Institut für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik

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Quantifying wood combustion
emissions with on-line methods
Alejandro Keller
Introduction
• Characterization of small
biomass combustion
devices (wood stoves, log
wood boilers, etc.).
• Gravimetric Analysis is the
standard.
• No time resolution and no
differentiation between
combustion phases.
The aim of this presentation is to take a closer
look at the burn cycle, in particular during type
approval tests.
Experimental Setup
Gravimetric Probe
Flue Gas Analysis
Dilution
1:17@150°C
1:17@50°C
DiSC
TEOM
OPC
Dusttrak
Thermodenuder
@ 250°C
DiSC
RDI
APS
AMS
Thermodenuder
@ 150°C
Thermodenuder
@ 50°C
FMPS
MAAP
Warm Start (Type Approval)
time (min)
0
10
20
TEOM
3
(mg/Nm )
150
30
40
Curves corrected
for 13% O2
100
50
0
Grimm OPC
3
(mg/Nm )
30
20
10
Dusttrak
3
(mg/Nm )
0
300
200
100
0
0
10
20
time (min)
30
40
Warm Start - TEOM
1.4
Total Emitted Mass (g)
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
21.10.2008
22.10.2008
23.10.2008
24.10.2008
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
Time (min)
40
50
60
Warm Start - Dusttrak
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
21.10.2008
22.10.2008
23.10.2008
24.10.2008
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
10
20
30
time (min)
40
50
60
Two Combustion Phases
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
3600
0.6
21.10.2008
22.10.2008
23.10.2008
24.10.2008
0.4
0.2
3200
2800
0.0
10
20
30
Time (min)
40
50
60
Dusttrak Emitted (mg)
0
2400
2000
1600
1200
21.10.2008
22.10.2008
23.10.2008
24.10.2008
800
400
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
TEOM Emitted (mg)
1400
1600
1800
HOW DO THESE DIFFERENT
COMBUSTION PHASES
AFFECT THE GRAVIMETRIC
ANALYSIS?
Emissions - Warm Start
Gravimetric
Sampling
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
21.10.2008
22.10.2008
23.10.2008
24.10.2008
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
10
20
30
Time (min)
40
50
60
QUESTION
Should we establish more strict boundaries for
the gravimetric sampling?
VOLATILES…
Warm Start Test
time (min)
Num. Conc.
@ 13% O2 (#/cc)
Mean Geo. Diam.
Mass Conc.
3
(nm)
@ 13% O2 (mg/Nm )
0
10
20
30
40
200
150
100
50
0
200
150
100
50
0
Thermodenuder at 250°C
1E8
0
10
20
time (min)
30
40
Cold Start Test
time (min)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Mean Geo. Diam.
(nm)
Mass Conc.
3
(mg/Nm )
200
150
100
50
0
200
150
100
50
0
Num. Conc.
(#/cc)
1E8
1E7
0
10
20
30
40
50
time (min)
60
70
80
90
Cold Start Test
time (min)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Mean Geo. Diam.
(nm)
Mass Conc.
3
(mg/Nm )
200
Dilution T=110°C
150
100
50
Total emissions
6x larger than
other cold
start tests!
90 100 110 120
0
200
150
100
50
0
Num. Conc.
(#/cc)
1E8
1E7
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
time (min)
80
90 100 110 120
QUESTION
Are the volatiles important?
Should we modify the type approval test in
order to capture them in the gravimetric
analysis?
Summary
• There are at least two different combustion
phases during a type approval test.
• The starting point for the gravimetric sampling
plays a decisive role in the results of the test, but
it is loosely specified by the norm.
• We fail to see volatiles using a dilution
temperature of 150°C.
• Large amounts of volatiles appear at a lower
dilution temperature (already at 110°C).
QUESTION
Are the results obtained by means of the
current norm-test representative of real world
emissions?
Thanks to
Lucerne School of Engineering and
Achitecture
A. Lauberer
A. Doberer
J. Good
T. Nussbaumer
Oekozentrum Langenbruck
M. Sattler
C. Gaegauf
Paul Scherer Institut
M.F. Heringa
P.F. DeCarlo
R. Chirico
A. Richard
A.S.H. Prevot
U. Baltensperger
Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz
N.K. Meyer (currently at PSI)
H. Burtscher

Institut für Aerosol- und Sensortechnik

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