliable here because the Hα and [N II] lines
are very difficult to separate. In particular, the full width half
maximum (FWHM) derived for the forbidden [N II] components (often narrower than ∼1000 km s−1 in Seyferts) seems
to be unusually high, and perhaps we are underestimating the
Hα emission. It is also possible that Hα has an even broader
component that our deblending fit is not accounting for.
4. The column density towards GRS 1734−292
In this section, we undertake a comparison study of the total absorption column density N (H) towards GRS 1734−292 derived
by three independent methods. A mean value is finally adopted
in order to deredden the photometric magnitudes of the previous
section. This will help us later to estimate the unabsorbed optical luminosity of GRS 1734−292 when discussing its physical
nature.
4.1. An upper limit to N (H) from the sodium interstellar absorption line
The spectrum in Fig. 5 displays an absorption feature at 5893.5
Å (see Table 3). This can be interpreted as an unresolved detection of the two Na D interstellar absorption lines. The Na
D lines are expected to be at 5890 and 5896 Å, respectively.
The absorption feature mentioned is well located at the middle point between these two wavelengths. The identification is
thus convincing, although our resolution is not good enough to
distinguish the two components separately.
The intensity of the Na D absorption feature can be used to
estimate both the extinction and the distance for objects within
´ º
!"#!%$&('*)!,+ -.$%-/'01%23-45687#9#9+:%$+:,'*5<;.=
76
J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
Table 3. Main lines in the GRS 1734−292 optical spectrum
Line
[S II]
Hα
[N II]
[O I]
Na I D
[O III]
Hβ
Observed wavelength
(Å)
6853.3
6871.7
6701.5
6688.1
6723.9
6432.4
6503.5
5893.5
5113.5
5066.5
4966.0
Observed flux
(erg s−1 cm−2 )
4.8 × 10−16
2.5 × 10−16
8.3 × 10−15
1.5 × 10−14
1.5 × 10−14
4.2 × 10−16
4.2 × 10−16
−1.8 × 10−16
6.8 × 10−16
2.1 × 10−16
2.8 × 10−16
FWHM
(Å)
15
12
30
123
104
32
35
17
17
18
31
FWHM
(km s−1 )
660
530
1340
5510
4640
1490
1610
870
1000
1070
1870
the Galaxy. The corresponding relationship is given by:
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
AV = 3.8EW,
where EW is the mean equivalent width in Å of the two Na Dlines, and a 1.9 mag kpc−1 absorption of optical light near the
Galactic Plane has been assumed (Allen 1973). For extragalactic
sources, the Na lines only provide an indication of the length
of the line of sight within our own Galaxy. This is, of course,
making the reasonable assumption that all the Na absorption is
produced inside the Milky Way.
In our case, we are not able to resolve the Na lines and
only an upper limit to the mean equivalent width is available
from observation (EW ≤ 9 Å). This implies from the previous
equation that the extinction towards GRS 1734−292 should be
AV ≤ 34.2 mag, and consequently the line of sight towards
GRS 1734−292 intercepts less than 18 kpc of gas and dust
within our Galaxy. From the relationship by Predehl & Schmitt
(1995):
N (H)
+ 0.23,
AV = 0.56
1021 cm−2
this corresponds to a total hydrogen column density of about
N (H) ≤ 6.1 × 1022 cm−2 .
This upper limit is consistent in order of magnitude with the
rough estimate ∼ 6 × 1022 cm−2 , or AV ∼ 34 mag, derived
by Pavlinsky et al. (1994) from X-ray model fitting with their
ART-P data. However, the fact that an optical counterpart has
been found for GRS 1734−292 is difficult to reconcile with
an optical extinction of more than thirty magnitudes. Therefore,
the ART-P column density is likely to be strongly overestimated
and we will show below that this is certainly the case.
4.2. N (H) estimated from neutral hydrogen absorption
A H I absorption experiment at 21 cm was carried out with the
VLA on 1997 April 10 and it was also reduced using standard
AIPS procedures. The resulting spectrum (not shown here) was
not of high signal to noise ratio. The only absorption feature
detected was localized at 3.6 ± 0.1 km s−1 LSR velocity, with
an estimated peak opacity value of τ0 = 1.10±0.02. This implies
that most of the absorption is produced in the Saggittarius arm.
EW
(Å)
−6
−3
−120
−216
−200
−10
−9
9
−400
−172
−555
Notes
Peak wavelength
Assumed wavelength for deblending
Assumed wavelength for deblending
Interstellar line
Continuum very weak
Continuum very weak
Continuum very weak
The FWHM was 21.1 ± 0.3 km s−1 . The corresponding column
density of H I along the line of sight to NVSS J173728−290802
can be expressed as N (H I) = (4.2 ± 0.2) × 1021 (Ts /100 K)
cm−2 , where Ts is the hydrogen spin temperature. Using the
canonical value Ts = 125 K, we estimate that N (H I) = (5.3 ±
0.3) × 1021 cm−2 .
Since GRS 1734−292 is close to the Galactic Center direction, N (H) should include another important contribution
from the metals associated to the abundant molecular hydrogen
component N (H2 ) in addition to the atomic species. In order to
derive N (H2 ), we have used the Columbia 12 CO (J=1-0) survey by Dame et al. (1987) together with the empirical relation
This relation
of N (H2 ) with the integrated CO line intensity.
R
can be expressed as N (H2 ) = 3.6 × 1020 T (CO)dv (Scoville
et al. 1987). By interpolating the Columbia survey at the GRS
1734−292 position, we find one single emission component at a
LSR velocity of −5±1 km s−1 . A Gaussian fit to this line yields
a peak temperature of 0.29±0.02 K with a FWHM of 22±3 km
s−1 . The corresponding value of N (H2 ) is thus (2.4±0.4)×1021
cm−2 .
By combining the H I and CO information, the total absorbing column density in the GRS 1734−292 direction can now
be found from N (H) = N (H I) + 2N (H2 ). The final result is
N (H) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × 1022 cm−2 , equivalent to a visual extinction of AV = 5.8 ± 0.5 magnitudes using again the Predehl &
Schmitt (1995) relation. It is important to mention here that recent studies by Dahmen et al. (1996) suggest that the conversion
factor between the CO emission and the H2 column density may
be overestimated by an order of magnitude. If this is the case,
the AV value derived above should be consequently revised.
Nevertheless, a reliable lower limit of AV > 3.2 magnitudes
can be established from the H I contribution alone.
4.3. N (H) estimated from the Balmer decrement
The extinction and the hydrogen column density towards GRS
1734−292 can also be independently estimated from the measured line ratio Hα/Hβ in the optical spectrum and using Table
3 values. Following Miller & Mathews (1972), the Hα/Hβ re-
¸ ;,5+?:$+:,'*5*;= $*+,; %
F"#!$`~'<)!,+-*$,+(+~# d+:F!:d-+:!-!# y ½ ´
J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
77
Table 4. The main physical parameters of GRS 1734−292
Parameter
Redshift
Distance
Jet size
Visual absorption
H column density
Radio luminosity
Optical luminosity
X-ray luminosity
Line luminosity
Value
z = 0.0214 ± 0.0005
D = 87 Mpc
ljet ' 2.1 kpc
AV = 6 ± 1
N (H) = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1022 cm−2
Lrad ' 7 × 1039 erg s−1
Lopt ' 2 × 1043 erg s−1
LX ' 1 × 1044 erg s−1
LHα ' 5 × 1041 erg s−1
LHβ ' 1 × 1041 erg s−1
L[S II] ' 4 × 1040 erg s−1
L[O I] ' 6 × 1040 erg s−1
L[O III] ' 4 × 1041 erg s−1
Notes
H0 = 75 km s−1
0.1-100 GHz band
4900-9000 Å band
0.5-4.5 keV band
Deblended value
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
lationship with galactic extinction can be expressed as:
AB = 8.5 log ((Hα/Hβ)/3.0),
while absorption at other bands can be easily computed using
the following parameterized reddening curve:
Aλ = 0.74λ−1 − 0.34,
where λ is the central band wavelength expressed in microns.
The Hα flux in GRS 1734−292 is, of course, less than the
total blended emission of the Hα and [N II] lines (Hα < 3.8 ×
10−14 erg s−1 cm−2 ). This implies that Hα/Hβ < 136, and we
confidently estimate that AV < 10.5 mag. Furthermore, if the
deblending procedure in Table 3 was appropriate, we would find
more precisely that Hα/Hβ ' 30. Such a line ratio then yields
AV = 6.3 mag, with a formal likely uncertainty of ±0.5 mag.
This final absorption estimate translates into N (H) = (1.1 ±
0.1) × 1022 cm−2 .
Summarizing this section, all three independent used methods seem to provide consistent results. This agreement may be
further tested in the future by carrying out additional spectroscopic optical and radio observations with higher resolution and
sensitivity. In the following, we will adopt AV = 6 ± 1 mag,
or equivalently N (H) = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1022 cm−2 , as a compromise mean value for discussion purposes. Such an amount of
visual extinction is indeed a reasonable result at 1.◦ 4 of galactic
latitude. The mean values of AV as a function of bII , and close
to the Galactic Center direction, have been studied for instance
by Catchpole et al. (1990). The statistical analysis of these authors using colour-magnitude diagrams does provide AV ∼ 5
mag for galactic latitudes in the 1.◦ 0-1.◦ 5 range, i.e., where GRS
1734−292 is located.
5. Discussion
The observed redshift of GRS 1734−292 corresponds to a recession velocity of 6500 km s−1 . Such a high value rules out
any interpretation based on the systemic velocity of a binary
star in the Galaxy. For this galactic interpretation, one should
<
expect a redshift (or blueshift) of at most ∼ 1000 km s−1 , i.e.,
the typical kick velocity acquired by the binary system after
the supernova explosion forms the compact companion. On the
contrary, the simplest way to account for the observed redshift
is to assume that GRS 1734−292 lies at a cosmological distance
and is, therefore, an extragalactic source. Using Hubble’s law,
the corresponding distance can be estimated as D = 65h−1 Mpc
(where the Hubble constant is expressed here as H0 = 100h km
s−1 Mpc−1 and a Universe with Ω = 1 is assumed).
The spectrum in Fig. 5 is highly reminiscent of a Seyfert 1
Galaxy given the large width of permitted lines. For a Seyfert
galaxy at a z = 0.0214 redshift, it should normally be possible to
see some arcsec extended nebulosity if located at high galactic
latitude. The deep R band CCD image in Fig. 4 shows that this
is not the case. The discovered optical counterpart appears as
an unresolved source and only the galactic nucleus is evident.
This is possibly due to the optical extinction in the galactic
plane (bII =1.◦ 4). Although not extremely great (AV ' 6 mag),
it is apparently sufficient to prevent any faint nebulosity from
being seen in the optical. In the K band no nebulosity is seen
either, and this compactness could mean that GRS 1734−292
is a nearby quasar instead of a Seyfert 1. However, we believe
that the optical spectrum observed is a very strong evidence to
prefer by now a Seyfert 1 interpretation.
The catalogue of GRANAT sources does not include many
examples of extragalactic objects and our discovery adds a new
member to this scarce group. Only three extragalactic sources
have been extensively detected by the SIGMA telescope on
board of GRANAT. They are the quasar 3C 273, the Seyfert
1.5 galaxy NGC 4151, and the radio galaxy Cen A (Bassani et
al. 1993; Jourdain et al. 1993). All of them are characterized by
displaying clear hard X-ray variability and spectral evolution
in time scales of both years and, in some cases, few days. In
particular, Cen A was observed to decrease its 40-120 keV flux
by a factor of 1.5 within only four days. This behavior compares well with that of GRS 1734−292. Our target source is
currently accepted as a confirmed variable (Barret & Grindlay
1996), and it exhibited a few day time scale variability during
its 1992 hard X-ray outburst (Churazov et al. 1992). On the
other hand, the GRS 1734−292 spectrum became extremely
®
´ ´
tel-00003559, version 1 - 14 Oct 2003
78
!"#!%$&('*)!,+ -.$%-/'01%23-45687#9#9+:%$+:,'*5<;.=
J. Martı́ et al.: The hard X-ray source GRS 1734−292
hard during this flaring event, and this is remarkably similar to
the spectrum hardening observed by SIGMA in the NGC 4151
Seyfert during epochs of high photon flux (Bassani et al. 1993).
There are in addition other observational clues in agreement with a Seyfert 1 galaxy scenario. For instance, the total
radio power derived from the spectrum in Fig. 2 is Lrad '
4×1039 h−2 erg s−1 and, in particular, P21cm ' 3×1029 h−2 erg
s−1 Hz−1 . This correlates well when plotted in monochromatic
21 cm radio power versus 0.5-4.5 keV X-ray luminosity diagrams for Seyfert 1 galaxies by Wilson (1991). The unabsorbed
value of the X-ray output is taken to be here LX ' 6 × 1043 h−2
erg s−1 by extrapolating the power law fit from Pavlinsky et al.
(1994).
The observed radio jet morphology and spectral index
are quite common among Seyfert galaxies. The case of GRS
1734−292 should be classified as belonging to the L or linear class in the Wilson (1991) scheme. The radio jet size
(ljet ' 1.6h−1 kpc) also correlates acceptably well with the
radio power from a Seyfert 1 object (Ulvestad & Wilson 1984).
The optical luminosity estimated from our broad band spectrum
and VRI photometry using AV = 6 mag is Lopt ∼ 1 × 1043 h−2
erg s−1 in the 4900-9000 Å band. This is again in good order of magnitude agreement with expectations based on the
radio/optical power correlation studied by Edelson (1987) for
Seyfert galaxies in the CfA sample. Other correlations that test
acceptably well are those involving the [O III] luminosity versus
Hβ luminosity, radio power and FWHM of [O III] (Lawrence
1987; Whittle 1985).
We close this discussion by giving in Table 4 the main physical parameters of GRS 1734−292, expressed for the particular
case of H0 = 75 km s−1 , and mentioning that this Seyfert also
fits reasonably well the Falcke & Biermann (1996) scheme for
AGNs when plotted in their diagram of monochromatic radio
power versus core disk luminosity.
6. Conclusions
We have presented observations that provide a very accurate
positional identification of the radio, infrared and optical counterpart of the GRANAT source GRS 1734−292. The discovered
counterpart displays clear evidence of being a Seyfert 1 galaxy.
The most remarkable properties of the system are perhaps its
clear linear jet-like structure and its broad Hα emission.
A redshift measurement yields the value z = 0.0214 ±
0.0005, thus providing a distance to GRS 1734−292 of 87 Mpc
(H0 = 75 km s−1 Mpc−1 ). The column density towards GRS
1734−292 is also estimated using three different techniques and
an average value of AV = 6±1 mag is proposed. This is equivalent to a hydrogen column density of N (H) = (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1022
cm−2 . The Seyfert 1 nature of GRS 1734−292 is additionally
confirmed by a satisfactory agreement with different well established correlations for Seyfert galaxies. We also point out that
the hard X-ray behavior of GRS 1734−292 is consistent with
extragalactic sources studied by GRANAT.
Acknowledgements. J.M. acknowledges financial support from a postdoctoral fellowship of the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia.
LFR acknowledges support from DGAPA, UNAM and CONACyT,
Mexico. We thank C. Lidman who arranged the ESO observations in
service mode as well as F. Comerón who kindly obtained some of the
images. A.S. Wilson, J. Paul, J. Lequeux, C. Gouiffes and P.-A. Duc
are also acknowledged for useful comments, help and discussion. Carlos De Breuck is specially thanked for obtaining the optical spectrum.
This research has made use of the Simbad database, operated at CDS,
Strasbourg, France.
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This article was processed by the author using Springer-Verlag LaTEX
A&A style file L-AA version 3.
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