Le Méta-Instrument

Étude d’une représentation hiérarchique liant
micro et macro-structures musicales
Raphaël MARCZAK
Responsable : Myriam DESAINTE-CATHERINE
Tuteur ENSEIRB : Bernard PERROT
Projet à Finalité Entreprise
SCRIME – ENSEIRB
Du 1er février au 31 juin 2007
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FGLLG JIHLVG MLGOR TG JHKžHIQQG «§¨“‘Z XPV GNL GNNGOLVGTTGQGOL YINM NPH RGN
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¤O OKQYHG bOV R^IHWN KHVGOLMN ITTIOL R^POG JTIWG `GHN POG LHIONVLVKOZ KP R^POG
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˜TIWG RG NKHLVG POG JTIWG K IHHV`GOL RGN IHWN JHK`GOIOL R^POG LHIONVLVKOg
¥HIONVLVKO NKPHWG POG LHIONVLVKO NION JTIWG R^GOLHMGg
¥HIONVLVKO JPVLN POG LHIONVLVKO NION JTIWG RG NKHLVGg
¤OG JTIWG JGPL âLHG QIHXPMG I`GW PO KP JTPNVGPHN ™GLKONg
fT GNL JKNNVYTG RG `ITVRGH POG LHIONVLVKO TKHNXPG LKPLGN TGN JTIWGN R^GOLHMG WKOLVGOOGOL
IP QKVON PO ™GLKOg KHNXP^GTTG GNL `ITVRMGZ LKPLGN TGN JTIWGN R^GOLHMG HGTVMGN c WGLLG
LHIONVLVKO JGHRGOL PO ™GLKOZ GL LKPLGN TGN JTIWGN RG NKHLVG WKHHGNJKORIOLGN žIžOGOL
PO ™GLKOg FG JINNIžG N^IJJGTTG ã¥VH RG TI LHIONVLVKOãg
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âWUGN NKHLIOL RG WUIWPOG RGN YKVLGNZ NG HGžHKPJIOL NPH PO M`MOGQGOL GO POG NGPTG
âWUG GOLHIOL RION POG YKVLGg
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RION ‘Ü¿ß I`GW ¿ TI YKVLG I`GW TI âWUG GOLHIOLG WKHHGNJKORIOLGg
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JPVN NG NGJIHIOL `GHN JTPNVGPHN âWUGN GOLHIOL RION R^IPLHGN YKVLGNg
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Š E à å ãæí ãääßàä ê à í é ìòîã ì ã âßîâê î îéæá ì ã î ôëìçäçéà è æãîçßàä îãá ðßæçß: îãá ßðãâ
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MARCZAK Raphaël
Étude d'une représentation hiérarchique liant
micro et macro-structures musicales
Annexe : Cahier des charges
Maître de stage : Myriam DeSainte-Catherine
Responsable pédagogique : Bernard Perrot
Vendredi 16 mars 2007
Introduction
L'origine de la musique est incertaine, mais elle semble remonter aux peuples les plus
primitifs, qui déjà utilisaient du bois, des pierres, ou leurs propres corps pour générer un
enchaînement de sons basés sur le rythme, et ayant une visée mystique.
Ces premiers objets, que l'on peut considérer comme des corps sonores, dans la
représentation de Pierre Schaeffer, ont vite atteint leurs limites. L'Homme a alors commencé à se
construire ses propres instruments de musiques. Une problématique de la pérennité des œuvres ainsi
créées a alors été posée. Il fallait trouver une notation pour décrire les enchaînements de sons, de
gestes ou de rythme. En effet, certains peuples, comme les Egyptiens, n'ont pas jugé utile
d'imaginer une représentation de la musique. Il ne nous reste que des dessins montrant des hommes
jouant de la musique, mais il nous est incapable de reproduire les airs alors créées.
En chine est né, dix siècles avant Jésus Christ, une première proposition de gamme à 5 notes
symboliques, suivie, quelques siècles plus tard, par une gamme à 7 degrés, proche de celle utilisée
aujourd'hui.
On retrouvera également chez les Grecques un besoin de représenter la musique sous la
forme d'un alphabet très simple.
Au moyen âge, avec le christianisme, la musique, d'abord monophonique, devient notée au
Xe siècle sous forme de neumes. La musique profane, condamnée par l'Église car polyphonique, ne
trouvera de notation qu'au XIIe siècle avec la notation mensurale (sous forme de mesure).
D'autres faits marquant, comme le clavier bien tempéré de Jean Sebastien Bach, permettront
d'affiner les représentations, pour arriver au solfège classique actuel.
A chaque changement majeur (comme par exemple le passage de la monophonie à la
polyphonie), il y a eu adaptation de la notation. Certaines musiques ont du également changer de
partition pour être parfaitement représentées (exemple de la partition dodécaphonique).
Dans les années 1950, avec l'apparition de la musique concrète, n'importe quel corps sonore
peut être considéré comme une composante de la musique.
Quand il était possible, en caricaturant un peu, de représenter la musique classique avec des
informations de hauteur, rythme, et durée, comment représenter maintenant une musique utilisant
une exhaustivité de sons et également des « bruits » n'ayant parfois aucune hauteur distincte ?
Pierre Schaeffer, dans son Traité Des Objets Musicaux, essaie de classer les sons par
typologie et morphologie sonore. Jean Louis Di Santo propose également une représentation plus
globale de la musique.
Aujourd'hui, avec la puissance croissante des ordinateurs, des instruments numériques,
programmables, ont vu le jour. C'est le cas notamment du Méta-Instrument, présent au SCRIME
(Studio de Création et de Recherche en Informatique et Musique Electroacoustique).
Cet instrument, puisque programmable, dépend donc de patch présents dans un ordinateur,
et qui vont guider son comportement aux différents stimuli du musicien. On a donc un instrument
pouvant avoir un ensemble de comportements différents ; c'est donc un instrument d'instruments.
Plusieurs pièces ont été composées pour le Mét-aInstrument, et il est impressionnant de
remarquer que deux musiciens différents joueront la pièce de deux façons totalement différentes. De
plus, il n'existe pas aujourd'hui de partition permettant de représenter de manière exhaustive une
œuvre électroacoustique.
L'idée de ce sujet de stage est donc d'essayer de représenter la musique sous formes de
structures allant du bas niveau vers le plus au niveau, et essayant, pour chaque structure, d'en définir
les composantes principales. L'instrument devra faire parti de cet ensemble de structure, et devra
donc également être défini. Pour nous limiter, nous baserons l'étude sur le metaInstrument (car il est
suffisamment complet pour englober les autres instruments).
Ce sujet, vaste, ne pourra pas être terminé en 5 mois (il est plus approprié à une thèse). Nous
allons donc nous limiter à certaines structures, notamment l'instrument. Des réalisations
informatiques seront également menées.
Nous allons donc, dans une première partie, présenter le SCRIME, puis le Méta-Instrument.
Nous verrons ensuite une première représentation hiérarchique qui servira de base de recherche.
Nous évoquerons enfin les réalisations informatiques désirées.
Le SCRIME
Le SCRIME (Studio de Création et de Recherche en Informatique et Musique
Electroacoustique) est un laboratoire de recherche rattaché au LaBRI (Laboratoire Bordelais de
Recherche en Informatique). Son intérêt principal réside dans la volonté de faire se rencontrer
artistes et scientifiques, les premiers apportant des problématiques liées à leurs créations, les
seconds cherchant des solutions et des évolutions en lien avec la musique.
Il y a d'ailleurs deux directeurs : Myriam Desainte-Catherine pour la direction scientifique,
et Christian Eloy pour la direction artistique.
Le SCRIME résulte d'une collaboration étroite entre l'université de Bordeaux I, l'ENSEIRB
et le Conservatoire National de Région de Bordeaux.
Parmi les logiciels développés par les chercheurs du SCRIME, un a une importance
particulière pour ce stage : BOXES.
Le logiciel BOXES
Le logiciel BOXES, développé au sein du SCRIME depuis une dizaine d'années, permet
d'aborder une autre manière de composer. Les logiciels de composition habituels proposent
généralement une considération temporelle de la musique. Ici, la musique est représentée comme un
ensemble de contraintes. Des boites (d'où le nom de BOXES) peuvent contenir des sons, des effets
etc. et même d'autres boites. Chaque boite peut dépendre d'une autre boite avec des relations
(comme par exemple : avant celle là, après celle ci, en même temps ...). Ensuite, un solveur de
contraintes organise la musique. Ce logiciel permet d'envoyer des informations par Open Sound
Control, pour être utilisé par MAX/MSP notamment (logiciel massivement utilisé pour la
composition et la programmation d'instruments électroniques).
BOXES a une importance pour ce stage, car il serait souhaitable que la recherche de
structures hiérarchique puisse être ensuite intégrée à ce logiciel.
Le Méta-Instrument
Le Méta-Instrument est un instrument de musique assistée par ordinateur développé par
PuceMuse. Le premier prototype a été créé en 1989 par Serge De Laubier. Après une deuxième
version, PuceMuse a sorti en 2004 la version 3, compatible avec le protocole Open Sound Control
(OSC). C'est cette version qui est disponible en deux exemplaires au SCRIME.
Le Méta-Instrument peut récupérer, grâce à 54 capteurs, la position des avant-bras,
l'inclinaison des mains, l'appuie sur des boutons placés au niveau des phalanges (mesure de la
pression), et un « slider » au niveau du pouce. Il y a également un moniteur vidéo permettant de
visualiser des informations.
Les données des capteurs sont envoyées par Ethernet et peuvent être récupéré par OSC dans
de nombreux logiciels, notamment Max/MSP, afin de générer du son, ou du contrôle (entre autre).
Un premier schéma
Piste
Mouvements
Mapping
Instrument
Retours
Gestes
Effets
Notes
Séquences jeu
Objets sonore
Corps sonore
Synthèses
Quelques explications :
• Un corps sonore est un objet qui va servir pour créer un son.
• Une séquence jeu est une prise de son faite avec un ou plusieurs corps sonores, ou avec
de la synthèse.
• Dans une séquence jeu, on peut récupérer des objets sonores, c'est à dire des parties de la
séquence jeu qui ont un intérêt musical.
• Il est possible d'appliquer des effets sonores sur ces objets sonores, pour en obtenir
d'autres,
• Grâce à ça, il est possible de constituer un ensemble de notes pour un instrument.
• Un instrument peut également permettre d'appliquer des effets, et se définit également
par un ensemble de gestes et de retours.
• L'organisation temporelle permet la génération de la piste audio diffusée.
Chaque boite doit être définie de manière plus exhaustive. C'est le but de ce stage. Ceci dit,
vu la complexité, nous allons juste nous concentrer sur la définition de l'instrument, en essayant de
regarder l'ensemble des gestes possibles, la limite de l'instrument etc. et essayer de proposer une
aide pour que l'artiste puisse donner, avec sa pièce musicale, un corpus d'association entre geste et
intention.
Développements souhaités
Il serait bénéfique, dans le cadre de ce Master recherche, qu'un certain nombre de
développements puissent être menés.
Le premier développement consiste dans le portage de patch MAX/MSP existant pour le
metaInstrument 2 (protocole MIDI) vers le metaInstrument 3 (protocole OSC). Ceci permettra
d'appréhender le logiciel MAX/MSP et le fonctionnement du metaInstrument et du protocole OSC.
Par la suite, plusieurs autres développements pourront être demandés, comme par exemple
essayer d'intégrer les éléments de la recherche de la structure hiérarchique dans le logiciel BOXES.
Sources :
http://www.coindumusicien.com/Lecoin/index.html
http://scrime.labri.fr/
http://www.pucemuse.com/