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Petri Nets Applications
Edited by Pawel Pawlewski
ISBN 978-953-307-047-6
Hard cover, 752 pages
Publisher InTech
Published online 01, February, 2010
Published in print edition February, 2010
Petri Nets are graphical and mathematical tool used in many different science domains. Their characteristic
features are the intuitive graphical modeling language and advanced formal analysis method. The
concurrence of performed actions is the natural phenomenon due to which Petri Nets are perceived as
mathematical tool for modeling concurrent systems. The nets whose model was extended with the time model
can be applied in modeling real-time systems. Petri Nets were introduced in the doctoral dissertation by K.A.
Petri, titled “„Kommunikation mit Automaten” and published in 1962 by University of Bonn. During more than
40 years of development of this theory, many different classes were formed and the scope of applications was
extended. Depending on particular needs, the net definition was changed and adjusted to the considered
problem. The unusual “flexibility” of this theory makes it possible to introduce all these modifications. Owing to
varied currently known net classes, it is relatively easy to find a proper class for the specific application. The
present monograph shows the whole spectrum of Petri Nets applications, from classic applications (to which
the theory is specially dedicated) like computer science and control systems, through fault diagnosis,
manufacturing, power systems, traffic systems, transport and down to Web applications. At the same time, the
publication describes the diversity of investigations performed with use of Petri Nets in science centers all over
the world.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Pawlewski Pawel (2010). Using Petri Nets to Model and Simulation Production Systems in Process
Reengineering (Case Study), Petri Nets Applications, Pawel Pawlewski (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-047-6,
InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/petri-nets-applications/using-petri-nets-to-modeland-simulation-production-systems-in-process-reengineering-case-study-
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