Lift and Drag Primer Prof. David L. Darmofal Department of
Transcription
Lift and Drag Primer Prof. David L. Darmofal Department of
"!#$&%('*),+-.#/$&%"102"!3%"4 $576/%"98025;:8<"! =>5; ?:/%"@A8),B7CD%":E+=>C 811?:E%"@8)FB;C GH%"C C%"BJIK@EC 578181CLM:EC98)F81@85N"! OP5;BJIE:E"4,?Q"R S 5;6815;0UTV5;DWXVY[Z?Z"\ ] ^K_a`b/c<dNef`/gch_ /i j3i kmln;o*p"qsrutVo vxwsyz7{}|uy ~yz Ewsy13yzy1zDszJ(}y{73~ ay9z z7wsyhy 3Jz&z / &}azN~J 1 wD.[~sV z(~9z7wy }z77~9 V3w[y z Ky }y s¡37~wsy z¡¡~9¢(}~ } [3y yP zsy1~s3y~z7}z £/vxwsyssz77~w< y}y ~{[yV ¤¢<usD~z7/wsy.y z;37~y¥}[u¢awszs7w wy }y9P¦¤awsy¥szJz7[§/7y9¢h{"y }¨?y9y9; £/©¥z;wsyPy9z(s¢;[a~wsy9z7¢ssy9s[¡[~wz wy ay9z?1yx7y9¢ z}~Ez7¡wsyª}y s/h¢77yVwsyxz7s~ [ay Ews~wa3wsz7s¡{"yx(y1u;Jy z¥azy.~z7y9y.ssy9u}s[£ i/jF« ¬o®¯Pruq}r3°V¯±°²´³hru²q2µ/¯P¶·¬¸µ¹ vxwsyUº*»J¼s½¾´wsy¿y9z(s¢;[a~N z~y~MÀz7Áwy~J >Âwsyà y9y 3y Ä}y ~zK£±vxwsyÅFƤÇ,È´wy y z}}¢(a~x z7~9yP~s¡z7wy~J V"y9"y9}~VzwyP y9y1uy1É}y ~zK£EÊwsyPwsyP"y9[y }~s }y1~Mz7&zDwsyh y y 3y ± ¡{szh¦¤}syhz´zzN{"zsP y9y 3y sy ~z[§?y9z}}¢(a~.{[z}}y yP[3¢3¢(aay~Ë({(¢~z(7y9;zK7wy Ì ~ Dwsy}y1~Mz7<[y "y9[}~9sz¡wsy y y 3y Ésy ~z ´wsy.ssyz E¢(ay9¢£ i/jFÍ Îo*¯¥oK¸µAqsr3°V¯°²DÏÐoK¸°x¶¥Ñ¥¯¥µ/ÒÉr3pÓ¥°¸p?o*Ô ÊwsyD y< }~9}¨"y y 73z7s~9y .z ¥y9z}}¢(a~h z~y D¦¿~s z¡}(§MEy z}}¢(~h z~y1 ~9Nz¢{"yh}syhzDwsya~zNz sy 3sy¡Nwsy 3y 3y1¥zNwsya~9 £Pvxw( ?wsy¡wsyy 3JzÕz }¦Nwy¡ ay9z}~[y ÕÕwsy13yszy §¥~9sy~9z;{}z}syhz;& ~z}?xy }[}~9y <}[7sy 3y¥}[wsy ÌJyPsy9 <w~wwsy yP}¨?y9y9;~9z;{}zVy sy9Jy wz7sw&sy sy(~z7P3y y ¥7~Msz7wsy3s ¤~9yz Ewsyh~J 1£Ö}[y1~ª[~9¢[wsyy z}}¢(~ z~y.7~Msaz´wy~J ¥y9´{(¢<wy zzJs;y , ØÚ× ÙHÛ}ÜJÝ(Þ¤ß à¥× á(âÃã Û}ÜÝ;ÞFßJä å × á(âEæ ¦uç§ wsy y âèKéëê ;zJÃPwyìhí7È È í(º¾î ïA»JÇë¼sðím¼s»í(¼Õ wsys ¤~9yhz wsya~J y9ñ}[z;3y1&z´wya1£ à × wsy´(~9z3y y1~Mzh7~MsÃz¿wsy~9 h33 ¤7~y£>ä2¡wsyuJ~Dsy1syD[ å × wsy´z7}ux(ò "z73s ¤~9ysz,£Avxw( wsyxªuV3y1~z7¡;y Ey sy13y ;wsy¥(~9z/3y /sy sy z7~9y y [y1~My ¢7£ i/jó ô° õ¥¸p?o*Ô2°²´¬Á¸sµE¹ ©PP}y ~{"y >{"zJy7( y.{y1D}7z<}¨"y y 7¥zs~y19£/vxwsy13y.y.}y9ªsy 7 zzJ¥ ö ÷Kø ƤùÇ,»JƤðÈ1Ƥú"ùº*»J¼s½Aû}ssyzawsy~z>z ¦¤(~z7§wsy ¥uy1y z7Dwsy~9 ¥3s ¤~9y£ ç üý¼7þ[íú*»J¼s½Aûs<~y Jy {(¢>sy1sy z~y1zwsy¡~J Ps3 ¤7~y¡ssy.z<wsyhsy13y ~y.z 3s"y9zs~ÿzJ }~ }wsz}~<7y £ »Jí(î î1ï*»JíNºA»J¼s½Aû}¿~9y1Jy1 {;¢Àsy 3sy> z~y1}syzUwsyNsy y9[~yz .(~z7a{"zs¢m¢7y9az wy ~9 s3 ¤7~y7£¡©Pwsya{[z7ss¢&¢y ¥ws~y K*[NÕwsyayñ(y9ay~973yhwsy9Ãwsya{"zs[s¢&¢7y9 3y Jy"wsyasy sy}>~9y1y £¡Ö(~yw.}´az;u.3̪[~ ;wsy9ÃwsyÿzJýy9y K y9z}}¢(a~uz y ´y y xzP}a}syz3y Jz7K£ ùºAïðí(ººA»J¼s½*û.}>~y y Õ{(¢&sy1sy z7~9y }syz´wsyDz73yñN¢(3y ¦x7y1§ < zwy y9y9Jzaz * £vxwVu¢([y z A}¡zs¢hy9ñ}3 Dwsy9y9òësay9[3zsÿzJ¥ Ë7w( ( zz¢aw7yP3( ~Mz7K}7y}[´y1sy}[£ g bcg «xj3i ³¡r3²q2µ/¯P¶·¬¸sµE¹ ðxo pruo*¯ qsÔ vxwsyÌ P´s¡ z7~9y z>3 z7Ky}y9zy1?y [y1~M7y9¢£ >y9z}}¢(a~ ¢}39}~9zaaz s~~yV*zP[3y sz}ò }ay9z7(~z(y ~9y ;Kwy9 ;; ¢;sPwsy /s¡¦¤(¢zwsy9 ;;y §M£ >u zòësay9[3z ;wsy. P}a~z(y <~9y 7y.}yªy ö %¦ $7§ "!# æ )¦ (;§ "&' "!# æ wsy y ! xwsys¢;[a~sy sy´wsy y9y 3y ç 2¦ 1(§ "!* $,+ !.-0! / æ [ ! -3! ywsy¥ y9y1uy1É}y9u¢a<[y y (y [y1~M7y9¢£Evxwsy ~wsz7az wsy3 z7, 7 3y1<Vwy y y9+ y9[~yy sw>~9y7£ 4 ïí(î9È1Ƥú"ùVûVÊw;¢D wy~wzy > wsyy y y ~y y sw>~9y}y9ªss¡wsy P[D}~z(y <~y9;6 5 7¥zy7ö wsya~wsz~yz y9 y9y9~9yy9swÕ~9 y 8:9{s¢£©Pz[wsy~wsz~yhz "! {sÌ¢7<£ ;¥zJy97y91z(z} y z[ y9ñ}3x z{"zw&~wsz7~9y £EÊwJPywy y7z(z(´y z[6 5 «xjF« >ô =r¯Ó¥¸r3p"qsru° ¯±¬¸µ¹ vxwsy´y 3az¿z (m ~Mz7m}&h{73y1UzUwy9zy~ Uy9ñ("y9y ; y13Ì. z¡wsy>3(U ~Mz7 ~sazÿ[JsJy£vxwsy(´ ~z&}z&3 z7?y ´{(¢7 ? Ù Û Ý;ÞFß . à × A B × ! Dá Cæ @ ws~w&Pwyªu ;y KF E7[Jz¿¦3ç1§y s~y1>zuzò }y z7¥[y9&wy y9y 3y sy ~z ¦¤sy9szy {(¢DwsysÌy1~Mz7 BG× ! §MH£ 7¥zy"azJy9~973y C ¥[3y1DzD}y szysy~9z;z7s¥u zòë}ay9z7 z[z;3y1<zas ¤~9y >wsy9y9òë}ay9z £ vxwsy.}z77~z7a[z7sy9;z Awsy(~z7xuy17y ~Mzwsy.졼sÅFÅVJî IAí(¼}»´î9È »í(î1î }ws~w>wsy;~z[ wsy a3y hwD~hsy 7azÃwsyN zxs ¤~9y¦¤ yN7sayDwJwsy>sy 7à97è y ~Mza"z7 z7 wy y sszJs wsysy }7y1§£vxw;[9}wsy;´ ~Mz7>}~ >{[y.y9Ìò szñ}Jy1{(¢ K Û Ý(ÞFß à è L × A B × ! Dá C7æ ? @ wsy y L × wsy´3 z7Vs ¤~9yhs7y9;y1~Mz1£ Ms3wsy9azyA~y< z.y<3y asy {"z}}y1ws~w¿y ¢´z7y9;y1~z7yzwsy y9y1uy1±sy ~zKwsy¡s ¤~9y.sy 7P>wy y9y 3y ±}y ~Mz7{"y sy1¢s7y9; },£ y£ L × A B × ! K ç£vxw( } y.~ > swsy ¥sszñ}y wsy(> ~z}79 ? K Û Ý(ÞFß à è Ná CPO @ $ M7syhç7ö/Ö};´ ~Mz7>~9z;y<~y9; ? }z>hÿ[JxsJy7y93HQyJR´¦ z7S;¥z(y sy UT $GV,£7¥zy7ö ? W Dª7sy1§M£ ©P<ÌwÐwsyÕsVyNz¿sz}ò }ay9z7YX9y>wsyÕ¥wsy D3y 9£ÂÖ}[y1~ª[~9¢xyN}yªy&wsyNî ø Ƥù Ç,»JƤðÈ1Ƥú"ùðúKíNZmð7Ƥí(ù?È. ¦%[7§ ? à9è O ! Ö(s{[uÌ}s ? ;zawsy ~Mz7>sh77y ? K ! Û Ý;ÞFß ? áNCPO )¦ \;§ @ © s{zs~Mò,zòFz^~ ]N~w>(s¡{"y9 }wsyh3(´ ~Mz&~9z;y <~y9;¥z&z(zw>ÿ[J¥y.(szJ>z{"y y9¢<h s~zz Ezs¢ws0y Qy9¢(sz7x;¡{"y9¥{73y1Dz7>s3~y z wsyy1}say sy_ Qy R [}yªy QJy R -3!a` æ d¦ c§ b! wsy y ` wy<}3~ya z wsyy 7}s&y }7y be! .wsy y9y1uy1 (sy9~a;~z7u¢£<©Észz ? y f Q¥y R VwszJa Msyç£/Ö(~y 3 z7yx ¤¢uy1asy1h{"z}}y wsyP;a ~zay sz{"y9w7y a¢&zÕÿ[JsJy1.Ã3 z7 £©P.~9Õ{"y3y y9N z wsysz Ku z}u~.y z yñ}u1£¡©.zJg Q¥"y Rs wyh; ~zN~z(y ~9y ; }y ~9y1y xsz"zz[hz Qey Rikjml / <£ ;¥zJy9y }{"yuy9y m"ç nPo0pqQJy Rp Jç nsrJ[wy¡3( ~zU~z(y <~y9;.w7u zzJy sD{"y9w(z9?wsysy9(z7zJ 3(Õ ~MzUsÃsy wswy9.3( ~zUsJs£¡vxwsy K z7t Q¥"y Rvu Jç nsrJKwsyawswsy .3(N ~zU~z(y <~y9;s>}y ~9y1y {s}J>3zJ y Jy w[>wsy.zJw Q¥y9¢(szsx(sh{[y {[y w(z7 £ vxwsyzJx QJy R{[y w(z7¥~w[~My93~¥z Aÿ[zJ¥xws~w>wsy.{"zs[s¢D¢y z7Dwsy.ÿ[sy.a[1 wsyhwyhwsy w Q"y R´{"y9w(zP~w~y u~z s{sy ;{"zs[s¢¢7y9¥ÿ[zJ¥9£.vxwsyy z&{"yuy9y Nwy y a¡ z7 Jç n o pzQJy R{p"ç n r ¡(szJm7.wy<[3z¿y97z7K|£ ¿why ayAwsy´ÿzJ ~z7sU{"yDy Ìwsy9 a[Vz7/{sy 7x}y9"y9[}¡z<wsy3"y ~9̪[~Py zay¢77~z7}z y9~f£ Msz<~J D~s3y7; {"zs¢¢7y93y1}¢7}wszJ y y 7s{ssy9;{"zs¢¢7y9Vw7yP(¢D~ y}s3y1}¢aÿ[~MJz79£ vxwsy13y´ÿ~zay>y13"z{syD zwy´~y 73y12(2 ~Mz7À~z(y ~9y ;y9J7y<za[a{[z7ss¢ ÿzJ¥ £ Msz7¡ÿ[xy;wsy ~sy } M7sy¡ç~9´{[y;y97y1<w>y13"y ~ z ` zsz}}~y wy(D ~Mz7 }ah E;zU)¦ \7§~£ ? ;¥zJy9y s~ y s*;y Jz7D z7P3 z7szPy s3~yy97y9Ksszñ(Jz7 y s¢wy{"y9y9sy&}y9;s. E;z)¦ \7§£ ( Msz7Ea(¢¡y z}}¢(~ss~9Jz7 ws< y Qy ¢(szsE(s¡{"y9/yx3z7yVwJ/wsyxÿzJmEa[E z/z7s¢ wszxs3~y}zJ3y z *wsy y 7}shy1}y7£/vxw;[9}´;¢as~~9?z ( y~9D7y y 73z7{sy y 3Jy {(¢3sas<ay9sy y9;y7s~z[u; {[y >z>wy{sy 7Pÿ[J¥sJy¡; ~z&sJs£> w¥~ y(wsy3(D ~Mz&}sszñ}y D{(¢? ? K ! ? C èKé ê æ )¦ ;§ wsy y ? <y9sy y9;Jyhy97yyhz ? z&wsy zAs ¤~9y£vxws~ N{"yhz}ò }y z7 X y >z ywsy3(D ~Mz&}a~z(y ~9y ; h? èKéëê ¦);§ &? ? C O K ! M[¢7;[~y zywK7wyPy3y <s ¤~9yPy V{[z7}Vu~ywsy ~wz&¦,£ y7£s[y ~ zJ y Vs3 ¤7~y1§ w( ¦3"ç n;§ & ? K $ ? O 7¥zy7öwy<y 3Jy< z ~9{"y<"y9 zay Uÿ[J¡y<swsy UwsyD zy 73z7{s¢&wsÁ¦F¢ ssy9~ $enN§£ Mz wsty Qy ¢;?zsV(sh{[y y¥z y9´z *;y y1u¦¤szñ}Jy ¢>"ç nP QJy R# Jç ns §;wsysJ M7syçzs>3s7y1uxw[JPy1z{syPJsy.z ? zs´{[y.>wsy.s7 y n£ nPnsç [.#z n£ nPnP$s£ «xjFÍ Õ¸o*Ô(Ô;õP¸soÚ¬¸sµE¹ vxwsysy 3y}hz7´a3y ay {"z}}¢<sy1}y ´~9zsÌz7xx[3¢ ;sy.3,£/vxws~ ´{[y.z7{3y 7y z±&y 3Jy z7 ;¥z(y sy T $Vë, w}y \s} z7¥wsysy 3y.}<wsyas¡s·}&¦z7¥sy1P}y13"§ ~z7}z £Ö("y ~ª[~ ¢7 ;¥z(y9sy ¥uJy19 ¦ & § K \Pn L & O ? vxw( wsy¡sy sys<J¥wsy¡ashs·}<~z7}z ~ y PÌw&wsy¡ ~Mz7N}<[>wsy¡ws~(sy z wyh z7sw[zJy91£0Msz7 u¢(s~9/3 z7~zaay9~/ss~ Jz[9?wsya7y 3 Jsy z L mP K n O $Dws~w y zN¦ "& § K n O ç & ? £vxw( sy y9>´wsy.yñ(y y.~ y(wysy 3sy}h¥¥z;u.Jç nN z Awsy ~Mz7 }sy ¥}y ~z[}Ìz7 £ ¥s zsy ¢7s zPz¨"òë}y13&~9z}z[¡¦,£ y£s7y1z 37~´7sª[~97¢>}¨"y y 7Pwwsy¡sy 7N~zsò }z[§7y1sy¥}Vz y awsy }za; zs~yz K}.a7y9¢¡} ~9sVz¡y 3ay¥y9ñs~y9sy9ñ;y ay ~z7}z £;PzJ y y (szJy }7yVz [wsy13yyñ(y yx~z7}zE~ ¡{"yxy s}hysss"y9EaÌEz¡wsy}[£ vxwsy13ys[y aÌV~ a{[y ~zay1¡wzwsy /sy 3sy}y 3Jy197yñ}"y9ay9;_ z7~z7}z y sÌx su¢<~wsy1~3 £ Msz7y9ñsasyshÿ[JxsJyz7y9;y <"y9"y9}~xzwsys[uy1ÉÿzJÂwx} ws~waz73y9;y9¢<sy 3sy}´ ¦ "& ¡§ P¢m£6¤~¥ K $ O vxwsPay ¢D7ysa~9z(y <~y9; £ 4 ïí(î9È1Ƥú"ùVû ÊwJ xwsy¡7y9y}¨"y y ~y.N3J~y1sy{"yuy9y wyxu z.}y1Ez [wsyxÿ[/syhz7sy9Ez7y9sy y ws}D 5h¦ z¢zhws¡wsy¥3~sy1sy z7¡wsy{7~(}y z wy.syy1w*s{"z}¥Jy 7[?z[szx7y1Jy w´wsy y9y 3y uJ~sy sy 5 vxwsz7swUwsy´~ yDz PÕ~¢(}y hhsza}~[y ¿¿wsy yDszy19EwsyD{"y9w(zhz wy´}Nz72N~9¢;}y9 z>y9¢a"z7y9z(s¢;[a~ 9£©P(¢Nzsyz Vwsy3[s&yñ(zUy z}}¢(a~ PEw7y´z(z} }~93z>z E}az~9¢(}y ¦¤[_ z7¥3swy9y1§M£Ö(y y zy9ñ}asy.©P}y9z§ TÌç V,£ Msz7Kaz}}y9JyVs7y1z 3~?9wsy s~9y1y{"zJyEwsyVashsÚ}Kz y9. z7sz¥{"yVsz"zz z / f£ ;¥z(y sy ¥3y1u wsy z7zJa7z7sw´y 3ay z7xwsy7s}zsy1sys{[zJ7ya¦ & § ¦3çç§ &¨ ã ¦ & § Kª© & ? "&¨P« / O 1 x« jó ¬ µKtVoÚ¬¸sµE¹ ÊUy&}z(~ ~sawsy 2wsyÿzJ±z7s2wsyN zx{[y1~z7y1<s[y z~´zayy zK£7Pzy7Ìwszw wy<~9 ¢N{"yaÿ¢(s&J¡s{zs~a3"y9y1s9*wsyaÿ[zJýÃwsy(~9Ìu¢Ãz Vwsy< z/.z y U7~9~9y9y9Jy1&z [y y sws~wÃyhy Jy9PwÕwsyhz}~9E"y9y Õz z0£ Msz7yñsasy~z7ay ~9*[z73~9 Pÿ¢N ]N7~w(sh{[y ¡zs§ n£ PnDFz ns£ snËAwzJ y y91* z xwsy13y<~J w[yaz}~ Vs"y93z7s~ay97z7zJy wsy s7 £vxwy yhs[y z~¡y zy y 7¢sy ~y y y.z´zJy9 "y9y 2¦wswsy y1sy¡~z7}z§Pws }y1~y9y9Jz7&z}~9~¥wszs7wN3wz(~>xy £¥©PyE3y y¡Jy9PNwsyh~9zsy[s"y93z7s~.ÿzJ ¦y y NÌwszs wsz}~hxy1§/~ y 7az};wszJy9y 73wsz}~7y ywsy3̪[~ ; zs~yPz Kw Vy y y zh xy }[£ ¥yP ~Mz7´}. z7 w~w>3asyy 3Jy ~9D{[y}y7;xy }¡Vh~wDw[}y9Vzy 3ay7£Evxwy zzJssz;~w.zy 3ay7ys J/wswy9/3{3z7s~ ¦zs~ ®§ ]N7~w¡(sh{[y E{y hza ;¥z(y9sy9J {"z;z7<z&}} T $Vës3y 0y w[}y9ç [}£ ;¥z(y9sy xs7y 3wJxwsy.7ys{"y9w[y x79 Ù ¯ ° ç ! ã °²±f± ^³ æ ¦3Jç $7§ & è q ã ° ±± wsy y ¯ ~z73;Vw~ws7y E z* ns£ (P[ zwsssy93 z7P¦F{"z}> 1DÚws~s§Ez ns´£ [en z7Vws~7y9V z ¦¤{[z7}DJç nNws~}§£ °²±f± wsy´}N}y9y ~.y ]N7~w¿(s¡{"y9¡UD¦z(z7y9¢s§}yªy m7wsy< y y 3y ]N7~w&;¡{"y9P ws~wwsy¡7y}s}¢´[~y y £xvxwsyJz[y.{[y ws[wsy~s{~sy9"y9}y ~yhz Ewy xyx}z# ]N~w(s¡{"y9~9y1y /y hzwyxwsy zy~9}y13Ì/wJ/wsyy9;z(¢~wsy7~z7sz7 wsz}~a~9y1w¦ ã ç1§ wsy y aVwy ]N7~w<(s¡{"y9s3y Éz wywsz}~?Ë;[~y¥wsyy9;z(¢a~ws7y Vy9Jy z¡wsy}° 7wyPx³ y¥}° yñ}[y1~My az¡{"y9w7y¥´¡aVsy9z< z ®£ Mz ° ! ° ±f± wy.7y}¥3y1<za{[Uy X y9z£ ¥s zsy ¢7D ;Pz(y9sy9}z(y szz¨?y9(¢ss~y zDy1us <y9y D3Jy w[Jwsty ;Ìu¢ z Awsyxy}hy1uy3zs7¢<sy9"y9}y ;xz7Dwsy.~wsz~yz ° ±f± ° £±vx± wsy{"y 3x7ss~9^y ~9´z¨"y wy zzJs[ö Ù n O s£Õvxwsh z7sm{[y> µ ]&z73h z¡{[y ¿z3wszJ s{3;Vxy<sN[~y y ¡{(¢U{[z7} ° ! ¶ y1z{sy y 3Jy. Eszazwy9} zJz>¥J{sy7£ y ]N7~wÀ(sh{[y {y ÀzÀ(szJÀy s z7 µ· y9 7uyñ}"y9y ~y&~ wsy9KË¥yawsyNs}y 7y9~9 3a z £ y zassJz7 Ms} ¦ ¢(a~h¸¦ >M®¦§xhszx~ D{"y.y s¢a[y 3 z7ay Dzy 3Jy µ zasy 3{st wsy.xy}aÌw>7z(z(>~ ~s~9¢£ «x%j ¹ ³¡r3²q vxwsy.Ì P~9z(y <~y9; z¥> zx y òësszñ}Jy D{;¢<ws}ò 3 z7?wsy9z7¢D79 $Gº d¦ ¼ ¼ § ¦3"ç (;§ Ù » ç ã ° ! / ! ã ¾½ æ wsy 0y ¼ ¾½ wsy¡sy.z J7~´J ws~wwsy¡ zKw7< X9y z ~£ Msz7 ¢;aay~¦,£ y£xs~ ¡{"y9y [§3 z7 ¼ ¾½ ¿ Ù ns.£ Msz73 z7ÌwU~ h{[y k ¼ ¾½ hu.{"yy 3Jy1N z wsy<~ ¡{"y9sya7y9zay9¢&3s>w}ò z wy9z¢£vxwsy¡~9zasy 3{su¢D~z7y ~z´ ¤~z1 » ç ã ° ! / ~y 73y1wsy ~z(y <~9y 7 Ìw&~9y1# ]Õ~w (s¡{"y91£vxws~ h ¤7~Mzx;zJ>7ws0y ÀV(¡ò Ásy9x~9sh ¤~z1£ g _}Ä Íxj3i ³¡r3²q2µ/¯P¶·¬¸sµE¹ ðxo pruo*¯ qsÔ >wsy9y9òësay9[3z ;wsy. >}~z(y~9y ;y}yªy ö Å>Æ "! â £ é ? æ  à Š± [ ! â £é? O ¦3ç1(§ ¦3Jç [7§ vxwsyy y y ~y.y1hP{Ì¢7}wszJ y y ;wy¡~z7az7~wz~y zPs;xwsyÇÅF¼sùAÇëú[»GÈ ¼}»Jí(¼m¦¤F£ y£ wsyhy z wy.sa(y9y D z7 {"zJy§M£ ÍxjF« >ô =r¯Ó¥¸r3p"qsru° ¯±¬¸µ¹ vxwsy y ay9;xz A( ~Mz´Dwsy9y9òësay9[3z[s; h3w;3 z7xyñ(y z7<z Kwsyy 3az´z ;h 7~Mz}zhu zòë}ay9z; z £ Q¥y9s~ Jswsy¥}y9zhz3 E;Jz7´)¦ \;§hwy yò }ay 3z[ y19 ? K ! Û}Ü Ý(ÞFß ? á(â O ¦3"ç \;§ ©P¥{[y9 zyssas>7y9y ? Jsy y¢<y 3Jywsy Å ? K ? â èKéëê O ¦3ç c§ ± â £é? Msz7wss;9 $ £ wsy £ wsy.} z y £ ´ws¥~ y( y.7y Å $ w~w> }y9;~9?zawsyâèK3 éëz7ê Ky â sé ? £/©P¥Ìâ w´é ? wsy zy 3ay7(ÿ[J¥sJy.y13Ì~9>{"y.3y1<z<± ? sK zñ}? ay ? £ ÍxjFÍ Õ¸o*Ô(Ô;õP¸soÚ¬¸sµE¹ Àwsy9y9òë}ay9z /wy>y1uz2z Psy 3y}Õy97y92az7y} ~9sw 2uzò }y z79£mvxwy {"y 3>sz;~w z7sÐy ¢ zÁm~9zh{s[Jzz .yñ}[y ay9; xÿw;Dy 3 ¥w >M¦¡H£ Msz7h ;s~Ày1uJz7 ss"z7y zya7w7P¢¢>s´awsy9y9òësay9[3zKy zz /wsysy9(z¥u zòë}ay9zsy1sy }y 3Jy1¥~z73~My ´{;¢´3}ò y97y asz"y9y xwy9yy9y sy f£ Mzyñsy7 Å ¦ Å ± § K \Pn L ± ? O ©¥[>¢7( zxwy.sy1sysax¢ z7 wy.sza*sy 7>~9z}z* Å ã ¦ Å § Kª© Å ? Å P« Å>Æ / O ± ± ± ± Íxjó ¬ µKtVoÚ¬¸sµE¹ vxwsyhy 3az&z 7y}<zNDD~9&{[y[y 3 z7ay1{;¢>7y97swy¡xy}a z·y9y * z y ~Mz7z Kwsy´ss¢(shwy z?7y }hy 3az´&Ö(y ~z| $}£ 1£Evxwsyzs¢<7s̪"~9;xy¨?y ~ ws~wDhu{"y7~9~9zs;y1 z7 wsy. y y9<z *wsy s[£ É¢< y y9sshwsys;wsy.3 z7?3y1~Mz7 z7{3y 7sy ; }y1~y y h ]N~w´;¡{"y9xsz[zhwsy xy 7}òëy }7y£E©Py s (wsy z?y9¨"y1~My ¢z7{y9;s¡zJ y ]N7~wD(s¡{"y91£/vxwsyy13Ìx wJ¥}}7y9y ~y x}y ¢7y azw7wsy9H ]N~w´(s¡{"y9 wD z7sÌwszs y y9K£/©¥&sszñ(Jy~9zy1~MzD zxws¥y¨?y ~M¥77y9D{(¢ ;¥z(y9sy979 Å è Ù3 ¦ Å è § ½ æ ¦3"ç ;§ ± ± wsy y wysy1}sy }7yy9y9>æ Å ± è § ½ ³kÊ wsyxyP}a~z(y ~9y ; z7 wsy.ayPsa{s}Ìw au7w;xy 7}sòëy }7y£ Ê xÍ j%¹ Ë7¯ ¶Põ p?o*¶·¬¸sµE¹ vxwsy.}~9y }~9´{"y.y z[{s¢y 3Jy1´ z7SÀ}d xÌ sy.wsy ´wsy.s<3y9y ´xy9Jy ¢ a,£vxwsyy sÌx z7wsy.}[~y }a~z(y ~9y ;x Å Ù ÅÆ/ ¦3"ç ;§ ±<Ì ºkͨQ B æ wsy Uy ͨQHxwsy.s[y1~M¥Jz ͨQÙ Î / æ â £é? \ [ Î xwsy¡z wy£ B (szJ&xwsy¡î"ǼsùíPZmð7Ƥí(ùðeÏÐÇ,¼ðÈ ú[»(£vxwsy.{[y1u B w[J ~ {[yh~wsy97y ~ ~z7}s.zh sasywsy z¢a ÙÚç£7¥zyw[J zxaz73s7 s~Mz7´z KwysyPz AJ7~¦wsy zyyñs~y }z/y9}~¥s} zýBs;/ zVws~w B ÙÚçx z7V¼ ! §M£B Msz7y z[{s¢. y ò }y 7sy s7sy wy9¥as¡±}a~z7}zK B x7y9sy ¢D~z7y zzyw&y z[{sy y1uy{[y B Ùn O £ vxwsy.}ay9z7? z7±z Awsy.}~9y &}y 3Jy z7 sy.¥zy9¢<y za(szJ.£VÖ("y ~9̪sò ~9¢(wsy.}~9y } z7S E;z¦u"ç ;§x~9´{"y.3y9K Ì Ù / º ! /B O Î Ö(z7y;y9y 3s~z7~z7 z wsPyö µ vxwsys~y1>s~9y1y xJzJ y x"y9y ¦,£ y7£/zJy9 µ vxwsys~y1>sasy ~y 73y1Vw&~9y1saK£ µ vxwsy.y hz wsy.s}z(y xsz¥y9;y xwsyª[Ky s £ Ð ! §M£ Ñ g ` vxwsy.Ì ¥y }[~y ´{(¢wy.sa7z~y ¦¤ws~w¥z¡wsyayay1~ws w¥y1sz[}~y1};§£ ÒK sy.y wsy zzJs~z7y ~z ö Å>Æ Ù » Ó ¦d$en;§ ç ã ° ! / )¦ ¼ ! ã ¼ Æ ½ § æ wsy y Ó wy.z}}ªy1´ 3ò 3z"y.y ´{(¢<Ì òësywy9z¢ ÙÓ çÔ$G$ º ͨQ O 7¥zy7[wsa y X9y9zòëÌ sy¡A7y9sy ¢´z {"yhwsyaayÕu zòwy yò }ay 3z[9£ ÊÃya}y9zy¡wsyh X9y zò, sy.~ ¼Æ½£ b Ö _f Ö TçV0Ø£ ¦h£©¥sy93z7K£ÙÚÜÛ,ÝsÞGß.àÛáÞGâ´9ã¡äå^àæã"ÝeçGÛ3Þeß8)è9M£]N~"Áw;P,_$enPnsç£(´y £ T $V¡Ö?£ M _£ ;¥z(y9sy91 £ Ùâ¾ÚÜ8)ÝéçGÛ3Þeß8)èéæÞêf£ ;¥z(y9sy < MAs} ¦P¢(~9 "ç P\P[s£ $>y £ Õ×Ö Ö c
Documents pareils
Dictionnaire compact Français-Espéranto - Accueil
abordage= kolizio, alborda atako
aborder= albordighi, eltrakti, tushi, kolizii, alpashi(qq'un)
aboutir= finatigi, finveni, sukcesi
aboyer= boji
abrégé= kompendio
abreuver= trinkigi, supershuti(f)